AIRCRAFT HANDLING

Part 3

Refuelling

Refuelling

Aircraft are normally refuelled after every flight,

before it is parked or put away in a hangar,to prevent condensation in the empty tank.

This also reduces the setup time for future sorties.

Refuelling

Aircraft may be refuelled in many ways:

Jerry cans

Bowsers

High pressure from ground tanks

Hand or mechanical pump from ground or portable tanks

Air-Air Refuelling (AAR)

Refuelling

Fire is a real risk during any refuelling.

Bonding (linking metal parts with a conductor)prevents sparks from static electricity

during refuelling.

Work on electrical or radio equipment is prohibited within 15 metres of an aircraft being refuelled.

Refuelling

Pressure Refuelling (where fuel is pumped into the aircraft at high pressure)

dramatically reduces refuelling time.

Aircraft are fitted with shut off valves which automatically close when the fuel in the tanks reaches the required level.

Refuelling

Aviation Fuel

Fuels used in the RAF and RN fall into one of 4 categories:

AVGAS

AVTUR

AVTAG

AVCAT

Refuelling

Aviation Fuel

AVGAS & AVCATare both types of Gasoline.

Remember that if the fuel name has a ‘G’ in it,

then it is a type of Gasoline.

Refuelling

Aviation Fuel

AVTUR & AVTAG

Most gas turbine engines can be run on AVTUR or AVTAG.

Remember the middle ‘T’ stands for Turbine.

Refuelling

Aviation Fuel

AVTURis made from Kerosene.

Remember there’s a R in AVTUR,and an R in KeRosene

Loading

Aircraft loads must be securely stowed and correctly distributed

to ensure that the centre of gravity (C of G) is within the limits.

Large aircraft have an Air Load Master / Air Quartermaster,

who supervising the loading process

LoadingOverloading has the following effects:

Increases take off & landing distances.

Increases the stalling speed

Reduces rate of climb.

Reduces range

Reduces endurance.

Reduces the aircraft’s ceiling height

In a twin or multi-engined aircraft it may make it impossible to maintain flight

in the event of an engine failure.

LoadingIt is of little use ensuring that

the maximum all up weight is not exceededif the aircraft is not properly balanced

owing to the uneven distribution of the load.

The load must be distributed so that the C of G

falls within the limits for the aircraft.

The aircraft is then correctly balanced fore and aft and may be flown safely.

Check UnderstandingOne of the reasons we refuel aircraft after every flight is to prevent what?

Condensation in the fuel tank

Condensation in the refuelling hose

Condensation in the fuel bowser

Build-up of static electricity

Check UnderstandingWhat type of aircraft refuelling can dramatically reduce refuelling time?

Team Refuelling

Open-line refuelling

Mobile Bowser Refuelling

Pressure Refuelling

Check UnderstandingDuring refuelling, aircraft bonding is achieved

to eliminate the fire risk caused by what?

Over-pressurisation

Condensation

Static electricity

Fuel leaks

Check UnderstandingWhich aviation turbine fuel is made from kerosene?

AVTAG

AVTUR

AVGAS

AVCAT

Check UnderstandingThe majority of gas turbine engines

run on one of which two fuels?

AVGAS or AVTUR

AVTUR or AVTAG

AVTAG or AVGAS

AVCAT or AVTUR

Check UnderstandingAVGAS and AVTAG

are both types of what?

Gasoline

Turbine Fuel

Kerosene

Diesel

Check UnderstandingIncreased stalling speed, landing and take-off run,

and reduced climb performance, can all be the results of what?

Poor planning

Excess fuel

Overloading

Wind speeds

Check UnderstandingThe aircraft load must be correctly distributed

to ensure that:

The centre of gravity is within limits.

Freight can be offloaded in the correct order.

No damage is done to the load in flight.

Access to aircraft doors is not impaired.

AIRCRAFT HANDLING

End of Presentation