aircraft design - warsaw university of...
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1
Aircraft Design
References:
T. C. Corke „Design of Aircraft”
http://wps.prenhall.com/esm_corke_aircraft_1
D.P. Raymer „Aircraft Design, a Conceptual Approach”
J. Roskam „Airplane Design”
D. Stinton „The Design of the Aeroplane”
E.Torenbeek „Synthesis of Subsonic Airplane Design”
J.D. Anderson „Aircraft Performance & Design”
J.P. Fielding „Introduction to Aircraft Design”
L.R. Jenkinson, J.F.Marchman III „Aircraft Design Projects”
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Please:
1)Attend project consultations
2)Buy a sheet of plotting paper A2
3)Solve registration problems
We are selling aeroplanes, but what customer buys?
Customer buys an opportunity to execute defined mission.
The mission is a source of requirements for a device which
customer wants to buy.
Conclusion:
Our aeroplane has to fulfill requirement resulting from
the mission defined by customer
Why we are designing aeroplanes?
To sell them and to earn money?
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What happens if
we design a very
good aeroplane,
but not fulfilling
customer’s
requirements?
Types of requirements:
•Technical requirements
•Competitions records rules
•Economical analyses
•Research projects
•Legal
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Typical requirements:
•Payload
•Airspeed
•Altitude
•Range
•Endurance
•Take off distance
•Landing distance
•Price
•Airworthiness regulations: European: CS (earlier known as JAR)
American: FAR
Airworthiness regulations
CS FAR
21 Certification procedures 21
22 gliders
23 General aeroplanes (normal, utility, aerobatic) 23
25 Large aeroplanes Commercial and
transport aeroplanes
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27 Small helicopters Normal helicopters 27
29 Large helicopters Transport helicopters 29
VLA Very light aeroplanes 103
VLR Very light helicopters
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Research, market analyses, concepts
Requirements
Conceptual design
Initial design
Detailed design
Prototypes’ fabrication
Tests
Production?
yes
yes
no
noArchive
0
100
Design
„elasticity”Cost
A B C D time
A – concept, requirements definition
B – conceptual design
C – initial design
D – detailed design
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concept requirements
payload
weights
aerodynamics
propulsionperformance
stability
structure and
materials
economy
environment
Final
design
When aircraft design ends?
prof. Sołtyk:
At the moment when last production aeroplane is
fabricated
currently:
At the moment when last production aeroplane is
scrapped
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Trends analysis
Janes’ all the World’s Aircraft
Trends analysis
Biplane
High wing
Low wing
Low wing
Biplane
High wing
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Trends analysis
Biplane
High wing
Low wing
Low wing
Biplane
High wing
Trends analysis
Biplane
High wing
Low wing
Low wing
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Trends analysis
Trends analysis
0,45
0,5
0,55
0,6
0,65
0,7
0,75
0,8
0,85
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400
m T/O [kg]
mw
/M T
/O
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Trends analysis
• Horizontal stabilizer volume coefficient
• Vertical stabilizer volume coefficient
• Ailerons’ span
• Ailerons’ chord
• Elevator’s chord
• Rudder’s chord
• Wing’s dihedral
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Costs analysis
T. C. Corke „Design of Aircraft”
Rand Corporation
http://www.rand.org/
Price components
•Research and development
•Support of research and development
•Materials
•Engines and avionics
•Labor
•Tooling
•Quality assurance
•Flight tests
•Profit
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Materials
Cost
CMM
1970 1986 2012
Inflation!
Research and development
Number of man-hours
HE
1970 1986 2012
Technology
development
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Hourly rates
CE = HE * SE
SE ST SM
SQC
SE
1970 1986 2012
Inflation
Unit price