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Aircraft Design and Recognition

` Different aircraft design ` Aircraft components ` Commercial aircraft recognition

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Different aircraft design ` Why they have different look?

Different aircraft design ` Wing level ` Wing shape ` Wing tip

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Different aircraft design ` Wing level - High wing aircraft vs low wing aircraft

High Wing Low Wing

More stable - Pendulum theory

Less stable (or better flexibility) - High CG

Shorter landing distance Longer landing distance (wing-ground effect)

Longer take off distance Shorter take off distance

Better view Obstructed field view

Different aircraft design ` Dihedral vs Anhedral

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` Why dihedral increase stability? ` Disturbance causing sideslip ` High angle of attach and great speed ` More lift to restore roll equilibrium

Different aircraft design ` Wing shape (A) symmetric wing vs asymmetric wing ` Asymmetric wing most aircrafts

` Better lift performance ` Slower stall speed (less easily stall)

` Symmetric wing aerobatics ` Higher stall speed (less stable) ` Practical needs for inverted flying

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Different aircraft design ` Rectangular wing ` Swept wing ` Delta wing

Rectangular Wing Swept Wing Delta Wing

Normal training/ sightseeing aircraft

Commercial aircrafts Fighter or supersonic aircraft (Concorde)

Airflow hits the wing at right angle

Airflow hits the wing at oblique angle

Airflow hits the wing at oblique angle

Slow design Subsonic speed Supersonic speed

Simple Efficient, high lift/drag ratio

Large wing area, high manoeuvrability

Different aircraft design ` Wing tip vortex

` By-product of lift ` Induced drag

` Wing tip device ` Increase effective aspect ratio (b2/S) ` Reduce induced drag ` Increase lift-drag ratio ` Increase fuel efficiency ` Disadvantage: weight, cost, parasitic

drag A NASA study on wingtip vortices produced illustrating the size of the vortices produced.

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Different aircraft design ` How it works? ` Save 4% of fuel

` Winglet

Different aircraft design ` Blended winglet

` Smooth curved attachment to wing ` Less interference drag at junction

` Wingtip fence

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Different aircraft design ` Raked wingtip

` tip of the wing has a higher degree of sweep than the rest of the wing

` improve fuel efficiency, climb performance ` shorten takeoff field length ` increasing the effective aspect ratio of the wing and

interrupting wingtip vortices

Aircraft components

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Aircraft Recognition ` Boeing and Airbus ` Difference?

` No. of Engine ` Fin ` Wingtip ` Cockpit ` Landing gear ` Door

Aircraft Recognition A380 ` Double decker ` 4 engines ` Wingtip fence ` Straight fin ` Cockpit upper corner cut

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Aircraft Recognition B747 Family partial double decker 4 engines B747-800 Largest in family No winglet but raked

wingtip Special wing design

Aircraft Recognition B747-400 Winglet 2 doors upper deck

B747-100/200/300 No winglet -300 version with 2 doors

upper deck

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Aircraft Recognition A340 Single deck Winglet Cockpit upper

corner cut

Aircraft Recognition A330 2 engines Winglet Straight fin Cockpit upper corner

cut

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Aircraft Recognition A319/A320/A321 2 engines Wingtip fence Straight fin Cockpit upper corner cut A320 - double linked

emergency doors A321- double separated

emergency doors A319 single emergency

door

Aircraft Recognition B737 Family 2 engines Step fin Old/classic no winglets New series blended

winglets Step cockpit (lower corner)+ no landing gear door

B737-300

B737-700

B737-800

B737-900

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Aircraft Recognition B757 2 engines Usually no winglet Straight fin Step cockpit (lower

corner)

Aircraft Recognition B767 2 engines Usually no winglet Straight fin Normal cockpit Larger than B757

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Aircraft Recognition B777 Easiest to recognize

among all 2 engines aircrafts

2 engines No winglet Large engine 3 pairs of wheels Screw driver tail Larger than B757/B767

Aircraft Recognition

2 Engines

Straight fin

3 wheels + screw driver tail: B777

With winglet: A330

With wingtip fence: A319/320/321

Cockpit corner

Normal: B767

Lower cut: B757

Step fin: B737 families

4 Engines

Double Decker: A380

Single Deck: A340

Partial Double Decker

With Winglet: B747-400

No Winglet: B747-1/2/300

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