ALL INDIA INSTITUTE OF LOCAL SELF

GOVERNMENT

DELHI

“AIR & Meteorological Environment”

An- Overview for Paramedical

DR.P.P.SINGH

By

Dr. P.P.SINGH

Faculty AIILSGD

Ex Medical Superintendent Cum Consultant pathologist HRH Delhi

Ex. Director India Population Project 8 Delhi..

Source from the book of AIILSG. & WHO publications.

INTRODUCTION

All living have

essential 5

element .

AIR

WATER

EARTH

AGANI

AKASH

DR.P.P.SINGH

AIR

SPACE

EARTHWATER

FIRE

AIR* EARTH IS SURROUNDED BY AIR, & IS MAN’S

IMMEDIATE ENVIRONMENT.

*AIR IS NECESSARY FOR ALL FORMS OF LIFE DUE

TO O2.

* AIR COOLS THE BODY.

* AIR REQUIRED FOR SMELL & HEARING.

*BUT THROUGH AIR DUST, SMOKE, POISONOUS

GASES AND DISEASE PRODUCING

ORGANISMS CAN ENTER THE BODY AND

DAMAGES THE LIVINGS.

* AIR HAS PRESSURE --- PRODUCES AIR

PRESSURE.

* AIR MOVES ACROSS SURFACE --- FORM WIND.

* SUN CAUSES WIND BECAUSE OF HEAT EARTH

UNEVENLY.

* AIR RESISTS THE MOTION AND ITS FORCE IS

CALLED AIR RESISTANCE

* AIR CONTAINS – O2, CO2, N2 & OTHER GASES

NEON ,KRYPTON , RADON THORON,

OZONE & WATER VAPORS, DUST ,

ORGANIC MATTER ETC.

Air we breathe through Respiratory System

COMPOSITION OF AIR INSPIRED EXPIRED

1. OXYGEN 20.9% 16.5%

2. CARBON DI OXIDE 00.04%

4.44%

3 NITROGEN 79% 79%

4. WATER VAPORS AS IN AIR AS IN

AIR

5. TEMPERATURE ,, ,,

6. ORGANIC MATTER ,, ,,

7. OTHER GASES TRACE

SAME

PROPERTIES OF AIR

1. OXYGEN –FROM LIFE & COMBUSTION – IT IS

STRONG & ACTIVE

2.NITROGEN - INERT GAS – PURPOSE TO

DILUTING O2

3. CO2 -- SMALL AMOUNT , VITAL FOR

GROWTH OF VEGETABLE LIFE –

PHOTOSYNTHESIS.

( CO2 + SUN + CHLOROPHYLL)

(GIVE FOOD / ENERGY TO PLANT +

O2 )

SOURCES OF CO2

* RESPIRATION

* FERMENTATION & PURIFICATION OF

ORGANIC MATTER

* COMBUSTION

* EMANATION FROM SOIL &

VOLCANOES

OTHER GASES – INERT GASES – HE, KRYON

,RANDON ARE UNIMPORTANT

WATER VAPORS – 1-5% , INCREASES WITH

TEMPERATURE OF AIR.

-- BREATHING 250 GRAM / DAY .

-- EVAPORATION OF PERSPIRATION

IS LESS IF WARM & HUMID AIR –

LEADS TO SUFFOCATION .

-- 1 CC OF WATER EVAPORATE

GIVES 540 CAL. LATENT HEAT.

TEMPERATURE - HEAT IS LOST FROM BODY

A, CONDUCTION.

B, CONVECTION

C. RADIATION

D, EVAPORATION

ORGANIC MATTER – INCREASED ORGANIC MATTER IS DUE TO

BREATHING MAY NOT HAVE EFFECT BUT MICROBES MAY

CAUSE DISEASES .

EFFECTS OF CHANGES OF AIR ON HUMAN BODY.

I, IN OUT SIDE AIR O2 NEVER BECOME LESS THAN 20%

EXCEPT IN MINES – 18% .

II , IF IN AIR CO2 BECOME 0.07% NO ILL EFFECT & IT

SHOULD NEVER ABOVE 0.09% . IN WORST VENTILATED PLACE

CO2 = 1%.

SO . IF O2 GOES LESS OR CO2 GOES HIGH OR

INCREASE OF ORGANIC MATTER

– THERE WILL BE DISCOMFORT IN THE ROOM.

- LEADS TO INCREASE IN TEMPERATURE OF AIR .

-- INCREASE IN HUMIDITY

-- LAC OF MOVEMENT OF

LEONARD HILL EXPERIMENT

8 PEOPLE IN GLASS ROOM MADE TO

BREATH FRESH AIR FROM OUT SIDE.

EFFECT AFTER SOME TIME IS O2

BECOME 16% AND CO2 BECOMES 4%

LEADING TO DISCOMFORT AS TEMPERATURE

INCREASES , NO MOVEMENT OF AIR

EFFECT OF BREATHING IMPURE AIR.

ACUTE – LASSITUDE , HEADACHE , GIDDINESS ,

NAUSEA , VOMITING & COLLAPSE.

CHRONIC - LOSS OF MEMORY , DISABILITY ,

ANEMIA

DIGESTIVE TROUBLE. LOWER VITALITY

,

SUSCEPTIBLE TO TB , PNEUMONIA.

NOT ABLE TO WORK (LETHARGY)

AIR BECOME IMPURE:-

1.BREATHING OF HUMAN & ANIMALS

2. COMBUSTION .

3. DECOMPOSITION OF ORGANIC MATTER

CO2,NH3, H2S ETC.

4. TRADE & INDUSTRIES .

5. DUST

CAUSES

Natural Sources

e.g. smoke that comes from

wildfires, volcanoes, methane,

dust

Human Sources

e.g. power plants and

automobiles, fumes, burning wood

stoves, fireplaces, and furnaces

POLLUTANTS

Carbon Dioxide

Carbon Monoxide

Sulfur Dioxide

Nitrogen Dioxide

MECHANISM

NATURAL WAYS OF AIR PURIFICATION ;-

1. ACTION OF WIND – 10 MOVEMENT OF AIR

/ HR DECREASES CO2

2. RAINS.

3. SUNLIGHT.

4. OZONE

5. BREATHING OF PLANTS.

6. DIFFUSION OF GASES.

PROPERTIES OF AIR FOR VENTILATION.

1. LAW OF CONVECTION – WARM AIR BECOME LIGHT AND

RISES ( TEMPERATURE INVERSION )

2. GRAHAM’S LAW – THE RATE OF DIFFUSION OF GASES IS

INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL TO SQUARE ROOT OF THEIR

DENSITIES .

3. BOYLE’S LAW - THE VOLUME OF GAS VARIES INVERSELY

AS PRESSURE THE TEMPERATURE REMAINING CONSTANT .

4. CHARLES LAW – THE VOLUME OF A GAS IS DIRECTLY

PROPORTIONAL TO ITS TEMPERATURE THE PRESSURE

REMAINS THE SAME.(ABSOLUTE ZERO TEMP. 273 DEGREE C

.)

EQUIPMENTS USED FOR MONITORING WEATHER :-

1. MAX MIN THERMOMETER2.SIX’S THERMOMETER

MAX-MERCURYMIN-ALCOHOL

3.WET/DRY BULB THERMOMETER4.HYGROMETER5.ANEMOMETERWIND VANE6.STEVENSON’S SCREEN CLOUD MIRROR7.RAIN GAUGE8.SUNSHINE RECORDER9.ANEOID BAROMETER