air transportation the “little iceage” increased mining vacuum pumps steam engines explosive gas...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Air Transportation The “Little Iceage” Increased mining Vacuum pumps Steam engines Explosive gas mixtures Four stroke engine Electronic ignition Petroleum](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022032517/56649cb65503460f9497b1ad/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Air Transportation• The “Little Iceage”• Increased mining• Vacuum pumps• Steam engines• Explosive gas mixtures• Four stroke engine• Electronic ignition• Petroleum discovery• Mercedes automobile• Wright Brothers
![Page 2: Air Transportation The “Little Iceage” Increased mining Vacuum pumps Steam engines Explosive gas mixtures Four stroke engine Electronic ignition Petroleum](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022032517/56649cb65503460f9497b1ad/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
13-19th Century- “Little Ice Age”
• Lack of sun spots or increased volcanic activity. Ice age ends in 1850.
• Chimney replaced the central hearth in large hall.
• Increased class separation, productivity, intellectual activities, privacy, hygiene, plaster and glass manufacturing.
![Page 3: Air Transportation The “Little Iceage” Increased mining Vacuum pumps Steam engines Explosive gas mixtures Four stroke engine Electronic ignition Petroleum](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022032517/56649cb65503460f9497b1ad/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
1564 - Shortage of Copper in England
• Increased mining activity.
• Used charcoal from timber for heat source.
![Page 4: Air Transportation The “Little Iceage” Increased mining Vacuum pumps Steam engines Explosive gas mixtures Four stroke engine Electronic ignition Petroleum](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022032517/56649cb65503460f9497b1ad/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
1615 – Acute timber crisis
• Coal burning ‘Reverberatory Furnace’ for glass manufacturing.
• Increased mining for Copper and Coal.
![Page 5: Air Transportation The “Little Iceage” Increased mining Vacuum pumps Steam engines Explosive gas mixtures Four stroke engine Electronic ignition Petroleum](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022032517/56649cb65503460f9497b1ad/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
1707 – Iron factory
• Used ‘Reverberatory Furnace’ with modified draught and cleaner coal ‘coke.’
• The new blast furnace dropped the price of iron and displaced expensive brass.
• 1722 used to replace brass cylinders in Newcomen’s pumping engine.
![Page 6: Air Transportation The “Little Iceage” Increased mining Vacuum pumps Steam engines Explosive gas mixtures Four stroke engine Electronic ignition Petroleum](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022032517/56649cb65503460f9497b1ad/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Coal• Anaerobic - in the absence of air
• Formed by anaerobic decomposition of plant material under heat and pressure for millions of years.
![Page 7: Air Transportation The “Little Iceage” Increased mining Vacuum pumps Steam engines Explosive gas mixtures Four stroke engine Electronic ignition Petroleum](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022032517/56649cb65503460f9497b1ad/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Coke
• Soft Bituminous coal is heated anaerobically (1000 oC or 1800 oF) to make coke and give off water, coal gas and coal tar
• Coke is highly porous, burns cleaner than coal, contains more energy/mass and burns hotter than coal.
![Page 8: Air Transportation The “Little Iceage” Increased mining Vacuum pumps Steam engines Explosive gas mixtures Four stroke engine Electronic ignition Petroleum](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022032517/56649cb65503460f9497b1ad/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
1705 - Newcomen Engine
• Borrowed steam engine technology from Guericke, Papin and Savery’s ‘Miners Friend.’
• Single piston that was cooled with water every cycle (an accidental innovation). Employed new rocking beam.
• Made of iron instead of expensive brass.
![Page 9: Air Transportation The “Little Iceage” Increased mining Vacuum pumps Steam engines Explosive gas mixtures Four stroke engine Electronic ignition Petroleum](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022032517/56649cb65503460f9497b1ad/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Steam Condensation Experiment
• Heating a partially full water bottle in microwave.
• Rapid condensation in cold water.
• Watch vacuum.mov
![Page 10: Air Transportation The “Little Iceage” Increased mining Vacuum pumps Steam engines Explosive gas mixtures Four stroke engine Electronic ignition Petroleum](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022032517/56649cb65503460f9497b1ad/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Newcomen Engine
![Page 11: Air Transportation The “Little Iceage” Increased mining Vacuum pumps Steam engines Explosive gas mixtures Four stroke engine Electronic ignition Petroleum](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022032517/56649cb65503460f9497b1ad/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Metal alloys
• Alloys are metal mixtures
• Brass is 55-60% Copper (Cu) with Zinc (Zn) and traces of Mn and Fe.
• Bronze is 78-95% Copper with Tin (Sn) and sometimes traces of Pb or Zn. This was the first copper alloy, used over 5,300 years ago.
![Page 12: Air Transportation The “Little Iceage” Increased mining Vacuum pumps Steam engines Explosive gas mixtures Four stroke engine Electronic ignition Petroleum](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022032517/56649cb65503460f9497b1ad/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
1769 – Watt’s Separate Condenser Steam Engine• In 1769 James Watt patented his improved steam engine using a separate condenser which eventually led to steam pressure to move the piston in both directions.
• Was 75% more efficient than Newcomen’s.
• This engine needed more precise pistons to eliminate water seal.
![Page 13: Air Transportation The “Little Iceage” Increased mining Vacuum pumps Steam engines Explosive gas mixtures Four stroke engine Electronic ignition Petroleum](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022032517/56649cb65503460f9497b1ad/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Watt’s Separate Condenser
Separate condenser
Separate steamcylinder
![Page 14: Air Transportation The “Little Iceage” Increased mining Vacuum pumps Steam engines Explosive gas mixtures Four stroke engine Electronic ignition Petroleum](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022032517/56649cb65503460f9497b1ad/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Watt’s Double Acting Steam Engine
http://science.howstuffworks.com/steam1.htm
Watt originally patented W. Murdock’s idea but did not act on it. He claimed it’s too dangerous.In 1801, Richard Trevithick made the first steam locomotive.
![Page 15: Air Transportation The “Little Iceage” Increased mining Vacuum pumps Steam engines Explosive gas mixtures Four stroke engine Electronic ignition Petroleum](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022032517/56649cb65503460f9497b1ad/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
“Puffing Devil” 1801
• Later Matthew Murray produced the first commercially successful steam locomotives (1812), much to ire of James Watt.
• History of steam engines
“Catch-me-who-can” carnival ridein 1808 went 12 mph.
![Page 16: Air Transportation The “Little Iceage” Increased mining Vacuum pumps Steam engines Explosive gas mixtures Four stroke engine Electronic ignition Petroleum](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022032517/56649cb65503460f9497b1ad/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Glasgow Green
• “Near this spot in 1765 james Watt conceived the idea for the separate condenser for the steam engine.”
![Page 17: Air Transportation The “Little Iceage” Increased mining Vacuum pumps Steam engines Explosive gas mixtures Four stroke engine Electronic ignition Petroleum](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022032517/56649cb65503460f9497b1ad/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
1775-Wilkinson’s cylinder-boring
machine.• The trigger for Wilkinson’s precision cylinder boring lathe was the need for more precise cannons.
• Turned metal ingot on a stationary cutting tool.
• This also provided the precision cylinders Watt demanded.
![Page 18: Air Transportation The “Little Iceage” Increased mining Vacuum pumps Steam engines Explosive gas mixtures Four stroke engine Electronic ignition Petroleum](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022032517/56649cb65503460f9497b1ad/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
1775 – Joseph Priestley’s Eudiometer• Since his brother-in-law was Wilkinson he had all the metal cylinders he needed.
• Electrostatic combustion cylinder.
• Volta’s eudometric pistol
![Page 19: Air Transportation The “Little Iceage” Increased mining Vacuum pumps Steam engines Explosive gas mixtures Four stroke engine Electronic ignition Petroleum](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022032517/56649cb65503460f9497b1ad/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
1840 – Whale oil shortage
• Whales nearly extinct in N. Atlantic forces whaling in N. Pacific.
• 1859 Ed Drake discovered oil at Oil creek, Pennsylvania.
• Gasoline was a nuisance byproduct.
• 1876 Nikolaus Otto’s four-stroke engine which used town gas.
![Page 20: Air Transportation The “Little Iceage” Increased mining Vacuum pumps Steam engines Explosive gas mixtures Four stroke engine Electronic ignition Petroleum](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022032517/56649cb65503460f9497b1ad/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Petroleum
• Arguably produced from the slow anaerobic decomposition of marine organisms, over millions of years.
• Natural gas comes from anaerobic decomposition of either plant or marine life. It is the most efficient petrochemical fuel.
![Page 21: Air Transportation The “Little Iceage” Increased mining Vacuum pumps Steam engines Explosive gas mixtures Four stroke engine Electronic ignition Petroleum](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022032517/56649cb65503460f9497b1ad/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
The Four Stroke Engine• 1, piston moves down pulling air/fuel into the cylinder.
• 2, The piston moves up compressing the fuel/air mixture.
• 3, Compressed fuel/air is exploded pushing the piston down (power stroke).
• 4, The piston move up eliminating the exhaust from the cylinder.
![Page 22: Air Transportation The “Little Iceage” Increased mining Vacuum pumps Steam engines Explosive gas mixtures Four stroke engine Electronic ignition Petroleum](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022032517/56649cb65503460f9497b1ad/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
1892 – Maybach’s float-type carburetor
• Improved technology over older atomizer or wick carburetors circ. 1875
• 1900 -Daimler used Maybach’s carburetor and Volta’s electric spark ignition by Bosch.
• 1901-Wilhelm Kress’s failed airplane attempt.
• 1903- Wright Brothers
![Page 23: Air Transportation The “Little Iceage” Increased mining Vacuum pumps Steam engines Explosive gas mixtures Four stroke engine Electronic ignition Petroleum](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022032517/56649cb65503460f9497b1ad/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Venturi
• As air passes through the Venturi it accelerates while its pressure drops.
• Pressure drop used to pull gasoline into the air.
• Improvement to Maybach’s carburetor in 1900.
• Gas and air exit in turbulent flow which mixes them.
![Page 24: Air Transportation The “Little Iceage” Increased mining Vacuum pumps Steam engines Explosive gas mixtures Four stroke engine Electronic ignition Petroleum](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022032517/56649cb65503460f9497b1ad/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
‘Making nuclear power usable again’
• International supervision and control is necessary were using nuclear technology.
• 239Pu is a byproduct of Uranium nuclear reactors and is fissionable material.
![Page 25: Air Transportation The “Little Iceage” Increased mining Vacuum pumps Steam engines Explosive gas mixtures Four stroke engine Electronic ignition Petroleum](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022032517/56649cb65503460f9497b1ad/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
‘Chernobyl Today.’
• Significant increase in pediatric thyroid cancer due to 131I.
• Concerns for Fukushima
• Hugh economic burden on Belarus and Ukraine
• Slight increase in leukemia among cleanup crews.
![Page 26: Air Transportation The “Little Iceage” Increased mining Vacuum pumps Steam engines Explosive gas mixtures Four stroke engine Electronic ignition Petroleum](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022032517/56649cb65503460f9497b1ad/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
California’s Energy Production
![Page 27: Air Transportation The “Little Iceage” Increased mining Vacuum pumps Steam engines Explosive gas mixtures Four stroke engine Electronic ignition Petroleum](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022032517/56649cb65503460f9497b1ad/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
What you should know
• The four strokes of the 4-stroke engine.
• The Venturi principle.
• The connection between volta’s pistol and the carburetor.
• Difference between coal and coke.
• The operation of Necommen’s & Watt’s engines.
• Slide #21
• #23
• #22
• #6-7
• #10 & 12-13
![Page 28: Air Transportation The “Little Iceage” Increased mining Vacuum pumps Steam engines Explosive gas mixtures Four stroke engine Electronic ignition Petroleum](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022032517/56649cb65503460f9497b1ad/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
What you should know• What is an alloy
• What is bronze and brass. How are they different.
• What is one radioactive fallout from the Chernobyl & Fukushima accidents.
• Difference between aerobic and anaerobic processes.
• How is crucible steel made. What is its connection to glass making?
• Differential coal & petroleum
• #11 mixture of metals
• #11
• #25 Iodine-131
• #6 Anaerobic - no air
• Recycled steel melted at high temperatures.
• Plants & marine #6 & #20