air quality slides set
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fictious bookTRANSCRIPT
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Class Exercise
• How many grams of Sulphur, if burnt in P C Saxena Auditorium, would pose a health risk to you ?
• Given : Regulatory Limit for SO2 in Ambient Air is – 80g/m3 (0.03 ppm) for annual average– 1300 g/m3 (0.5 ppm) for 3 hour average
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Results (last year)
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ume
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ohli
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itoriu
m (m
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ES 200 Autumn 2011 PC Saxena Volume
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Results (this year)
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Conclusions
• All JEE’s are equal
• There is always a JEE topper
• Nothing can substitute measured measurables
• 17.5 X 23.8 X 3.5 = 1458 m3
• (17.8 - 26.9)X 18.6 X 3.5 = 1160 m3
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Winners TBD
• 10D070064 SACHIN KUMAR 1460 m3
• 08007021ADITYA AGRAWAL1150 m3
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Implications
• Shut down of industries and businesses
• Investment in infrastructure
• DOUBT is introduced
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How do we manage Air Quality ?
• At the source itself– Industry– Vehicles– Dust– Home cooking
• After the source– Dispersion and Mixing
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Mixing/Dispersion
• Meteorology– Vertical
• Temperature– Lapse Rate
– Horizontal• Wind
– Speed – Direction
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Dispersion – Gaussian Plume
WIND
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Wind Rose
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/naaqs/ozone/areas/wind.htm#dlfi
1 knot = 1.82 km/hr
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• Wind roses are divided into 16 wind directions
• Each wind direction is divided into wind speeds
• As the percent of time the wind blows from a particular directions gets larger, the portion of the bar representing the wind speed gets larger both in length and width
13http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/edu/dees/ees/climate/slides/atmprofile.gif
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Lapse Rates
• Atmosphere cools with height– What rate ?
• Dry (Adiabatic) 10°C/km• Wet (Adiabatic) 6°C/km
– (Release of heat with condensation)
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Definitions
• Environmental Lapse Rate (Actual)– Actual temperature profile – Balloon with height and temperature sensors
• Adiabatic Lapse Rate– A parcel of air moved in short enough time
that there is no heat exchange between the parcel and the surrounding atmosphere
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ACTUAL
ADIABATIC (1°C/100 m)
1000 m (say)
20 °C19 °C18 °C
20 °C Air Parcel
19 °C Air Parcel at 1100 m
1100 m
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ADIABATIC (1°C/100 m)
1000 m (say)
20 °C 21°C 22 °C
20 °C Air Parcel
21 °C Air Parcel at 1100 m
1100 m
900 m
ACTUAL
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ADIABATIC (1°C/100 m)
1000 m (say)
20 °C19.5 °C19°C
20 °C Air Parcel
19 °C Air Parcel at 1100 m
1100 m
ACTUAL
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WIND
Adiabatic
Actual
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ScenariosAdiabatic
ActualH
eig
ht
Temperature
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ScenariosAdiabatic
ActualH
eig
ht
Temperature
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ScenariosAdiabatic
ActualH
eig
ht
Temperature
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Stability
http://www.tpub.com/content/aerographer/14312/css/14312_47.htm
Wet Lapse Rate
Dry Lapse Rate
Average
Unstable
Stable
Height
Temperature
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Match the Profile
Unstable
Stable
Plumes (a) (b) (c) (d)
(Adapted from Masters, 1997)
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Match the Profile
Unstable
Stable
Plumes (a) (b) (c) (d)
(Adapted from Masters, 1997)
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Review
Dispersion and Mixing Influenced by :• Wind
– Speed– Direction– Wind Rose
• Temperature Lapse Rates– Dry adiabatic– Wet Adiabatic– Stability
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First Home Assignment• 1. Review the film smog.inc at :
http://www.cese.iitb.ac.in/ES200/SMOG_INC/
• 2. Review the paper by Molina and Molina (2004) at : http://www.cese.iitb.ac.in/ES200/MolinaAndMolinaCriticalReviewJAWMA2004.pdf
• 3. You have been appointed as the new In-charge for air quality management in your home city.
– Your first assignment is to write a proposal to MoEF for management of air quality of your city using traffic management.
– The solutions are to include short term and long term plans.
– You may submit a map and key data (or the need for specific data) to support your proposal.
– The proposal may be limited to 1000-1500 words. Please include references (as URL’s and/or journals/reports.
– (If you think that there is no vehicular pollution problem in your home city/village, justify it, and then choose Mumbai as the study city).
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Air Pollution• Concentration
– mass of pollutant / volume of air– number of particles / volume of air– opacity– absorption
• Duration – hours to days to years
• Criteria Pollutants – Primary (FIVE)
• SOx• NOx• CO• PM-10• Particulate Lead
– Secondary (ONE)• Ozone
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Stopped in Nose
Respirable
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Physical Nature of Particulate Emissions from Engines
Typical Engine Exhaust Size Distribution both Mass and Number Weightings (Source: Kittelson et al. 1999)
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Diluted Diesel Exhaust: Particle Number vs. Mass
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2.000
4.000
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10.000
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Particle Size [nm]
Particle Number [P/cm3]
0,0
0,5
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Particle Mass [mg/m3]
Courtesy : TSI Inc.
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CO
LLE
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ION
/ R
EM
OV
AL
EF
FIC
IEN
CY
PARTICLE DIAMETER
1 m
39Source: Flagan and Seinfeld, 1988
Particle formation in coal combustion
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Physical Nature of Particulate Emissions from Engines
Typical Engine Exhaust Size Distribution both Mass and Number Weightings (Source: Kittelson et al. 1999)
PM2.5 PM10