air quality monitoring network. 2 general info. the network has been operating for eight years. it...

Air Quality Monitoring Network

2

General info.

The network has been operating for eight years. It was officially inaugurated on May 31, 1994.

The implementation of this network was part of two conditions that the CEPRAM (State Council for the Environment) established in its resolution 620 on July 21, 1992, as a result of the analysis of the Environmental Impact Assessment Study for the expansion of the number of companies installed in the Pole.

CETREL developed the project, and carried out the installation and operation of the network because of its previous environmental protection activities in the area, such as waste treatment, and disposal of hazardous wastes.

3

What parameters are measured? Conventional Pollutants: Particulate matter (Hi-Vol and PM10),

sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides (NO e NO2), CO and O3 , which

are regulated under CONAMA standards from 03/1990. Non conventional pollutants: VOC’s regulated under CEPRAM

resolution 2878 of 2001, and metals (Pb, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, As, and Hg).

Meteorological parameters: wind velocity and direction, temperature, humidity, pluviometric precipitation, solar radiation and pressure.

There is an Acoustic radar that measures meteorological parameters in the higher layers of the atmosphere for the surroundings of Cetrel.

4

Location of the stations and parameters measured

Station Number

Type Location Parameters measured

1 – CÂMARA Complete Between the Câmara and the Prefeitura de Camaçari

SO2, NOx, CO, PM and organics

2 – GRAVATA Simple Escola Helena C. Magalhães (Camaçari)

SO2

3 – COBRE Simple Estação Elevatória do Cobre

SO2, O3, PM and organics

4 – SÍTIO Simple Lamarão do Passé

SO2

5 – LAMARÃO Complete Escola Josiane Santos (Lamarão do Passé)

SO2, NOx, O3, PM and organics

6 – BALNEÁRIO Simple "Sociedade Amigos de Dias D’Ávila"

SO2

7 – ESCOLA Complete Escola Prof. Anfrísia Santiago (Nova Dias D’Ávila)

SO2, O3, PM and organics

8 - H. GERAL Complete Hospital Geral de Camaçari SO2, NOx, CO, O3, and organics

Obs.: The complete stations (4) also measure meteorological parameters.

5

Meteorological Parameter Stations.

STATION PARAMETER ESCOLA

Temperature Relative humidity Wind direction and velocity

LAMARÃO

Temperature Relative humidity Solar radiation Precipitation Wind direction and velocity

HOSPITAL GERAL

Atmopheric pressure Temperature Relative humidity Solar radiation Precipitation Wind direction and velocity

CÂMARA Wind direction and velocity

Pólo

RLAM

SALVADOR

LEGEND - Air monitoring stations.

0%2%4%6%8%

10%12%14%16%18%

N

NNE

NE

ENE

E

ESE

SE

SSE

S

SSW

SW

WSW

W

WNW

NW

NNW

8

Air Quality Monitoring Station

9

Analytical Methods

SO2 – UV fluorescence – continuous and automatic.

NOX – Chemoluminescence – continuous and automatic-

O3 – UV Photometry - continuous and automatic.

CO – Infrared associated to correlation filters. Continuous and automatic.

VOC’s- GC and cryogenic trap for inlet; Sampling every 15 days, for 24h. The samples are collected in special recipients called SUMMA CANISTERS, and injected into GC by a cryogenic concentrator.

Particulate Matter: HI-VOL or High Volume Sampler, sampling every 6 days for 24 h.

PM10 – This is similar to HI-VOL but it is destined for particles smaller than 10 m

10

VOC’s

COMPOUNDSLim. Detec

(ppbv)VOC Air Quality Standard (ppb)

COMPOUNDSLim. Detec

(ppbv)VOC Air Quality Standard (ppb)

1,1 Dicloroetano 2.10 10240 Benzeno 1.90 51,1 Dicloroeteno 2.80 61 Bromometano 7.80 NP1,1,1 Tricloroetano 2.00 1750 Cloreto de Metileno 3.70 2501,1,2 Tricloroetano 1.60 102 Cloreto de Vinila 3.10 251,1,2 Triclorotrifluoretano 3.30 5000 Clorobenzeno 1.80 501,1,2,2 Tetracloroetano 1.20 5 Cloroetano 5.10 NP1,2 Dibromoetano 1.30 100 Clorofórmio 2.00 531,2 Diclorobenzeno 1.30 125 Clorometano 2.00 NP1,2 Dicloroetano 1.30 50 Diclorodifluormetano 7.20 NP1,2 Dicloroeteno 1.80 1000 Estireno 1.00 2501,2 Dicloropropano 1.60 NP Etilbenzeno 1.60 5001,2 Diclorotetrafluoretano 4.60 NP Hexaclorobutadieno 3.70 NP1,2,4 Triclorobenzeno 4.20 278 m-p-Xilenos 2.90 12301,2,4 Trimetilbenzeno 1.90 1420 o-Xileno 1.40 12301,3 Diclorobenzeno 1.50 526 Tetracloreto de carbono 2.10 251,3 Dicloropropeno (cis) 1.60 NP Tetracloroeteno 1.90 1251,3 Dicloropropeno (trans) 1.40 NP Tolueno 1.50 2501,3,5 Trimetilbenzeno 2.00 125 Tricloroeteno 1.90 2501,4 Diclorobenzeno 1.60 50 Triclorofluormetano 2.90 3900

VOC’s monitoring

12

Objectives of Air Quality Monitoring

The main objectives of air monitoring are:– To evaluate the quality of air in accordance with the

requirements that CONAMA and CEPRAM established for the protection of densely populated areas in Brazil (Camaçari, Dias D'Ávila e Lamarão do Passe).

– To guide the companies in lowering or maintaining their emission levels through adjustment of their processes, changes in their raw materials, or by installing pollution control equipment, etc.

– To evaluate the efficiency of the corrective measures that are implemented.

13

Resources The network was set up and installed using R$2 million for

purchase of equipment and for the startup. This was carried out using funds from companies from the Polo. This was done by a small loan by BNDES. The yearly operational cost is covered by the companies of the Polo too.

The yearly operational cost is divided between all the companies that are involved. The cost is shared proportionally to the emissions of each companies and the investments that were involved in measuring each pollutant. The budget is discussed each September, and it must be approved by all of the companies that are involved.

All companies in the Polo participate in covering the costs. Even the companies that do not emit significant loads must pay 0.25% of the costs of monitoring.

14

2001 Results. 2001 was year with little rain, and relatively good for

removal of atmospheric pollutants, mainly in June, July, August and September.

The inquiry will have to be supported on automatic and continuous measurements compared to physical-mathematical models for dispersion of pollutants, through statistical analysis. These models will allow to calculate the concentrations of pollutants in any location and time, including places where measurement is not possible. The RMA of the Pole has some experience in this, but they want to increase their proficiency in these matters.

Some research has been done using the model ISCST-3 (Industrial Source Complex Short Term) as is shown in the Appendix.

15

Sulfur dioxide - SO2

Wind speed has decreased in relation to previous years for the Lamarao Station, especially for the third trimester, and to a lesser extent in the second semester. This has caused a small increase of the concentration of SO2 in the Small farm and Lamarao Stations, and to a lesser degree in the Cobre Station.

The Hospital Station has also shown a slight rise in the concentrations of SO2 from May to November, or in other words, the hottest months of the year, which are the worst for dispersion of pollutants.

For 2001 the load of SO2 increased due to an increase of the emissions by Acrinor, also apparent in the air quality of this station.

16

Monthy averages of SO2Estação Lamarão

0

5

10

15

20

25

Jan Fev Mar Abr Mai Jun Jul Ago Set Out Nov Dez

SO

2 (

pp

b)

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

Estação Hospital

0

5

10

15

20

25


SO

2 (

pp

b)

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

17

The graph shows that the annual average has decreased from 2000 to 2001.

TENDÊNCIA DA CONCENTRAÇÃO MÉDIA ANUAL DO SO2 MEDIDO NA RMA - 1995 A 2001

2,3

3,4

3,0

2,1

3,2

4,1

3,4

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

3,5

4,0

4,5

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Co

nc

en

tra

çã

o M

éd

ia A

nu

al(

pp

b)

Padrão de concentração média anual = 30,5 ppb (Conama 03/90)

Annual Average for SO2 - 1995 to 2001

18

Ozone - O3 (I) The ozone level exceeded the 1h standard of

81.6 ppb set by CONAMA on 25 occasions. 6 of these violations occurred on the same day.

In terms of wind directions and speeds, there is no predominant direction. Moreover, wind has been detected from many directions, which allows some speculation where ozone precursors come from.– From the city of Salvador when the wind blows

South, Southeast and East.– From the Landulpho Refinery when the wind blows W

and SW. – The highways close to Camaçari, mainly BR 324, when

the wind blows N.– In the case of the Cobre Station, since the winds come

from NE, it is impossible to infer on the ozone precursor sources.

19

Ozone - O3 (II)

From a meteorological standpoint, the trajectories of the precursors are not always straight. The great part of the events are observed in the morning, suggesting that ozone is carried over from the previous day. To understand these processes better more info is necessary regarding the precursors of ozone, in particular an inventory of the precursors, and the use of a photochemical model with dispersion and meteorological conditions coupled to it would be useful.

Comparing the results for Ozone from 1995 to 2001, we observe that higher concentrations were present when other pollutants (SO2, CO and NO2). There was an increase of the ozone concentrations for 2001, probably due to the increase of production of companies in the POLO, which leads an increase in fuel consumption. Control of these emissions will be necessary to prevent further deterioration of the air quality in the area under the influence of the POLO

20

Ozone - O3Estação Hospital

050

100150200250300350400450500550


O3 (

pp

b)

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

Estação Lamarão

0

30

60

90

120

150

180

210


O3 (

pp

b)

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

21

Estação Hospital

0

3

6

9

12

15


CO

(p

pm

)

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

Carbon Monoxide-CO

CO concentration for the Hospital station has also increased in comparison to the previous year.

The maximum CO concentrations were below the 35 ppm 1h standard. The concentration peak was in May, as was the previous year.

22

Nitrogen dioxide - NO2

The Hospital and Laramao stations have had different trends than the previous years, in particular in the second and third semester, where they are both above concentrations of the previous years. Estação Lamarão

0306090

120150180210240270300


NO

2 (

pp

b)

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

Estação Hospital

0306090

120150180210240270300


NO

2 (

pp

b)

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

23

Estação Hospital

20

22

24

26

28

30

32

34

JAN FEV MAR ABR MAI JUN JUL AGO SET OUT NOV DEZ

Tem

per

atu

re (

oC

)

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Estação Hospital

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800


So

lar

rad

iati

on

(W

/m2)

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Estação Hospital

990

995

1000

1005

1010


Pre

ssu

e (h

Pa)

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Meteorological Parameters

The meteorological parameters followed the same pattern of the last two years.

24

Estação Hospital

60

70

80

90

100


Um

idad

e R

elat

iva

(%)

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Estação SUDIC

0

100

200

300

400

500


Pre

cip

itaç

ão (

mm

)

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Estação Hospital

0

1

2

3

4

5

6


Vel

oci

dad

e d

o V

ento

(m

/s)

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Meteorological Parameters.

25

Particulate Matter: HI-VOL There was a reduction of the year particulate

matter average from 2000 to 2001. The monthly geometric average of rainfall in

2001 was one of the lowest in seven year, especially for April, May, June and November, where higher monthly averages of particulate matter are apparent.

HI-VOL - ESTAÇÃO LAMARÃO

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80


Co

nc

en

tra

çã

o (

µg

/m3

) 1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

26

PM10 - ESTAÇÃO LAMARÃO

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

JAN FEV MAR ABR MAIO JUN JUL AGO SET OUT NOV DEZ

µg/m

3

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

Particulate Matter: PM10

The analysis of monthly behaviour shows a significant increase in the PM10 concentration in the first filve months of 2001, in relation to the previous years.

27

Occurrence of COV’s in the POLO area

Number of samples in 2000=91.Número total de amostragens em 2000 = 91

Compound Standard

(ppb) Number of

events L.D. Number of infractions

Maximum concentration

(ppb)

%over standard

1,1 Dicloroetano 10240 ------ 2,63 ------ ------ ------ 1,1 Dicloroeteno 61 ------ 2,72 ------ ------ ------ 1,1,1 Tricloroetano 1750 ------ 2,40 ------ ------ ------ 1,1,2 Tricloroetano 102 2 2,15 ------ 16,91 ------ 1,1,2 Triclorotrifluoretano 5000 47 3,30 ------ 38,64 ------ 1,1,2,2 Tetracloroetano 5 1 1,34 1 22,32 346,4% 1,2 Dibromoetano 100 ------ 1,30 ------ ------ ------ 1,2 Diclorobenzeno 125 7 1,05 ------ 4,62 ------ 1,2 Dicloroetano 50 13 1,29 ------ 9,67 ------ 1,2 Dicloroeteno 1000 ------ 2,11 ------ ------ ------ 1,2 Dicloropropano NP ------ 0,93 ------ ------ ------ 1,2 Diclorotetrafluoretano NP ------ 2,13 ------ ------ ------ 1,2,4 Triclorobenzeno 278 ------ 3,47 ------ ------ 1,2,4 Trimetilbenzeno 1420 7 0,65 ------ 19,58 ------ 1,3 Diclorobenzeno 526 ------ 1,66 ------ ------ ------ 1,3 Dicloropropeno (cis) NP ------ 0,72 ------ ------ ------ 1,3 Dicloropropeno (trans) NP ------ 1,28 ------ ------ ------ 1,3,5 Trimetilbenzeno 125 4 1,69 ------ 20,07 ------ 1,4 Diclorobenzeno 50 ------ 0,98 ------ ------ ------ Benzeno 5 42 0,93 1 7,02 40,4% Bromoetano NP ------ 2,89 ------ ------ ------ Cloreto de Metileno 250 33 2,49 ------ 17,76 ------ Cloreto de Vinila 25 7 3,10 ------ 21,06 ------ Clorobenzeno 50 ------ 1,53 ------ ------ ------ Cloroetano NP ------ 2,00 ------ ------ ------ Clorofórmio 53 16 2,34 ------ 31,50 ------ Clorometano NP ------ 5,29 ------ ------ ------ Diclorodifluormetano NP 5 2,23 ------ 29,62 ------ Estireno 250 ------ 9,72 ------ ------ ------ Etilbenzeno 500 1 2,16 ------ 9,07 ------ Hexaclorobutadieno NP ------ 1,18 ------ ------ ------ m-p-Xilenos 1230 4 3,93 ------ 14,63 ------ o-Xileno 1230 4 1,50 ------ 3,56 ------ Tetracloreto de carbono 25 ------ 2,17 ------ ------ ------ Tetracloroeteno 125 ------ 1,75 ------ ------ ------ Tolueno 250 51 1,64 ------ 34,89 ------ Tricloroeteno 250 ------ 1,95 ------ ------ ------ Triclorofluormetano 3900 69 2,59 ------ 182,79 ------

28

Conclusions

The air quality has decreased in the past 6 years. – For Camacari, from 2000 to 2002, comparing SO2 vs the wind

direction, it is observed that wind direction was very important in the formation of pollution episodes.

– É preciso um maior acompanhamento dos ventos por parte das empresas do Pólo, para minimizar as emissões nos níveis críticos, de que os ventos se dirigirem ao pólo, para Camaçari.

29

Conclusions

Emissions control is suggested. Expansion of the monitoring network is also recommended.

Recomenda-se um maior controle destas emissões, e expandir a RMA, conforme a tabela de reavaliação. Bem como, manter direção e velocidade do vento em todas as outras estações da RMA, inclusive na nova estação de Leandrinho.

Pollution prevention can be achieved using a model that predicts pollution with 6-72h.. This could be achieved using MM5.

30

Publication of Results

The results can be sent monthly to the companies of the Pole, and to other interested parties. Some companies can request forecasting for daily episodes.

32

Comentários Finais

A Rede encontra-se instalada e em operação rotineira desde Maio/94.

Os resultados obtidos até o momento estão dentro dos padrões CONAMA 003/94, exceto para o ozônio e SO2, que tem em algumas ocasiões ultrapassado os padrão do CONAMA 003/90.

A carga de poluentes emitidas pelas empresas é checada periodicamente.

Um dos objetivos principais da rede é orientar as empresas no sentido de reduzir as cargas.

Os dados gerados pela rede são enviados para as empresas do Pólo mensalmente.

A análise mensal dos parâmetros meteorológicos permitiu a identificação do período mais crítico para dispersão atmosférica, que engloba os meses de maio a setembro, períodos semelhantes ao longo dos anos de operação da Rede.

33

Comentários Finais

De um modo geral essa análise mostrou que a circulação local do vento de superfície modifica a sua direção e a velocidade sobre a região de influência do Pólo, em função da topografia e das alterações no ciclo climatológico sazonal da atmosfera;

A qualidade do ar tem sido classificada como "boa", desde 1994, ou seja, a concentração dos poluentes tem se mantido sempre abaixo dos padrões estabelecidos pelo CONAMA 003/90, para os poluentes, SO2, CO, NO2 e MP. Entretanto o SO2 apresentou picos de concentração bastante elevados em algumas ocasiões.

Com relação aos compostos orgânicos voláteis, poluentes não legislados no país, detectou-se que a concentração de alguns destes poluentes, tende a se elevar no período entre abril a setembro, devido as condições meteorológicas desfavoráveis à dispersão;

34

Comentários Finais

À partir de 1996 foi intensificado o monitoramento de poluentes orgânicos na área de influência do Pólo.

Embora a medição dos parâmetros meteorológicos, no nível da superfície horizontal, seja bastante representativa do comportamento do regime microclimático local, em 1997 foi adquirido um radar acústico, com o objetivo de efetuar medições do perfil vertical do vento, e da altura da camada de mistura, para melhor interpretar os resultados obtidos através da Rede de monitoramento do ar. Observa-se ainda que o vento muda de direção com a altura, principalmente no regime de microescala em zona costeira.

air quality monitoring network. 2 general info. the network has been operating for eight years. it...

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