Air Quality Management in Mumbai

V.K.PhatakMMRDA

What is Air Pollution?

High School Science taught us that air is composed of Nitrogen (N), Oxygen (O2), Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and Water Vapour. However in typical urban environment, air has other substances which in excess of certain proportions could be harmful to human health, vegetation or built properties. This could be called air pollution.

Common Air Pollutants

US EPA identified Criteria Pollutants based on their health impacts. These are

Sulphur Dioxide Nitrogen Oxides, ParticulateMatter, Carbon Monoxide and Ozone.

In addition VOCs are listed as common air pollutant causing smog.

EPA prescribes Primary Standards to protect health and Secondary Standards prevent environmental & property damage.

Effects of Air PollutantsAir Pollutant I mpact

Human Health Environment Material

Sulphur Dioxide

Eye I rritation, Respiratory System

damage trees & lakes

acid aerosols eat stone used in buildings statues, monuments

Nitrogen Oxides Lung damage, illnesses of breathing passages and lungs. Pulmonary Edema at very high levels (90 ppm)

damage trees & lakes

acid aerosols eat stone used in buildings statues, monuments

Carbon Monoxide Reduction in oxygen carrying capacity of blood, severe headache, nausea, vomiting, dizziness at high COHb blood levels

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Effects of Air Pollutants

Air Pollutant

I mpact

Human Health Environment Material

Particulate Matter

Alone or in combination with other air pollutants e aggravated Asthma, acute respiratory symptoms, chronic Bronchitis, decreased lung f unction in human beings.

Eff ect on materials, vegetation, animals. Main source of Haze that reduces visibility

Ashes, soot, smokes & dust can dirty & discolor structures and other property

Ozone Breathing problems, reduced lung f unction, Asthma, Eye irritation

Damage plants & trees. Smog can reduce visibility

Damage rubber, f abrics

Lead Brain and other nervous system damage, causes digestive and other health problems

Can harm wildlif e --

Sources of Air PollutionSO2 : Burning of fuel, Industrial Processes

Nox : Burning of gasoline, natural gas, coal, oil etc, Vehicle exhaust, Power Stations

SPM : Burning of fuel, Vehicle exhaust, Industrial sources, burning of Refuge, re-suspension of dust

CO : Burning of gasoline, natural gas, coal, oil etc.

Lead : Leaded gasoline, paint, smelters, Manufacturing of Lead storage batteries

Ozone: Chemical reaction of pollutants, VOCs and Nox in the presence of heat and sunlight.

VOCs: Released from burning fuel (including Natural Gas), solvents, paints, glues. Cars are important source of VOCs

National Standards for Air PollutionParameter

Exposure period

I ndustrial Area

Residential Area

Sensitive Area

in Microgram per cubic meter

SO2 Annual 24 hrs

80 120

60 80

15 30

NOx Annual 24 hrs

80 120

60 80

15 30

SPM Annual 24 hrs

360 500

140 200

70 100

RSPM Annual 24 hrs

120 150

60 100

50 75

Lead Annual 24 hrs

1.0 1.5

0.75 1.0

0.5 0.75

CO 8 hrs 1 hr

5 mg/ m3 10 mg/ m3

2 mg/ m3 4 mg/ m3

1 mg/ m3 2 mg/ m3

EPA Standards for Air PollutionParameter Exposure

period Standard Value

Standard Type

in ug / m3

SO2 Annual 24hrs

80 365

Primary

NOx Annual 100 Primary &Secondary

RSPM< 10 um Annual 50 Primary &Secondary

RSPM<2.5 um Annual 24Hrs

15 65

Primary &Secondary

Lead Quarterly 1.5 Primary &Secondary

CO 8 hrs 1 hr

10 40 mg/ m3

Primary & Secondary

Ozone 1 Hr 8 hrs

235 157

Primary &Secondary

Situation in Mumbai

Air Pollution Trends in Mumbai I n Microgram / M3

YEAR SO2 NOx SPM

1997 36 24 270

1998 40 25 260

1999 38 25 270

2000 19 42.7 242.5

2001 19 43 212

Standard 60 60 140

Seasonal Variation of Air Pollution in Mumbai

Month SO2 NOx NH3 SPM April 13 17 30 141 May 6 11 50 133 J une 8 12 28 137 J uly 6 8 29 120 August 6 11 33 99 Sept. 14 25 77 114 October 33 39 88 143 Nov. 57 60 132 237 Dec. 56 83 127 296 J anuary 49 62 137 232 February 33 82 163 307 March 15 63 81 244 Average 25 39 81 184 Standard 60 60 140

Geographical VariationsLocations/ (Land Use)

SO2 (g/m3) NOx (g/m3) 

SPM (g/m3)

     

Year 1998-1999

1999-2000

2000-2001

1998-1999

1999-2000

2000-2001

1998-1999

1999-2000

2000-2001

Worli (C) 23 30.26 22.16 35 34.3 31.25 270 218 186.1

Khar (C/R ) 13 20.87 16.16 48 36.35 69.25 280 306 290

Andheri (I/C)

17 26.33 16.16 29 41.48 39.33 219 290 230.8

Borivali (R)

6 9.09 6.91 37 22.22 13.91 252 243 154.8

Tilaknagar (C)

- 35.41 22.58 - 46.21 38.75 - 341 282.2

Maravali (I)

16 27.47 26.33 49 46.21 64.66 356 424 388

Ambient Air Quality at Traffic Intersections

Pollutant Year Mahim Andheri Wadala NAAQSO2 (g /m3) 1998-1999 16 - -

1999-2000 50 98 622000-2001 40 100 32 60-80

Nox (g /m3) 1998-1999 522 - -1999-2000 419 520 4462000-2001 300 314 276 60-80

PM 10 (g /m3) 1998-1999 451 - -1999-2000 291 520 3382000-2001 244 343 221 140-350

CO (mg/m3) 1998-1999 10.7 - -1999-2000 9.1 11.9 5.42000-2001 5.9 7 3.4 4-10

OBSERVATIONS ON TREND

Sulphur Dioxide Levels are well within limits mainly due to use of low sulphur fuel by industries and low sulphur Diesel by vehicles

Nitrogen Oxide Levels are well within limits. However increasing trend in last two years may be due to increase in number of vehicles.

LeadEmitted mainly from leaded gasoline used in vehicles. However at present only unleaded gasoline is used in Mumbai

SPMExceeds all over Mumbai and shows increasing trend. All studies have recommended Action plan for reduction of SPM especially PM 10.

OBSERVATIONS ON TREND

Carbon MonoxideLevels are high near Traffic Junctions. Traffic Police and Pedestrians near Traffic junctions are affected. CO easily gets converted to CO2.

Seasonal VariationsPollution levels markedly rise in Winter. This can be mainly attributed to adverse meteorological conditions prevailing in Winter – low wind speeds, likely pockets of inversion.

Ozone

The ground level Ozone is the result of chemical reaction between Oxides of Nitrogen and Volatile organic Compounds in presence of heat and sunlight. Given the fact such situation exists in Mumbai, monitoring ozone seems to deserve attention. though ozone is not being monitored at present.

( Ozone at higher level is useful as it obstructs the ultra-violet rays, but Ozone at ground level is harmful)

Pollution Load in Mumbai

Sources Percent Load 1998-99 1999-2000 2000-2001

Domestic 1.52 1.5 3.0

Industrial & commercial 37.15 36.77 10.8

Transport 61.33 61.73 86.2

Policies to be Pursued

MAIN ISSUES

SPM and particularly PM 10 is the main pollutant.

Transport / Auto Emissions -- Main cause and source of SPM - PM10

Impact on ambient air quality depends upon traffic congestion, sub optimal speeds, land use and built form along roads

Vehicular Emissions

Engine Design-- Four - stroke engines / Euro I & II engines-- Catalytic Converters/ Oxidation catalystCleaner Fuels-- Unleaded Fuel-- Low Sulphur Diesel

Alternate Fuel-- Use of CNG / LPG

Inspection & Maintenance and Certification of Vehicles

Minimize Private Vehicle Use

Improve Public Transport

Expanding road network to reduce trip lengths e.g. East – West Links

Demand Management -- to reduce auto use in congested areas – parking fees, cordon pricing, area licensing etc.

Improve Pedestrian and NMT Facilities

Land use Planning to reduce need for long travels

MANKHURD

BANDRA

DADAR

CST

MUMBAI CENTRAL

CHURCHGATE

NHAVE CREEK

MALABAR HILL

PIR PIU PIER

ELEPHANTA ISLAND (GHARAPURI)

BUTCHER ISLAND

VICTORIA DOCK

PRINCE'S DOCK

MAZAGAON DOCK

ALEXANDRA DOCK

GATEWAY OF INDIA

COLABA POINT

SASSOON DOCK

VASHI

AIROLI

S E AA R A B I A N

THANE

THANE CREEK

AIRPORT

MA

LAD

CR

EE

K

MAHIM BAY

BRIHAN MUMBAI

BORIVALI

ANDHERI

GHATKOPARSANTACRUZ

KURLA

DADAR

LEGEND

WESTERN CORRIDOR

CENTRAL CORRIDOR

EASTERN CORRIDOR

EXPRESS HIGHWAYS

MUMBAI METROPOLITAN REGION DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY

0

SCALE 1:50,000

N

MUTP

1 km. 2 km. 3 km.

EXISTING ROAD NETWORK

MAHIM

Air Quality and Impact Monitoring

Ambient Air Quality monitoring & dissemination

Emission Inventory

Surface and upper level Meteorological

measurements

Personal Exposure Assessment

Health Assessment of Air Pollution in Mumbai

Preparation of Particulate Matter Reduction Action Plan for Greater

Mumbai

Objective of the study is to:

Develop and adopt cost-effective strategy for reducing ambient levels of SPM and PM10

Develop an Action Plan that targets at immediate reduction of PM10

Prepare feasibility studies for the priority actions, in the urban transport sector that could be financed by MUTP.

Thank you