AIR QUALITY LEVELS OF PASSENGER AIR QUALITY LEVELS OF PASSENGER AIR QUALITY LEVELS OF PASSENGER AIR QUALITY LEVELS OF PASSENGER AIR QUALITY LEVELS OF PASSENGER AIR QUALITY LEVELS OF PASSENGER AIR QUALITY LEVELS OF PASSENGER AIR QUALITY LEVELS OF PASSENGER

CABINS IN SEOUL METROPOLITAN SUBWAYCABINS IN SEOUL METROPOLITAN SUBWAYCABINS IN SEOUL METROPOLITAN SUBWAYCABINS IN SEOUL METROPOLITAN SUBWAYCABINS IN SEOUL METROPOLITAN SUBWAYCABINS IN SEOUL METROPOLITAN SUBWAYCABINS IN SEOUL METROPOLITAN SUBWAYCABINS IN SEOUL METROPOLITAN SUBWAY

Eun-young Park1,2, Duck-shin Park2, Chang-heon Shin3, Sungsoo Yang2

1 University of Science and Technology

2 Korea Railroad Research Institute

3 Seoul Metro

CONTENTSCONTENTSCONTENTSCONTENTSCONTENTSCONTENTSCONTENTSCONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION1. INTRODUCTION

2. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS2. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS

3. RESULTS3. RESULTS

4. CONCLUSION4. CONCLUSION

� A number of daily Seoul Metropolitan subway system users are about 4.6 million in 2008(MLTM of Korea, 2009).

� The Ministry of Environment of Korea (KMOE) established the recommended standard on the IAQ of public transportations - Guidelines on the management of indoor air quality of public transportations - in 2007.

� The guidelines prescribe the recommended standard PM10 and CO2 during rush hour and non-rush hour in public transportations.

PollutantsPollutantsPollutantsPollutants ClassificationClassificationClassificationClassification Level 1Level 1Level 1Level 1 Level 2Level 2Level 2Level 2

CO2

Subway Less than 2,500ppm Less than 3,500ppm

Train, Bus Less than 2,000ppm Less than 3,000ppm

PM10

Subway Less than 200㎍/㎥ Less than 250㎍/㎥

Train, Bus Less than 150㎍/㎥ Less than 200㎍/㎥

INTRODUCTION

EXPERIMENTAL METHODSEXPERIMENTAL METHODSEXPERIMENTAL METHODSEXPERIMENTAL METHODSEXPERIMENTAL METHODSEXPERIMENTAL METHODSEXPERIMENTAL METHODSEXPERIMENTAL METHODS

SectionSectionSectionSection

Total Total Total Total

length length length length

((((㎞㎞㎞㎞))))

Distance between Distance between Distance between Distance between

adjacent stations adjacent stations adjacent stations adjacent stations

((((㎞㎞㎞㎞))))

# of ground station # of ground station # of ground station # of ground station

/# of underground /# of underground /# of underground /# of underground

stationstationstationstation

Ratio of Ratio of Ratio of Ratio of

underground underground underground underground

stations to total stations to total stations to total stations to total

stations (%)stations (%)stations (%)stations (%)

Depth Depth Depth Depth

(m)(m)(m)(m)

Line 1Dongincheon-Yongsan

(express)33.9 2.6 14/0 0 -

Line 2Seongsu-Seongsu

(outer cycle)48.8 1.1 10/34 77.3 12.7

Line 3 Daehwa-Suseo 54.1 1.4 3/37 92.5 15.8

Line 4 Danggogae-Oido 70.2 1.5 19/29 60.4 15.8

Line 5 Banghwa-Sangildong 45.2 1.1 0/44 100 23.2

Line 6 Eungam-Bonghwasan 35.1 0.9 0/38 100 24.0

Line 7 Jangam-Onsu 46.9 1.1 3/39 92.9 23.5

Line 8 Moran-Amsa 17.7 1.1 0/17 100 19.6

Bundang

lineBojeong-Seolleung 27.7 1.5 2/18 90 -

METHODS

� Time zone Time zone Time zone Time zone

� 07:00-09:00 a.m. (rush hour),

� 11:00 a.m.-13:00 p.m. (non-rush hour)

� Period Period Period Period : October, 2008 - April, 2009

� EquipmentsEquipmentsEquipmentsEquipments

� CO2 : NDIR method (10ppm resolution) ,

DIRECTSENSE™ IAQ, Wolfsense

� PM10 : light scattering method

(1µg/m3 resolution), LD-3B, SIBATA

METHODS

RESULTSRESULTSRESULTSRESULTSRESULTSRESULTSRESULTSRESULTS

Rush hourRush hourRush hourRush hour NonNonNonNon----rush hourrush hourrush hourrush hour

AutumnAutumnAutumnAutumn WinterWinterWinterWinter SpringSpringSpringSpring AutumnAutumnAutumnAutumn WinterWinterWinterWinter SpringSpringSpringSpring

Line 1 2478.0 1568.5 2168.5 2168.5 2168.5 2168.5 714.3 841.4 883.7

Line 2 2285.2 2036.0 2036.0 2036.0 2036.0 1815.1 2002.2 2002.2 2002.2 2002.2 1757.2 1757.2 1757.2 1757.2 812.2

Line 3 1517.4 1517.4 1517.4 1517.4 1624.1 1325.0 713.7 713.7 713.7 713.7 965.0 996.7

Line 4 1852.6 1271.4 1306.4 1306.4 1306.4 1306.4 1202.1 1223.9 973.9

Line 5 1506.9 1424.4 1594.4 1001.4 1002.0 753.6 753.6 753.6 753.6

Line 6 1524.9 1054.8 1054.8 1054.8 1054.8 1409.8 864.1 866.4 769.2

Line 7 1879.1 1397.6 1809.8 1241.0 814.2 814.2 814.2 814.2 880.7

Line 8 2097.0 1531.3 1585.0 832.3 880.2 952.7

Bundang line 2928.5 2928.5 2928.5 2928.5 1411.7 1672.4 958.0 1035.7 1139.0 1139.0 1139.0 1139.0

Average

(±Standard

Deviation)

2007.7

(±489.8)

1480.0

(±269.1)

1631.8

(±275.6)

1058.8

(±400.7)

1042.9

(±296.1)

906.9

(±123.1)

RESULTS

A utum n W inter Spring A utum n W inter Spring

CO

2 c

on

cen

trat

ion

(p

pm

)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

RESULTS

PollutantsPollutantsPollutantsPollutants Level 1Level 1Level 1Level 1 Level 2Level 2Level 2Level 2

CO2 Less than 2,500ppm Less than 3,500ppm

Rush hourRush hourRush hourRush hour NonNonNonNon----rush hourrush hourrush hourrush hour

AutumnAutumnAutumnAutumn WinterWinterWinterWinter SpringSpringSpringSpring AutumnAutumnAutumnAutumn WinterWinterWinterWinter SpringSpringSpringSpring

Line 1 59.3 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 50.8 46.0 31.9 31.9 31.9 31.9 77.9

Line 2 128.3 99.9 66.1 46.6 66.6 62.4

Line 3 99.0 89.7 95.7 43.7 45.7 41.3

Line 4 99.9 78.0 62.9 119.8 97.3 36.4

Line 5 114.7 116.1 116.1 116.1 116.1 68.9 86.3 92.8 29.6 29.6 29.6 29.6

Line 6 170.4 170.4 170.4 170.4 94.6 105.5 105.5 105.5 105.5 151.1 151.1 151.1 151.1 86.3 101.9 101.9 101.9 101.9

Line 7 150.6 110.7 87.8 139.1 86.8 86.6

Line 8 116.1 104.3 73.1 73.4 105.6 105.6 105.6 105.6 76.9

Bundang line 33.6 33.6 33.6 33.6 65.0 49.1 49.1 49.1 49.1 43.5 43.5 43.5 43.5 59.8 47.0

Average

(±Standard

Deviation)

108.0

(±42.3)

88.3

(±25.1)

73.3

(±19.4)

83.3

(±43.4)

74.8

(±25.1)

62.2

(±25.1)

RESULTS

A u tu m n W in ter S p rin g A u tu m n W in te r S p rin g

PM

10

co

nce

ntr

atio

n (

µg

/m3)

0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

1 0 0

1 2 0

1 4 0

1 6 0

1 8 0

RESULTS

PollutantsPollutantsPollutantsPollutants Level 1Level 1Level 1Level 1 Level 2Level 2Level 2Level 2

PM10 Less than 200㎍/㎥ Less than 250㎍/㎥

RESULTS

Outdoor Cabin

Temp. Humidity Air

velocity PM10

# of

passenger CO2 PM10 Temp. Humidity

Outdoor

Temp. 1

Humidity 0.465** 1

Air

velocity -0.269 0.131 1

PM10 -0.106 -0.236 -0.192 1

Cabin

# of

passenger -0.242 0.046 0.260 -0.168 1

CO2 -0.093 -0.006 0.059 -0.173 0.88** 1

PM10 0.048 0.151 -0.262 0.499** -0.086 -0.066 1

Temp. 0.686** 0.355* -0.295 0.213 -0.155 -0.085 0.279 1

Humidity 0.657** 0.647** 0.034 -0.134 0.322* 0.422** 0.223 0.462** 1

RESULTS

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSIONCONCLUSIONCONCLUSIONCONCLUSIONCONCLUSIONCONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

� In this study, we measured air quality (CO2 and PM10) in subway cabin and several variables like temperature, humidity, and number of passengers in cabin and outdoor conditions. from October, 2008 to April, 2009.

� The results show that CO2 and PM10 levels were found to be lower than the guidelines. However, CO2 levels were significantly correlated with the changes of passenger number. According to the regression equation, CO2 level will exceed the recommended standard (3500 ppm for rush hour) when the average number of passengers exceeds285 people.

� And PM10 level of underground route is higher than the one of ground route. Therefore, more researches are needed how to operate the ventilation unit for dilution and reduction of contaminants and to introduce additional device for CO2 adsorption or PM10 filtering.

This work was supported by Korea Ministry of Environment (Research Title: Investigation and Management Method of Air Quality in Public Transportation)

Eun-young Park (朴恩英)eypark@krri.re.kr+82-31-460-5086University of science and Technology

Korea Railroad Research Institute