air quality and noise managementinfofile.pcd.go.th/mgt/aqnm.pdf · ¾enhance public participation...
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Air Quality and Noise Air Quality and Noise Management Management
Kessinee Unapumnuk, PhD.Kessinee Unapumnuk, PhD. ppAir Quality and Noise Management BureauAir Quality and Noise Management Bureau
Pollution Control DepartmentPollution Control Department
Sources of Air PollutionSources of Air Pollution
Stationary sources/ PStationary sources/ Point sourcesoint sources
Mobile sources/ Line sourcesMobile sources/ Line sources
Area sourcesArea sources
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Sources of Air Pollution in BangkokSources of Air Pollution in Bangkok
17.036.3
23.2
0.112.6
0 8
2.6
80%
100%
53.9
75.4 80.486.6
9.8
1.4
95.8
36 3 0.8
20%
40%
60%
80%
4.1
0%
20%
PM CO NOx SO2 HCMobile Stationary Area
Estimation of PMEstimation of PM1010 from Mobile source in from Mobile source in 20002000
รถบรรทกขนาดกลาง
31%
23%
10% 5% 1%
รถบรรทกุขนาดกลาง
รถโดยสารประจําทาง
รถบรรทกุในเมอืง
รถจกัรยานยนต์
30%
23%รถโดยสารระหว่างจงัหวดั/รถบรรทกุ
รถยนตส่์วนบุคคล
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Air Pollution IssueAir Pollution Issue
Public annoyance or impacting public healthPublic annoyance or impacting public healthPublic annoyance or impacting public healthPublic annoyance or impacting public health
Levels of the problem are defined byLevels of the problem are defined by
Type of pollutantsType of pollutants
Concentration of pollutantsConcentration of pollutants
Exposure timeExposure time
WhyWhy??air pollution must be controlledair pollution must be controlled
Its impact on human healthIts impact on human health
Acute effectAcute effect
Chronic effectChronic effect
Its impact on crops/vegetationIts impact on crops/vegetation
Its impact on materials/buildingsIts impact on materials/buildings
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Sizes of particulate mattersSizes of particulate matters
PM 7 - 11 micron
Health Impact
PM 4.7 - 7 micron
PM 3.3- 4.7 micron
PM < 2.5 micron
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Overall PolicyOverall Policy
Control and reduction of emissions Control and reduction of emissions Control and reduction of emissions Control and reduction of emissions from key sources, i.e. from key sources, i.e. OnOn--road road vehicles, industry, construction, and vehicles, industry, construction, and field open burningfield open burningManagement of areaManagement of area wise air pollution wise air pollution Management of areaManagement of area--wise air pollution wise air pollution taking the concept of carrying/ taking the concept of carrying/ assimilating capacityassimilating capacity
Enhance capacity of local environmental agency Enhance capacity of local environmental agency
Overall PolicyOverall Policy ((continuedcontinued))
p y g yp y g yin monitoring environmental quality and status of in monitoring environmental quality and status of emission sourcesemission sources
Development and update the emission database Development and update the emission database in critical areain critical area
สง่เสรมิการใชเ้ทคโนโลยสีะอาดและเชือ้เพลงิสะอาด สง่เสรมิการใชเ้ทคโนโลยสีะอาดและเชือ้เพลงิสะอาด
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Enhance annual vehicle inspection Enhance annual vehicle inspection
Overall PolicyOverall Policy ((continuedcontinued))
Enhance annual vehicle inspection Enhance annual vehicle inspection programmeprogrammeEnhance public participation in air Enhance public participation in air pollution managementpollution managementImplement measures for controlling Implement measures for controlling p gp gopen burning and developing the open burning and developing the monitoring and early warning system monitoring and early warning system for air pollution and haze forecastfor air pollution and haze forecast
IndustrialIndustrialUrbanUrban AgriculturalAgricultural
Focused areaFocused area
Bangkok,Bangkok,Samutprakarn,Samutprakarn,Nonthaburi,Nonthaburi,KhonkaenKhonkaen
SamutprakarnSamutprakarn, , Chonburi, Rayong,Chonburi, Rayong, Ayutthaya, Lumphun,Ayutthaya, Lumphun,Samutsakorn, Samutsakorn, Chachernsao,Chachernsao,
Chiang Mai, Chiang Mai, Lampang, Lampang, Ayutthaya, Lopburi, Ayutthaya, Lopburi, Chainat, Bhijit, Chainat, Bhijit, Phitsanuloke, Phitsanuloke, Khonkaen,Khonkaen,
Korat, Phuket,Korat, Phuket,Songkhla,Songkhla, andandChiang MaiChiang Mai
PathumthaniPathumthani Rock mining and Rock mining and cement industry in cement industry in Saraburi, Ratchaburi,Saraburi, Ratchaburi,Kanchanaburi, Kanchanaburi, Chonburi, SuphanburiChonburi, Suphanburi
Kampangpetch,Kampangpetch,Nakornsawan, Nakornsawan, Khonkaen, Korat, Khonkaen, Korat, Srakaew, Srakaew, Suphanburi, and Suphanburi, and KanchanaburiKanchanaburi
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VehiclesVehicles“ “ High Quality New vehicles High Quality New vehicles High Quality New vehicles, High Quality New vehicles,
proper maintenance, clean fuelproper maintenance, clean fuel ””
Measures for prevention and Measures for prevention and mitigation of Automotive Emissionmitigation of Automotive Emission
Preventive measurePreventive measure
Control measureControl measure
Oth dditi l Oth dditi l Other additional Other additional measuresmeasures
ควนัพิษจากรถโดยสารร่วมบริการ ขสมก.
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Preventive MeasuresPreventive Measures
Stringent emission standards for new vehiclesStringent emission standards for new vehicles
Emission standards for inEmission standards for in--use vehiclesuse vehicles
Specify improvement of fuel qualitySpecify improvement of fuel quality
Control MeasuresControl Measures
•• Improvement of mass transportationImprovement of mass transportationImprovement of mass transportationImprovement of mass transportation•• Inspection and FineInspection and Fine•• Inspection service to coInspection service to co--service private service private
buses and Civil Service vehiclesbuses and Civil Service vehicles•• New buses engine must comply toNew buses engine must comply to
EURO EURO 2 2 t d dt d dEURO EURO 2 2 standardstandard•• Promotion of lowPromotion of low--pollution vehiclespollution vehicles•• Annual vehicle inspection prior to Annual vehicle inspection prior to
renewal registrationrenewal registration
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การตรวจสอบ/ตรวจจบั ตรวจวดัมลพิษรถร่วมบริการ
ตรวจวดัรถราชการ รถ EURO 2
Other additional measuresOther additional measures11. Alternative fuel. Alternative fuel
Dual and BiDual and Bi-- Fuel System Fuel System Dual and BiDual and Bi Fuel System Fuel System
Compressed Natural GasCompressed Natural Gas ((CNGCNG)) for Buses and Taxifor Buses and Taxi
Demonstration of Electric vehiclesDemonstration of Electric vehicles
Liquid Petroleum GasLiquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) for Tuk(LPG) for Tuk--Tuk Tuk
22. Inspection and Maintenance of public buses. Inspection and Maintenance of public buses
33. Emission Clinic Programme. Emission Clinic Programme
44. Public relation and promotion. Public relation and promotion
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IndustryIndustry
““Legal MeasuresLegal Measures Clean Technology Clean Technology ““Legal Measures,Legal Measures, Clean Technology, Clean Technology, AreaArea--wise Pollution Managementwise Pollution Management””
Industrial Air Pollution ManagementIndustrial Air Pollution Management
PreventionPrevention Command/control Command/control
and monitoringand monitoring Other measuresOther measures
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PreventionPreventionSelection of Industrial LocationSelection of Industrial Location
Specifying Particular Industrial AreaSpecifying Particular Industrial Area
Report of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)Report of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
Promote Clean technology (Pollution Prevention, PPromote Clean technology (Pollution Prevention, P22) )
Control Fuel Quality Control Fuel Quality // Clean Fuel Clean Fuel Control Fuel Quality Control Fuel Quality // Clean Fuel Clean Fuel
Energy Conservation or Energy EfficiencyEnergy Conservation or Energy Efficiency
Emission Standards from Industrial StacksEmission Standards from Industrial Stacks
Command/Control and MonitoringCommand/Control and Monitoring
Control Standards from Dispersive Emission SourcesControl Standards from Dispersive Emission Sources
Installation of Emission Reduction/ControlInstallation of Emission Reduction/Control
Emission stack sampling and production monitorEmission stack sampling and production monitor
I t llti f C ti E i i M it i S tI t llti f C ti E i i M it i S t Installtion of Continuous Emission Monitoring SystemInstalltion of Continuous Emission Monitoring System
Investigation of Public Appealing CasesInvestigation of Public Appealing Cases
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Other measures
Public relation and participation of stake holdersPublic relation and participation of stake holdersPublic relation and participation of stake holdersPublic relation and participation of stake holders
Providing information on air quality through mediaProviding information on air quality through media
Social measures e.g. awards / certificatesSocial measures e.g. awards / certificates
Economic measures e.g. emission charge, emission fee, Economic measures e.g. emission charge, emission fee, emission taxemission tax
Open Burning Control MeasuresOpen Burning Control Measures
“ “ Proper Waste Management,Proper Waste Management, No RoadNo Road--side Burning, Noside Burning, No--burning agricultural burning agricultural technology, No forest burning / firetechnology, No forest burning / fire””
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Policy for Open Burning Control
ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze
National Master Plan on Open Burning Control
Action Plan following the National Master Plan (2004 - 2008)
Implementation Programme following the NationalMaster Plan on Open Burning Control
Strategy I.Ratified ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze
Strategies
• Determine responsible agencies for implementation following the ASEAN agreement• Constructing haze monitoring system• Control ignition factors on ground and forest fire• Preparation of the joint implementation with other ASEAN countries• Issue the National Emergency Plan• Support and collaboration on Scientific Research and Technology on the related issues
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Strategy II. Management of Agricultural Residue
• Promotion and Support Agricultural Technology for reduction of open
Strategies• Promotion and Support Agricultural Technology for reduction of open burning• Enable applications of agricultural residue to replace burning practice• Support of research on application of agricultural residue• Publish Guideline on the Management of Agricultural Residue Application
Strategy III.Community Waste Management
• Improve Waste Management System into Full Cycle
Strategies
• Promote Suitable Technologies for Waste Management and 3R (Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle)• Improve Law and Regulation• Promote Public Participation• Determine Action Plan in the Local Administrative Levels
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Strategy IV.Forest Fire Management
• Prevention of Forest FireStrategies
• Detection of Forest Fire• Extinguish of Forest Fire• Restoration of Forest after Fire
Strategy V. Promotion of Recyclable Energy
Strategies
• Promotion of Electricity Generation using Recyclable Energy• Use Recyclable Energy as Fuel• Economical Measures• Promote Participation “Trilateral”• Promote Participation Trilateral
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Strategy VI.Promotion and Public Relation
Strategies
• Public Relation Mechanism for raising awareness of Public Relation Mechanism for raising awareness of all stakeholders to the significance of open burning control and participation in pollution reduction• Issue Guidelines and Rules for Controlling Open Burning
Strategy VII.Law Enforcement
Strategies
• Amendment of Law and Regulation including the RelatedGovernmental Practices for Enabling of Open Burning Control
Regulations for Local Authorities
Regulations for CentralAuthorities General Law
••Public Health Act B.E.Public Health Act B.E. 2535 2535
DecreeDecree 26 26 Local Local authoritiescan issue authoritiescan issue
d f t i thd f t i th
•• Forestry Act B.E. Forestry Act B.E. 24842484 มาตรา มาตรา
5454
•• Forest Sanctuary Act B.E.Forest Sanctuary Act B.E.
•• Criminal LawCriminal Law
มาตรา มาตรา 220220
•• Commercial LawCommercial Law
commands for stopping the commands for stopping the cause of annoyance plus cause of annoyance plus DecreeDecree 9696
•• Fire Prevention Act B.E.Fire Prevention Act B.E. 2542 2542 ใหเ้จา้พนักงานทอ้งถินมีอาํนาจในการใหเ้จา้พนักงานทอ้งถินมีอาํนาจในการ
ให้ให้
คาํแนะนาํเจา้ของหรือผูค้รอบครองอาคาร คาํแนะนาํเจา้ของหรือผูค้รอบครองอาคาร
สถานที หรือสิงทีทาํใหเ้กิดอคัคีภยัสถานที หรือสิงทีทาํใหเ้กิดอคัคีภยั ปรบัปรงปรบัปรง
25072507 มาตรา มาตรา 1414
•• National Park Act B.E.National Park Act B.E.2504 2504
มาตรา มาตรา 1616
•• Wildlife Sanctuary Act Wildlife Sanctuary Act B.E.B.E. 25352535 มาตรา มาตรา 3838
•• The The 4 4 Acts jointly control Acts jointly control any cutting, clearing, any cutting, clearing,
มาตรา มาตรา 420420
เพิมประสิทธิภาพ
การบงัคบัใชก้ฎหมาย
เกียวกบัการควบคุม
การเผาทีมีอยูเ่ดิม
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ข้อปฏิบติัตนเบือ้งต้นในภาวะมลพิษหมอกควนั
• หลีกเลียงการอยู่ภายนอกอาคารเป็นเวลานาน และงดการออกกาํลงักายนอกอาคาร• ปิดประตหูน้าต่างไม่ให้ฝุ่ นละอองเข้าบา้น• เดก็ ผูป่้วยโรคทางเดินหายใจ หอบ หืด และผูส้งูอาย ุควรอยู่ในบา้นหรือในอาคาร และหลีกเลียงการเดินทางในสภาวะอากาศทีมีฝุ่ นละอองสงู• หากต้องอยู่ในสภาพทีมีฝุ่ นละอองหนาทึบ ให้ใช้ผา้ชบุน้ําปิดจมกู หรือสวมหน้ากากกรองฝุ่ น• งดการรองน้ําฝนไว้ใช้อปุโภคบริโภคชวัคราว• หากมีอาการผิดปกติของระบบทางเดินหายใจ ควรรีบไปพบแพทย์• ติดตามรบัฟังข่าวสารจากทางราชการ
Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Network Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Network
RegionRegion Air Quality Air Quality
PCD’s Station
StationsStations
NorthNorthNN--Eastern Eastern CentralCentralEastEastSouthSouth
662232328855
Total = 53Total = 53
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11. Ambient air quality monitoring station. Ambient air quality monitoring station
• 53 Automated ambient air quality monitoring stationsquality monitoring stations
•Pollutants are:•CO•SO2,•NO,NO2, NOx,• O• O3, •THC, CH4, NMHC •PM10•PM2.5
Instruments
PMPM1010 InstrumentInstrument
Analyzers
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PM10’s inlet
Equipment on the roof of stationEquipment on the roof of station
Sampling probe
22. Meteorological monitoring network . Meteorological monitoring network
RegionRegion Meteorological Meteorological 100100--meter mastsmeter masts
North (Chiang mai)North (Chiang mai)Northeast (Khon kaen)Northeast (Khon kaen)Central (Bangkok)Central (Bangkok)East (Ra yong)East (Ra yong)South (Song khla)South (Song khla)
1111111111
Total = 5 Total = 5
2.1) 100-meter meteorological masts2.2) Meteorological masts at Stations – 10 or 30 m.
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Height Above Height Above Ground (meters)Ground (meters)
Parameters MeasuredParameters Measured
22 Solar radiation, Net radiation, Solar radiation, Net radiation, B t i dB t i d
Parameters Measured at Different Heights
Barometric pressure, and Barometric pressure, and PrecipitationPrecipitation
1010 Wind speed, 3Wind speed, 3--dimensional wind dimensional wind direction, Temperature, and Relative direction, Temperature, and Relative humidityhumidity
5050 Wind speed 3Wind speed 3--dimensional winddimensional wind5050 Wind speed, 3Wind speed, 3--dimensional wind dimensional wind direction, Temperature, and Relative direction, Temperature, and Relative humidityhumidity
100100 Wind speed, 3Wind speed, 3--dimensional wind dimensional wind direction, Temperature, and Relative direction, Temperature, and Relative humidityhumidity
Parameters: (Parameters: (10 10 or or 30 30 meters)meters)Wind (speed & direction)Wind (speed & direction)Temperature Temperature Radiation (solar & net)Radiation (solar & net)Radiation (solar & net)Radiation (solar & net)Humidity, Precipitation, Humidity, Precipitation, PressurePressure
Wind speed & wind direction
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Temperature & Pressure
Net Radiation
Rain Gage
RegionRegion ProvinceProvince No. of StationsNo. of Stations No. of 100No. of 100--m. met. mastsm. met. masts
Central RegionCentral Region(32 stations)(32 stations)
BangkokBangkokSamut PrakarnSamut PrakarnPathum ThaniPathum ThaniNontha BuriNontha BuriAyut ThayaAyut ThayaSara BuriSara BuriRatcha BuriRatcha Buri
1717551122112211
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Spatial Distribution of Air Quality Monitoring Stations & 100-meter Met. Masts
Ratcha BuriRatcha BuriSamut SakhornSamut SakhornNakhon SawanNakhon Sawan
112211
Northern RegionNorthern Region(6 stations)(6 stations)
Chiang MaiChiang MaiLam PangLam Pang
2244
11
North Eastern North Eastern Region Region
(2 stations)(2 stations)
Khon KaenKhon KaenNakhornNakhornRatchasimaRatchasima
1111
11
Eastern RegionEastern Region Chon BuriChon Buri 33 11gg(8 stations)(8 stations) Ra YongRa Yong
Cha Choeng Cha Choeng SaoSao
4411
Southern RegionSouthern Region(5 stations)(5 stations)
Surat ThaniSurat ThaniPhu KetPhu KetSong KhlaSong KhlaYa LaYa LaNara ThiwatNara Thiwat
1111111111
11
TotalTotal 5353 55
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Wind Speed, Wind Direction
TEMP, RH,Rain
Solar &Net di i
Modem
Local Telephone Service
The central processing computerfor data storage and analysis
radiation
SO2 Analyzer
O3 Analyzer
NOx Analyzer
CO Analyzer
PM10 Analyzer
Data Logger
Modem
PM10 Analyzer
PM2.5 Analyzer
Calibrator
REMOTE STATION
Extended File Storage
Diagram of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Station and Data Transmission System
PCD central processing computer for data storage and analysisPCD central processing computer for data storage and analysis
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7 7 mobile ambient air quality monitoring mobile ambient air quality monitoring units for air pollution episodes and other units for air pollution episodes and other special air quality pollution studiesspecial air quality pollution studies
Wet & Dry deposition monitoringat Vachiralongkorn dam site
33. Monitoring of PM. Monitoring of PM22..55 MicronsMicrons
PCD is in the process of establishing ambient air PCD is in the process of establishing ambient air quality standard for PMquality standard for PM22..55
Background information is being collected for theBackground information is being collected for theBackground information is being collected for the Background information is being collected for the consideration of standard levelconsideration of standard level
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44. Bangkok’s Air Quality Monitoring Program. Bangkok’s Air Quality Monitoring Program
44..1 1 General Ambient Air Quality MonitoringGeneral Ambient Air Quality Monitoring
Automated ambient air quality monitoring stationsAutomated ambient air quality monitoring stationsConsist of Consist of 10 10 stationsstationsAir pollutant measured: Air pollutant measured: pp
CO, TSP, PMCO, TSP, PM1010, NO, NOxx, O, O33, SO, SO22, HC, Pb, HC, Pb
1010--meter meteorological masts measuring :meter meteorological masts measuring :Wind Speed,Wind Speed,Wind Direction, Wind Direction, TemperatureTemperatureTemperature, Temperature, Relative Humidity, Relative Humidity, Solar Radiation, Solar Radiation, Net Radiation, Net Radiation, Rain, PressureRain, Pressure
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44..2 2 Curbside StreetCurbside Street--Level Ambient Air Quality MoniLevel Ambient Air Quality MoniLongLong--Term Continuous Curbside Ambient Air Quality Term Continuous Curbside Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Monitoring
Automated ambient air quality monitoring stations Automated ambient air quality monitoring stations ((77 i ) CO TSP PMi ) CO TSP PM PMPM NONO OO SOSO HC PbHC Pb((7 7 stations): CO, TSP, PMstations): CO, TSP, PM1010, PM, PM22..55, NO, NOxx, O, O33, SO, SO22, HC, Pb, HC, Pb
1010--meter meteorological masts measuring: meter meteorological masts measuring:
WS, WD, TEMP, SOLAR RAD, NET RAD, Rain, RH, WS, WD, TEMP, SOLAR RAD, NET RAD, Rain, RH, PressurePressure
SortSort--Term Temporary Curbside Ambient Air Quality Term Temporary Curbside Ambient Air Quality MonitoringMonitoring
Air pollutant measured: CO, TSP, PMAir pollutant measured: CO, TSP, PM1010, Pb, Pb
Approximated Approximated 15 15 most congested streets in BKKmost congested streets in BKK
Sampling period: ~Sampling period: ~2 2 week at each streetweek at each street
Data are collected manuallyData are collected manually
ShortShort--Term Temporary Curbside Term Temporary Curbside Ambient Air Quality Monitoring In BangkokAmbient Air Quality Monitoring In Bangkok
High Volume Air Samplers for TSP & PM10
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55. Display Boards. Display BoardsPublic information about air quality Public information about air quality To instantaneously display air quality data to the publicTo instantaneously display air quality data to the publicy p y q y py p y q y p9 9 display boardsdisplay boards
Bangkok : Bangkok : 4 4 Chiang Mai : Chiang Mai : 11Sara Buri : Sara Buri : 11Ya La : Ya La : 11Nara Thiwat :Nara Thiwat : 11Nara Thiwat : Nara Thiwat : 1 1 Samut Phrakran : Samut Phrakran : 1 1
Air Quality Index (AQI) ’s Today
Reference: Guideline for reporting of daily air quality–Air Quality Index (AQI). 40 CFR Part 58, Appendix G.
Display Board at Chiang MaiChiang MaiDisplay Board at Chiang MaiChiang Mai
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Air Quality Index (AQI)
28
Air Quality Info through Media
• www.aqnis.pcd.go.th/ www.pcd.go.th
• Bangkok Post
• Display Boards at 3 BMR sites (Intersections: Taksin, Wittayu, Lamsalee)
Bangkok Daily AQI
• BTS (skytrain) stations
• Public Relation Department Radio
Public RelationPublic Relation
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National Ambient Air Quality Standards National Ambient Air Quality Standards 19951995
PollutantsPollutantsStandards Standards
11--hrhr 88--hrhr 2424--
hr hr 11--month month 11--year year Measurement MethodsMeasurement Methods
NN Di i I f dDi i I f dCOCO (ppm)(ppm) 3030 99 -- -- -- NonNon--Dispersive InfraredDispersive Infrared DetectionDetection
NONO22 (ppm)(ppm) 00..1717 -- -- -- -- ChemiluminescenceChemiluminescence
SOSO2 2 (ppm)(ppm) 00..33 -- 00..1212 -- 00..0404PararosanilinePararosaniline//Ultraviolet FluorescenceUltraviolet Fluorescence ((20032003))
TSP (mg/mTSP (mg/m33)) -- -- 00..3333 -- 00..11 GravimetricGravimetric
GravimetricGravimetric/ B t R / T d El t/ B t R / T d El t
PMPM10 10 (mg/m(mg/m33)) -- -- 00..1212 -- 00..0505/ Beta Ray/ Tapered Element / Beta Ray/ Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance Oscillating Microbalance ( TEOM) /( TEOM) /DichotomousDichotomous ((20032003))
OO3 3 (ppm)(ppm) 00..1100..0707
((20072007))-- -- --
ChemiluminescenceChemiluminescence/Ultraviolet Absorption /Ultraviolet Absorption PhotometryPhotometry ((20032003))
PbPb (mg/m(mg/m33)) -- -- -- 00..00150015 -- Atomic Absorption Atomic Absorption SpectrophotometerSpectrophotometer
Air Pollution SituationAir Pollution Situation
Most of major air pollutants (NOMost of major air pollutants (NO22, SO, SO22, , b) l hb) l hCO, Pb) are now in compliance with CO, Pb) are now in compliance with
Nation Ambient Air Quality StandardsNation Ambient Air Quality StandardsMost serious air pollutants are particulate Most serious air pollutants are particulate matter and ozonematter and ozoneMajor sources are automobiles, industries, Major sources are automobiles, industries, and openand open--burningburning
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Ambient Air Quality BKK Ambient Air Quality BKK 20072007
Pollutants range 95 Percentile Stdexceed Std/
monitoring time (%)Annual
avg
TSP avg 24 hr (mg/m3) 0.02-0.43 0.18 0.33 2/473 (0.42) 0.09
PM10 avg 24 hr (ug/m3) 10.8-188.9 90.6 120 22/1,957 (1.1) 46.6
Pb avg 1 month (ug/m3) 0.01-0.28 0.17 1.5 0/119 (0.0) 0.07
CO avg 1hr (ppm) 0.0-6.4 1.7 30 0/79,818 (0.0) 0.7
CO avg 8 hr (ppm) 0 0-4 9 1 6 9 0/82 712 (0 0) 0 7CO avg 8 hr (ppm) 0.0-4.9 1.6 9 0/82,712 (0.0) 0.7
O3 avg 1 hr (ppb) 0.0-186.0 56.0 100 133/58,411 (0.2) 17.2
SO2 avg 1 hr (ppb) 0.0-43.0 10.0 300 0/75,757 (0) 4.1
SO2 avg 24 hr (ppb) 0.0-16.2 8.7 120 0/2,995 (0) 4.1
NO2 avg 1 hr (ppb) 0.0-148.0 52.0 170 0/77,014 (0) 21.7
Ambient Air Quality BKK Road Side Ambient Air Quality BKK Road Side 20072007
Pollutants range 95 Percentile Stdexceed Std/
monitoring time (%)
Annual avg
TSP avg 24 hr (mg/m3) 0.03-0.76 0.31 0.33 26/619 (4.2) 0.15
PM10 avg 24 hr (ug/m3) 9.8-242.7 118.1 120 92/1,970 (4.7) 60.9 Pb avg 1 month (ug/m3) 0.02-0.19 0.13 1.5 0/104 (0.0) 0.07
CO avg 1hr (ppm) 0.0-16.3 3.4 30 0/62,091(0.0) 1.4
CO avg 8 hr (ppm) 0.0-9.4 3.0 9 9/62,364 (0.01) 1.4
O3 avg 1 hr (ppb) 0.0-102.0 39.0 100 1/24,561 (0.004) 11.6
SO2 avg 1 hr (ppb) 0.0-42.0 12.0 300 0/24,359 (0.0) 5.3
SO2 avg 24 hr (ppb) 0.0-19.0 9.6 120 0/1,014 (0.0) 5.3
NO2 avg 1 hr (ppb) 0.0-150.0 68.0 170 0/24,586 (0.0) 31.4
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Pb annual average BKK Pb annual average BKK 1986 1986 -- 20072007
2.5
Road side General area
1.0
1.5
2.0
ual a
vera
ge (u
g/m
3)
0.0
0.5
1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007
Pb a
nn
CO annual average BKK CO annual average BKK 1992 1992 -- 20072007
4.5
Road side General area
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
nual
ave
rage
(ppm
)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007
CO a
n
32
NONO22 annual average BKK annual average BKK 1997 1997 -- 20072007
45.0
Road side General area
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
nnua
l ave
rage
(ppb
)
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007
NO2 a
n
SOSO22 annual average BKK annual average BKK 1997 1997 -- 20072007
14.0
Road side General area
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
nnua
l ave
rage
(ppb
)
0.0
2.0
4.0
1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007
SO2 a
n
33
TSP annual average BKK TSP annual average BKK 19861986--20072007
0.6
Road side General area
0.3
0.4
0.5
nual
ave
rage
(mg/
m3)
0.0
0.1
0.2
1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007
TSP
ann
Std 0.10 mg/m3
PMPM1010 annual average BKK annual average BKK 1992 1992 -- 20072007
100.0
Road side General area
30 040.050.060.070.080.090.0
nnua
l ave
rage
(ug/
m3)
Std 50 ug/m3
0.010.020.030.0
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
PM10
an
34
OO33 annual average BKK annual average BKK 1996 1996 -- 20072007
20.0
Road side General area
8.010.0
12.014.0
16.018.0
nual
ave
rage
(ppb
)
0.02.0
4.06.0
1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
O 3 a
nn
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