I Air plane hijacking Ship hijacking Taking a child Taking hostages in School, bank, office,
prison, and home etc… Taking a hostage and beheading Prisoners of war Exchange of hostages in history…
Criminal hostage taking Family or acquaintance case - Hostage taker and hostage know with each other Terrorist hostage taking Hostage taking - Presence of barricade - Hostage takers’ escape route is blocked Kidnapping - Absence of barricade - Hostage takers’ whereabouts is unknown Special cases: Hijacking, Seajacking…
Hostage situation - Hostages are instrumental - Demand is more concrete and practical - Incident is pre-planned - More like criminal situation (between strangers) Non hostage situation - Burst of emotion - Demand is abstract and emotional - Impulsive situation and no pre-planned - More likely domestic dispute or family, marital
dispute (between family or acquaintances)
Terrorist case Organized criminal case: Kidnapping for ransom Individual criminal case: Kidnapping for ransom Other criminal case: accidental hostage taking,
kidnapping for other purpose such as serial killing Mentally disordered hostage taker case: Delusional
or Depressed Domestic or Acquaintances case: Family dispute,
schoolmate dispute, or workplace dispute Prison case
Hostage taking is a choice of tactic Politically very sensitive Hostage takers have their upper
commander, leaders, influential figures outside the current case
Usually rational and cold-blooded Sensitive to the public opinion, past cases,
future cases, and media
Each group members are specialized Vertically or horizontally integrated work
process exists Rational and cold-blooded Sensitive to the public opinion, past cases,
future cases, and media
One-time shot. Making a big shot! Rational and utilitarian An experienced may be cold-blooded but an
novice may be nervous, confused, and emotional
Do not want to die Usually common street criminals not
specialized in hostage taking Lack sophisticate long-term plan: usually
short-term crude plan for the current case
Common criminals Not specialized in hostage taking Other criminal or non-criminal purpose is
more essential than hostage taking case Criminals do not want to die Criminals do not know how to exit
Illusion or fantasy is real for hostage takers Hostage takers are rational in their world Two types - Delusional - Depressed Suicidal tendency can be found Hostage taking may be the most meaningful act
in their life Enjoy their control power and attention Emotional and highly unstable and thus
dangerous
Emotional matter may be the central issue Usually hostage takers and hostages know
with each other Stockholm syndrome cannot be expected Usually hostage takers do not know what to
do No plan, no next step, nowhere to go
Unique circumstance Prisoners have nothing to lose; thus highly
dangerous Almost always hostage taking or siege
situation Almost always hostage takers hate or
disgust hostages; extremely hard to develop Stockholm syndrome
Better handled by correctional officers due to its uniqueness
Hostage taker Hostage Government or non-government respondent
including hostage negotiator, tactical assault teas, crisis manager, hostage’s family
Media The audience
taker - Schizophrenic - Delusional - Depression type: Suicidal, suicide by cop - Psychopathic or Antisocial personality
disorder type
personnel, or correctional officers Journalists Women and children Group hostage
Hostage negotiator Tactical assault team Crisis manager or commander Others: Intelligence, experts, advisors,
public relations, logistics, medical assistance team…
Victims’ family
The audience or the public passively play an important role
Hostage taking especially for global hostage taking is theater
Talking through Achieve a goal by means of talking, bargaining,
and bartering Hostage negotiation is one of various
negotiations such as diplomatic negotiation, business negotiation, personal negotiation,…
Hostage negotiation is a way to resolve hostage taking incident; other means include tactical assault, rescue by force, ignorance,…
Hostage negotiation can be included in crisis negotiation; because crisis negotiation may include non-hostage negotiation situation
Crisis negotiation can be included in crisis intervention; because, crisis intervention may include a forceful method such as tactical assault
Hostage situation Barricaded subject incidents High-risk suicide attempts Domestic Incidents Prison and Jail Riots Mental Health Warrants High-risk warrants Stalking incidents Violence in the workplace School violence
Wise talking makes you get through a crisis or a stressful situation
Negotiation is not only persuasion but also helping…. and working together with….
Who are hostage takers Demand Time Stockholm syndrome and London syndrome And others…
People in crisis are striving for control Traditional Law Enforcement methods
require control Adversaries use pressure to gain and
advantage A person in rage is automatically in control The only thing we can absolutely control is
our own emotions
Getting what we want , is not the same as “getting even.”
Work at de-escalating & lowering tension Give the subject a hearing (listen) People want to be understood Empathy absorbs tension Show respect
Our tone speaks louder than our words Agree when possible Avoid commands, arguments & judgments Not meeting demands, but identifying and
satisfying needs Needs and demands are not the same thing
Maslow’s 5 stages of human needs Accomplishment, ego/success, social,
safety/security, survival
Parallel application: - SWAT & negotiators acting in synchronization - Sending the same coordinated message - Tactics don’t just follow failed negotiations - Proper use of tactics encourages negotiations * There are no failed negotiations. You may buy
time for tactical assault!!!
Substantive demand
L.E. has more control
L.E. has less control
Higher profile tactical containment to show police willingness to use force if necessary
Stall for time (delaying tactics) Initiate “give and take” bargaining Lower subject’s expectations (wear him/her
down) Subject will initially feel in control, but will
ultimately realize he/she is not
Make him/her work for everything he/she gets
Build trust and rapport Encourage and facilitate peaceful surrender Subject’s desire to live is key factor Unless suicidal, the subject will eventually
accept peaceful alternatives
Lower profile tactical containment Buy time Project understanding of the problem and
his/her feelings about it Be non-threatening and nonjudgmental Beware of the “action imperative” 4hours
with nothing happening = a good job
Attempt to return subject to rational thinking Build trust and rapport Demonstrate good faith to help rapport Introduce nonviolent problem solving
alternatives Remember “restraint” is not a sign of weakness Quote came after WACO incident
Avoid manipulation of anxiety techniques Non-hostage situations are often made worse
by confrontational police response
A non-confrontational profile and non- threatening communications yield the best results
Subject’s perception of events must be considered during planning
Food Drink Money Specific medical attention Access to media not at the time, but
afterwards
Weapons Drugs (Illicit) Escape Exchange of hostages – L.E. becomes liable
of that person if they send them in As is, subject is responsible for hostage/victim
Content of subject’s communication: Reduction in threatening language Disclosure of personal information Shift from emotional to rational content Willingness to discuss topics unrelated to crisis Lower voice level Less rapid speech pattern Conversations of increasing length Increased willingness or desire to speak with
negotiator/ authorities
the subject(s) Increased willingness of subject to follow
negotiator’s suggestions
Insist on face to face negotiations There is a doubt for this.
Depressed, but denies suicidal thoughts Weapons tied to subject/hostages Excessive weapons/explosives/ammunition History of violence Dehumanizing hostages/victims
Targeted hostages/victims Targeted hostages/victims Unclear, outrageous or changing demands Negotiations through hostage only Alcohol/drug use during incident
“Negotiators should not command; Commanders should not negotiate”
Command of entire situation Loss of objectivity Stalling tactic lost…ultimate authority Assertive personality/ methods Continuity of rapport (Boss comes & goes) Recent street experience?
Hostage Negotiation
Types of terror hostage cases
Criminal hostage cases for ransom
Individual criminal hostage incidents for ransom
Hostage cases associating with other crimes
Hostage incidents by mentally disturbed
Hostage incident family and friends involved
Prison hostage cases
Situations of crisis negotiation
Philosophies of negotiation
Response techniques of hostage cases
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