AIR NAVIGATION - Provide services and infrastructure to

ensure the safety and efficiency of traffic flow.

Air Traffic Flow Infrastructure (Communications,

Navigation and Surveillance)

Aeronautical information

Air traffic

Main Objective:Reduce to zero the conflicts between aircraft.

Security boundaries in two levels:

– Structure of airspace

– Control and surveillance of aircraft system

*A conflict is an event in which two or more aircraft lose the established minimum separation of safety

Separation assurance

Every aircraft has an associated Volume of Protection (VoP)

The VoP of the aircraft must not intersect!!

In the same airspace, between aircraft there must be:

• Vertical separation• Horizontal separation.

Air traffic structure

Air traffic congestion

AIRSPACE ORGANIZATION

Infrastructure

Air traffic structureControl zones

ATZ: Aerodrome Traffic Zone. Responsibility of the control tower.

CTR: Control Zone. It facilitates the entrance and deparuture of IFR flights from and to the airport. It is the responsibility of the approach control.

TMA: Terminal Control Area. It marks the boundary of the en-route phase. It might contain one or more airports.

+ En-route control

Airspace structure

Controlled airspace: Airways, TMA, CTR and ATZ.

FL 0

FL 245

FL 460

>FL460 services of warning and flight information

Controlled airspace

FIR

UIR

Vertical distribution of airspace

Separation. Horizontal separation

Horizontal plane separation:• Route definition

8 NM (or 5NM)

Separation minima, in time or in distance:– 8NM or 5NM at en-route phase.– 3NM in TMA .

Concept of surveillance

Who

To what

What provides

Air Traffic Controller (ATCO)

Where

Aircraft

Airspace under responsibility: sector ATC sector

• Current position of aircraft• Intention of aircraft

Objetive: The air traffic Controller should know the aircraft position and intention which allows him to use this information to take the control actions needed to maintain the aircraft flow safe and efficient.

Surveillance

• Flight plan to foresee the intention

• Control and surveillance

Position and WayPoints are notified / Radar position of aircraft

Through:

Kind of traffic depending of area

En-route phase Climb/ Descent phase Airport operations

En-route control (ACC)

Approach control (APP) Aerodrome control (tower)

Evolution sector

Kinds of control and dependencies

Feeder

Control. Aerodrome control

TAXI / SURFACE controlResponsible for the traffic organization and other vehicles on the platform.

Kinds of aerodrome control:

CLEARANCES controlOrganization of the aircraft departures.LOCAL control

Maintain separation of aircraft operating in the airside. Separation of arrivals and departures operations.

Control. Departure operations.Before flight.

Flight Plan (FP):

Send to all the affected ATC.

IFPS (Integrated Flight Plan Processing System).

PILOT Information about any incident which might affect the flight:

• AIP• NOTAM• Meteorological information

TOWER CONTROL

START UP request

START UP y DELIVERY clearance

Tower control

RUNWAY IN USE

STAND/PARKING POSITION

TAXIWAY

TOWER CONTROL

Surface control

PUSH BACK request

PUSH BACK and

TAXI until HOLDING POSITION

Tower control

RUNWAY IN USE

STAND/PARKING POSITION

TAXIWAY

Departure / Aerodrome control

LINE UP and TAKE OFF

RUNWAY IN USE

STAND/PARKING POSITION

TAXIWAY

Surface controlTower control

TOWER CONTROL

Approach control

RUNWAY IN USE

STAND/PARKING POSITION

TAXIWAY

TOWER CONTROL

Departure / Aerodrome control

Surface controlTower control

En route control

Climb clearance

Meteorological information of the destination airport (ADES)

SRM 4

LEMD

SRM 1

SRM 3

SRM 2

LIRF

LIML

LEBL

RUNWAY IN USE

STAND/PARKING POSITION

TAXIWAY

TOWER CONTROL

Holding pattern (STAR), ILS or landing approach.

Clearance for final approach.

TOUCH DOWN

Approach control

SRM 4

LEMD

SRM 1

SRM 3

SRM 2

LIRF

LIML

LEBL

RUNWAY IN USE

STAND/PARKING POSITION

TAXIWAY

TOWER CONTROL

En route control

INSTRUMENTAL APPROACH

From en-route phase:• Arrival route allocation.• Approach starts at the Initial Approach

Fix (IAF).

At the IAF:• Holding pattern• The controller can fix the aircraft to

manage and assure separation.

TOWER CONTROL

VISUAL APPROACH

Objective: the aircraft should perform a maneuver which allows landing, always with the runway on-sight, which can only be performed in VMC conditions.

Visual approach circuit or aerodrome circuit: This allows the guidance of the aircraft from visual flight towards the runway in use, and set up with the segments (tail wind, base and final).

The aircraft arrives to one of the segments, usually at the one with tail wind or base, and the aircraft holds until the Tower authorizes the proceeding to the next segment. This circuit is usually leftwards defined.

Wind

Tail wind

Base

Final

Leftwards circuit

RUNWAY IN USE

TOWER CONTROL

Aerodrome control

Clearance for landing

HOLDING POSITION

SRM 4

LEMD

SRM 1

SRM 3

SRM 2

LIRF

LIML

LEBL

TOWER CONTROL

En route control

Approach control

SRM 4

LEMD

SRM 1

SRM 3

SRM 2

LIRF

LIML

LEBL

Movement control on platform

TAXI until parking position (STAND)

TOWER CONTROL

Aerodrome control

En route control

Approach control

Second version

Air Navigation

Air Traffic Control (ATC)

Air Traffic Control (ATC) is a service provided by the controllers, on ground, and which are able to provide indications to the aircraft to modify their trajectory on ground and in the trajectory within controlled airspace.

Objectives: • Avoid collisions

• Organize and merge the flow of aircraft

• Provide flight information and support for the pilots.

Flight information: depending on the rules followed to navigate a specific flight (Visual – VFR or Instrumental – IFR) and the kind of airspace, ATC provides instructions and notifications that the pilots must know (NOTAMs, AIP and Meteorological Information)Kinds of control.

- Tower/Aerodrome Control (TWR)

- Approach Control (APP)

- En-Route Control (ACC)

Air Navigation

Phases of a flight:

- Flight planning- Reception of aerodrome information- Start-up and Delivery request- Push-back and taxi until Holding Position- Holding position- LINE UP and TAKE OFF- En-route phase - Instrumental approach / Holding pattern- Landing and taxi to the stand position

DEPARTURE FROM AD

APPROACH TO ADES

EN - ROUTE

Air Navigation

DEPARTURE FROM AD (Aerodrome

Departure)

Flight planning:

Pilot / Company fill the Flight Plan (FP) document with the information of the flight between Aerodrome Departure (AD) and destination (ADES)

- Sent to all ATC affected.

- IFPS (Integrated Flight Plan Processing System).

- Inform about any issue that may affect the flight:

• AIP• NOTAM• Meteorological information

Air Navigation

Flight planning: Flying under instrumental rules (IFR), the following are needed: Standard Instrumental Departure chart (SID); En-route (airspace); Standar Arrival chart (STAR); and Instrumental Approach chart (IAC)

The planner will need the frequencies of the towers and the Navigation Aids.

Air Navigation

ATIS message (ATIS Broadcast)

Recepción de la información de aeródromo

This is (TWR) information (letra del informe) (hora local) weather

Wind (procedencia viento) degrees at (velocidad) knots

Visibility (X) kilometers, Ceiling (techo de nubes) feet

Temperature (ºC) celsius

Altimeter (Altitud de aeródromo) meters , QNH/QFE (xxx) hectopascal

IFR approach is ILS or visual

Departures, runway (XX)

All aircraft read back all hold short instructions. Advise controller on initial contact that you have Bravo.

End of information Kilo

(AD) Tower/Ground, Good morning, (Ident.) IFR to (ADES)

request departure information.

(Ident.), departure runway (RW), (Wind), (QNH),

(temperature).

Start-up requestStart-up request

Start-Up Clearance

Good morning (AD) ground, (ID) request taxi, following (SID name)

departure

(Ident.) taxi for (RW) via taxiway (North/South),

report at holding point (RW), (QNH).

Roger, taxi to runway (RW) via taxiway (North/South), to

holding point, (QNH), (Ident.)

(Ident.) taxi for (RW) via taxiway (North/South), hold

sort of (RW), (QNH).

Roger, taxi to runway (RW) via taxiway (North/South), holding

sort of (RW), (QNH), (Ident.)

or

Clearance Delivery (Autorización)(AD) Tower/Ground, Good

morning, (Ident.) at (Actual position) request taxi for IFR

Flight to (ADES)

(ID) cleared to (ADES) airport as field, (SID) departure. Climb and maintain (altitude) feet expect

(time) minutes after departure. Departure frequency is (FREQAPP)

Cleared to (ADES) airport as field, following (SID) departure

(ID) read back correct, contact ground on (FREQTWR)

Push-back and taxi until Holding Position

(Ident.) line up (RW)

line up (RW)

(Ident.) at holding position (RW), ready for departure.

(Ident.) hold position. You are number (position) following an aircraft

holding position (Ident.)

(Ident.) (RW), be ready for immediate departure

line up (RW), (Ident.)

Hold Position

(Ident.) cleared for take-off (RW), Wind (procedencia

viento) degrees at (velocidad) knots

(AD) tower, (Ident.) ready for

departure (RW) following (SID) Take-off request

Cleared for take-off (RW)

(Ident.) climb straight ahead to (Altitud) ft before turning

(direction), cleared for take-off (RW)

Straight ahead, (Altitude) ft before turning (direction), cleared for take-off (RW),

(Ident.)

LINE UP and TAKE OFF

Transfer to Approach Control (APP)

(Ident.) contact departure on (FREQAPP).

Roger (FREQ.APP), (Ident.)

Follow the chosen SID with the NavAids support

EN-ROUTE PHASE

•Control with pilot reports

•Control RADAR.

CALLSIGN TYPEAFL XPT GSCFL XFL ADESHDG SPD CD

En-route flight phase

STAREn-routeSID IAC

APPROACH AND ARRIVAL TO ADES

(Aerodrome Destination)

(ADES) approach, (ID) with you (distance to aerodrome) heading (rumbo magnetico)

(ID) (ADES) approach, radar contact, descend

and maintain 3000, turn (right/left) to (heading)/

(STAR)

Approach to ADES

Position report to ADES

Clearance to final approach

TOUCH DOWN

Holding pattern (STAR), ILS or approach to land.

(ID) Roger. (STAR description)

(ID), go-around

Holding pattern

or

(ID) Roger. On the go-around

(ID) request permission to land

(ADES) tower, (ID) you are cleared to land

Instrumental approach

IAF

Clearance for landing to HOLDING POSITION

TAXI until stand postion

(ID) follow taxiway to parking position