air interfaces
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: air interfaces](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554a4504b4c9055a408b51ca/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
2G and 3G Air Interfaces
![Page 2: air interfaces](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554a4504b4c9055a408b51ca/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Air Interfaces Outline
Definitions– Frequency Division Duplex
(FDD)– Time Division Duplex (TDD)– Frequency Division Multiple
Access (FDMA)– Time Division Multiple Access
(TDMA)– Code Division Multiple Access
(CDMA) Second Generation Radio
Systems– US TDMA– CDMA– GSM
Third Generation Terrestrial Radio Systems– UWC-136– UTRA– cdma2000– TD-CDMA– DECT– Other 3G WCDMA Systems
CDMA I CDMA II W-CDMA/Japan WCDMA/NA WIMS W-CDMA
Some 3G Satellite Radio Systems– SW-CDMA & SW-CTDMA– ICO Satellite RTT– Horizons System RTT
![Page 3: air interfaces](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554a4504b4c9055a408b51ca/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)
In FDD Information From the Handset to the Base Station Is Carried on One Frequency and Information From the Base Station to the Handset Is Carried on Another
Forward Link FrequencyReverse Link Frequency
![Page 4: air interfaces](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554a4504b4c9055a408b51ca/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Time Division Duplex (TDD)
In TDD Information From the Handset to the Base Station Is Transmitted at One Time on One Frequency and Information From the Base Station to the Handset Is Transmitted at Another Time on the Same Frequency
Forward LinkTime Slot
Reverse LinkTime Slot
![Page 5: air interfaces](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554a4504b4c9055a408b51ca/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Advantages and Disadvantages of TDD
Advantages of TDD Over FDD– More Efficient for Asymmetric Data– Reverse Link and Forward Link Propagation Conditions Are
Identical Forward Link Beamforming Can Be Base on Reverse Link
– Less Complex RF Transceiver Disadvantages of TDD Over FDD
– More Delay– Limited Communications Distance
![Page 6: air interfaces](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554a4504b4c9055a408b51ca/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
Each User Occupies a Different Frequency Channel
Frequency
Tim
e
Cha
nnel
1
Cha
nnel
2
Cha
nnel
3
Cha
nnel
4
Cha
nnel
5
Cha
nnel
N
![Page 7: air interfaces](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554a4504b4c9055a408b51ca/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
Each User Occupies a Time Slot TDMA Is Really FDMA With Each Frequency Channel
Divided Into Time Slots
Tim
e
TS
2T
S3
TS
1
TS
2T
S3
TS
1
TS
2T
S3
TS
1
TS
2T
S3
TS
1
TS
2T
S3
TS
1
TS
2T
S3
TS
1Frequency
![Page 8: air interfaces](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554a4504b4c9055a408b51ca/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
Each User Has a Unique Code CDMA Is Really FDMA With Multiple Users, Identified by
Codes, Sharing Each Frequency Channel
User 1User 2User 3
User N
User 1User 2User 3
User N
Tim
e
Frequency
![Page 9: air interfaces](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554a4504b4c9055a408b51ca/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
US TDMA
![Page 10: air interfaces](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554a4504b4c9055a408b51ca/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
US TDMA Highlights
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access Improved Capacity Over AMPS Backward Compatible With AMPS Incremental Migration From AMPS to D-AMPS Use of Same Frequency Band by AMPS and D-AMPS Acceptable Voice Quality Support of New Services Support of Dual Mode (AMPS/TDMA) Phones Improved Voice Privacy Improved Fraud Control (Use of Authentication) US TDMA Carriers
– AT&T Wireless (800 and 1800MHz)– Southwestern Bell Mobile Systems (800 and 1800MHz)– Cellcom of Israel (800MHz)– Etc.
![Page 11: air interfaces](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554a4504b4c9055a408b51ca/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Control Channels in D-AMPS
IS-54b:Analog control channelsShared with amps
IS-136:Analog Control Channels: AmpsDigital Control Channels: D-amps
J-STD-009,010,011:Analog Control ChannelsShared With Amps (1800MHz)
AMPS 800MHzD-AMPS 800/1800MHz
![Page 12: air interfaces](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554a4504b4c9055a408b51ca/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
US TDMA Waveform
3 Users Per Frequency Channel
/4-DQPSK Modulation
TS1 TS2 TS3 TS4 TS5 TS630kHz
40ms
I
Q
/4-DQPSK
![Page 13: air interfaces](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554a4504b4c9055a408b51ca/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
US TDMA Specifications
Multiple Access TDMADuplex Scheme FDDChip Rate Not ApplicableFrame Length 40msBandwidth 30kHzData Modulation /4 - DQPSKSpreading Modulation Not ApplicableChannel Coding ConvolutionalPower Control NoneDiversity BS Antenna Selection Diversity
![Page 14: air interfaces](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554a4504b4c9055a408b51ca/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
US TDMA Interesting Features
IS-136 Versus IS-54– Digital Control Channels Added for TDMA
New Set of Frequencies Indicator Field Added to Inform MS of Location of Control Channels
– Coded Digital Verification Color Code (CDVCC) Added to Control Channels
Frequency Reuse Same As AMPS
F2
F3F7
F1
F4F6
F5
7/21 Reuse pattern
![Page 15: air interfaces](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554a4504b4c9055a408b51ca/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
GSM
![Page 16: air interfaces](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554a4504b4c9055a408b51ca/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
GSM Highlights
GSM Global System for Mobile Communications Design Goals for GSM
– One Standard for Europe - Roaming Among Countries– Open Interfaces - Almost All– Digital With Frequency Reuse of 4– Rich Feature Set Similar to ISDN– Authentication and Voice Privacy– Smart or SIM Cards
Air Interface Specifications– GSM– DCS-1800– ANSI J-STD-007 or PCS 1900 Air Interface Specification for 1.8 to
2.0GHz Frequency Hopping Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) for Personal Communication System
![Page 17: air interfaces](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554a4504b4c9055a408b51ca/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
GSM Physical Channel
TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3 TS4 TS5200kHz
4.615ms
TS6
Absolute Frequency Channel Number (AFCN)
TS7
![Page 18: air interfaces](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554a4504b4c9055a408b51ca/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
GSM Specifications
Multiple Access TDMADuplex Scheme FDDChip Rate Not ApplicableFrame Length 4.615msBandwidth 200kHzData Modulation GMSKSpreading Modulation Not ApplicableChannel Coding ConvolutionalPower Control Fwd: minimum 60ms
Rvr: once per secondDiversity BS Antenna Selection Diversity
![Page 19: air interfaces](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554a4504b4c9055a408b51ca/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
GSM Logical Channels
TCH(FS, HS, F9.6, F4.8, F2.4, H4.8, H2.4)
BCH(BCCH, FCCH, SCH)
CCCH(PCH, AGCH, RACH)
DCCH(SDCCH, SACCH, FACCH)
![Page 20: air interfaces](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554a4504b4c9055a408b51ca/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
cdmaOne
![Page 21: air interfaces](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554a4504b4c9055a408b51ca/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
cdmaOne Highlights
cdmaOne Code Division Multiple Access Based on IS-95 Air Interface Standard
Air Interface Standards– IS-95 800MHz Standard– J-STD-008 1900MHz Standard
All Base Stations Transmit on the Same Frequency All Mobile Stations Transmit on the Same Frequency Soft Handoff: Multiple Base Stations (or Sectors) Send the
Same Signal to a Single Mobile Station Handsets Have Special Receivers Called Rake Receivers That
Combine Multipath or Multiple Copies of the Same Signal Approximately 6x Improvement Per Channel Over AMPS
Capacity
![Page 22: air interfaces](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554a4504b4c9055a408b51ca/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
cdmaOne Channels
PilotSync
PagingAccess
Traffic
1.25MHz
![Page 23: air interfaces](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554a4504b4c9055a408b51ca/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
cdmaOne Specifications
Multiple Access CDMADuplex Scheme FDDChip Rate 1.2288McpsFrame Length 20msBandwidth 1.25MHzData Modulation BPSKSpreading Modulation Fwd: QPSK, Rvr: OQPSKChannel Coding ConvolutionalPower Control Fwd
Rvr: Open loop and closed loop. Closed loop at 800Hz
Diversity BS Antenna Selection Diversity Rake receiver
![Page 24: air interfaces](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554a4504b4c9055a408b51ca/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
cdmaOne Soft Handoff
Example: – Three Base Stations Sending
the Same Information to the Mobile Station
– Three Base Stations Receiving the Same Information From the Mobile Station
![Page 25: air interfaces](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554a4504b4c9055a408b51ca/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
UWC-136
![Page 26: air interfaces](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554a4504b4c9055a408b51ca/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
What is UWC-136?
Evolution of Today’s TDMA (IS-136) Universal Wireless Communications (UWC) - 136
UWC-136
IS-136 136+ 136 HS
![Page 27: air interfaces](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554a4504b4c9055a408b51ca/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
IS-136 and IS-136+ Highlights
136 TDMA Characteristics– Based on TIA/EIA IS-136– FDD– 30kHz Bandwidth Per Traffic Channel– Maximum Data Rate: 9.6kbps Using One Timeslot– Supports Several Methods of Handoff– Supports IS-641A ACELP Vocoder– Minimum Required Bandwidth for 7/21 Reuse Is 630kHz by 2
136+ TDMA Characteristics– Simultaneous Voice and Data – 30kHz Bandwidth Per Traffic Channel– Supports IS-641 and US1 Vocoder– Maximum User Data Rate: 14.4kbpsusing One Timeslot– Minimum Required Bandwidth for 7/21 Reuse Is 630kHz by 2– Supports Discontinuous Transmission (DTX)– Minimum Required Bandwidth for 7/21 Reuse Is 630kHz by 2
![Page 28: air interfaces](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554a4504b4c9055a408b51ca/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
136 HS Highlights
Supports Mulitband Operation From 500MHz to 2.5GHz Can Be Deployed in a Minimum of 1MHz of Spectrum Coexist With Existing Second Generation Systems FDD for 136 HS Outdoor and FDD or TDD for 136 HS Indoor 136 HS Services Supported by 136 and 136+ Control Channels Slow Frequency Hopping Option Minimum Data Rate Requirements
– Macrocellular Pedestrian (3km/hr): 384kbps Low Speed Vehicle (100km/hr): 384kbps High Speed Vehicle (100-500km/hr): 144kbps
– Micrcellular/indoor
Pedestrian (3km/hr): 2048kbps UWC-136 Bandwidth Requirements
– 136 HS Outdoor 200kHz– 136 HS Indoor 1600kHz
![Page 29: air interfaces](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554a4504b4c9055a408b51ca/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
UWC-136 Specifications
UWC-136+ UWC-136HS UWC-136HS Outdoors Indoor
Multiple Access TDMA TDMA TDMADuplex Scheme FDD FDD TDDChip Rate Not Applicable Note Applicable Not ApplicableFrame Length 40ms 4.615ms 4.615msBandwidth 30kHz 200kHz 1600kHzData Modulation /4 DQPSK 8PSK Q-O-QAM
/4 QPSK GMSK B-O-QAM8PSK
Time Slots 6 8 64/16Spreading Modulation Not Applicable Not Applicable Not ApplicableChannel Coding Convolutional Convolutional, Turbo Convolutional, TurboPower Control None Fwd&Rvr Fwd&Rvr
Time slot Time slotDiversity Antenna Antenna Antenna
Smart Antenna Smart Antenna
![Page 30: air interfaces](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554a4504b4c9055a408b51ca/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
136 HS Frequency Planning
Coexistence of 136 HS and 136
Potential Cell Plan
E1 E2 E3
D7...D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6
200kHz 30kHzGuardband
D13
D2
D16
D12
D7
D21
D9
D1
D15
D14
D4
D18
D8
D3
D17
D19
D11
D6
D20
D10
D5
Base Station
![Page 31: air interfaces](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554a4504b4c9055a408b51ca/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
UWC-136HS Forward an Reverse Link Features
136 HS Outdoor– Forward and Reverse Link Power Control on a Time Slot Basis Via
Signaling Messages– Antenna Diversity With Two Receiver Chains and Antennas– 8-PSK and GMSK Modulation
136 HS Indoor– Forward and Reverse Link Power Control on a Time Slot Basis Via
Signaling Messages– Multiple Antennas or Adaptive Antennas– B-O-QAM and Q-O-QAM Modulation
Enhancements– Inter-cell Interference Suppression Via Adaptive Array Antennas and
Joint Demodulation of Co-channel Signals– Fast Power Control on Frame by Frame Basis– Improved Channel Coding Using Optimized Puncturing, Turbo
Codes, Etc.
![Page 32: air interfaces](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554a4504b4c9055a408b51ca/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
UWC-136 Modulation Schemes
I
Q
I
Q
136 136+
I
Q
/4-DQPSK
/4 -QPSK
8-ary PSK
GMSKI
Q
B-O-QAM
Q
I Q-O-QAM
I
Q
I
Q
/4-DQPSK
/4 -QPSK
136HS Outdoors 136HS Indoors
I
Q
8-ary PSK
I
Q
![Page 33: air interfaces](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554a4504b4c9055a408b51ca/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
UTRA
![Page 34: air interfaces](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554a4504b4c9055a408b51ca/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
UTRA Highlights
UTRA UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access ETSI SMG2 Proposal to ITU In the Paired Band (FDD - Frequency Division Duplex) of
UMTS the System Adopts the Radio Access Technique Formerly Proposed by the W-CDMA Group
In the Unpaired Band (TDD - Time Division Duplex) the UMTS System Adopts the Radio Access Technique Proposed Formerly by the TD-CDMA Group
Variable Spreading Factor (VSF) and Multicodes Used for Variable Data Rates
Handoff to GSM
![Page 35: air interfaces](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554a4504b4c9055a408b51ca/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
UTRA Multiple Data Rate Support
Variable Spreading Factor (VSF) in a Code for Multi-rate Data Services Multicode Scheme for Higher Data Rate
Rchip
Rsymbol Max/2j
SpreadingFactor
Variable Spreading Factor
Code 0
Code 1
Code 2
Code N
PN CodeR/M
R/M
R/M
Pilot
TrafficR bps
SFmin = 8(RL) = 16 (FL)
Multi-code
![Page 36: air interfaces](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554a4504b4c9055a408b51ca/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
UTRA Inter-Frequency Handoff The Downlink Is Slotted So That a Single Mobile Receiver Can Make Measurements on Other Frequencies When a Frame Is Slotted, It Is Transmitted at a Higher Power to Maintain a Constant Quality (BER or FER) When the Processing Gain Is Lowered.
When Sending High Data Rate Services Where Changing the Processing Gain Is Not Possible, Some Frames Are Compressed With a Lower Processing Gain for That Frame.
TfIdle period available for
interfrequency measurements
Compressed transmission duringone interleaver span
![Page 37: air interfaces](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554a4504b4c9055a408b51ca/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
UTRA FDD Specifications
Multiple Access DS-CDMADuplex Scheme FDDChip Rate 4.096/8.192/16.384McpsFrame Length 10msBandwidth 5/10/20MHzData Modulation Fwd Link: QPSK Rvr Link: QPSKSpreading Modulation Fwd Link: BPSK
Rvr Link: QPSKChannel Coding Convolutional, Outer RS CodingPower Control Closed, open, and outer loop
at 1600/secDiversity Rake, antenna diversity
![Page 38: air interfaces](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554a4504b4c9055a408b51ca/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
UTRA TDD Specifications
Multiple Access T/CDMADuplex Scheme TDDChip Rate 4.096McpsFrame Length 10msBandwidth 5MHzData Modulation QPSKSpreading Modulation QPSKChannel Coding Convolutional, Outer RS CodingPower Control Closed, open, and outer loop
at 100-800/secDiversity Rake, antenna diversity
![Page 39: air interfaces](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554a4504b4c9055a408b51ca/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
UTRA Key Features
FDD Mode Requires No Inter-BS Synchronization TDD Mode Requires Inter-BS Synchronization Forward and Reverse Link Pilots
![Page 40: air interfaces](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554a4504b4c9055a408b51ca/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
cdma2000
![Page 41: air interfaces](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554a4504b4c9055a408b51ca/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
cdma2000 Highlights
Direct Sequence and Multi-carrier Waveform Options on Forward Link
Direct Sequence and Multi-carrier Waveforms May Employ Spatial Diversity
Forward and Reverse Link Fast Power Control Auxiliary Pilots Provided for Antenna Array Applications 5 and 20 Millisecond Frame Lengths Utilize Turbocodes Coherent Reverse Link Using a Reverse Link Pilot Forward Link Fast Power Control Reverse Link Continuous Transmission
– cdmaOne Discontinuous Transmission Base Stations Are Synchronized Via GPS
![Page 42: air interfaces](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554a4504b4c9055a408b51ca/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
cdma2000 Services Voice
– V1– V2
Packet– P1– P2
– P3 Circuit
– C1– C2– C3
Voice and Packet– VP1– VP2
Voice and Circuit– VC1– VC2
Packet and Circuit– PC1– PC2– PC3
Voice, Packet and Circuit– VPC1– VPC2
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
13
69
121
36
912
RS1
RS2
Dat
a R
ate
(kbp
s)
![Page 43: air interfaces](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554a4504b4c9055a408b51ca/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
cdma2000 Frequency Plan
Two options for using Bandwidth– Multi-Carrier (Forward Link Only)– Direct Sequence
1.25MHz 1.25MHz 1.25MHz 1.25MHz 1.25MHz 1.25MHz 1.25MHz
1.25MHz 1.25MHz 1.25MHz 1.25MHz 1.25MHz 1.25MHz 1.25MHz
Multi-Carrier
Direct Sequence
625kHz Guardband
![Page 44: air interfaces](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554a4504b4c9055a408b51ca/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
cdma2000 Specifications
Multiple Access FDD: DS-CDMA TDD: T/CDMADuplex Scheme FDD/TDDChip Rate 1.2288Mcps x N N=1,3,6,9,12Frame Length 20/5msBandwidth 2.5/5/10/15/20MHzData Modulation Fwd Link: QPSK Rvr Link: BPSKSpreading Modulation Fwd Link: QPSK
Rvr Link: QPSKChannel Coding Convolutional, TurboPower Control Closed, open, and outer loop
at 800/sec FDD and 800/sec TDD
![Page 45: air interfaces](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554a4504b4c9055a408b51ca/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
cdma2000 Channel Structure
Two Types of Physical Channels:– Dedicated Physical Channel (DPHCH)– Common Physical Channel (CPHCH)
DPHCH CPHCH
F-DAPICH/R-PICH F/R-SCHT F/R-DCCH F/R-FCH
F/R-SCH1 F/R-SCH2
F-PICH F-CAPICH F/R-CCHT
F-PCH F-SYNC F/R-CCCH R-ACH
Shared cdma2000
![Page 46: air interfaces](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554a4504b4c9055a408b51ca/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
cdma2000 - Two Phases
cdma2000 Phase 1– 1.25MHz Channel With Enhanced Coding and Signal
Processing (N = 1)– Physical Layer Capacity Improvements With Minimal
Modifications to cdma2000 Base Stations– Higher Data Rates Via Improvements in Physical Layer– Data Capacity Improvements Via Enhanced Medium Access
Control (MAC) Layer Quality of Service (QoS) Capabilities cdma2000 Phase II
– Full IMT-2000 Compliance– Full Packet and Circuit Data Capability up to 2Mbps– Full MAC Layer QoS Capabilities
![Page 47: air interfaces](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554a4504b4c9055a408b51ca/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
TD-SCDMA
![Page 48: air interfaces](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554a4504b4c9055a408b51ca/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
TD-SCDMA Highlights
TD-SCDMA Time Division - Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access
China CWTS Proposal to ITU Deployment Areas Will Be Medium and Large Cities Compatibility With 2G, Especially GSM in China High User Density Cell Sizes < 2km Environment:
– Indoor– Outdoor to Indoor– Pedestrian
![Page 49: air interfaces](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554a4504b4c9055a408b51ca/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
TD-SCDMA Variable Data Rate
Basic Rate (9.6kbps), to Provide Higher Data Rate:– Aggregate Multiple Time Slots– Aggregate Multiple Code Channels– Use an Adaptive TDD Scheme (for Asymmetric
Data)– Use a Higher Order Modulation Scheme (16QAM) – Use Multiple Frequency Carriers
To Provide Low Speed Data (for Example, 4.8kbps) Service, a Simple Bit Repeating Scheme Can Be Used
![Page 50: air interfaces](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554a4504b4c9055a408b51ca/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
What is SCDMA?
Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access (SCDMA)
Definition– Signals From the Mobiles Will
Be Synchronous at the BS
Advantages– All CDMA Code Channels Will
Be Orthogonal Reducing Co-channel Interference
– Higher Capacity – Simplified Hardware and Lower
Cost
BaseStation
Code Channel 1
Code Channel 2
Code Channel 3
Code Channel N
![Page 51: air interfaces](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554a4504b4c9055a408b51ca/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
TD-SCDMA Specifications
Multiple Access TDMA/CDMADuplex Scheme TDDChip Rate 1.136McpsFrame Length 5msBandwidth 1.4MHzData Modulation DQPSK/16QAMSpreading Modulation BPSKChannel Coding ConvolutionalPower Control Reverse link: open and closed 200/sDiversity 8 element smart array
![Page 52: air interfaces](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554a4504b4c9055a408b51ca/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
TD-SCDMA Time Slot Structure
Total 8 Time Slots (TSs) With 16 Channels Per TS
Walsh Codes Separate Users Within a TS
TSd0 TS
d1 TSd2 TS
d3 TSd4 TS
u0 TSu1
TSu0 TS
u1
1.4MHz
5ms
Guard band
![Page 53: air interfaces](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554a4504b4c9055a408b51ca/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
DECT
![Page 54: air interfaces](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554a4504b4c9055a408b51ca/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
DECT Highlights
DECT Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications ETSI Proposal to ITU Data Transmission Rates up to 2.88Mbps Wireless Relay Stations Coexistence of Uncoordinated Installations on the Same Frequency
Bands Access to Different Systems by the Same Handset
– GSM– ISDN– Data Networks
DECT Authentication Module (DAM)– 128 Bit User Authentication Key– Cipher Generated During Authentication– 64 Bit Cipher Key
![Page 55: air interfaces](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554a4504b4c9055a408b51ca/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
DECT Specifications
Multiple Access MC/TDMADuplex Scheme TDDChannel Rate 1.152, 2.304, 3.456MbpsFrame Length 10msBandwidth 1728MHzData Modulation /2-D2PSK, /8-DQPSK
/8-D8PSK, GFSKChannel Coding Reed-SolomonDiversity Space diversity
![Page 56: air interfaces](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554a4504b4c9055a408b51ca/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Multi-Carrier TDMA Multi-Carrier Time Division Multiple Access
Tim
eslo
ts
Frequencies
BaseStation
BaseStation
![Page 57: air interfaces](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554a4504b4c9055a408b51ca/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
DECT
Symmetric Connection Asymmetric Connection
1.728MHz
0-5ms
5-10ms
Tx TxTx
RxTx
Tx
0-5ms
5-10ms
Tx Tx
Rx Rx
![Page 58: air interfaces](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554a4504b4c9055a408b51ca/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
DECT Seamless Hand-off
0
12
0
12
11
23
BaseStation
BaseStation
11
23
f1
f4
![Page 59: air interfaces](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554a4504b4c9055a408b51ca/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Other 3G WCDMA Systems - Page One CDMA I Code Division Multiple Access I
– South Korea TTA Proposal to ITU– Transmission Limitation for Inter-frequency Handoff
Limit the Data Transmission on the Forward Link to Find Other Frequencies Without Sacrificing Link Performance
– Synchronous Reverse Link Reverse Link Synchronization Using Time Alignment Command
– Synchronous CDMA System Synchronous Cells Optional Asynchronous Mode Under Progress
CDMA II Code Division Multiple Access II– South Korea TTA Proposal to ITU– Asynchronous Inter-BS Operation
W-CDMA/NA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access / North America– USA T1P1 Contribution to ITU– FDD: No Inter-BS Synchronization TDD: Inter-base Station Synchronization
![Page 60: air interfaces](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554a4504b4c9055a408b51ca/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Other 3G WCDMA Systems - Page Two W-CDMA/Japan Wideband Code Division Multiple Access /
Japan– Japan Association of Radio Industries and Businesses (ARIB)
Proposal to ITU– FDD and TDD Modes
FDD Does Not Require Accurate Inter-base Station Synchronization TDD Requires Accurate Inter-base Station Synchronization
– Forward and Reverse Link Pilots Forward Link Pilot is a Separate Code for FDD Mode Reverse Link Pilot is I/Q Multiplexed for FDD Mode Forward and Reverse Link Pilots are Time Multiplexed for TDD Mode
WIMS-WCDMA Wireless Multimedia and Messaging Services (WIMS) W-CDMA– No Inter-BS Synchronization Required
![Page 61: air interfaces](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554a4504b4c9055a408b51ca/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Other 3G WCDMA Air Interface Specifications-One
CDMA I CDMA II W-CDMA/JapanMultiple Access DS-CDMA DS-CDMA FDD:DS-CDMA
TDD:T/CDMADuplex Scheme FDD FDD FDD/TDDChip Rate 0.9216/3.6864.14.7456Mcps 1.024/4.096/8.192/16.384Mcps 1.024/4.096/8.192/16.384McpsFrame Length 10ms 10ms 10msBandwidth 1.25/5/10/20MHz 1.25/5/10/20MHz FDD: 1.25/5/10/20MHzData Modulation Fwd Link: QPSK Fwd Link: QPSK Fwd Link: QPSK
Rvr Link: BPSK Rvr Link: BPSK Rvr Link: FDD: Dual channel QPSK TDD: QPSKSpreading Modulation Fwd Link: QPSK Fwd Link: QPSK Fwd Link: QPSK
Rvr Link: OCQPSK Rvr Link: OCQPSK/CQPSK Rvr Link: QPSKChannel Coding Convolutional, outer Reed-Solomon Convolutional, Turbocodes Convolutional, Turbo codingPower Control Fwd link: closed 1600/sec Fwd link: closed 1600/sec and outerFDD: Closed, open, and outer loop at 1600/sec
Rvr link: open and closed 1600/s Rvr link: open and closed 1600/s TDD: Closed at 800/secDiversity Rake, antenna diversity, Rake, antenna diversity, Rake, BS antenna diversity
time switched Tx on Fwd Link time switched Tx on Fwd Link optional MS antenna diversity
![Page 62: air interfaces](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554a4504b4c9055a408b51ca/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Other 3G WCDMA Air Interface Specifications-Two
WCDMA/NA WIMS-WCDMAMultiple Access FDD:DS-CDMA FDD: DS-CDMA
TDD:T/CDMA TDD: Fwd:DS W-CDMA Rvr: DS S-TDMADuplex Scheme FDD/TDD FDD/TDDChip Rate 4.096/8.192/16.384Mcps 4.096/8.192/16.384McpsFrame Length 10ms 10msBandwidth 5/10/20MHz 5/10/20MHzData Modulation Fwd Link: QPSK Fwd Link: QPSK
Rvr Link: FDD: Dual channel QPSK TDD: QPSKRvr Link: QPSKSpreading Modulation Fwd Link: FDD:BPSK TDD:QPSK Fwd Link: QPSK
Rvr Link: QPSK Rvr Link: QPSKChannel Coding Convolutional, outer Reed-Solomon ConvolutionalPower Control FDD: Closed, open, and outer loop Adaptive power control
FDD: 1600/sec TDD:100-800/sec 1600/secDiversity Rake, BS antenna diversity Rake, BS antenna diversity
optional MS antenna diversity
![Page 63: air interfaces](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554a4504b4c9055a408b51ca/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Satellites: SW-CDMA & SW-CTDMA
![Page 64: air interfaces](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554a4504b4c9055a408b51ca/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Satellites: SW-CDMA & SW-CTDMA
Why WCDMA for Satellites?– Full Frequency Reuse Easing Resource Allocation– Softer Handoff– Suitable for Interference Mitigation (MUD)
Two European Radio Transceiver Technologies (RTT) Proposals:– SW-CDMA
For Global Systems (Low Earth Orbit (LEO)/medium Earth Orbit(MEO)) Adaptation of the Terrestrial ETSI UTRA/ARIB W-CDMA Proposals to the Satellite
Environment
– SW-CTDMA For Regional Systems (HEO/GEO) Hybrid Solution Found Particularly Attractive for Regional Systems (HEO/GEO Orbits) Some Commonality With ETSI UTRA Combines CDMA and TDMA Advantages
![Page 65: air interfaces](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554a4504b4c9055a408b51ca/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
SW-CDMA & SW-CTDMA Specifications
SW-CDMA SW-TCDMAMultiple Access DS-CDMA Rvr: W-O-C/TDM
Fwd: W-QS-C/TDMADuplex Scheme FDD FDD or F/TDDChip Rate 4.096Mcps (2.048Mcps option) 4.096Mcps (2.048Mcps option)Frame Length 10ms (20ms option) 20msBandwidth 5MHz (2.5MHz as option) 5MHz (2.5MHz as option)Data Modulation Fwd: QPSK (BPSK low data rate) QPSK or Dual BPSK
Rvr: Dual BPSKHigh Power Paging Yes YesChannel Coding Convolutional, outer Reed-Solomon Convolutional, outer Reed-SolomonPower Control Open loop for RACH, Open loop for RACH,
Closed loop based on SINR+FEC Closed loop based on SINR+FEC100-400Hz update rate 100-400Hz update rate
![Page 66: air interfaces](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554a4504b4c9055a408b51ca/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Satellites: ICO Satellite RTT
![Page 67: air interfaces](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554a4504b4c9055a408b51ca/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Satellites: ICO Satellite RTT
ICO RTT:– Ten Satellites– Two Inclined Planes– Medium-earth Orbit (MEO)– Transparent Transponders
Parameters:– Access Scheme: FDMA/TDMA– Channel Spacing: 25 kHz– 6 Slots Per Channel– RF Channel Rate 18/36 kbps (Depending on Channel Type)– Convolutional Coding
1/3 Rate (for Voice) 1/2 Rate (for Data)
![Page 68: air interfaces](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554a4504b4c9055a408b51ca/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Satellites: Horizons System RTT
![Page 69: air interfaces](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554a4504b4c9055a408b51ca/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Satellites: Horizons System RTT
System Parameters:– TDMA/FDM Multiple Access Scheme
200 kHz Channels, Reservation Based Slot Allocation
– Bandwidth Efficient Modulation and Coding 16-QAM, Turbo Coding
– Bandwidth on Demand Capability ATM-like Cell-switching Protocol
Use of Standard PC Communication Applications– Compatible With Industry Standard Modem Interfaces
Service Compatibility, Roaming With Terrestrial IMT-2000
High Power GEO Mobile Satellites for 2002 Service
Laptop (144kbps)