Air Emissions from Ships

Society is driving the requirement for ships to reduce harmful air emissions from engine

exhausts

Governing Regulations• MARPOL Annex VI entered into effect in 2005 • Baltic Sea - SECA from May 2006 • North Sea - SECA in November  2007 • Europe Sulphur Directive (1999 & Rev) governs inter

alia emissions in port (0.1% S at berth)• California (CARB) new regulations which took effect

Jan 2007 • Various ports

- local regulations on Ship Emissions, which are inhibiting future expansion/development  - introducing differentiated port fees

Of particular concern to tramp sectors, trading internationally, lifting bunkers in ports worldwide

4

MARPOL – Annex VI

Control of Air Pollution from Ships

and its Current Revision process

Air Emissions from Ships

• Covered by Annex VI–Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) – create Ozone–Sulphur Oxides (SOx) – create acidification–Hydrocarbons (HC) – gas, soot and some particulates–Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC)–Refrigerant Gases

• Not covered (currently) by Annex VI–Carbon Dioxide (CO2) –Carbon Monoxide (CO)

Engine exhaust gases are dependent upon engine type, engine settings and fuel type

The Regulations inAnnex VI

There are 19 Regulations but the following Regulations impact Vessel operation :

– Regulation 12 – Ozone Depleting Substances– Regulation 13 – NOx emissions– Regulation 14 – Sulphur Oxide emissions– Regulation 15 – VOC emissions– Regulation 16 – Shipboard Incinerators– Regulation 18 – Fuel Oil Quality control

IMO Annex VI revision process

• MEPC 53 (July 2005) – Decided Annex VI be revised

• MEPC 54 (March 2006) – Proposals for revision. Delegated work to BLG Sub-Committee

• BLG 10 (April 2006) – Initial review of proposals and documents (over 30 documents)

• Two correspondence groups (April – October 2006)

• Intersessional Meeting (November 13-17 2006) – discussion of key issues and draft proposals

• BLG 11 (April 2007) – finalize draft proposals for revised Annex VI, the NOx Code and related Guidelines

• MEPC 56 (July 2007) & MEPC 57 (March 2008) - consider and approve(?) the revised texts

Target date for Entry in to Force: 2010/12

Many proposals for significant Many proposals for significant amendments to Annex VIamendments to Annex VI

• Lower limits for SOx & NOx emissions

• SECAs with lower S cap (1% or 0.5%)

• NOx emission limitation on existing engines, particularly those installed after Jan. 2000

• NECAs – NOx controlled areas

• Restriction on CO2 emissions

• Restriction on Particulate Matters (PM) emissions

• Restriction on VOC emissions from cargo oil tanks

Possible Guiding Principles

– prevent fragmented regulations– promote establishment of a global standard for at

sea, coastal and at berth operations (maybe no SECAs)

– international standards via IMO– regulations based on a fuel standard rather than an

emissions performance standard, and thus reduce the onus of responsibility on the owner/operator for verification and compliance (sympathy for use of clean fuels / distillates only)

Guiding Principles

Executive Committee (June 2006) – Principles for an INTERTANKO position:

– ensure a solid platform of requirements– be realistic and feasible– seek a long term and positive reduction of

air emissions from ships, and– contribute to a long term and a predictable

regulatory regime

Owners’ Concerns

• Multitude of differing requirements

• Additional requirements for multi-fuel usage

EXISTING SECAs

NOV. 2007

MAY2006

SOURCE: http://maps.google.com/

Owners’ Concerns

• Expanded number of SECAs, some with different requirements

• Proliferation of port, state and regional requirements – often conflicting

• Installation/retrofitting of:

- multi-fuel tanks and associated systems

- scrubber technologies, exhaust filters, etc. (still to be proven)

• Onboard handling and disposal ashore of toxic wastes from exhaust gas scrubbing – in addition to existing sludge handling problems

• Further fuel treatment processing

• Operational and safety concerns during fuel switchovers

• Additional fuel log record keeping and reporting

• Onus of responsibility falling solely on the owner/operator

Owners’ Concerns

• Who bares responsibility for monitoring, verification and compliance ?

Owner for:• Combustion process• Exhaust gas emission standards• Disposal of by-productsORFuel supplier for:• Quality of fuel supplied

Alternative Approaches

• Do nothing – retain HFO for deep sea• Extend SECAs• Global SECA• Establish local SECAs• Establish NECAs• Use technological solutions – catalytic

converters, scrubbers and/or filters• Burn distillates close to shore• Cold ironing• Emissions trading

An Approach

FOR DISCUSSION: • The use of distillate fuels, with a global S The use of distillate fuels, with a global S

content cap introduced using a two tiered content cap introduced using a two tiered programme, as follows:programme, as follows:– from [2010], a maximum of 1.00% S content from [2010], a maximum of 1.00% S content – for ships’ engines installed on and after [2015], a for ships’ engines installed on and after [2015], a

maximum [0.50]% Sulphur content maximum [0.50]% Sulphur content

• A Global Sulphur Emission Control Area A Global Sulphur Emission Control Area • If the above two issues were considered If the above two issues were considered

feasible, then the provisions for checking feasible, then the provisions for checking and monitoring compliance with Regulation and monitoring compliance with Regulation 14 and 18 should be revised accordingly.14 and 18 should be revised accordingly.

Alternative Approaches

ITEMS FOR DISCUSSION include:• Future production of low sulphur fuels & time frame• Proving of / reliability of SCR and scrubber technologies• Costs of extra bunker tanks & associated systems• Costs of manifold modifications / sampling• Costs of additional maintenance• Means of disposing of wash water and scrubbed by-

products• Suitability of blended fuels• Net benefits• Future costs of low sulphur HFO/IFOs

DISTILLATES - ADVANTAGESDISTILLATES - ADVANTAGES

• reduces all types of air emissions from reduces all types of air emissions from ships, including PMships, including PM

• reduces the bunker consumption (by weight) reduces the bunker consumption (by weight) by 5% to 10%by 5% to 10%

• eliminates the need of retrofitting of eliminates the need of retrofitting of additional bunker storage capacity and additional bunker storage capacity and associated pipingassociated piping

• eliminates current onboard fuel treatment eliminates current onboard fuel treatment plants and significantly reduces onboard plants and significantly reduces onboard generated ER waste and exposure of the generated ER waste and exposure of the engines to damaging materialsengines to damaging materials

DISTILLATES - ADVANTAGESDISTILLATES - ADVANTAGES

• eliminates the need for scrubbers for the eliminates the need for scrubbers for the inert gas systeminert gas system

• no additional costs of installing, operating no additional costs of installing, operating and, maintaining/repairing equipment for and, maintaining/repairing equipment for reducing PM and SOx emissionsreducing PM and SOx emissions

• no potential losses due to delay in case of no potential losses due to delay in case of unexpected breakdown of onboard unexpected breakdown of onboard technologytechnology

• if no SECAs, no operational burdens for if no SECAs, no operational burdens for ships & no associated risks when changing ships & no associated risks when changing fuel types, lube oils and settings for the fuel types, lube oils and settings for the ship’s enginesship’s engines

Objective of INTERTANKO submission

• The main purpose of the INTERTANKO submission is to "present issues that merit further discussion by the IMO Working Group when considering the revision of Annex VI of MARPOL"  

• INTERTANKO believes that it is important that there is open debate at the international level on the subject of how best to meet rapidly changing expectations for lower ship emissions and that there should be full and frank discussion of the various solutions possible.

INTERTANKO Approach

ITEMS FOR DISCUSSION include:• Future production of distillates & time frame• Confirmation of switch-over implications• Costs of engine conversions• Net benefits• Future costs of distillates

ONE Approach for CALIFORNIA

Environmental achievements 2006• Maersk Line announced a pilot environmental

initiative that annually reduces vessel-related emissions from the company’s fleet that calls the ports of Los Angeles and Oakland, USA. Maersk Line has voluntarily switched to low-sulphur diesel on the main and auxiliary engines of its vessels when they are within 24 miles of the port and alongside. Maersk Line projects a 73% annual reduction in particulate matter and a 92% reduction in sulphur dioxide (SOx).

Options for SOx and PM Emissions (Revisions to Annex VI – InterSessional Nov 2006)

A No change

B Global S cap unchanged

SECA cap 1.0% [2010], 0.5% [2015]

C Switch to distillates

Global S cap 1% in [2012], 0.5% [2015]

C2 As per C, with alternative such as exhaust gas cleaning & higher S fuel (max 4.5%) to obtain equivalent emission as in C for SOx and PM

Current position• INTERTANKO encourages open debate on the options

available to reduce damaging air emissions from ships and has sought to provide comprehensive solutions that are applicable on a global basis.

• We remain anxious that the current reviews around the world do not result in a mix of local and regional requirements that impose an onerous burden on international shipping, especially those engaged in tramp shipping - bunkering in and trading to ports around the world.

• We continue to stress the importance that any new requirements should take full account of all the operational and safety considerations, and should be assessed on the same basis - this latter should involve the cost and environmental implications of all the production, manufacturing, operating and waste handling aspects of the proposed system, as well as other practicalities with respect to introduction, fitting/retrofitting, etc.

For further discussion at Panel Meetings and Council

pre BLG

Objective of INTERTANKO submission

• The main purpose of the INTERTANKO submission is to "present issues that merit further discussion by the IMO Working Group when considering the revision of Annex VI of MARPOL"  

• INTERTANKO believes that it is important that there is open debate at the international level on the subject of how best to meet rapidly changing expectations for lower ship emissions and that there should be full and frank discussion of the various solutions possible.

INTERTANKO Approach

ITEMS FOR DISCUSSION include:• Future production of distillates & time frame• Confirmation of switch-over implications• Costs of engine conversions• Net benefits• Future costs of distillates

Further information

Regulation 14 - SOx

• The Worldwide Sulphur cap on fuel oil is set at 4.5%.

• Sulphur Emission Control areas (SECAs)– Areas – Baltic, North Sea and English Channel– Sulphur Level of fuel – 1.5% or;– Alternatively use an exhaust gas cleaning

system– Ship must have cleared all pipe systems and

tanks and be using low sulphur fuel on entry

Proposed Revisions of Regulation 14 - SOx

• Reduction of SOx emissions– Reduction of the Global Cap – e.g. to 3.00%– Reduction of the SECA Cap – e.g. to 1.00% or

0.50%

• Correction for the reporting and measurement standard to two decimal places for Sulphur content (Bunker Delivery Note criterion).

Regulation 13 – NOx

• For all Engines (except emergency engines) installed on ships after 1st January 2000 of more than 130 kW must comply to this Regulation.

• The NOx emission is limited to 17 g/kW h for engines operating at 130 rpm but reducing to 9.8 g/kW h for 2000 rpm. Between these revs the limit is designated by equation:

45 * n(-0.2) g/kW h• Existing engines can become a “new” engine if

substantially modified.

Proposed Revisions of Regulation 13 - NOx

• Tiered approach to further NOx reductions – Tier 2 from date of revisions coming into force - 2010, and Tier 3 from 2015

• Lower limit NOx emissions (30 - 40% reduction discussed for first tier – 2010)

• Further NOx emission limitation on all existing engines, particularly those installed after Jan. 2000

• NECAs – NOx emission control areas (Tier 3 levels for these areas?)

New Parameter for Air Pollution Control

• Particulate Matter Emission control• What are these Particulates?

– Sulphates from SOx– Nitrates from NOx– VOC from uncombusted hydrocarbons– Heavy Metals e.g. Vanadium, Nickel, Aluminium,

Sodium, Calcium, Zinc; from Heavy Fuel oil and Lube Oil

– Soot – from the aromatics in heavy fuel oil

Particulate Matter Regulation and Control Methods

• At present this subject matter has not been fully debated within the working group

• Issues to be confronted:– Size of the Particulate to be regulated – 10 micron

or 2.5 micron– Extent of limitation of Particulate emission– Methods for control of Particulate emissions – e.g.

Scrubbers and/or Filters– Storage and Disposal of Particulates– Control and verification of reduced emissions

Current Regulation 18 – Fuel Oil Quality

• “Fuel oil shall be blends of hydrocarbons derived from petroleum refining”

• “Fuel oil shall be free from inorganic acid”• “Fuel oil shall not include any added substance

or chemical waste which either:– Jeopardises the safety of ships or adversely affects

the performance of the machinery, or– Is harmful to personnel, or– Contributes overall to additional air pollution”

Regulation 18 – Fuel Oil Quality

• Bunker Delivery Note (BDN)– Becomes a Statutory document– Must be kept on board for 3 years for inspection and a

copy taken for further examination.– Must contain all data required by appendix V

• Name and IMO number of vessel• Port• Date of Commencement of delivery• Details of fuel oil supplier• Product name, quantity , Density at 15 0C and Sulphur

content % m/m• A declaration that fuel supplied meets Regulation 14 and 18.

Regulation 18 – Fuel Oil Quality

• Fuel Oil Sampling• A sealed sample meeting the requirements in associated

guidelines has to given to the ship by the bunker supplier• For each individual BDN a sample has to be taken at the

vessel’s bunker receiving manifold. (see procedure in associated guidelines)

• The sample label has to be signed by both the bunker supplier’s representative and the vessel’s Chief Engineer.

• The sample size shall be not less than 400 mls• The sample is not to be used for any commercial

purpose• The sample is to be retained on board for at least 1 year

for inspection by PSC as required