08-PHYSIOLOGY, FORMULA, VALUE

FORMULAgain=correction applied/residual error

1osmol=1mol/no. of freely moving particle in soln

plasma osmol(mosmol/l)=2[Na](mEq/l)+ 0.055[glu](mg/dl)+ 0.36[BUN](mg/dl)=2[Na](mEq/l)+ glu(mg/dl)/18+ BUN(mg/dl)/2.8

osmol(mosmol/l)=freez pt soln/0.00186

osmol gap=pl osmol(freez pt)–calc pl osmol

Ficks law of diffusion J(net tpt)=D(diff coeff)× dC(conc grad )× A(surf area)÷ x(thickn of memb)

D(diffusion coeffic)=K× (lipid solubility)/√(molec wt)

Gibbs-Donnan equation at equilib-[Kx][Cly]=[Ky][Clx]

Poiseuille-Hagen formula R(periph resist)=[8η(viscos)× L(vess lth )]/πr⁴(radius)

Ohm law flow=(Pa-Pb)/R

Poiseuille equation F(bld flow rate)=[Pa-Pb(press diff b/n 2end)]× π/8× 1/η(bld viscosity)× radius(r)⁴/L(vess lth)

Re(Renold no.)=[ρ(densit)× D(diam)× v(vel)]/η(viscos)

Laplace law sphere P(press)=2T(surf tension)/R(radius) cylinder P(press)=T/R

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thick wall cylinder P=TW(wall thickn)/R

Nernst equation ENa=61.5log[Na(o)/Na(i)]

Goldmann-Hodgkin-Katz equation RMP(mV)=61.5log[(conc +ve ion out× perm +ve ion)+(conc –ve ion in×perm –ve ion)]/[(conc +ve ion in×perm +ve ion)+( conc –ve ion×perm of –ve ion)]

(100–HCT)/100=pl vol/bld vol

(100–HCT)/100=ren pl flow/ren bldflow

GFR=Kf×10

Filtration Fraction=GFR/RPF

clearance(C)=conc in urine(U)×rate of urine flow(V)÷conc in plasma(P)

fractional excretion Na(FeNa)=[U(Na)/P(Na)]÷[U(creat)/P(creat)]×100

free H2O clearance(CH2O)=V-(Uosm/Posm)×V

total(pulm) ventil=RR×TV

alveol vent=RR×(TV–DS)

alveolar gas equation pAO2(partial press O2 alveol)=[patm(atm press)– pH2O(part press H2O in resp tract)]× fract conc O2 in air– [pACO2(part press CO2 in alveol)/R(resp quot)]

IC=TV+IRVEC=TV+ERVFRC(relaxat V)=ERV+RVVC=IRV+TV+ERVTLC=IRV+TV+ERV+RV

breathing reserve=MVV(max volunt ventil)– RMV(resp min vol)

compliance=∆vol/∆press

elastance=1/compliance

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sp compliance=compliance/FRC

O2 content(g)=Hb(g/dl)×1.34×sO2

RQ=vol of CO2 produ/vol of O2 consum

solubility coeff=conc of dissolv gas/partial press

Weber Fechner law sensation felt=Klog[stimulus intensity]+ constant

Stevens power law sensation=K[Intensity]^a

Mareys lawHR=K×1/BP

Bainbridge reflex bld vol=K×HR

PP=SBP–DBP=SV/compliance

⅓MAP=DBP+ PP

ejection fraction=SV/EDV

cardiac reserv(CR)=active CO–basal CO

CO=HR×SV=(MAP–RAP)/TPR

dye dilution technique CO(l/min)=amount of dye inj(mg)÷ [bld conc of dye(mg/l)× cirulat time(s)]

Fick method CO=O2 consumpt(ml/min)/AV O2 diff

Stewart Hamilton principle CO=[I(initial vol of dye inj)× 60]/[C(mean conc dye)× t(time in s at which dye app 1st in a)

cardiac index CI=CO/body SA

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Karvonen formula HRmax=220–age(y)

venous return(VR)=(system filling press –RAP)/resist to VR

MCH=(Hb/RBC)×10

MCV=(PCV/RBC)×10

MCHC=(Hb/PCV)×100

pl anion gap=([Na]+[K])–([Cl]+[HCO3])

ur anion gap=[HCO3]–[NH4]=ur[Na]+ur [K]–ur[Cl]

Imbert Ficks law P=F/A

freeT4 index(FT4)=totalT4× RT3U(resin T3 uptake)

INR=PT(pt)/PT(control)

V(total bod vol)=[Q(quant drug administr) –e(drug elimin)] /C(conc aft distrib)

Vd(vol of distribut)=total dose/pl conc

t½=0.693×Vd/clearance

time(steady state pl conc)=5.5×t½

bioavailability=(area of dosage form/area of IV)×100

therapeutic index=med lethal dose(Ld50)/med effectiv dose(Ed50)

child drug dose Young rule(child≥2y) child dose=[age(y)× adult dose]/[age(y)+12] Fried rule(child<2y) child dose=[age(mth)× adult dose]/150 Clark rule child dose=[wt(lb)× adult dose]/150

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VALUE 1ACh vesicle=10000ACh molecule no. of ACh vesicle released at NMJ=40 anion gap pl=10-12mEq/l

ur=0mEq/l baromet press 100m deep sea=11atm bilirubin production=250-350mg/d bld=8%bod wt bld cell=3%bod wt pl=5%bod wt

bld venule&v=55% a=10-15% capillar=5-8%

bld supply brain=52ml/min/100g=750ml/min kidn=1100-1200ml/min liver=1500ml/min periph chemrecept=2000ml/min/100g

bld velocity aorta=33cm/s

capillaries=0.33mm/s bld vol=90ml/kg(preterm neonate) time b/n 2blink=3-5s BP change by=0.77mmHg/cm above/bel heart CA125<35IU/l cardiac index=3.0l/min/m² no. of cilia/bronch cell=300 rate of ciliary beat=12-16/s ciliary rate nasal mucos=5-10mm/min CO=5l/min % of CO liver=27-28 kidn=23-24 brain=13-15 heart=4-5=225-250ml thy gld=2-5ml/g/min

compliance lung=200ml/cmH2O complianc(lung+chest wall)=40%+60% =100ml/cmH2O conduct velocity Purkinje fibr=4m/s AV node=0.05m/s

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consumpt O2 in body=250ml/min CSF absorpt=4time/d cell<5/dl Cl=116-126mEq/dl daily secret=550ml/d glu=40-70mg/dl press=8-12mmHg(7-18cmH2O) prot=15-45mg/dl

cyanosis reduced Hb>5g/dl methHb>1.5g/dl sulphHb>0.5g/dl

ED vol=130ml energy supply to heart=66%FFA+30%glu ESR <50y=15mm/h(M),20mm/h(F) >50y=20mm/h(M),30mm/h(F) >85y=30mm/h(M),42mm/h(F)

filtr fractn=16-20% free H2O clearance=–1.2ml/min freez pt pl=–0.54°C %of human gene for CNS=40 GFR adult=125ml/min=180l/d

neonate=45ml/min/1.73m² GI secretion saliva product=1000-1500ml/d gastric secret=1500-2500ml/d pancr secret=1500ml/d bile secret=500-1500ml/d bile recirculation=6000ml/d intest secret=3000ml/d

no. of glial cell=1000-5000bill glu req(g/d) brain=120

body=160 growth rate scalp hair=0.37mm/d beard hair=0.4mm/d fingernail=0.1mm/d,1cm/3mth toenail=1cm/9mth

1g Hb=35mg bilirubin

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HCT v–a=3% HRmax(40y)=180/min intravesic press during voiding=35-50 cmH2O IOP=10-20mmHg JVP=0-5cmH2O 1kPa=7.5mmHg life span enterocyte=5-7d RBC premature neonat=30-50d neonat=60-90(90)d older child=100-120d adult=120d

lung vol dead space adult=2ml/kg=140ml

child=3.3ml/kg=10-12ml IRV=3000ml TV=500ml ERV=1000ml RV=1200ml PEFR=12l/s PIFR=3l/s MVV(max volunt ventil)=125-170l/min FEV1=80-90% FEV2=90-93% FEV3=97%

LVEF=55-80% LV shortening fract=40% max activat carot sinus=200mmHg MCH=27-32pg MCHC=32-38% MCV=78-94μ³(fl) mean circulat filling press=7mmHg mean system filling press(press in syst vess when heart stop beat)=7-17mmHg min solute excret/d=600mosmol min urine output/d=500ml 1mole albumin=69000g 1mole O2=32g

↑ Montevideo unit[ uterin press(mmHg)× no. of contract every 10min]=200-220mmHg/10min nasal cycle duration=2.5-4h nasal potent diff>–40mV

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Nernst potential Na=+60mV K=–90mV Ca=+70mV Cl=–70mV

no. of neuron CNS=100bill N2 in prot=16% nodal delay on AV node=0.1s

↑ 1l NS will ECF vol by=6% osmolarity 4.2%NaHCO3=1000osmol/l O2 consumpt heart=110-150l/min/m² O2 in expir air=16% O2 on Hb=4 O2 on Mb=1 PAH extr ratio=0.9 partial press pAO2=105mmHg paO2=95mmHg pvO2=40mmHg paCO2=40mmHg pvCO2=45mmHg

PCWP=8-12mmHg periph v press=10mmHg p50O2=23-25mmHg=3.6kPa pl conc beyond which glu seen in ur= 180-200mg/dl pl osmol=280-290mosmol/l pl prot=7-8g/dl pl alb=3.5-5g/dl, high mol wt, high conc, low mol conc portv press=5-10mmHg(10-15cmH2O) PPR=1-1.5Wood unit TPR=20mmHg/l/min(Wood unit) press by 1mosmol solute=19.3mmHg= 22.4atmpress press Sengstaken Blakemore=40mmHg production CO2=200ml/min RDW=40-46fl=11.5-14.5% reduction potential K=–2.93 Fe++=–0.44 H+=0.00 Cu+=0.34 I=0.54

ren pl flow=625ml/min Renold no.

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→ >3000 turbulent flow→ <2000 laminar flow

reticulocyte count newborn=2-6% child=0.5-2% adult=0.5-2%

RMP(mV) endocochlear potential=+80 RBC=–10 rod,cone=–40 thy=–50 pacemaker=–50-–60 sm m=–50-–60 inner hair cell cochlea=–65(–150) most neuron=–70 large mot neur=–90 sk m=–90 ventr m=–90

RQ mixed diet=0.8 carb=1.0 brain=0.97-0.98

sO2 a=97-98% sensitivity carot sinus:aort arch=5:1 Na ch per μ² node of Ranvier=2000-12000 initial seg=350-500 cell body=50-75 axon terminal=20-75 myelin surface<25

Na-K pump coupling ratio=3:2 Na-K pump contrib to RMP=–4mV solubility coeff CO2=0.57 O2=0.024 CO=0.018 N2=0.012

solubility in pl O2=0.003ml/dl/mmHg

CO2=0.067ml/dl/mmHg sp gravity whole bld=1.045-1.060 ur=1.015-1.020

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sr electrolyte Ca=8.5-10.5mEq/l Fe=50-150μg/dl K=3.5-5.5mEq/l Mg=1.5-2.5mEq/l P=0.75-1.45mmol/l

sr ferritin=50-150μg/l sr FSH(IU/l) mal prepubertal<3 adult=1.3-19.3

fem prepubertal<3 adult follicular phase=3.8-8.8 midcycle=4.5-22.5 luteal phase=1.8-5.1

postmenopausal=16.7-113.6 sr GGT=10-60IU/l sr hCG<5IU/l sr IgG=10-15mg/ml sr prolactin=5-25μg/l sr PSA=0-4ng/ml sr T3=1.5-3.5nmol/l sr T4=55-150nmol/l FT4 index=0.85-3.5 sr TSH=0.3-5IU/ml sr urea=20-40mg/dl sr uric acid=3-6mg/dl threshold MAP carotid sinus=50mmHg TIBC=150-350μg/dl total amount in pl(ml/dl) O2=19–5=14

CO2=49+4=53 transit time(s) pulm capil=0.75-0.8 system capil=1-2

transp max for glu(mg/min) mal=375

fem=300 transp O2=Hb(99%)+dissolv(1%) ur flow rate(ml/s) mal=20-25

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fem=25-30 ur HIAA=2-8mg/d ventilation/perfusion ratio lung apex=3.0

lung base=0.6 vess/chamb—SBP(mmHg)—DBP—MAP system a-120-80-93 LV-120-0-— pulm a-25-9-15 RV-25-0-— atria-(0-3)-RA(4-6),LA(6-8)-—

viscosity-H2O:pl:bld=1:3:5 work of breathing=65%complianc work(to distend lung parenchyma)+ 28%airway resist work+ 7%ts resist workpH gastric secret=2-3 limiting pH urine=4.5 lysosome<5 Sabouraud agar=5-6 H pylori,hydatid fluid=6.7 cytosol,nasal cavity=7 bile,saliva=7-8 CSF,human milk,interstit fluid,tears=7.3 fetal scalp=7.3-7.33 bld=7.35-7.45 pancr juice=8.8 Brunner gld secret=9.3 thiopentone=10.5-11t½ GnRH=3-4min alteplase(tPA)=4-8min insulin=5min GH=6-20min ornithine decarboxylase=10min LH=20min FSH=3-4h erythropoietin=5h ketorolac=5-7h factor VII=7h protC=8h lorazepam=10-20h temazepam=10-40h tadalafil=17.5h

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factor IX=20h hCG=24h T3=1d protS=30h hPL=34-36h digoxin=36h factor II=60h PSA=2.5d T4=7d albumin=21d IgG=23d

Abbreviations a-artery, AA-amino acid, abtc-antibiotic, AI-autoimmune bef-before, bel-below, b/l-bilateral, bld-blood, b/n-between, bn-benign, br-branch, Bx-biopsy ca-carcinoma, carb-carbohydrate, c/i-contraindication, c/l-contralateral, conc-concentration, cong-congenital, Cx-cervix d-day, def-deficient, ds-disease, d/t-due to, Dx-diagnosis E-estrogen fem-female, fr-from gld-gland, glu-glucose h-hormone idiop-idiopathic, i/l-ipsilateral, inf-infection, inj-injury lig-ligament, LL-lower limb, l/t-leading to m-muscle, maj-major, mal-male, MC-most common, met-metastasis, min-minor, mtx-methotrexate, Mx-management n-nerve, norm-normal P-progesterone, pl-plasma, prot-protein, pt-patient Rx-treatment SCC-squamous cell carcinoma, sr-serum, Sx-surgery, sz-seizure tm-tumour, ts-tissue UL-upper limb, u/l-unilateral vag-vagina, VC-vocal cord, vel-velocity, vert-vertebra, vit-vitamin, vol-volume w-week, wt-weight Xr-X ray y-year #-fracture °-degree

THESE NOTES ARE ONLY FOR THE PURPOSE OF GUIDANCE AND HELP TO PG ASPIRANTS, NOT FOR COMMERCIAL OR OTHER PURPOSE. REFERENCE HAS BEEN TAKEN FROM VARIOUS STANDARD TEXTBOOKS. Aim

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