aim high!
DESCRIPTION
Thorium energy cheaper than from coal can solve more than just global warming. Fossil fuel burning releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, contributing to global warming and deadly air pollution. Natural resources are rapidly being depleted by world population growth. Safe, inexpensive energy from the liquid fluoride thorium reactor can stop global warming and raise prosperity of humanity to adopt US and OECD lifestyles, which include lower, sustainable birth rates.TRANSCRIPT
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Robert Hargraves, Hanover NHhttp://rethinkingnuclearpower.googlepages.com/aimhigh
Aim High!
1. Limits to growth2. Thorium 3. Experience4. Aim High5. Benefits
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Global environmental problems mount.
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Global environmental problems mount.
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Global environmental problems mount.
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Global environmental problems mount.
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Dennis Meadows’ Limits to Growth showed effects of finite resources.
http://www.aspoitalia.net/images/stories/aspo5presentations/Meadows_ASPO5.pdf
Resources
Population
Food
PollutionIndustrial Output
20101972
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Population is stable in developed nations.
http://caliban.sourceoecd.org/vl=1260748/cl=17/nw=1/rpsv/factbook/010101.htm
US
World
OECD
6.7 billion 2008
http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/13/38/16587241.pdf
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Prosperity stabilizes population.
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/docs/rankorderguide.html
GDPpercapita
Children per woman
82 nations with populations over 10 million.
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Prosperity stabilizes population.
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/docs/rankorderguide.html
GDPpercapita
Children per woman
82 nations with populations over 10 million.
Stable replacement rate
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Prosperity stabilizes population.
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/docs/rankorderguide.html
GDPpercapita
Children per woman
82 nations with populations over 10 million.
Stable replacement rate
Prosperity
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Prosperity depends on energy.
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2042rank.html
GDPpercapita
Annual kWh per capita
Nations with populations over 10 million.
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Prosperity depends on energy.
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2042rank.html
GDPpercapita
Annual kWh per capita
Nations with populations over 10 million.
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Prosperity
Prosperity depends on energy.
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2042rank.html
GDPpercapita
Annual kWh per capita
Nations with populations over 10 million.
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Energy and coal use is growing rapidly in developing nations.
Non-OECD energy use World coal use
http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/world.html
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Conservation won’t stop the growth.
3.81.9US
Scenario
US cuts per capita energy use in half to 6,000 KWH per person per year.
Rest Of World nations cut or grow to achieve the same.
Units are 1015 watt hours per year
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Conservation won’t stop the growth.
15.4
3.81.9
37.7
ROW
US
Scenario
US cuts per capita energy use in half to 6,000 KWH per person per year.
Rest Of World nations cut or grow to achieve the same.
Units are 1015 watt hours per year
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Technology policy lies at the core of the climate change challenge.
http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=technological-keys-to-climate-protection-extended
"If we try to restrain emissions without a fundamentally new set of technologies, we will end up stifling economic growth, including the development prospects for billions of people.
Prof. Jeffrey SachsEconomist, Columbia UniversityDirector of The Earth Institute
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Technology policy lies at the core of the climate change challenge.
http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=technological-keys-to-climate-protection-extended
"If we try to restrain emissions without a fundamentally new set of technologies, we will end up stifling economic growth, including the development prospects for billions of people.
"We will need much more than a price on carbon.
Prof. Jeffrey SachsEconomist, Columbia UniversityDirector of The Earth Institute
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Technology policy lies at the core of the climate change challenge.
http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=technological-keys-to-climate-protection-extended
"If we try to restrain emissions without a fundamentally new set of technologies, we will end up stifling economic growth, including the development prospects for billions of people.
"We will need much more than a price on carbon.
"The US, Europe and Japan will need to start all this technological innovation soon
…technologies developed in the rich world will need to be adopted rapidly in poorer countries.
Prof. Jeffrey SachsEconomist, Columbia UniversityDirector of The Earth Institute
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Aim High! Set aggressive goals.
Develop a new energy source that
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Aim High! Set aggressive goals.
Develop a new energy source that
1. produces electricity cheaper than from coal,
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Aim High! Set aggressive goals.
Develop a new energy source that
1. produces electricity cheaper than from coal,
2. synthesizes vehicle fuel,
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Aim High! Set aggressive goals.
Develop a new energy source that
1. produces electricity cheaper than from coal,
2. synthesizes vehicle fuel,
3. is inexhaustible,
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Aim High! Set aggressive goals.
Develop a new energy source that
1. produces electricity cheaper than from coal,
2. synthesizes vehicle fuel,
3. is inexhaustible,
4. reduces waste, and
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Aim High! Set aggressive goals.
Develop a new energy source that
1. produces electricity cheaper than from coal,
2. synthesizes vehicle fuel,
3. is inexhaustible,
4. reduces waste, and
5. is affordable to developing nations.
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Thorium is a plentiful fuel.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorium
Thorium, discovered in Norway in 1828, is named after Thor, the Norse god of thunder and lightning.
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Thorium is a plentiful fuel.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorium
Thorium, discovered in Norway in 1828, is named after Thor, the Norse god of thunder and lightning.
Idaho's Lemhi Pass has enough thorium to power the US for a millennium.
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Thorium is a plentiful fuel.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorium
Thorium, discovered in Norway in 1828, is named after Thor, the Norse god of thunder and lightning.
Idaho's Lemhi Pass has enough thorium to power the US for a millennium.
Thorium is not fissionable. How can thorium be a fuel?
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U-233, U-235, and Pu-239 are three possible reactor fission fuels.
nucleons Th 90 Pa 91 U 92 Np 93 Pu 94
241
240
239
238
237
236
235
234
233
232
fission
Am 95
Natural
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Uranium-235 fissions to krypton and barium releasing energy.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fission
The total mass of the resulting
barium-141krypton-92neutrons (3)
is less than the mass of the U-235 + neutron,
releasing 166 MeV of energy.
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Uranium-238 neutron absorption makes fissionable plutonium-239.
nucleons Th 90 Pa 91 U 92 Np 93 Pu 94
241
240
239
238
237
236
235
234
233
232 neutron absorption
beta decay
fission
Am 95
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Uranium-238 neutron absorption makes fissionable plutonium-239.
nucleons Th 90 Pa 91 U 92 Np 93 Pu 94
241
240
239
238
237
236
235
234
233
232 neutron absorption
beta decay
fission
Am 95
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Thorium-232 neutron absorbtion makes fissionable uranium-233.nucleons Th 90 Pa 91 U 92 Np 93 Pu 94
241
240
239
238
237
236
235
234
233
232 neutron absorption
beta decay
fission
Am 95
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Thorium-232 neutron absorbtion makes fissionable uranium-233.nucleons Th 90 Pa 91 U 92 Np 93 Pu 94
241
240
239
238
237
236
235
234
233
232 neutron absorption
beta decay
fission
Am 95
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U-238 and Th-232 are called fertile because they make fissionable fuel.
nucleons Th 90 Pa 91 U 92 Np 93 Pu 94
241
240
239
238
237
236
235
234
233
232 neutron absorption
beta decay
fission
Am 95
fertile
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Liquid Fluoride Thorium Reactor fuel is dissolved in liquid.
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Liquid Fluoride Thorium Reactor fuel is dissolved in liquid.
Molten fluoride salt mix: LiF and BeF2
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Liquid Fluoride Thorium Reactor fuel is dissolved in liquid.
Molten fluoride salt mix: LiF and BeF2
Excellent heat transfer
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Liquid Fluoride Thorium Reactor fuel is dissolved in liquid.
Molten fluoride salt mix: LiF and BeF2
Excellent heat transfer
Continuous chemical processing
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Liquid Fluoride Thorium Reactor fuel is dissolved in liquid.
Molten fluoride salt mix: LiF and BeF2
Excellent heat transfer
Continuous chemical processing
Atmospheric pressure
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Liquid Fluoride Thorium Reactor fuel is dissolved in liquid.
Molten fluoride salt mix: LiF and BeF2
Excellent heat transfer
Continuous chemical processing
Atmospheric pressure
Room temperature solid
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In a thorium reactor the Th-232 blanket becomes the U-233 core.
FertileTh-232 blanket
FissileU-233 core
nn
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In a thorium reactor the Th-232 blanket becomes the U-233 core.
Chemical separator
FertileTh-232 blanket
FissileU-233 core
Th-232 in
nn
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In a thorium reactor the Th-232 blanket becomes the U-233 core.
Chemical separator
FertileTh-232 blanket
FissileU-233 core
New U-233 fuel
Th-232 in
nn
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In a thorium reactor the Th-232 blanket becomes the U-233 core.
Chemical separator
Chemical separator
FertileTh-232 blanket
FissileU-233 core
Fission productsout
New U-233 fuel
Th-232 in
nn
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In a thorium reactor the Th-232 blanket becomes the U-233 core.
Chemical separator
Chemical separator
FertileTh-232 blanket
FissileU-233 core
Fission productsout
New U-233 fuel
Th-232 in
nn
Heat
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Start up the LFTR by priming it with a fissile fuel.
Chemical separator
Chemical separator
FertileTh-232 blanket
?Th-232 in
nn
.
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Start up the LFTR by priming it with a fissile fuel.
Chemical separator
Chemical separator
FertileTh-232 blanket
?Th-232 in
nn
The US government has 500 kg of U-233.
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Start up the LFTR by priming it with a fissile fuel.
Chemical separator
Chemical separator
FertileTh-232 blanket
?Th-232 in
nn
The US government has 500 kg of U-233.
Prime with U-235, or Pu from spent LWR fuel.
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Thorium fuel is plentiful, compact, and inexpensive.
http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/thorium/690798.pdf
dense, silvery, ½ m,1 ton thorium sphere
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Thorium fuel is plentiful, compact, and inexpensive.
http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/thorium/690798.pdf
1 ton, 1 city, 1 year
dense, silvery, ½ m,1 ton thorium sphere
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Thorium fuel is plentiful, compact, and inexpensive.
http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/thorium/690798.pdf
500 tons, entire US, 1 year
1 ton, 1 city, 1 year
dense, silvery, ½ m,1 ton thorium sphere
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Thorium fuel is plentiful, compact, and inexpensive.
http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/thorium/690798.pdf
$300,000 per ton
500 tons, entire US, 1 year
1 ton, 1 city, 1 year
dense, silvery, ½ m,1 ton thorium sphere
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Thorium fuel is plentiful, compact, and inexpensive.
http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/thorium/690798.pdf
3,752 tons in US storage
$300,000 per ton
500 tons, entire US, 1 year
1 ton, 1 city, 1 year
dense, silvery, ½ m,1 ton thorium sphere
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Two Nobel laureates conceived two breeder reactors. One made better weapons faster.
Eugene Wigner
2.5
ThU
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Two Nobel laureates conceived two breeder reactors. One made better weapons faster.
Eugene Wigner
Enrico Fermi
2.5
ThU
2.9
UPu
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Rickover's drive, Nautilus submarine, and Shippingport power plant 100 US PWRs.
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Weinberg and Oak Ridge developed the first molten salt nuclear reactor in 1954.
860 C
Red hot!
100 hours
2.5 MW
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1.4 m diameter
NaK metal would transfer 200 MW thermal power to jet engines.
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Weinberg had envisioned LFTR ever since the 1943 Wigner design.
"humankind's whole future depended upon this"
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The Molten Salt Reactor Experiment ran until 1965.
Salt flowed through channels in this graphite core.
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http://www.ornl.gov/~webworks/cppr/y2006/pres/124659.pdf
The Molten Salt Reactor Experiment succeeded.
HastelloyXe off-gasGraphitePumpsFluorinationDump tanksU-23317,655 hours
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Aim High! Develop the Liquid Fluoride Thorium Reactor.
Waste separator
Uranium separator
Cooler Reactor core and blanket
Heat exchanger
Turbine and generatorControl
system
H2O
H2
O2
Hydrogen generator
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Aim High! Develop the Liquid Fluoride Thorium Reactor.
Reactor core and blanket
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Aim High! Develop the Liquid Fluoride Thorium Reactor.
Uranium separator
Reactor core and blanket
![Page 66: Aim High!](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103114/55573eb4d8b42aa8378b498d/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Aim High! Develop the Liquid Fluoride Thorium Reactor.
Waste separator
Uranium separator
Reactor core and blanket
![Page 67: Aim High!](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103114/55573eb4d8b42aa8378b498d/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Aim High! Develop the Liquid Fluoride Thorium Reactor.
Waste separator
Uranium separator
Reactor core and blanket
Heat exchanger
![Page 68: Aim High!](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103114/55573eb4d8b42aa8378b498d/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Aim High! Develop the Liquid Fluoride Thorium Reactor.
Waste separator
Uranium separator
Reactor core and blanket
Heat exchanger
Turbine and generator
![Page 69: Aim High!](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103114/55573eb4d8b42aa8378b498d/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Aim High! Develop the Liquid Fluoride Thorium Reactor.
Waste separator
Uranium separator
Cooler Reactor core and blanket
Heat exchanger
Turbine and generator
![Page 70: Aim High!](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103114/55573eb4d8b42aa8378b498d/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Aim High! Develop the Liquid Fluoride Thorium Reactor.
Waste separator
Uranium separator
Cooler Reactor core and blanket
Heat exchanger
Turbine and generatorControl
system
![Page 71: Aim High!](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103114/55573eb4d8b42aa8378b498d/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Aim High! Develop the Liquid Fluoride Thorium Reactor.
Waste separator
Uranium separator
Cooler Reactor core and blanket
Heat exchanger
Turbine and generatorControl
system
H2O
H2
O2
Hydrogen generator
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Aim High!Develop a small modular reactor.
Small LFTR modules can be transported by trucks.
Many will be installed where there are no rails or rivers.
100 MW, < $200 million
![Page 73: Aim High!](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103114/55573eb4d8b42aa8378b498d/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Aim High!Develop a small modular reactor.
Small LFTR modules can be transported by trucks.
Many will be installed where there are no rails or rivers.
100 MW, < $200 million
Affordable to developing nations
![Page 74: Aim High!](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103114/55573eb4d8b42aa8378b498d/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Aim High!Develop a small modular reactor.
Small LFTR modules can be transported by trucks.
Many will be installed where there are no rails or rivers.
100 MW, < $200 million
Affordable to developing nations
Power sources near points of use -- low transmission line losses -- less vulnerable to terrorism
![Page 75: Aim High!](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103114/55573eb4d8b42aa8378b498d/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Aim High!Develop a small modular reactor.
Small LFTR modules can be transported by trucks.
Many will be installed where there are no rails or rivers.
100 MW, < $200 million
Affordable to developing nations
Power sources near points of use -- low transmission line losses -- less vulnerable to terrorism
Multiple units for large power stations
![Page 76: Aim High!](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103114/55573eb4d8b42aa8378b498d/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Aim High!Develop a small modular reactor.
Small LFTR modules can be transported by trucks.
Many will be installed where there are no rails or rivers.
100 MW, < $200 million
Affordable to developing nations
Power sources near points of use -- low transmission line losses -- less vulnerable to terrorism
Multiple units for large power stations
Incremental capital investments
![Page 77: Aim High!](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103114/55573eb4d8b42aa8378b498d/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Aim High! Use air cooling.
A typical 1 GW coal or nuclear plant heats 600,000 gal/min of river water, or evaporates 20,000 gal/min.
![Page 78: Aim High!](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103114/55573eb4d8b42aa8378b498d/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Aim High! Use air cooling.
A typical 1 GW coal or nuclear plant heats 600,000 gal/min of river water, or evaporates 20,000 gal/min.
High temperature LFTR halves heat loss.
![Page 79: Aim High!](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103114/55573eb4d8b42aa8378b498d/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Aim High! Use air cooling.
A typical 1 GW coal or nuclear plant heats 600,000 gal/min of river water, or evaporates 20,000 gal/min.
High temperature LFTR halves heat loss.
Air cooling is needed in arid lands, or any place water is in short supply.
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Aim High!Design aesthetic structures.
Can a cooling tower be graceful?
![Page 81: Aim High!](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103114/55573eb4d8b42aa8378b498d/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Aim High!Design aesthetic structures.
Can a cooling tower be graceful?
Cora Kent painted Boston's Rainbow Gas Tank.
![Page 82: Aim High!](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103114/55573eb4d8b42aa8378b498d/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Aim High! Use automated controls, backed by inherent passive safety.
• Use high reliability systems for automated, unattended plant operations.
![Page 83: Aim High!](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103114/55573eb4d8b42aa8378b498d/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Aim High! Use automated controls, backed by inherent passive safety.
• Use high reliability systems for automated, unattended plant operations.
![Page 84: Aim High!](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103114/55573eb4d8b42aa8378b498d/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Aim High! Use automated controls, backed by inherent passive safety.
• Use high reliability systems for automated, unattended plant operations.
• In event of loss of power or control the freeze plug melts, molten salt flows into containment, cools, solidifies.
Freeze plug.
![Page 85: Aim High!](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103114/55573eb4d8b42aa8378b498d/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Aim High! Use automated controls, backed by inherent passive safety.
• Use high reliability systems for automated, unattended plant operations.
• In event of loss of power or control the freeze plug melts, molten salt flows into containment, cools, solidifies.
Freeze plug.
• Eliminate on-site workers.-- Lower operational costs.-- Low risk of safety over-rides, operator error, experimentation, terrorism
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Aim High! Produce less long lived radiotoxic waste.
![Page 87: Aim High!](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103114/55573eb4d8b42aa8378b498d/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
250 t uranium containing 1.75 t U-235
35 t of enriched uranium
(1.15 t U-235)
215 t of depleted U-238
(0.6 t U-235)
U-235 is burned; some Pu-239 is
formed and burned.
35 t of spent fuel stored containing:
33.4 t U-2380.3 t U-2351.0 t fission products0.3 t Pu
Aim High! Mine < 1% of the ore; bury < 1% of the waste.
![Page 88: Aim High!](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103114/55573eb4d8b42aa8378b498d/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
http://wwf
250 t uranium containing 1.75 t U-235
35 t of enriched uranium
(1.15 t U-235)
215 t of depleted U-238
(0.6 t U-235)
U-235 is burned; some Pu-239 is
formed and burned.
35 t of spent fuel stored containing:
33.4 t U-2380.3 t U-2351.0 t fission products0.3 t Pu
1 t thorium Fluoride reactor
converts Th-232 to U-233 and burns it.
1 t fission products
In 10 yrs, 83% FP stable.
17% FP stored ~300 years.
.0001 t Pu
Aim High! Mine < 1% of the ore; bury < 1% of the waste.
![Page 89: Aim High!](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103114/55573eb4d8b42aa8378b498d/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Atomic physicist Edward Teller promoted the LFTR to the last month of his life.
http://www.geocities.com/rmoir2003/moir_teller.pdf
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Energy cheaper than from coal is critical.
![Page 91: Aim High!](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103114/55573eb4d8b42aa8378b498d/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Energy cheaper than from coal is critical.
Copenhagen failed.
![Page 92: Aim High!](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103114/55573eb4d8b42aa8378b498d/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Energy cheaper than from coal is critical.
Copenhagen failed.
Coal costs $40 a ton –$0.02 / kWh just for the coal.
![Page 93: Aim High!](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103114/55573eb4d8b42aa8378b498d/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Aim High! Cost-engineer to < $2/watt capital and < 3¢ / kWh electricity cost.
Fluoride-cooled reactor with gas turbine power conversion system
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Aim High! Cost-engineer to < $2/watt capital and < 3¢ / kWh electricity cost.
1. All radioactive material at low pressure.
Fluoride-cooled reactor with gas turbine power conversion system
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Aim High! Cost-engineer to < $2/watt capital and < 3¢ / kWh electricity cost.
1. All radioactive material at low pressure.
2. No large containment structure.
Fluoride-cooled reactor with gas turbine power conversion system
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Aim High! Cost-engineer to < $2/watt capital and < 3¢ / kWh electricity cost.
1. All radioactive material at low pressure.
2. No large containment structure.
Fluoride-cooled reactor with gas turbine power conversion system
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Aim High! Cost-engineer to < $2/watt capital and < 3¢ / kWh electricity cost.
1. All radioactive material at low pressure.
2. No large containment structure.
3. Negative temperature reactivity and intrinsic load following.
Fluoride-cooled reactor with gas turbine power conversion system
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Aim High! Cost-engineer to < $2/watt capital and < 3¢ / kWh electricity cost.
1. All radioactive material at low pressure.
2. No large containment structure.
3. Negative temperature reactivity and intrinsic load following.
4. Simple inherent safety.
Fluoride-cooled reactor with gas turbine power conversion system
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Aim High! Cost-engineer to < $2/watt capital and < 3¢ / kWh electricity cost.
1. All radioactive material at low pressure.
2. No large containment structure.
3. Negative temperature reactivity and intrinsic load following.
4. Simple inherent safety.5. Factory production..
Fluoride-cooled reactor with gas turbine power conversion system
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Aim High! Cost-engineer to < $2/watt capital and < 3¢ / kWh electricity cost.
1. All radioactive material at low pressure.
2. No large containment structure.
3. Negative temperature reactivity and intrinsic load following.
4. Simple inherent safety.5. Factory production.6. Cheap thorium fuel in liquid.
Fluoride-cooled reactor with gas turbine power conversion system
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Aim High! Cost-engineer to < $2/watt capital and < 3¢ / kWh electricity cost.
1. All radioactive material at low pressure.
2. No large containment structure.
3. Negative temperature reactivity and intrinsic load following.
4. Simple inherent safety.5. Factory production.6. Cheap thorium fuel in liquid.
Fluoride-cooled reactor with gas turbine power conversion system
Maintain the cost objective in all design decisions.
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The median of five cost estimates for molten salt reactors is < $2/watt.
Estimate Year $/watt 2009 $/watt
Sargent & Lundy 1962 0.650 4.64
Sargent & Lundy ORNL TM-1060
1965 0.148 1.01
ORNL-3996 1966 0.243 1.62
Engel et al, ORNL TM7207 1978 0.653 2.16
Moir 2000 1.580 1.98
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High thermal energy efficiencies keep LFTR compact at low cost.
High thermal capacity heat exchange fluid
Carbon composite high temperature heat exchanger
![Page 104: Aim High!](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103114/55573eb4d8b42aa8378b498d/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
LFTR needs no costly 160-atmosphere pressure vessel and containment dome.
GE-Hitachi ABWR1,356 MW36 x 29 meter containment1,000 ton crawler cranes
![Page 105: Aim High!](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103114/55573eb4d8b42aa8378b498d/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
The Westinghouse AP-1000 is massively larger than LFTR.
1.4 m Samen, ChinaJan 2010
![Page 106: Aim High!](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103114/55573eb4d8b42aa8378b498d/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
The Westinghouse AP-1000 is massively larger than LFTR.
1.4 m
1.4 m
Samen, ChinaJan 2010
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Compact closed cycle Brayton turbine raises power conversion efficiency.
Halving rejected heat enables air cooling.
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Boeing factories produce a $200 million aircraft every day.
![Page 109: Aim High!](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103114/55573eb4d8b42aa8378b498d/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
The learning curve reduces costs.
10% learning ratio
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Aim High!Electricity cheaper than from coal.
100 MW LFTR $ Cost $ per mo, 40 yrs, 8%
$ per KWH @ 90%
Construction 200,000,000 1,390,600 0.0214
http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601080&refer=asia&sid=aV_2FPlVxISE
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Aim High!Electricity cheaper than from coal.
100 MW LFTR $ Cost $ per mo, 40 yrs, 8%
$ per KWH @ 90%
Construction 200,000,000 1,390,600 0.0214100 kg U startup 1,000,000 6,953 0.000108Thorium fuel 30,000/yr 2500 0.00000386
http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601080&refer=asia&sid=aV_2FPlVxISE
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Aim High!Electricity cheaper than from coal.
100 MW LFTR $ Cost $ per mo, 40 yrs, 8%
$ per KWH @ 90%
Construction 200,000,000 1,390,600 0.0214100 kg U startup 1,000,000 6,953 0.000108Thorium fuel 30,000/yr 2500 0.00000386Decomm (½ const) 100,000,000 960 0.00000148Operations 1,000,000/yr 83,333 0.00128TOTAL 0.0228
http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601080&refer=asia&sid=aV_2FPlVxISE
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Aim High!Check global warming.
http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/international/iealf/table63.xls
Install one 100 MW LFTR each day, worldwide, to replace all coal power.
2020 2058
10 billion
tons CO2
Annual emissions from world coal power plants
1400 GWY
![Page 114: Aim High!](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103114/55573eb4d8b42aa8378b498d/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
Aim High!Synthesize vehicle fuel.
http://wwwtest.iri.tudelft.nl/~klooster/reports/hydro_slides_2003.pdf
Dissociate water at 900oC to make hydrogen, with sulfur-iodine process.
CO2 + 3 H2 CH3OH + H2O
Methanol for gasoline
Dimethyl ether for diesel
Ammonia
![Page 115: Aim High!](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103114/55573eb4d8b42aa8378b498d/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
Aim High! Cut US oil imports.
http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/international/iealf/table63.xls
Dissociate H2 and synthesize fuel (50% x 50% efficiency).Standard LFTR makes 250,000 bbl/year.Install one LFTR each week.
2020
4.9 billion bbl
Annual US oil imports for gasoline
![Page 116: Aim High!](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103114/55573eb4d8b42aa8378b498d/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
Aim High! Cut US oil imports.
http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/international/iealf/table63.xls
Dissociate H2 and synthesize fuel (50% x 50% efficiency).Standard LFTR makes 250,000 bbl/year.Install one LFTR each week.
2020 2100
4.9 billion bbl
Annual US oil imports for gasoline
3.9 billion bbl
![Page 117: Aim High!](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103114/55573eb4d8b42aa8378b498d/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
Electric cars help cut oil imports.
Chevy Volt recharges with 8 kWh for 40 miles.A 100 MW LFTR can power 300,000 cars.
2020
4.9 billion bbl
Annual US oil imports for gasoline
http://www.boeing.com/commercial/gallery/787/index1.htmlhttp://farm4.static.flickr.com/3112/2654553896_fe93088b30_o.jpg
2.6 billion bbl
![Page 118: Aim High!](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103114/55573eb4d8b42aa8378b498d/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
Electric cars help cut oil imports.
Chevy Volt recharges with 8 kWh for 40 miles.A 100 MW LFTR can power 300,000 cars.
2020
4.9 billion bbl
Annual US oil imports for gasoline
http://www.boeing.com/commercial/gallery/787/index1.htmlhttp://farm4.static.flickr.com/3112/2654553896_fe93088b30_o.jpg
2.6 billion bbl
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Electric cars help cut oil imports.
Chevy Volt recharges with 8 kWh for 40 miles.A 100 MW LFTR can power 300,000 cars.Install one LFTR each week until half the 125,000,000, 20-mpg fleet is replaced.
2020
4.9 billion bbl
Annual US oil imports for gasoline
http://www.boeing.com/commercial/gallery/787/index1.htmlhttp://farm4.static.flickr.com/3112/2654553896_fe93088b30_o.jpg
2.6 billion bbl
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Electric cars help cut oil imports.
Chevy Volt recharges with 8 kWh for 40 miles.A 100 MW LFTR can power 300,000 cars.Install one LFTR each week until half the 125,000,000, 20-mpg fleet is replaced.
2020 2024
4.9 billion bbl
Annual US oil imports for gasoline
http://www.boeing.com/commercial/gallery/787/index1.htmlhttp://farm4.static.flickr.com/3112/2654553896_fe93088b30_o.jpg
2.6 billion bbl
![Page 121: Aim High!](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103114/55573eb4d8b42aa8378b498d/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
Electric cars help cut oil imports.
Chevy Volt recharges with 8 kWh for 40 miles.A 100 MW LFTR can power 300,000 cars.Install one LFTR each week until half the 125,000,000, 20-mpg fleet is replaced.
2020 2024
4.9 billion bbl
Annual US oil imports for gasoline
http://www.boeing.com/commercial/gallery/787/index1.htmlhttp://farm4.static.flickr.com/3112/2654553896_fe93088b30_o.jpg
Best use of petroleum fuel is for airplanes.
2.6 billion bbl
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Lemhi Pass has enough thorium to power the US for millennia.
http://www.thoriumenergy.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17&Itemid=33
Thorium Energy, Inc. claims 1,800,000 tons of high-grade thorium ore.
http://www.energyfromthorium.com/ppt/ThoriumBriefSep2008.ppt
![Page 123: Aim High!](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103114/55573eb4d8b42aa8378b498d/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
Lemhi Pass has enough thorium to power the US for millennia.
http://www.thoriumenergy.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17&Itemid=33
Thorium Energy, Inc. claims 1,800,000 tons of high-grade thorium ore.
500 tons of thorium can supply all US electricity needs for one year.
http://www.energyfromthorium.com/ppt/ThoriumBriefSep2008.ppt
![Page 124: Aim High!](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103114/55573eb4d8b42aa8378b498d/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
Lemhi Pass has enough thorium to power the US for millennia.
http://www.thoriumenergy.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17&Itemid=33
Thorium Energy, Inc. claims 1,800,000 tons of high-grade thorium ore.
500 tons of thorium can supply all US electricity needs for one year.
The US has 3,200 tons stored in the Nevada desert. http://www.energyfromthorium.com/ppt/ThoriumBriefSep2008.ppt
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Aim High! Build a prototype LFTR in 5 years.
2010 2015 2020
Develop Scale up Produce
$ 1 B $ 5 B $ 70 B per year industry
Commercialize
One LFTR per day
Export
![Page 126: Aim High!](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103114/55573eb4d8b42aa8378b498d/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
The International Generation IV Forum estimates $990 million for R&D.
http://nuclear.inl.gov/gen4/msr.shtml
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2010 2015 2020
Develop Scale up Produce
$ 1 B $ 5 B $ 70 B per year industry
Commercialize
One LFTR per day
Export
Rickover's Shippingport was built in 32 months.Weinberg-engineered Oak Ridge X-10 was built in 9 months.
Aim High! Build a prototype LFTR in 5 years.
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Aim High! Results and benefits.
A new energy source that
1.produces electricity cheaper than from coal,
< 3¢ / kWh
![Page 129: Aim High!](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103114/55573eb4d8b42aa8378b498d/html5/thumbnails/129.jpg)
Aim High! Results and benefits.
A new energy source that
1.produces electricity cheaper than from coal,2.synthesizes vehicle fuel,
1 billion bbl/yr
![Page 130: Aim High!](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103114/55573eb4d8b42aa8378b498d/html5/thumbnails/130.jpg)
Aim High! Results and benefits.
A new energy source that
1.produces electricity cheaper than from coal,2.synthesizes vehicle fuel,3.is inexhaustible,
1,800,000 t thorium
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Aim High! Results and benefits.
A new energy source that
1.produces electricity cheaper than from coal,2.synthesizes vehicle fuel,3.is inexhaustible,4.reduces waste
![Page 132: Aim High!](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103114/55573eb4d8b42aa8378b498d/html5/thumbnails/132.jpg)
Aim High! Results and benefits.
A new energy source that
1.produces electricity cheaper than from coal,2.synthesizes vehicle fuel,3.is inexhaustible,4.reduces waste, and5.is affordable todeveloping nations.
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Aim High! Results and benefits.
A new energy source that
1.produces electricity cheaper than from coal,2.synthesizes vehicle fuel,3.is inexhaustible,4.reduces waste, and5.is affordable todeveloping nations.and•Checks global warming.•Enables worldwide prosperity and population stability.
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Thank you. Aim High! Liquid Fluoride Thorium Reactors
Energy cheaper than from coal.