ah£!tlcaj'l t()v(l.nal of '1.36, {13z · ah£!tlcaj'l t()v(l.nal of (h.,chaeol06,(...
TRANSCRIPT
AHpoundtlcAjl T()V(lNAL OF (HCHAEoL06( 136 13Z
ELEUSIS IN THE 13HONlr~ AGE I
TilE cl assical relics of Eleusis and the probllms lmiddot middotcllmiddotd ith them hae naturally absorbed the interest of scholars until now COJplImiddotati v~l r little attention has been paid to tb e prehistoric remains although thlt W(r( brought to light more tban thirtymiddot fjmiddotc years ago t that timt through II middot middotxcavntiollS and publications of the late Professor Andreas Skins it blcame know thal the southwestern slope of th e Eleusinian hill preseJTed important lind dnt prehistoric remains The paJt of th e hill excaat~d in 1895 1893 and lIO y ie lded a gnmiddotat nlllnber of ases and sherds of the Brolle Age That rca ho( I 1 was oCtupi~d or used in later years especia lly in th~ Geometric pe riod wlltli it sf )nd as a c(mltmiddottlt~ry Conseshyquently the pr~histo ric remains ere grlt~t tly dislllrhltd and the determination of their nature was difficult if not impossi ble at I IIH IVh~n th e knowledge of premiddot histo ry WltlS limited Lo tlw discoeries of Schlicillallil (11011lt
Professor Skias wh ose carefu l digging and s( i( lIt ifie pr(sentat ion of the finds still command the well-merited admiration or modI (middotxc(tator 1)(liemiddot(d tl)1t the soulhwestern slope of tlw hill 5 a prehi tri IJIlt Ir and that the hodies of the dead were cremated in that arefl TIllt ltlSI= Illd sherds discon rtmiddotd ere the Hup iul1 Ga or the offerings buri tu with tht aslH= or the deeeCised Since a good many of those ases belonged to the liddle H ( Iilic riod the practice of c remashytion at the beginning of the second millenn iulll Il(f l(middot Chrisl seellled e~tab li shed but evide nce obttlineu fro III the liddle Heliadic s il s middot(middotmiddott(lt1 since Professo r Skias work pro ed that crelllation ~as not pnciced ill IIIlt fiddle Hliad i( period The purpose of th t prehistoric escaations conduclltd in Ih SUUllller of llJO J1ld of 1931 was Lo determine the exact nature of the pnhi= lltric re mains known to exist at
I A preliminary report on the prehistoric excayations (owlll( l(d at li1lusis in ]930 alld ill 1931 The final report of these exclmiddotatioll- with stud ies by Dr K folrouniolegti i heing prinled by the Archaeological Deparlmenl of the )Iinistry of Educalion or (n t-ltc in 11 ~pcltial OIUllllt in lhe seri es of the ArclwcolQgikon Dcltion
ZFor a brier de5Criplion or the hnds cf- A J ll aet 1111 jJ S TllOlllp-on Jlrchi$tonc Thcssaly CaUluridge 19] Q p 2l2 and D Fillllllen Die krctirmiddotch-IJIjlniortc KlIttur lkrlin 19-1 p 9
Arch [phbull 1898 pp Q8 If 1 91~ PI If 4 They were chronologica lly arranged in the ~Iu ~ellm or Ekllis and cat alogued by my classmate
Nicos Laskari s whose unlimel death has depriyed Greek ~middoticJl(middot t or a most en lhllsia~tic and promising worker
~ A Sk ias op cit 1898 pp 90 fr and pL Q-j and I)) PJI 31 fr D Philios 1rch Eph 1889 pp 171 ft especia lly p 177 Dipmiddotlon ases were round Ilt a dc(th of fo ur meters helow the surface or the soil
6 Cj A Skilts op cit 191 2 pp 21 fL where the literatulI n~~rdillg tbi~ contrOer~y is gien in note 2 F Poulsen in his Die Dipylongriibcr und die DipyIOlIIlllftrl Leip~ig 1905 p 3 rightly states that the ashes discovered by Skias were formed from the dcs lnwliun by fire or prehisloric villages race and Thompsou ap cit p 222 seem lo accept the theory or cremalion For other excavated ~IiddJe HeHadic siles cf especially Carl Yo Blegen Korakou (H)2 l) H I3ulle Orchomenos (1907) H Goldshyman Eulresis Fogg Art Afuseum S oles September 192i all(] O Froedin and A Yo Persson Rapport preliminaire sur lea fouilles dAsine 1922-1924 Lund 1915 Allhe time of the preparation of this ) study the final publication of Miss Goldman (Excavations al Elltresia in Boeotia 1931) was not in circulation
104
THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA
105
Eleusis to Ite1 a guud spec imen of them and 10 proye or reject the theory of the earlier explorNs 01 the si ll
The area tes ted and excayated in Ino and in 1931 lies illlll1edi nteiv to the nor th uf the part of the slope explured hy Professor Skias and to the so~thwest of the IIuseum It is hounded to the east by the lpigmph icul workroum to the west by the sO-ltltllled Ihol os tomb to the south hy the smnll palh of the cypress trees and to Ihe north bmiddot the pine gTO middotl middot1 The prehistoric acculllulation had an average depth of28J Ill It Wa cumpletely disturbed al the middotest end of the excavated area partly so about i ts cenk r lld altogelher undisturbed at ils eas t end The central sectio ll
a lit the con( ent of trellches D and E ]lroelt1 to be e r~ interesting as they conshytained remains helonging to prehi stu ric and his toric tilll l ( Fig 1) The first layer
I I 11 m dc-(middotplmiddot g rltl tdlll 10 Dr 1- lOIlrOli nintl D i rtdor of the ( 1(( 1 nIIiH-ologi(11 Servilte Hot Oldy fo r the pr i- ilt(middot l u cxeltl ilc at fltmiddotII j and to (Olltll lH the wor l of Illy pmflIor the late Andreas kias but a h o ror hi ~ (ons bUlt I(h i ( ( and htdraquo in the fidJ and ill tlu OrkrVt)lll Iso to the Ameri(an lt1001of Clll~s ica l s tlHli ( at thell- lt1IHI c jlt( iallmiddot 10 Jgtro lmiddotior Ed md Ca ljli IJ05C financial help Jllade the tHa n lt ion poss ihc 1 m t 0 nprCS5 Ill th1 llk to Ill n 5~ i t n nt ) Jr George llakalakis bull dr John TbrepsiltJck- th epimcleles of EI (u s i ~ 11 IOllH Tradoi the arlt h it lc t o f the excamiddota tions for lht ir iJld u tr~ a ll d ellthll - iam to wh i(middoth thesuaes5 of the worl middotltJ $ largc lmiddot dIL e To the foreman of 11le excllalio tl s anJ gua rd of the IllS(lllll [r E lehagh ins and to tlt e 1l15c-mcnder Mr ll Yia nshyIllkos1 am indeb ted for their whole-hearteJ Ol ss istan(c and d emiddotot ion to lil e middotor l To Professo r George W E lderk in 1 im gra teful for rIading the manuscript aile for vlI lu81)le sugglt5 tionsCr A Skins OJ ci f 1 91~ pp I S ft and p1 3 III J9JU 111 lt1 in the adjatell t hill o f St N i(olas fl
colld si milIJr s truc ture WflS Jiscoyered proying that the known tholos tom b of Eleus is was probably it middot lstern Abollt these struct ures Dr l-o llwunio tes wi ll pul)ti h shorll middot a peeia l s~ udy
I Small trenchcs dug higher lip and at J iAeren t plan pron d thaI the ~ I ope to the top of the hjll is (OVcreJ t jth p rehistOriC remains
The digging was done in parallel trcnehe5 rUllning approx imately frow east t (l west and measu ring 2 lIl In wiJtb and in hPOlheticallaYer5 or 030 lll Snen trenches A-H ~ere dug at the west sec lion and rour D-H at th~ central and ~a5t section of the excaated area
I
lOG GEORGE E ~lYLOS
015 m in~d epth yi~lded sherds belonging to the prehistoric as well as to the classical and Roman times they were evidently vashed dO lm from higher points of the slope b~middot the rain The second layer belonged to Roman times to the first century DC
as we lea rn from coins found in it and in trenches D and E had its maximum depth of 050 m fhe third stratum of an average depth of 100 m belonged to the Geometric middotperiod Under the foundations of the geometric walls was found an undisturbed prehistoric filling belonging to the Late Helladic and to the Middle Helladic periods In these trenches the La te Helladic stratum had an average thickness of 100 m and that dating from the I1iddle H elladic period only about 020 n1 In trendles Z and H howenr the Late Helladic accumulation had an average depth 01100 m while that olthe I1iddle Helladic period had l50 mmiddot The rock was found covered with a layer of ashes proing that the first and oldest Middle Helladic dlage middotas destrooed by fire second laomiddoter of ashes separated tbe Middle Hella dic filling into two strata Tlwre middota s no division noticeable at many places
F IG 2-REIl S _H E sT SECTl O or Exc yno ltE
lwtwecll the I1iltld Helladic II and tllP Late Helladic I filling There was no _ break middothatenr in the whole ecanted area dimiddotiding the Late Helladic filling Hnd
Th e ltlll f- (middothOlI11d ill the lower corner or ngure 1 ))lurks lht ( 1d or the Roman leCl It was fOllnd in trench D
~ YaH marked 3 in figure 1 are geometric They were f01lnd in trenches D and E J ails and the floor marked h in figure I belong to the 1 H 1 period They were [oHnd in
trenches E and Z ~ alls Iharked laquo( in figure 1 are Jliddle Helbdi( Thc~ were fo und in trenches Z and H j ~ Professor Skias found a great quantit of ashes separated in small sec tions by the geometric conshy
structions This led him to bel ie-e that they were th e remnants oJ pyres ~~ lti Thus the lIiddle Hellaclic period at Eleusis can be diid ed in the two subdivisions In H I and
I H II of race and Blegen (C( The Pre2Uyccnaean Pottery of the lainland In BSA XII (1916-18) p 187)
ELEliSIS lCi THE BROZE ~GE ]07
rind into the three subdivisions of Professor Carl II Blegen (L B I - II-III) 1 th e 1ate H elladic civilization valved grltldua ll y from its older to its later form
This vas especially noticeable at the east section of Uleuro excav~tion where the lillill~ of an aerage thickness of 285 m was lIndisturbed a nd dated from the Hrollze Age (Fig 2) The Late Bellad ic remlins were 5epa rat ed from those belongshyill 10 the Middle Belladic period by a thick layer of ashes 0 ind ication of a h~k lS found in the Late B elladi c filling aeraging 168 nL in thickness Of the J-rds discovered in this filling th e Late Hdladic I were found in tbe lower levels hill those of the kuown Late B ellad ic II and III tpes came from higher layers Hemin of bouses proved be the potter to belong to different periods were found (lIl1ing each other or superposed (Fig 2) II is e ident tbat one house was conshyslnwkd S soon as the preiolls one became uninhabited by long use and proba bly Irl of the older one was used by the lat er inhRbitants -t Ellusis therefore we fHI no evidence necessitating the ciiyision of the Late Helladic period iu to its (II ree sllbd iv-isions1
11 lila be added now that oni a few Earl H elladic sherds w(re found at the west -lt( (ion of the excavated a rea ano immedia tely und er th e present surface of the hill Ig ilh other prehistoric a ud classica l ware [ identl they wre washed down flOlll Ili iher leels of the hill he re there llIighi ha( existed an Early H elladic -d Il t llIcnt -l
Ill( IIchitcctural remains 1II1cocTed are prt5c middoted in n fragmentary condition owing 10 the great slope of the hill TherE are enough hOWEer to illustrate the 11( d the methods of construction in the lliddle Helladic and in the Late Ikldic periods ]ot a single complete llicdlc Helladic house was d iscovered but it i (kill that so me of the ea rlifst lEmnins uJlconreurod belong to h ouses with all
pi Ilok chamber In sha pe the apsida l houses oi Eleu is ltIre s imil to those dicoYcr(d at Tlwrmoll KO Iltl kou a nd Elltn~5j -I fl nd t he~- see lll to be divided I iTII a ils into three d isiol1 s Their a p ltgt hoYe(f are more angular than einmiddotnbrmiddot and the foundation walls of these ltlps(~ ltIre ery natTOY averaging 030 m
c n HlcgclI op fit pp 36 IT I Ilot ced the same thing Jt Ill exCanltiol of Haghios Kosnms In Ihnt si te also we haye no indicatioJI of a break hetveell the L H II and the L H III remains
) Fig llrC 2 ails 1-0 nrc L H b ile P-H are II H The Id l er T marks the layer of ahes ~I~I~~aLillg I he 1 H i ra]) the L H filling
bull J UI g-rcatcr degree e luwe no n irl ence llc(middotes itating the ~Ldopt OH of J p Harlands div is ions of t)I IirlIIIZt g-r O P Harlnnrl Thl PdOpOllneiOi i ll t ilt Bronc- c in lI(1rlardStudiamp in Clai$ishy~(JI JlIioluy XX1 (l9~3) pp (j fl and Prehi~f )ri( Atmiddot ila P~lri ~ IH) p 10) On the contra ry JJ tt 1(lt1 a1 Iea~t as sbown by the ex(ayltlt ion3 of Eleusis and Hagh io ~ fV$Jl) tS and h the finds of Thorshy~Iw 1Ii (Y do not seem to be El(Jpii(uhle If thlre must he a d imiddotj$ion at 1 11 het cen the lL H a nd the II perIOds tlllttt must come frit l I he appcafltlIlre of th( ~hcclla(aH lrr One natura lL wonders ~dl(~I~I(-r CgilW E(corJs wit h -tticE r i1t hN thau jt ll Argl) a nd Corinthin l S i t i ~ accepted by H nrshyI~r IL~l llts 1 1If 1 ~middot or th e island T he in formation gireu b~ Thue(lides (I l 20) that the same trihes ~U III Albea (rom the remotest period probabh- frolll th e t ime of the (oming of the first Ind oshyr llr(II H~lll S inlo the H II I ) l d I bull e eHlc penmsu a IS uemg proye true)y our excantJons
Ouc pllllled E H shcrd type C 11 Y85 among the finds of P rofessor Skins Its provenance was tlo t t((unlt1 ~ fh ~
bull I C rcrnams of four apsldal hOlts(s were fOlllHl 1I1 t he exraated areaI
r(11 Jell 191 - 5231 fi 0 C - n] pound H G Id middot3fig ~e oJ p g 1gt egen op crf p 77 Ilg 110 0 man op cll p j
_IJE lthnt respeet they resemble tbe apse of Thermon rather than t he more ( ircular apses of Korakou - tI reslS
i08 (EORGE pound 1I I YWAS
in thickness so that they cou ld not support H heavy roof or one of an elaborate character The stone walls rising on I 030 m above tillt floor le els served as foundations for walls of unbaked brick Fragments of brick 1 were found and the lo wer course of a brick wall is presen ed in the remains of Houses D and P The 1shysid a1 was not the onlo shape Remains of three oblong houses were also uncovered
tlmero us are th e remai ns (If honses of the Late Hellad ic period The more important a nd the better presen d belong to a Late Hellad ic I building to H ouse H (Fig 3) The north side of th i tmct tire a portion of its rcar aJl and pwts of the cross wa lls are preserved in an excellent conoi tion At pla ces the outer middotalls built of lln wO lked stont a re presernd to a height of 140111 apparently to their original
gt ~ 1-shy
~~fjb ~~~~~~~ ~~lt~ ~i
height JlHo- se r as foun datiuns and supported a a ll il d of nnbaked bri( k great parts of hich -I( found in the fillin( around th hous( The long north wall to th e cas t ends in a ell -built anta Toward tJ est end of the house it bends to the south a ll d forlll el l-prtserved ltlngle beyond -jich it con tinl1s for 295 In until it meets it h tl nlr lt111 (Fig l) The stone foundations of tmiddoto cross WillIs rising to their origillil l height of 040 rn Wt)f( discQv( rltd diyidillg the building into three part s The ltIngle ltI t th~ north side perfect I pt( serveu to its original heig111 is contllIIporltlrmiddot -ith the res t of the wall a nd it was intenlionall middot built H t11e tillle of the construction of the house If we assume quite arbitrarily we admit that t he nngle w~s repeated in the other long side of the building e shall have themiddot plan of the house as illustrated in Figure 4 111e building has an open court or prodolllos 2-10 II in length a large hall or doma 540 Ill in length and a
I The bricks measure about 035 III in length 020 m in width and 008 m jn thickness 2 Ve have n s imiJ ar angle on lhe north wall of the L H I House t The apse of building C of Eutresis
forms an rulgle with the long straigh t wall which liiss Goldman explains as a later addition to the building op cit p 66
10D
IHal hI Ck cham bel or thaJalllos whic h In siz tgt (i t is onJ ~ 2AO Ill ill length) and in ~ hl ncalls the small apsida j chamber I in houses of the previous period jat of the floor of t he houSlt mad e or pcbhlgt and hea ten earth was preserved but nothing to indicate the shape of its roof So trAces of a hearth were found in the (hlllll but k ss than a qWlrtr of the fl oor was lCco-( led Yt m ay here emphasize thc fae that the method of construction of the Lak H eJiadic I hOllses found at Elcll i is iden tical with tbat nsed ill liddle l-kJladic times on the sallle site
o 5
TIl( i(middotmains of walls bel ong ing to a p (riod correpondin g Lo tht Iate Jfell ndic II and III s l1bdiyisiollS of Professor BJ (middot(u stem to Iw lon g to regubr ll1egcl roll-shapcd ~1 ((Iltean houses
Examples of intramural bUlii1 and hurills tlnd cT the Hoots of houses V( lC quite IIlIlllerous both in the liddl H Iidic a nti in tIllt Latc H cJldic periods The hodi( were laid in a flexed position llsl1a ll in sllla ll ohlong o r rOllnd shafts a nd 111( 11 th c -ere covered -ith (lttrtll A Sill fd t pithos huria l -as di scovered in the sdti(lll ( llt durin g the campaign of 19n~~ all d a rnth er ell-construc ted grave heshylong-in g to a youth of ahout 15 yeillS of age ill the campaign of IH~30 middot1 The grave ha s trapezoidal shape An upright slab formed its south side a nd t he natural rock dosed it to the north The shorter sides to the 1St and Ilest were made of unbaked
j ltr C lilegen and J 13 Yltlee )liddlc Htllndi( Tomhs ) Ijmliot(w ()sl()ew cf Fase IX 100 pp 28 If for a complete and masterful di scusi on of )Iid1l1e H clad ic burials Iso H Goldman ()p ell pp 83- 84
TItc J~itho5 with the bones as found is nQ- kept in the workroom at Eleusis_ IllS lliustmted In Art and A rcliaeUf XXXII 1931 1 2 p_ 15 The inner dimensions of the
~tncarc nHlxirnnm length 055 In m aximuill width OA j In The dimensions of the mud brieks formshylIIg th e shorter sides of the gla -e are the sam e as th~se of the bricks llsed for building houses
~
110 GEORGE E MYLOS -
brick The grave had no stone cOYer but evidentl after the interment it was filled with earth The s kel~ton Iing on a floor of pebbles in a flexed position is espeshycially well prcsen -ed (Fig 5) The skull on I was found broken but practically all its pieces Cle recocred
Two graves of adults (os 5 and 6) were found in the excavations of 1930 in front of the Stoa of Philo at a drth of JO n1 Iwlol the prsent surface of the soi l For
grave o 5 an oblong shaft was first dug in the soft rock and then its si des were lined with slabs The empty space between the slabs and the walls of the shaft were filled with pebbles and small stones
11 The bod was stretched out on its back ith the feet bent for lack of splice 0 objects were found with the body Thtmiddot grave as covered with a singie sla h on the ent COIIIN of hich was based part of the short side of grave 06
This gnwe extcnded in the ul1excavatct rart of the trench Its rosition and di nctioll can cIea r1y be made out in Figure 6 Lack of funds a nd of time the deshycomposed statc of the bones
FIG -ICUDLE HII I-1)(( GRYE nTH ShII1-TOX of glae No5 anti the moisshyture to which grae No 6
would have heen (xpowd durLng another winter Il tctss itntlt~d its lJllmediate explorashytion Consequentl y the short side of the gl1n was rel1loyed and through that opening the inttrior YClS (k~and Tht gnle has Hll oblong shape and its sides are built in stone three lacrs of stone rOJming its complete depth It is covered with a huge slRb wh ich has cracked IInder the pressUle of the filling Strangel enough the only gra-e hich (o llid not be rhotographed contained KTfP~JlT The architect of the excavations IIr John Travlos as with us and to his patient work is due theexact plan of the interior of the gra ve reproduced in Figure 7 The skeleshyton is slightl turned on its right side with the body stretched and feet bent for lack of space Before the face and parallel to the diJection of the hand was found the
I The inner dimensions of lhe grilmiddotC are length 125 Ill width 065 tn depth 040 m
2The inner dimensions of graYe 10 (i are lenglh 185 Ul width 067 m and depth 045 m The wao in which the earth was carried awa (rom this deep section is jJJustrated in a picture published iD Art alld ArClIl18ology op cit p 10
ELECSIS I~ THE IJRONZE AGE 1)1
thi blade of a dagger or ra zor and at a short distance from it a slllall haud-made procholls badly preserved Be teen the ase and the dagger ere discovered 51 1I1i111 triangular boars tu sK lined almost iu a tripl e row around that part of the asc Iyhieh faced the SKull and lying onr each other with the worked face to the
rOIllI( Yith thf- Ill was fOllnd il long and naITOband made of none and decorated with (once-ntric c ircles (fig l
11 ( filling in which these laquoes ere discored as ltriddle Helladic and it illS that both graves belong to the olld part of that period the sixth being lat er thall the fifth Grans of sIllall children Iere found in the Late H elladic filling alld und er the ilools ~f house hat1l in the southyestern slope of the Itill and in the 1I)a excavated in front of the Stoa of Philo
The lte rmnic remains are -en- abundant Onh- eiaht sherds belonginO to th e E I ar c Hcllauic periou were found a fell cen timeters below the present surface of the ~ill Fonr of them a re monochrol11e t)pes II and II II and belong to sauceshy
Ots the rest are pa inted t pe C II and appa rently belong to tankards
Wace and Bl egen op cif pp 17- 1iS aud C Y Begen 0]) cit figs 4 G and 10 I
GEORGE E MYLON S
Characteristic wares of the Middle Hellad ic strata at Ele ll sis as at other conshytemporary sites are Minyan and matt-flainted vases The jlinyan both grey and black wheel -lllade and hand-made is the more abundant Goblets on high stems and deep and shallow bo wls with high-swung handles a re very common We also
FIG 7- hTERIOlt ot GH n ~ j
have dcep bowls simil in shafle to the high-fool~d gob lets bu t lacking their stem (Fig 8) Ther were elmiddotidentlmiddot for kitchen lise a nd in t he bOld reprodllceo here we found the bones of a smali animal flroba bly of it hart vcr) common shape at Elell sis is the high-stemmed goblet ith Iwtica l hllnJ les on the rim (Fig 0) This shape is common at other sites comillete goblet from Orcholllenos is exhibi ted in t he ationaJ Museum of Athens fiss Goldma n disco(IPlt1 several at Elltnsis
FIG S-~[IYA DEEP BOWL F I G )-)lX )-X H lGHshy FIG ](l - hlT- ~HOOE1) SYIBOT
STDn1ED Gom FT
I saw many fragments among the shenls kept in the ~luseum of Tnnagla Dr Bronecr lateiy found similar fragments in the new sanctuary of Aflhrodite and Eros on the nor thern slofle of the Acropolis of Athens alllong the sherds from Korakou
I C V Blegen op cit figs 18 - 2-2 - ~ In the Cydaciic Room and jn the lower sedion of the l)hylukopi cases under serial number 5862 3 H Goldman op cit figs -l-l I and t5 -+ 4 CJ News I tems ftom Athens in A J 4 Xx V 19S ] p H)j O Broneer Eros and Aphrodite
on the North Slope of the Acropolis liesperia I 1932 p 35 Dr Broneer kindly showed me bis fin ds and pennitted me to mention this in my studies For this I am grateful to ~ljrn
113 poundIn-SIS 1 THE llROZE GE
there are n few belonging to such vases I and Professor I(aro kindly informed me that he found parts of vases of a similar shape at Tiryns This shape therefore is as characteristic of the linl-an ware as the goblets of Llianokladi t~ Jle a nd lhe kyljkes_
-lany -linyan ya ses and sherds were discme-rcd bearing groo ves or rings uround their body It was possible to note accurately the first appearance of this ware and to corroborate the nidence obta ined a t Eutresis by Miss Goldman At Eleusis grooved Minyan appeas in higher Middle Helladic levels and a little before the yelloylIin)an The grom-es or rings are placcgtltl either in groups a ll the bod- of the ~ase or they cover the surfacE cOlllplet el~middot To th e latter ~ariety belong th e two
5 6
FI G ] l- I x CI SElgt POTTUn FRO)( THE IIDJ)U~ Ih I (AlHC FlfLIXG
skphoi illustrated in Figure 10 Thel- are espec ially Iyell made aud Olle of them Cidentl- had three short point ed legs A littl e below th rims there are tmiddoto permiddot ora tions on either side b~ which the ases could be suspended or their lids fastelled fat- (1 5 I can lllake out th tSl oaseS are unique among th ( kno-n linyan find s
Tbe ~-e1 low l[inyan is rare and e -id~n tJ it did not enjoy at Eleusi the -ogue which it seems to haye enjoyed in Carinthia H
Vith tbe Iinyan ware and in th~ lowest liddle Helladi c level we found SOllle incised sherds made of cla- foreign to Eleusis (Fig 11) o 7 is part of the conical lid of a pyxis and is coYered yith a red -ash ~o 5 is black and belongs to the botmiddot tOI11 of slll all askoid lISe or a duck vase To a similar vase belongs the sherd No I ud its snrface is eOIered with a stitch pattern The incisions of sherds I and 5 -re originally filled with a hite chalb- snbstance These fr agments arS similar
I pilt ked up one at the site and another isamong the sherds kept in the nrilish School of Archaeology at Athens
~ lhat the grooves are a later element in Miny an technique H Goldman op cit p 54 3 1he same thing is mentioned for -egina b~ J P Harland in his Prehistoric A~gina p 18
I
114 GEORGI E iIlYLOIS
to those found by S Wide at Aphidna by Miss Goldmall at Eutresis a nd especially to the potter d iscovered at Phyla kopi in Melos uy th e British excavators
A great qualltity of matt-painted ware was found It belongs to the coarser B 1 a nd to the filler B II ty pes of Yace a nd Blegen The earlier as usual bear rec t ilinea r pattems and the later cunmiddotili nea The B II or slipped variety bears more delicate patterns an d on such ware appea r in E leusis spiraliform designs evishy
dently imported from Cret e Shapes are the usual bowls -jth or without a spout wat~r ja rs pithoi Hnd cups with a plofile of two oppos(d cUJyeSl Polychrome ware is very sca rce uut the few sherds d iscoered corne froIII the hi gh st point of the Middle Helladic fi lling Ya~(s and sherds were found in abunda nce
ill th( filling of the Late H ell ad ic period ChlJrHcte lis tic of th e l ow(~ l levels are c ups of th e -aphio shape bearing a rich decoration of conn (([(d spiral s painted in lustrou s black
FIG l- - L n H EIJl)J c I Crl pain t an d touched with white The cup illusshy
tlated in Figure 1-2 was foun d in HOllSt J and similar Wilre was discovered on the Boor of House H dating it accurat(y The Sl1lt bowls a re characteristic of the midd le of the La Ie Helladic fill (for connn igt nce to he referred to as the second layer of the 1 H period) while the high-footed klikes and the goblets 011 a hig h stem are uSllul in the upper lees Thus Ollr t ate Helllic pottery corresponds ith Proshyfesso r Blegens ehronoJogica l Jiristons a ltho ug-h iL is not sIUtpl distingu ished into Iegulr groups From a high poin t in the s(conel hotlwl ilt j Late I1dllic layer COBles the g reater part of an EphYlH(lHn goblet (F ig 13) b aling n represtlltllion or a swiullning nautilu s This is the fi rst (xalllp le of Ephyraeltl n warc to be found in Attica The goblet with th concentric circles ltomes fro m higher lenls still ami fall s ithin the Late Helladic III diis ions of P rofessor Blegcn
Among the slllail er finds the more important are th e ol)jects Jiscovered in glae No6 Here a bronze dagger was found The biline is er thin and short only 0158 In in le ngt h and it was attadled to the handl e bmiddot three silver ri vets The metal conta ins cry litt le tin anel because of this and of its shape the Jagger seen IS to belong to the -liddle H ellael ic II period
I Apllldna in ordattika - Alh Jlifl ] 890 pp 18 ft wd pis n 1 and XV 2-3 H Goldman op cit p -13 fig 3 1 Jgthy lalopi pis IY-
Wac-e and Blegell op eil PI 183- 18-1 3 C - Blegen op cil figs 27- 38 C Y Blegen OJ) cit figs J J 10 9-1- 96 ~ lbid p 11 7 ~ SOlllewhat similar blades were found in th e fourth ami sixth sha ft grflCS or Mycenae (cf G Karo
Die S chochlgrab fon lJiykenai pis L In jl)l C 397 XC 918 cvr 93i) in the graves of SeskJo (Chr T~OHll tas Al 1ltPOlo-ropuol apo1lDXm tUIJfVOI Ka ItooXOll pI 4 11) at ~fochlos (R n Seager Exploratio1l s i n lhe [sJnd oj JJfochlos fig 45 blade XX 9 (s imilar to ours and belonging to the iI M ill period from tomb XX) The blade (fig 45 IT 52) frOID tomb II is a little more deshyveloped than ours (Sir Arthur Eans The Palace of Minos I fig 142 b) The analysis kmdly made by Professor Zengelis of th e Universit of Athens and by his assistant ]1r Stathes shows that the metal ()uteined onb 038 per ceut tin
ELElSIS Ix THE UHOxlE GE 11 5
FtC l3-L-T J J-IEIDfc 11 l III GonlETs
Illlt boar tusks found in gran lt06 (Fig ]-) are mos tl middot of a triang ular shape and l w11 two or moleuro se ld om three e r t ic~t1 perforations by h ich they Were attach ed 10 IImiddot object th elmiddot decorated Such tusks a rc known from the fourth sha ft grave of I 1((ll(e The ere ll sed to CQTr th e surfncc of IHiOl ets The tusks covering 11( I elmet proper usually hae a half-lll oon shape whil e t hose cO I-ering t he cheek pi((s a re oblong a nd are perfora ted nt bot h their nanOl cllds The tusks of EhlIsis nre much smaller and lta(= a triangula r shap lt If thcy belonged to a hdllet they probably decorat ed the dwek pi eces hut I rathe r believe that the) d((oatcd some garment int erred -it h the dtlIcl This suppositi on is s trengthened 11 Ih discovery of the bone band OI S Ill in kllgt h at a short d istance from the 11I k which could not lE ry Iell Iw a lI chd to a helmet bot conlcl admirabl dlco lle the border of the garment
fleJ this cursormiddot SlIIT(-Y of th e pJehi storic lelll~ill S Ullcocred at EIEtl sis during
Ihl - 0 III m elS of 1930 a nd 1931 we shall state bri eR some of the co nclusions reached II is now defin itell- pro ved that t he prehi s tori~ rema ins discolered thus far at
EIlI~is helong to seUl e-m ents lnd cannot be considered as remnnnts of a necropolis COllI 1uently the theory of the cremation of lhe deacl in (i dd le Hell ad ic t imes (lIot be proven b~ th e Elell sini nn prehi storic remflin s
Th eliest remains belong t o th e Iiddle Hclladic period A few Early Helladic Ids found almost on the surfa ce of th e slope indicate that an ea rlie r settlement il ed on the E leosini a n hill but t his has escaped us ontil noll The prehistoric (ill urI revealed at Eleusis is practically identical with that brough t to light in rgolis and in Corinthia Chronologica ll y it fa lls within tb e limits fixed by Professor
I r G Kala op cil pis LXIX-LXX Fo) the representation or a helmet coyered ~ ilh hoars ~I~~) (1- eh Tsou ntas rrh Eph 1888 p 1-10 pi s S 12 f~lso a recollstruct~d helmet in lhe ltCHlcm rOOm or the Nallonal l Iuseulli at Athens eOered With tusks found In the chamber I I~ om) o 18 of lfcenae tH- Mr -ace
Thci ( dimensjon~ are as f~lIows length maxilllum 003 Ill minimum OO IG Ill width maximum 002) 01 min imulll 0018 lll at lh eir base
11( GEORGE E ) [YW X S
Blegen The few incised sherds di scoeled be ns seelll to inelicate thut a t Elensis the --liddle I-Ielladic period began a littl e earlier than in Carinthia At Phylakopi incised sherds ith a decoratioll similar to thllt found at Eleusis or bearing pattern fill ed with a hite chalky substance disappear a little before the destruction of the firs t cit)middot in other words before the end of the E arly -linoan period They there fore a re dated quite accuratel Dnt since we hLe round now in Attica itself pot tery of the Cycladic tpe produced du ring the Earl Helladic period and since our e ~ iden c( from Eleusis is so scanty we do not think it wise at present to base on it an changes of Professor B1f~en s chronolog ical divisions Added to future possible
finds jn Atti~a this evidence m ay
=--- become lllorc valuable a nd conclusshy~----- In
The remains of --liddle Helladie houses proe that in Attica also the apsidal and the oblong shapes of hOllses ere in lISC during the --[iddle Brone Age The habit of intramural burial and of interment under the floors of houses is also characteristic of the period inilIUIlJI_ tt ica The skeletons discovered in Late Helladic fillings prove that these customs continued down to the end of the Uycenaeall Agei ~1iampj)M In th e ~l middot c( naeall gray(s we lI Sshy
lid I fo und monochro me black 1 (3 These Sfelll to indicateAaampaaamp1 that the La te Hcllad ie inhabitants of EklI sis continued to use thelI~bullbull~ ~ t(chnique and the shapes of the pleioll s period of their loreil jatlbullbull j fnt lw ri ill making vaslS to be used as KTeurop luJlara r The gnles of the adults disCO cred in front of the
Sto of P hil o belong to the end of the --liddle Hl lIadic period They are similar in ll1all~ ways to the older Videlle Heihdic grles but t lley a lso have many points in common ith the earlier La te Helladic I burials The arc regular shafts The wall s of gra e G arc built of stone The position of the bod is mther
l Op cit pp 1-20- 1-23 2 Eyidencf to that cftcltt Wltl 5 ohtained at Ell tlmiddote-is hy Miss Goldman 01 ri l pp 42 - 4gt 3 Phr iakopi pp ~31 ft and 2- 9 if middot t Haghio5 K osmas a great quantity of potter was found with a strong Cyd adic character Cj
G E ~1douas PraJlilmiddota (of Ihe A cadelllY at Athens)i 1930 pp 3J9 ff and fig 5 ~ Gra middotes of small children WETt found 1t Haghios Kosmas beneath the floors of L H III houses
CJ C - Bltgen op cit p IO~ Ch T SOHIlUlS Arch Eplt 139 1 p 28 T hccustoll1 was remembered in Athens emiddoten in the cl assical period Plato Mi llOS 3
6 This custom was 6rst llotilt-cd by Pmfessor Tsollntas in the Cyclades (cf Arch Eph 1898 p 181 ) and it seem ~ that it was kept also by the inhabitants of the E H v illages of Haghios Kosmas
lt J
ELE CSJS r- THE 13TIOE _-GE 11 7
k 1ltI1 - Articles are interred with the d end_ They therefore add ne w e viden ce or I II( [ltlet that the Late H ell ad ie I shaft g nn-es nre onl- a continuatioll of IIiddlc
J ( ll aclie ty pes and traditions_ The -alls of House H are a -alua bl e additi on to the architec tural rem ains of the
La Ic Hdladic I period_ The scanty remains of the mega roll at Iiycenae th e as n t unpublished houses o f T solln k ia near emea and those in t he lower cit- of fin-ns form the sum to tal of our e-idence_ The shape of H ouse H ca n be reconshyInelcd with some probability from th e exis ting remains_ The a ngle of its north mdl repeated in a second construc tioJl in HOllse r is some -lwt ba fflin g Its main JHlrp05c probably was t o s treng then t he long -dl agains t the downpour of ra in or it lIliilt have been necessilated b so me ol) tacie not existing today Oue howeyer lIln)1 resist the temptation to mention the possibilit- th a t th ese ho uses represent th e ~ lrliest stage in the euroolutio ll of all apsidal into an oblong m egafa n The Ltte Ikll ad ic I House H seems to be li ke th e earlier IIiddle HeJladi c a ps ida1 houses with Ihe walls of thE apse straightell Ld out This suggestion howe er will hangt- to rCIJllin in lhe realm of assump t ions Ilntil corroborated by more evid ence obtained at Elcu i o r el sewhere _ Of ail e thi ng -e can he certain That ahea dI in the Late IIc ibdic I period fit Elfgtu sis we 11 1( I house with an Op CI1 pro d 0 111 05gt a dOIlla and illl r Ihala IOi~ COITEsponding closel to the 1 TlIl iH an megara of the L~lt e Helladic III priod
[11 he field of pottery n gl in a few Il l ~ h aJles of 1StS a nd th e ev id e nce that e I- e 1]0 actnal hreak in t he del-e loplllent o f (eramies from the earlie r t o the lat e r )lnTI]Ieall times_ The ddclIlIiJlation of the approximat e dat e of the g roo -ed )Iil]_-In Ilare will pron of impo rt a nce for thc dating of th e preJlis to ric p eriods of rI((dolia and the Chakidice wh ere silllilnr ware as found ill sttfl lificd I(els hy )11_ - HeUl-tle- - Th e rlagge r-hl)rlc i the firt prehi s to ric hronze a rticl e to he di middot( middotef(middotd n t Eltusis
- lI 1lt ly fillaily no tice lht th U~usillill remains furni sh Ample data to fill IIII gap left by th e r Clll[lin s 1I11 (O middot t fjmiddotd at Hag-hios I-o S llla s ~ in th tgt accollut of the pn-hi loric life o f Attica _ GEOHGE E Iluox-s
I (I Hlq(11 and a((gt OJ) cil p H ( h a ro ill llill 19) ) 13L Ii - i J92 1- 19-23 pp l iS -(l -f(j- O Short Hmiddotport abou t t he houses of fsonnkiza by
1 1 Hlrbll(l in AJJ X XX [[ ( HIIS) p i3 llrofe-50r J iHO kiudlmiddot lowed me Lo mention the h( lh of Tiryns
I 10 lrohistoric -3 it es in Chaltidi( l) HemtJe ltlnd C It H adford IJS A XX[X Ijl7- ~J--2S pp 139 if l 6) fL 182 - 18) 11 a ~hort -tud rcaJ I)efo re th c --cad clH of -- theJl s and puld lJed illlile Praktika G 193 1 pp lO G tl I think I procJ th nt the groo ed -ases ~f the Clwkiltii(e 1(log to a Ialer period than that m a rking the first appeanmce of thegre 1in-middotan ill the central sectio n o tll( l1~ailltanJ of R ellas Based on the eyidcllCe obtlincd a t OI1lthos Eutresis Eleuis u~daroftsl of Ccntral lIaced01 lin nnd Iolmiddotop~Tghos of the Chll lc idi te I proposed the foloting rnI IO ll or -ir Heurtleys ch ronol og~ tor the prehistoric period of Macedonia
col ithic period Defore SOOO to 2300 or 2400 DC
Earlmiddot ilroll2e Age P eriod A 2400-1750 BC ~IiJdlc Bronze Age Period Il 1730- 1500 Bc lltltc DrOllze Aae Pe rod C I 1500-1350 BC
tgt PerlOJ e lI 135 0-1150 BC
M~ ~~c site of Haghios K osmas WIlS inha bited during the Ea rl Hdladic period it was deserted in the bull l( c Hcllad lC and again re-inhabited in Lat e Helladic times
105
Eleusis to Ite1 a guud spec imen of them and 10 proye or reject the theory of the earlier explorNs 01 the si ll
The area tes ted and excayated in Ino and in 1931 lies illlll1edi nteiv to the nor th uf the part of the slope explured hy Professor Skias and to the so~thwest of the IIuseum It is hounded to the east by the lpigmph icul workroum to the west by the sO-ltltllled Ihol os tomb to the south hy the smnll palh of the cypress trees and to Ihe north bmiddot the pine gTO middotl middot1 The prehistoric acculllulation had an average depth of28J Ill It Wa cumpletely disturbed al the middotest end of the excavated area partly so about i ts cenk r lld altogelher undisturbed at ils eas t end The central sectio ll
a lit the con( ent of trellches D and E ]lroelt1 to be e r~ interesting as they conshytained remains helonging to prehi stu ric and his toric tilll l ( Fig 1) The first layer
I I 11 m dc-(middotplmiddot g rltl tdlll 10 Dr 1- lOIlrOli nintl D i rtdor of the ( 1(( 1 nIIiH-ologi(11 Servilte Hot Oldy fo r the pr i- ilt(middot l u cxeltl ilc at fltmiddotII j and to (Olltll lH the wor l of Illy pmflIor the late Andreas kias but a h o ror hi ~ (ons bUlt I(h i ( ( and htdraquo in the fidJ and ill tlu OrkrVt)lll Iso to the Ameri(an lt1001of Clll~s ica l s tlHli ( at thell- lt1IHI c jlt( iallmiddot 10 Jgtro lmiddotior Ed md Ca ljli IJ05C financial help Jllade the tHa n lt ion poss ihc 1 m t 0 nprCS5 Ill th1 llk to Ill n 5~ i t n nt ) Jr George llakalakis bull dr John TbrepsiltJck- th epimcleles of EI (u s i ~ 11 IOllH Tradoi the arlt h it lc t o f the excamiddota tions for lht ir iJld u tr~ a ll d ellthll - iam to wh i(middoth thesuaes5 of the worl middotltJ $ largc lmiddot dIL e To the foreman of 11le excllalio tl s anJ gua rd of the IllS(lllll [r E lehagh ins and to tlt e 1l15c-mcnder Mr ll Yia nshyIllkos1 am indeb ted for their whole-hearteJ Ol ss istan(c and d emiddotot ion to lil e middotor l To Professo r George W E lderk in 1 im gra teful for rIading the manuscript aile for vlI lu81)le sugglt5 tionsCr A Skins OJ ci f 1 91~ pp I S ft and p1 3 III J9JU 111 lt1 in the adjatell t hill o f St N i(olas fl
colld si milIJr s truc ture WflS Jiscoyered proying that the known tholos tom b of Eleus is was probably it middot lstern Abollt these struct ures Dr l-o llwunio tes wi ll pul)ti h shorll middot a peeia l s~ udy
I Small trenchcs dug higher lip and at J iAeren t plan pron d thaI the ~ I ope to the top of the hjll is (OVcreJ t jth p rehistOriC remains
The digging was done in parallel trcnehe5 rUllning approx imately frow east t (l west and measu ring 2 lIl In wiJtb and in hPOlheticallaYer5 or 030 lll Snen trenches A-H ~ere dug at the west sec lion and rour D-H at th~ central and ~a5t section of the excaated area
I
lOG GEORGE E ~lYLOS
015 m in~d epth yi~lded sherds belonging to the prehistoric as well as to the classical and Roman times they were evidently vashed dO lm from higher points of the slope b~middot the rain The second layer belonged to Roman times to the first century DC
as we lea rn from coins found in it and in trenches D and E had its maximum depth of 050 m fhe third stratum of an average depth of 100 m belonged to the Geometric middotperiod Under the foundations of the geometric walls was found an undisturbed prehistoric filling belonging to the Late Helladic and to the Middle Helladic periods In these trenches the La te Helladic stratum had an average thickness of 100 m and that dating from the I1iddle H elladic period only about 020 n1 In trendles Z and H howenr the Late Helladic accumulation had an average depth 01100 m while that olthe I1iddle Helladic period had l50 mmiddot The rock was found covered with a layer of ashes proing that the first and oldest Middle Helladic dlage middotas destrooed by fire second laomiddoter of ashes separated tbe Middle Hella dic filling into two strata Tlwre middota s no division noticeable at many places
F IG 2-REIl S _H E sT SECTl O or Exc yno ltE
lwtwecll the I1iltld Helladic II and tllP Late Helladic I filling There was no _ break middothatenr in the whole ecanted area dimiddotiding the Late Helladic filling Hnd
Th e ltlll f- (middothOlI11d ill the lower corner or ngure 1 ))lurks lht ( 1d or the Roman leCl It was fOllnd in trench D
~ YaH marked 3 in figure 1 are geometric They were f01lnd in trenches D and E J ails and the floor marked h in figure I belong to the 1 H 1 period They were [oHnd in
trenches E and Z ~ alls Iharked laquo( in figure 1 are Jliddle Helbdi( Thc~ were fo und in trenches Z and H j ~ Professor Skias found a great quantit of ashes separated in small sec tions by the geometric conshy
structions This led him to bel ie-e that they were th e remnants oJ pyres ~~ lti Thus the lIiddle Hellaclic period at Eleusis can be diid ed in the two subdivisions In H I and
I H II of race and Blegen (C( The Pre2Uyccnaean Pottery of the lainland In BSA XII (1916-18) p 187)
ELEliSIS lCi THE BROZE ~GE ]07
rind into the three subdivisions of Professor Carl II Blegen (L B I - II-III) 1 th e 1ate H elladic civilization valved grltldua ll y from its older to its later form
This vas especially noticeable at the east section of Uleuro excav~tion where the lillill~ of an aerage thickness of 285 m was lIndisturbed a nd dated from the Hrollze Age (Fig 2) The Late Bellad ic remlins were 5epa rat ed from those belongshyill 10 the Middle Belladic period by a thick layer of ashes 0 ind ication of a h~k lS found in the Late B elladi c filling aeraging 168 nL in thickness Of the J-rds discovered in this filling th e Late Hdladic I were found in tbe lower levels hill those of the kuown Late B ellad ic II and III tpes came from higher layers Hemin of bouses proved be the potter to belong to different periods were found (lIl1ing each other or superposed (Fig 2) II is e ident tbat one house was conshyslnwkd S soon as the preiolls one became uninhabited by long use and proba bly Irl of the older one was used by the lat er inhRbitants -t Ellusis therefore we fHI no evidence necessitating the ciiyision of the Late Helladic period iu to its (II ree sllbd iv-isions1
11 lila be added now that oni a few Earl H elladic sherds w(re found at the west -lt( (ion of the excavated a rea ano immedia tely und er th e present surface of the hill Ig ilh other prehistoric a ud classica l ware [ identl they wre washed down flOlll Ili iher leels of the hill he re there llIighi ha( existed an Early H elladic -d Il t llIcnt -l
Ill( IIchitcctural remains 1II1cocTed are prt5c middoted in n fragmentary condition owing 10 the great slope of the hill TherE are enough hOWEer to illustrate the 11( d the methods of construction in the lliddle Helladic and in the Late Ikldic periods ]ot a single complete llicdlc Helladic house was d iscovered but it i (kill that so me of the ea rlifst lEmnins uJlconreurod belong to h ouses with all
pi Ilok chamber In sha pe the apsida l houses oi Eleu is ltIre s imil to those dicoYcr(d at Tlwrmoll KO Iltl kou a nd Elltn~5j -I fl nd t he~- see lll to be divided I iTII a ils into three d isiol1 s Their a p ltgt hoYe(f are more angular than einmiddotnbrmiddot and the foundation walls of these ltlps(~ ltIre ery natTOY averaging 030 m
c n HlcgclI op fit pp 36 IT I Ilot ced the same thing Jt Ill exCanltiol of Haghios Kosnms In Ihnt si te also we haye no indicatioJI of a break hetveell the L H II and the L H III remains
) Fig llrC 2 ails 1-0 nrc L H b ile P-H are II H The Id l er T marks the layer of ahes ~I~I~~aLillg I he 1 H i ra]) the L H filling
bull J UI g-rcatcr degree e luwe no n irl ence llc(middotes itating the ~Ldopt OH of J p Harlands div is ions of t)I IirlIIIZt g-r O P Harlnnrl Thl PdOpOllneiOi i ll t ilt Bronc- c in lI(1rlardStudiamp in Clai$ishy~(JI JlIioluy XX1 (l9~3) pp (j fl and Prehi~f )ri( Atmiddot ila P~lri ~ IH) p 10) On the contra ry JJ tt 1(lt1 a1 Iea~t as sbown by the ex(ayltlt ion3 of Eleusis and Hagh io ~ fV$Jl) tS and h the finds of Thorshy~Iw 1Ii (Y do not seem to be El(Jpii(uhle If thlre must he a d imiddotj$ion at 1 11 het cen the lL H a nd the II perIOds tlllttt must come frit l I he appcafltlIlre of th( ~hcclla(aH lrr One natura lL wonders ~dl(~I~I(-r CgilW E(corJs wit h -tticE r i1t hN thau jt ll Argl) a nd Corinthin l S i t i ~ accepted by H nrshyI~r IL~l llts 1 1If 1 ~middot or th e island T he in formation gireu b~ Thue(lides (I l 20) that the same trihes ~U III Albea (rom the remotest period probabh- frolll th e t ime of the (oming of the first Ind oshyr llr(II H~lll S inlo the H II I ) l d I bull e eHlc penmsu a IS uemg proye true)y our excantJons
Ouc pllllled E H shcrd type C 11 Y85 among the finds of P rofessor Skins Its provenance was tlo t t((unlt1 ~ fh ~
bull I C rcrnams of four apsldal hOlts(s were fOlllHl 1I1 t he exraated areaI
r(11 Jell 191 - 5231 fi 0 C - n] pound H G Id middot3fig ~e oJ p g 1gt egen op crf p 77 Ilg 110 0 man op cll p j
_IJE lthnt respeet they resemble tbe apse of Thermon rather than t he more ( ircular apses of Korakou - tI reslS
i08 (EORGE pound 1I I YWAS
in thickness so that they cou ld not support H heavy roof or one of an elaborate character The stone walls rising on I 030 m above tillt floor le els served as foundations for walls of unbaked brick Fragments of brick 1 were found and the lo wer course of a brick wall is presen ed in the remains of Houses D and P The 1shysid a1 was not the onlo shape Remains of three oblong houses were also uncovered
tlmero us are th e remai ns (If honses of the Late Hellad ic period The more important a nd the better presen d belong to a Late Hellad ic I building to H ouse H (Fig 3) The north side of th i tmct tire a portion of its rcar aJl and pwts of the cross wa lls are preserved in an excellent conoi tion At pla ces the outer middotalls built of lln wO lked stont a re presernd to a height of 140111 apparently to their original
gt ~ 1-shy
~~fjb ~~~~~~~ ~~lt~ ~i
height JlHo- se r as foun datiuns and supported a a ll il d of nnbaked bri( k great parts of hich -I( found in the fillin( around th hous( The long north wall to th e cas t ends in a ell -built anta Toward tJ est end of the house it bends to the south a ll d forlll el l-prtserved ltlngle beyond -jich it con tinl1s for 295 In until it meets it h tl nlr lt111 (Fig l) The stone foundations of tmiddoto cross WillIs rising to their origillil l height of 040 rn Wt)f( discQv( rltd diyidillg the building into three part s The ltIngle ltI t th~ north side perfect I pt( serveu to its original heig111 is contllIIporltlrmiddot -ith the res t of the wall a nd it was intenlionall middot built H t11e tillle of the construction of the house If we assume quite arbitrarily we admit that t he nngle w~s repeated in the other long side of the building e shall have themiddot plan of the house as illustrated in Figure 4 111e building has an open court or prodolllos 2-10 II in length a large hall or doma 540 Ill in length and a
I The bricks measure about 035 III in length 020 m in width and 008 m jn thickness 2 Ve have n s imiJ ar angle on lhe north wall of the L H I House t The apse of building C of Eutresis
forms an rulgle with the long straigh t wall which liiss Goldman explains as a later addition to the building op cit p 66
10D
IHal hI Ck cham bel or thaJalllos whic h In siz tgt (i t is onJ ~ 2AO Ill ill length) and in ~ hl ncalls the small apsida j chamber I in houses of the previous period jat of the floor of t he houSlt mad e or pcbhlgt and hea ten earth was preserved but nothing to indicate the shape of its roof So trAces of a hearth were found in the (hlllll but k ss than a qWlrtr of the fl oor was lCco-( led Yt m ay here emphasize thc fae that the method of construction of the Lak H eJiadic I hOllses found at Elcll i is iden tical with tbat nsed ill liddle l-kJladic times on the sallle site
o 5
TIl( i(middotmains of walls bel ong ing to a p (riod correpondin g Lo tht Iate Jfell ndic II and III s l1bdiyisiollS of Professor BJ (middot(u stem to Iw lon g to regubr ll1egcl roll-shapcd ~1 ((Iltean houses
Examples of intramural bUlii1 and hurills tlnd cT the Hoots of houses V( lC quite IIlIlllerous both in the liddl H Iidic a nti in tIllt Latc H cJldic periods The hodi( were laid in a flexed position llsl1a ll in sllla ll ohlong o r rOllnd shafts a nd 111( 11 th c -ere covered -ith (lttrtll A Sill fd t pithos huria l -as di scovered in the sdti(lll ( llt durin g the campaign of 19n~~ all d a rnth er ell-construc ted grave heshylong-in g to a youth of ahout 15 yeillS of age ill the campaign of IH~30 middot1 The grave ha s trapezoidal shape An upright slab formed its south side a nd t he natural rock dosed it to the north The shorter sides to the 1St and Ilest were made of unbaked
j ltr C lilegen and J 13 Yltlee )liddlc Htllndi( Tomhs ) Ijmliot(w ()sl()ew cf Fase IX 100 pp 28 If for a complete and masterful di scusi on of )Iid1l1e H clad ic burials Iso H Goldman ()p ell pp 83- 84
TItc J~itho5 with the bones as found is nQ- kept in the workroom at Eleusis_ IllS lliustmted In Art and A rcliaeUf XXXII 1931 1 2 p_ 15 The inner dimensions of the
~tncarc nHlxirnnm length 055 In m aximuill width OA j In The dimensions of the mud brieks formshylIIg th e shorter sides of the gla -e are the sam e as th~se of the bricks llsed for building houses
~
110 GEORGE E MYLOS -
brick The grave had no stone cOYer but evidentl after the interment it was filled with earth The s kel~ton Iing on a floor of pebbles in a flexed position is espeshycially well prcsen -ed (Fig 5) The skull on I was found broken but practically all its pieces Cle recocred
Two graves of adults (os 5 and 6) were found in the excavations of 1930 in front of the Stoa of Philo at a drth of JO n1 Iwlol the prsent surface of the soi l For
grave o 5 an oblong shaft was first dug in the soft rock and then its si des were lined with slabs The empty space between the slabs and the walls of the shaft were filled with pebbles and small stones
11 The bod was stretched out on its back ith the feet bent for lack of splice 0 objects were found with the body Thtmiddot grave as covered with a singie sla h on the ent COIIIN of hich was based part of the short side of grave 06
This gnwe extcnded in the ul1excavatct rart of the trench Its rosition and di nctioll can cIea r1y be made out in Figure 6 Lack of funds a nd of time the deshycomposed statc of the bones
FIG -ICUDLE HII I-1)(( GRYE nTH ShII1-TOX of glae No5 anti the moisshyture to which grae No 6
would have heen (xpowd durLng another winter Il tctss itntlt~d its lJllmediate explorashytion Consequentl y the short side of the gl1n was rel1loyed and through that opening the inttrior YClS (k~and Tht gnle has Hll oblong shape and its sides are built in stone three lacrs of stone rOJming its complete depth It is covered with a huge slRb wh ich has cracked IInder the pressUle of the filling Strangel enough the only gra-e hich (o llid not be rhotographed contained KTfP~JlT The architect of the excavations IIr John Travlos as with us and to his patient work is due theexact plan of the interior of the gra ve reproduced in Figure 7 The skeleshyton is slightl turned on its right side with the body stretched and feet bent for lack of space Before the face and parallel to the diJection of the hand was found the
I The inner dimensions of lhe grilmiddotC are length 125 Ill width 065 tn depth 040 m
2The inner dimensions of graYe 10 (i are lenglh 185 Ul width 067 m and depth 045 m The wao in which the earth was carried awa (rom this deep section is jJJustrated in a picture published iD Art alld ArClIl18ology op cit p 10
ELECSIS I~ THE IJRONZE AGE 1)1
thi blade of a dagger or ra zor and at a short distance from it a slllall haud-made procholls badly preserved Be teen the ase and the dagger ere discovered 51 1I1i111 triangular boars tu sK lined almost iu a tripl e row around that part of the asc Iyhieh faced the SKull and lying onr each other with the worked face to the
rOIllI( Yith thf- Ill was fOllnd il long and naITOband made of none and decorated with (once-ntric c ircles (fig l
11 ( filling in which these laquoes ere discored as ltriddle Helladic and it illS that both graves belong to the olld part of that period the sixth being lat er thall the fifth Grans of sIllall children Iere found in the Late H elladic filling alld und er the ilools ~f house hat1l in the southyestern slope of the Itill and in the 1I)a excavated in front of the Stoa of Philo
The lte rmnic remains are -en- abundant Onh- eiaht sherds belonginO to th e E I ar c Hcllauic periou were found a fell cen timeters below the present surface of the ~ill Fonr of them a re monochrol11e t)pes II and II II and belong to sauceshy
Ots the rest are pa inted t pe C II and appa rently belong to tankards
Wace and Bl egen op cif pp 17- 1iS aud C Y Begen 0]) cit figs 4 G and 10 I
GEORGE E MYLON S
Characteristic wares of the Middle Hellad ic strata at Ele ll sis as at other conshytemporary sites are Minyan and matt-flainted vases The jlinyan both grey and black wheel -lllade and hand-made is the more abundant Goblets on high stems and deep and shallow bo wls with high-swung handles a re very common We also
FIG 7- hTERIOlt ot GH n ~ j
have dcep bowls simil in shafle to the high-fool~d gob lets bu t lacking their stem (Fig 8) Ther were elmiddotidentlmiddot for kitchen lise a nd in t he bOld reprodllceo here we found the bones of a smali animal flroba bly of it hart vcr) common shape at Elell sis is the high-stemmed goblet ith Iwtica l hllnJ les on the rim (Fig 0) This shape is common at other sites comillete goblet from Orcholllenos is exhibi ted in t he ationaJ Museum of Athens fiss Goldma n disco(IPlt1 several at Elltnsis
FIG S-~[IYA DEEP BOWL F I G )-)lX )-X H lGHshy FIG ](l - hlT- ~HOOE1) SYIBOT
STDn1ED Gom FT
I saw many fragments among the shenls kept in the ~luseum of Tnnagla Dr Bronecr lateiy found similar fragments in the new sanctuary of Aflhrodite and Eros on the nor thern slofle of the Acropolis of Athens alllong the sherds from Korakou
I C V Blegen op cit figs 18 - 2-2 - ~ In the Cydaciic Room and jn the lower sedion of the l)hylukopi cases under serial number 5862 3 H Goldman op cit figs -l-l I and t5 -+ 4 CJ News I tems ftom Athens in A J 4 Xx V 19S ] p H)j O Broneer Eros and Aphrodite
on the North Slope of the Acropolis liesperia I 1932 p 35 Dr Broneer kindly showed me bis fin ds and pennitted me to mention this in my studies For this I am grateful to ~ljrn
113 poundIn-SIS 1 THE llROZE GE
there are n few belonging to such vases I and Professor I(aro kindly informed me that he found parts of vases of a similar shape at Tiryns This shape therefore is as characteristic of the linl-an ware as the goblets of Llianokladi t~ Jle a nd lhe kyljkes_
-lany -linyan ya ses and sherds were discme-rcd bearing groo ves or rings uround their body It was possible to note accurately the first appearance of this ware and to corroborate the nidence obta ined a t Eutresis by Miss Goldman At Eleusis grooved Minyan appeas in higher Middle Helladic levels and a little before the yelloylIin)an The grom-es or rings are placcgtltl either in groups a ll the bod- of the ~ase or they cover the surfacE cOlllplet el~middot To th e latter ~ariety belong th e two
5 6
FI G ] l- I x CI SElgt POTTUn FRO)( THE IIDJ)U~ Ih I (AlHC FlfLIXG
skphoi illustrated in Figure 10 Thel- are espec ially Iyell made aud Olle of them Cidentl- had three short point ed legs A littl e below th rims there are tmiddoto permiddot ora tions on either side b~ which the ases could be suspended or their lids fastelled fat- (1 5 I can lllake out th tSl oaseS are unique among th ( kno-n linyan find s
Tbe ~-e1 low l[inyan is rare and e -id~n tJ it did not enjoy at Eleusi the -ogue which it seems to haye enjoyed in Carinthia H
Vith tbe Iinyan ware and in th~ lowest liddle Helladi c level we found SOllle incised sherds made of cla- foreign to Eleusis (Fig 11) o 7 is part of the conical lid of a pyxis and is coYered yith a red -ash ~o 5 is black and belongs to the botmiddot tOI11 of slll all askoid lISe or a duck vase To a similar vase belongs the sherd No I ud its snrface is eOIered with a stitch pattern The incisions of sherds I and 5 -re originally filled with a hite chalb- snbstance These fr agments arS similar
I pilt ked up one at the site and another isamong the sherds kept in the nrilish School of Archaeology at Athens
~ lhat the grooves are a later element in Miny an technique H Goldman op cit p 54 3 1he same thing is mentioned for -egina b~ J P Harland in his Prehistoric A~gina p 18
I
114 GEORGI E iIlYLOIS
to those found by S Wide at Aphidna by Miss Goldmall at Eutresis a nd especially to the potter d iscovered at Phyla kopi in Melos uy th e British excavators
A great qualltity of matt-painted ware was found It belongs to the coarser B 1 a nd to the filler B II ty pes of Yace a nd Blegen The earlier as usual bear rec t ilinea r pattems and the later cunmiddotili nea The B II or slipped variety bears more delicate patterns an d on such ware appea r in E leusis spiraliform designs evishy
dently imported from Cret e Shapes are the usual bowls -jth or without a spout wat~r ja rs pithoi Hnd cups with a plofile of two oppos(d cUJyeSl Polychrome ware is very sca rce uut the few sherds d iscoered corne froIII the hi gh st point of the Middle Helladic fi lling Ya~(s and sherds were found in abunda nce
ill th( filling of the Late H ell ad ic period ChlJrHcte lis tic of th e l ow(~ l levels are c ups of th e -aphio shape bearing a rich decoration of conn (([(d spiral s painted in lustrou s black
FIG l- - L n H EIJl)J c I Crl pain t an d touched with white The cup illusshy
tlated in Figure 1-2 was foun d in HOllSt J and similar Wilre was discovered on the Boor of House H dating it accurat(y The Sl1lt bowls a re characteristic of the midd le of the La Ie Helladic fill (for connn igt nce to he referred to as the second layer of the 1 H period) while the high-footed klikes and the goblets 011 a hig h stem are uSllul in the upper lees Thus Ollr t ate Helllic pottery corresponds ith Proshyfesso r Blegens ehronoJogica l Jiristons a ltho ug-h iL is not sIUtpl distingu ished into Iegulr groups From a high poin t in the s(conel hotlwl ilt j Late I1dllic layer COBles the g reater part of an EphYlH(lHn goblet (F ig 13) b aling n represtlltllion or a swiullning nautilu s This is the fi rst (xalllp le of Ephyraeltl n warc to be found in Attica The goblet with th concentric circles ltomes fro m higher lenls still ami fall s ithin the Late Helladic III diis ions of P rofessor Blegcn
Among the slllail er finds the more important are th e ol)jects Jiscovered in glae No6 Here a bronze dagger was found The biline is er thin and short only 0158 In in le ngt h and it was attadled to the handl e bmiddot three silver ri vets The metal conta ins cry litt le tin anel because of this and of its shape the Jagger seen IS to belong to the -liddle H ellael ic II period
I Apllldna in ordattika - Alh Jlifl ] 890 pp 18 ft wd pis n 1 and XV 2-3 H Goldman op cit p -13 fig 3 1 Jgthy lalopi pis IY-
Wac-e and Blegell op eil PI 183- 18-1 3 C - Blegen op cil figs 27- 38 C Y Blegen OJ) cit figs J J 10 9-1- 96 ~ lbid p 11 7 ~ SOlllewhat similar blades were found in th e fourth ami sixth sha ft grflCS or Mycenae (cf G Karo
Die S chochlgrab fon lJiykenai pis L In jl)l C 397 XC 918 cvr 93i) in the graves of SeskJo (Chr T~OHll tas Al 1ltPOlo-ropuol apo1lDXm tUIJfVOI Ka ItooXOll pI 4 11) at ~fochlos (R n Seager Exploratio1l s i n lhe [sJnd oj JJfochlos fig 45 blade XX 9 (s imilar to ours and belonging to the iI M ill period from tomb XX) The blade (fig 45 IT 52) frOID tomb II is a little more deshyveloped than ours (Sir Arthur Eans The Palace of Minos I fig 142 b) The analysis kmdly made by Professor Zengelis of th e Universit of Athens and by his assistant ]1r Stathes shows that the metal ()uteined onb 038 per ceut tin
ELElSIS Ix THE UHOxlE GE 11 5
FtC l3-L-T J J-IEIDfc 11 l III GonlETs
Illlt boar tusks found in gran lt06 (Fig ]-) are mos tl middot of a triang ular shape and l w11 two or moleuro se ld om three e r t ic~t1 perforations by h ich they Were attach ed 10 IImiddot object th elmiddot decorated Such tusks a rc known from the fourth sha ft grave of I 1((ll(e The ere ll sed to CQTr th e surfncc of IHiOl ets The tusks covering 11( I elmet proper usually hae a half-lll oon shape whil e t hose cO I-ering t he cheek pi((s a re oblong a nd are perfora ted nt bot h their nanOl cllds The tusks of EhlIsis nre much smaller and lta(= a triangula r shap lt If thcy belonged to a hdllet they probably decorat ed the dwek pi eces hut I rathe r believe that the) d((oatcd some garment int erred -it h the dtlIcl This suppositi on is s trengthened 11 Ih discovery of the bone band OI S Ill in kllgt h at a short d istance from the 11I k which could not lE ry Iell Iw a lI chd to a helmet bot conlcl admirabl dlco lle the border of the garment
fleJ this cursormiddot SlIIT(-Y of th e pJehi storic lelll~ill S Ullcocred at EIEtl sis during
Ihl - 0 III m elS of 1930 a nd 1931 we shall state bri eR some of the co nclusions reached II is now defin itell- pro ved that t he prehi s tori~ rema ins discolered thus far at
EIlI~is helong to seUl e-m ents lnd cannot be considered as remnnnts of a necropolis COllI 1uently the theory of the cremation of lhe deacl in (i dd le Hell ad ic t imes (lIot be proven b~ th e Elell sini nn prehi storic remflin s
Th eliest remains belong t o th e Iiddle Hclladic period A few Early Helladic Ids found almost on the surfa ce of th e slope indicate that an ea rlie r settlement il ed on the E leosini a n hill but t his has escaped us ontil noll The prehistoric (ill urI revealed at Eleusis is practically identical with that brough t to light in rgolis and in Corinthia Chronologica ll y it fa lls within tb e limits fixed by Professor
I r G Kala op cil pis LXIX-LXX Fo) the representation or a helmet coyered ~ ilh hoars ~I~~) (1- eh Tsou ntas rrh Eph 1888 p 1-10 pi s S 12 f~lso a recollstruct~d helmet in lhe ltCHlcm rOOm or the Nallonal l Iuseulli at Athens eOered With tusks found In the chamber I I~ om) o 18 of lfcenae tH- Mr -ace
Thci ( dimensjon~ are as f~lIows length maxilllum 003 Ill minimum OO IG Ill width maximum 002) 01 min imulll 0018 lll at lh eir base
11( GEORGE E ) [YW X S
Blegen The few incised sherds di scoeled be ns seelll to inelicate thut a t Elensis the --liddle I-Ielladic period began a littl e earlier than in Carinthia At Phylakopi incised sherds ith a decoratioll similar to thllt found at Eleusis or bearing pattern fill ed with a hite chalky substance disappear a little before the destruction of the firs t cit)middot in other words before the end of the E arly -linoan period They there fore a re dated quite accuratel Dnt since we hLe round now in Attica itself pot tery of the Cycladic tpe produced du ring the Earl Helladic period and since our e ~ iden c( from Eleusis is so scanty we do not think it wise at present to base on it an changes of Professor B1f~en s chronolog ical divisions Added to future possible
finds jn Atti~a this evidence m ay
=--- become lllorc valuable a nd conclusshy~----- In
The remains of --liddle Helladie houses proe that in Attica also the apsidal and the oblong shapes of hOllses ere in lISC during the --[iddle Brone Age The habit of intramural burial and of interment under the floors of houses is also characteristic of the period inilIUIlJI_ tt ica The skeletons discovered in Late Helladic fillings prove that these customs continued down to the end of the Uycenaeall Agei ~1iampj)M In th e ~l middot c( naeall gray(s we lI Sshy
lid I fo und monochro me black 1 (3 These Sfelll to indicateAaampaaamp1 that the La te Hcllad ie inhabitants of EklI sis continued to use thelI~bullbull~ ~ t(chnique and the shapes of the pleioll s period of their loreil jatlbullbull j fnt lw ri ill making vaslS to be used as KTeurop luJlara r The gnles of the adults disCO cred in front of the
Sto of P hil o belong to the end of the --liddle Hl lIadic period They are similar in ll1all~ ways to the older Videlle Heihdic grles but t lley a lso have many points in common ith the earlier La te Helladic I burials The arc regular shafts The wall s of gra e G arc built of stone The position of the bod is mther
l Op cit pp 1-20- 1-23 2 Eyidencf to that cftcltt Wltl 5 ohtained at Ell tlmiddote-is hy Miss Goldman 01 ri l pp 42 - 4gt 3 Phr iakopi pp ~31 ft and 2- 9 if middot t Haghio5 K osmas a great quantity of potter was found with a strong Cyd adic character Cj
G E ~1douas PraJlilmiddota (of Ihe A cadelllY at Athens)i 1930 pp 3J9 ff and fig 5 ~ Gra middotes of small children WETt found 1t Haghios Kosmas beneath the floors of L H III houses
CJ C - Bltgen op cit p IO~ Ch T SOHIlUlS Arch Eplt 139 1 p 28 T hccustoll1 was remembered in Athens emiddoten in the cl assical period Plato Mi llOS 3
6 This custom was 6rst llotilt-cd by Pmfessor Tsollntas in the Cyclades (cf Arch Eph 1898 p 181 ) and it seem ~ that it was kept also by the inhabitants of the E H v illages of Haghios Kosmas
lt J
ELE CSJS r- THE 13TIOE _-GE 11 7
k 1ltI1 - Articles are interred with the d end_ They therefore add ne w e viden ce or I II( [ltlet that the Late H ell ad ie I shaft g nn-es nre onl- a continuatioll of IIiddlc
J ( ll aclie ty pes and traditions_ The -alls of House H are a -alua bl e additi on to the architec tural rem ains of the
La Ic Hdladic I period_ The scanty remains of the mega roll at Iiycenae th e as n t unpublished houses o f T solln k ia near emea and those in t he lower cit- of fin-ns form the sum to tal of our e-idence_ The shape of H ouse H ca n be reconshyInelcd with some probability from th e exis ting remains_ The a ngle of its north mdl repeated in a second construc tioJl in HOllse r is some -lwt ba fflin g Its main JHlrp05c probably was t o s treng then t he long -dl agains t the downpour of ra in or it lIliilt have been necessilated b so me ol) tacie not existing today Oue howeyer lIln)1 resist the temptation to mention the possibilit- th a t th ese ho uses represent th e ~ lrliest stage in the euroolutio ll of all apsidal into an oblong m egafa n The Ltte Ikll ad ic I House H seems to be li ke th e earlier IIiddle HeJladi c a ps ida1 houses with Ihe walls of thE apse straightell Ld out This suggestion howe er will hangt- to rCIJllin in lhe realm of assump t ions Ilntil corroborated by more evid ence obtained at Elcu i o r el sewhere _ Of ail e thi ng -e can he certain That ahea dI in the Late IIc ibdic I period fit Elfgtu sis we 11 1( I house with an Op CI1 pro d 0 111 05gt a dOIlla and illl r Ihala IOi~ COITEsponding closel to the 1 TlIl iH an megara of the L~lt e Helladic III priod
[11 he field of pottery n gl in a few Il l ~ h aJles of 1StS a nd th e ev id e nce that e I- e 1]0 actnal hreak in t he del-e loplllent o f (eramies from the earlie r t o the lat e r )lnTI]Ieall times_ The ddclIlIiJlation of the approximat e dat e of the g roo -ed )Iil]_-In Ilare will pron of impo rt a nce for thc dating of th e preJlis to ric p eriods of rI((dolia and the Chakidice wh ere silllilnr ware as found ill sttfl lificd I(els hy )11_ - HeUl-tle- - Th e rlagge r-hl)rlc i the firt prehi s to ric hronze a rticl e to he di middot( middotef(middotd n t Eltusis
- lI 1lt ly fillaily no tice lht th U~usillill remains furni sh Ample data to fill IIII gap left by th e r Clll[lin s 1I11 (O middot t fjmiddotd at Hag-hios I-o S llla s ~ in th tgt accollut of the pn-hi loric life o f Attica _ GEOHGE E Iluox-s
I (I Hlq(11 and a((gt OJ) cil p H ( h a ro ill llill 19) ) 13L Ii - i J92 1- 19-23 pp l iS -(l -f(j- O Short Hmiddotport abou t t he houses of fsonnkiza by
1 1 Hlrbll(l in AJJ X XX [[ ( HIIS) p i3 llrofe-50r J iHO kiudlmiddot lowed me Lo mention the h( lh of Tiryns
I 10 lrohistoric -3 it es in Chaltidi( l) HemtJe ltlnd C It H adford IJS A XX[X Ijl7- ~J--2S pp 139 if l 6) fL 182 - 18) 11 a ~hort -tud rcaJ I)efo re th c --cad clH of -- theJl s and puld lJed illlile Praktika G 193 1 pp lO G tl I think I procJ th nt the groo ed -ases ~f the Clwkiltii(e 1(log to a Ialer period than that m a rking the first appeanmce of thegre 1in-middotan ill the central sectio n o tll( l1~ailltanJ of R ellas Based on the eyidcllCe obtlincd a t OI1lthos Eutresis Eleuis u~daroftsl of Ccntral lIaced01 lin nnd Iolmiddotop~Tghos of the Chll lc idi te I proposed the foloting rnI IO ll or -ir Heurtleys ch ronol og~ tor the prehistoric period of Macedonia
col ithic period Defore SOOO to 2300 or 2400 DC
Earlmiddot ilroll2e Age P eriod A 2400-1750 BC ~IiJdlc Bronze Age Period Il 1730- 1500 Bc lltltc DrOllze Aae Pe rod C I 1500-1350 BC
tgt PerlOJ e lI 135 0-1150 BC
M~ ~~c site of Haghios K osmas WIlS inha bited during the Ea rl Hdladic period it was deserted in the bull l( c Hcllad lC and again re-inhabited in Lat e Helladic times
lOG GEORGE E ~lYLOS
015 m in~d epth yi~lded sherds belonging to the prehistoric as well as to the classical and Roman times they were evidently vashed dO lm from higher points of the slope b~middot the rain The second layer belonged to Roman times to the first century DC
as we lea rn from coins found in it and in trenches D and E had its maximum depth of 050 m fhe third stratum of an average depth of 100 m belonged to the Geometric middotperiod Under the foundations of the geometric walls was found an undisturbed prehistoric filling belonging to the Late Helladic and to the Middle Helladic periods In these trenches the La te Helladic stratum had an average thickness of 100 m and that dating from the I1iddle H elladic period only about 020 n1 In trendles Z and H howenr the Late Helladic accumulation had an average depth 01100 m while that olthe I1iddle Helladic period had l50 mmiddot The rock was found covered with a layer of ashes proing that the first and oldest Middle Helladic dlage middotas destrooed by fire second laomiddoter of ashes separated tbe Middle Hella dic filling into two strata Tlwre middota s no division noticeable at many places
F IG 2-REIl S _H E sT SECTl O or Exc yno ltE
lwtwecll the I1iltld Helladic II and tllP Late Helladic I filling There was no _ break middothatenr in the whole ecanted area dimiddotiding the Late Helladic filling Hnd
Th e ltlll f- (middothOlI11d ill the lower corner or ngure 1 ))lurks lht ( 1d or the Roman leCl It was fOllnd in trench D
~ YaH marked 3 in figure 1 are geometric They were f01lnd in trenches D and E J ails and the floor marked h in figure I belong to the 1 H 1 period They were [oHnd in
trenches E and Z ~ alls Iharked laquo( in figure 1 are Jliddle Helbdi( Thc~ were fo und in trenches Z and H j ~ Professor Skias found a great quantit of ashes separated in small sec tions by the geometric conshy
structions This led him to bel ie-e that they were th e remnants oJ pyres ~~ lti Thus the lIiddle Hellaclic period at Eleusis can be diid ed in the two subdivisions In H I and
I H II of race and Blegen (C( The Pre2Uyccnaean Pottery of the lainland In BSA XII (1916-18) p 187)
ELEliSIS lCi THE BROZE ~GE ]07
rind into the three subdivisions of Professor Carl II Blegen (L B I - II-III) 1 th e 1ate H elladic civilization valved grltldua ll y from its older to its later form
This vas especially noticeable at the east section of Uleuro excav~tion where the lillill~ of an aerage thickness of 285 m was lIndisturbed a nd dated from the Hrollze Age (Fig 2) The Late Bellad ic remlins were 5epa rat ed from those belongshyill 10 the Middle Belladic period by a thick layer of ashes 0 ind ication of a h~k lS found in the Late B elladi c filling aeraging 168 nL in thickness Of the J-rds discovered in this filling th e Late Hdladic I were found in tbe lower levels hill those of the kuown Late B ellad ic II and III tpes came from higher layers Hemin of bouses proved be the potter to belong to different periods were found (lIl1ing each other or superposed (Fig 2) II is e ident tbat one house was conshyslnwkd S soon as the preiolls one became uninhabited by long use and proba bly Irl of the older one was used by the lat er inhRbitants -t Ellusis therefore we fHI no evidence necessitating the ciiyision of the Late Helladic period iu to its (II ree sllbd iv-isions1
11 lila be added now that oni a few Earl H elladic sherds w(re found at the west -lt( (ion of the excavated a rea ano immedia tely und er th e present surface of the hill Ig ilh other prehistoric a ud classica l ware [ identl they wre washed down flOlll Ili iher leels of the hill he re there llIighi ha( existed an Early H elladic -d Il t llIcnt -l
Ill( IIchitcctural remains 1II1cocTed are prt5c middoted in n fragmentary condition owing 10 the great slope of the hill TherE are enough hOWEer to illustrate the 11( d the methods of construction in the lliddle Helladic and in the Late Ikldic periods ]ot a single complete llicdlc Helladic house was d iscovered but it i (kill that so me of the ea rlifst lEmnins uJlconreurod belong to h ouses with all
pi Ilok chamber In sha pe the apsida l houses oi Eleu is ltIre s imil to those dicoYcr(d at Tlwrmoll KO Iltl kou a nd Elltn~5j -I fl nd t he~- see lll to be divided I iTII a ils into three d isiol1 s Their a p ltgt hoYe(f are more angular than einmiddotnbrmiddot and the foundation walls of these ltlps(~ ltIre ery natTOY averaging 030 m
c n HlcgclI op fit pp 36 IT I Ilot ced the same thing Jt Ill exCanltiol of Haghios Kosnms In Ihnt si te also we haye no indicatioJI of a break hetveell the L H II and the L H III remains
) Fig llrC 2 ails 1-0 nrc L H b ile P-H are II H The Id l er T marks the layer of ahes ~I~I~~aLillg I he 1 H i ra]) the L H filling
bull J UI g-rcatcr degree e luwe no n irl ence llc(middotes itating the ~Ldopt OH of J p Harlands div is ions of t)I IirlIIIZt g-r O P Harlnnrl Thl PdOpOllneiOi i ll t ilt Bronc- c in lI(1rlardStudiamp in Clai$ishy~(JI JlIioluy XX1 (l9~3) pp (j fl and Prehi~f )ri( Atmiddot ila P~lri ~ IH) p 10) On the contra ry JJ tt 1(lt1 a1 Iea~t as sbown by the ex(ayltlt ion3 of Eleusis and Hagh io ~ fV$Jl) tS and h the finds of Thorshy~Iw 1Ii (Y do not seem to be El(Jpii(uhle If thlre must he a d imiddotj$ion at 1 11 het cen the lL H a nd the II perIOds tlllttt must come frit l I he appcafltlIlre of th( ~hcclla(aH lrr One natura lL wonders ~dl(~I~I(-r CgilW E(corJs wit h -tticE r i1t hN thau jt ll Argl) a nd Corinthin l S i t i ~ accepted by H nrshyI~r IL~l llts 1 1If 1 ~middot or th e island T he in formation gireu b~ Thue(lides (I l 20) that the same trihes ~U III Albea (rom the remotest period probabh- frolll th e t ime of the (oming of the first Ind oshyr llr(II H~lll S inlo the H II I ) l d I bull e eHlc penmsu a IS uemg proye true)y our excantJons
Ouc pllllled E H shcrd type C 11 Y85 among the finds of P rofessor Skins Its provenance was tlo t t((unlt1 ~ fh ~
bull I C rcrnams of four apsldal hOlts(s were fOlllHl 1I1 t he exraated areaI
r(11 Jell 191 - 5231 fi 0 C - n] pound H G Id middot3fig ~e oJ p g 1gt egen op crf p 77 Ilg 110 0 man op cll p j
_IJE lthnt respeet they resemble tbe apse of Thermon rather than t he more ( ircular apses of Korakou - tI reslS
i08 (EORGE pound 1I I YWAS
in thickness so that they cou ld not support H heavy roof or one of an elaborate character The stone walls rising on I 030 m above tillt floor le els served as foundations for walls of unbaked brick Fragments of brick 1 were found and the lo wer course of a brick wall is presen ed in the remains of Houses D and P The 1shysid a1 was not the onlo shape Remains of three oblong houses were also uncovered
tlmero us are th e remai ns (If honses of the Late Hellad ic period The more important a nd the better presen d belong to a Late Hellad ic I building to H ouse H (Fig 3) The north side of th i tmct tire a portion of its rcar aJl and pwts of the cross wa lls are preserved in an excellent conoi tion At pla ces the outer middotalls built of lln wO lked stont a re presernd to a height of 140111 apparently to their original
gt ~ 1-shy
~~fjb ~~~~~~~ ~~lt~ ~i
height JlHo- se r as foun datiuns and supported a a ll il d of nnbaked bri( k great parts of hich -I( found in the fillin( around th hous( The long north wall to th e cas t ends in a ell -built anta Toward tJ est end of the house it bends to the south a ll d forlll el l-prtserved ltlngle beyond -jich it con tinl1s for 295 In until it meets it h tl nlr lt111 (Fig l) The stone foundations of tmiddoto cross WillIs rising to their origillil l height of 040 rn Wt)f( discQv( rltd diyidillg the building into three part s The ltIngle ltI t th~ north side perfect I pt( serveu to its original heig111 is contllIIporltlrmiddot -ith the res t of the wall a nd it was intenlionall middot built H t11e tillle of the construction of the house If we assume quite arbitrarily we admit that t he nngle w~s repeated in the other long side of the building e shall have themiddot plan of the house as illustrated in Figure 4 111e building has an open court or prodolllos 2-10 II in length a large hall or doma 540 Ill in length and a
I The bricks measure about 035 III in length 020 m in width and 008 m jn thickness 2 Ve have n s imiJ ar angle on lhe north wall of the L H I House t The apse of building C of Eutresis
forms an rulgle with the long straigh t wall which liiss Goldman explains as a later addition to the building op cit p 66
10D
IHal hI Ck cham bel or thaJalllos whic h In siz tgt (i t is onJ ~ 2AO Ill ill length) and in ~ hl ncalls the small apsida j chamber I in houses of the previous period jat of the floor of t he houSlt mad e or pcbhlgt and hea ten earth was preserved but nothing to indicate the shape of its roof So trAces of a hearth were found in the (hlllll but k ss than a qWlrtr of the fl oor was lCco-( led Yt m ay here emphasize thc fae that the method of construction of the Lak H eJiadic I hOllses found at Elcll i is iden tical with tbat nsed ill liddle l-kJladic times on the sallle site
o 5
TIl( i(middotmains of walls bel ong ing to a p (riod correpondin g Lo tht Iate Jfell ndic II and III s l1bdiyisiollS of Professor BJ (middot(u stem to Iw lon g to regubr ll1egcl roll-shapcd ~1 ((Iltean houses
Examples of intramural bUlii1 and hurills tlnd cT the Hoots of houses V( lC quite IIlIlllerous both in the liddl H Iidic a nti in tIllt Latc H cJldic periods The hodi( were laid in a flexed position llsl1a ll in sllla ll ohlong o r rOllnd shafts a nd 111( 11 th c -ere covered -ith (lttrtll A Sill fd t pithos huria l -as di scovered in the sdti(lll ( llt durin g the campaign of 19n~~ all d a rnth er ell-construc ted grave heshylong-in g to a youth of ahout 15 yeillS of age ill the campaign of IH~30 middot1 The grave ha s trapezoidal shape An upright slab formed its south side a nd t he natural rock dosed it to the north The shorter sides to the 1St and Ilest were made of unbaked
j ltr C lilegen and J 13 Yltlee )liddlc Htllndi( Tomhs ) Ijmliot(w ()sl()ew cf Fase IX 100 pp 28 If for a complete and masterful di scusi on of )Iid1l1e H clad ic burials Iso H Goldman ()p ell pp 83- 84
TItc J~itho5 with the bones as found is nQ- kept in the workroom at Eleusis_ IllS lliustmted In Art and A rcliaeUf XXXII 1931 1 2 p_ 15 The inner dimensions of the
~tncarc nHlxirnnm length 055 In m aximuill width OA j In The dimensions of the mud brieks formshylIIg th e shorter sides of the gla -e are the sam e as th~se of the bricks llsed for building houses
~
110 GEORGE E MYLOS -
brick The grave had no stone cOYer but evidentl after the interment it was filled with earth The s kel~ton Iing on a floor of pebbles in a flexed position is espeshycially well prcsen -ed (Fig 5) The skull on I was found broken but practically all its pieces Cle recocred
Two graves of adults (os 5 and 6) were found in the excavations of 1930 in front of the Stoa of Philo at a drth of JO n1 Iwlol the prsent surface of the soi l For
grave o 5 an oblong shaft was first dug in the soft rock and then its si des were lined with slabs The empty space between the slabs and the walls of the shaft were filled with pebbles and small stones
11 The bod was stretched out on its back ith the feet bent for lack of splice 0 objects were found with the body Thtmiddot grave as covered with a singie sla h on the ent COIIIN of hich was based part of the short side of grave 06
This gnwe extcnded in the ul1excavatct rart of the trench Its rosition and di nctioll can cIea r1y be made out in Figure 6 Lack of funds a nd of time the deshycomposed statc of the bones
FIG -ICUDLE HII I-1)(( GRYE nTH ShII1-TOX of glae No5 anti the moisshyture to which grae No 6
would have heen (xpowd durLng another winter Il tctss itntlt~d its lJllmediate explorashytion Consequentl y the short side of the gl1n was rel1loyed and through that opening the inttrior YClS (k~and Tht gnle has Hll oblong shape and its sides are built in stone three lacrs of stone rOJming its complete depth It is covered with a huge slRb wh ich has cracked IInder the pressUle of the filling Strangel enough the only gra-e hich (o llid not be rhotographed contained KTfP~JlT The architect of the excavations IIr John Travlos as with us and to his patient work is due theexact plan of the interior of the gra ve reproduced in Figure 7 The skeleshyton is slightl turned on its right side with the body stretched and feet bent for lack of space Before the face and parallel to the diJection of the hand was found the
I The inner dimensions of lhe grilmiddotC are length 125 Ill width 065 tn depth 040 m
2The inner dimensions of graYe 10 (i are lenglh 185 Ul width 067 m and depth 045 m The wao in which the earth was carried awa (rom this deep section is jJJustrated in a picture published iD Art alld ArClIl18ology op cit p 10
ELECSIS I~ THE IJRONZE AGE 1)1
thi blade of a dagger or ra zor and at a short distance from it a slllall haud-made procholls badly preserved Be teen the ase and the dagger ere discovered 51 1I1i111 triangular boars tu sK lined almost iu a tripl e row around that part of the asc Iyhieh faced the SKull and lying onr each other with the worked face to the
rOIllI( Yith thf- Ill was fOllnd il long and naITOband made of none and decorated with (once-ntric c ircles (fig l
11 ( filling in which these laquoes ere discored as ltriddle Helladic and it illS that both graves belong to the olld part of that period the sixth being lat er thall the fifth Grans of sIllall children Iere found in the Late H elladic filling alld und er the ilools ~f house hat1l in the southyestern slope of the Itill and in the 1I)a excavated in front of the Stoa of Philo
The lte rmnic remains are -en- abundant Onh- eiaht sherds belonginO to th e E I ar c Hcllauic periou were found a fell cen timeters below the present surface of the ~ill Fonr of them a re monochrol11e t)pes II and II II and belong to sauceshy
Ots the rest are pa inted t pe C II and appa rently belong to tankards
Wace and Bl egen op cif pp 17- 1iS aud C Y Begen 0]) cit figs 4 G and 10 I
GEORGE E MYLON S
Characteristic wares of the Middle Hellad ic strata at Ele ll sis as at other conshytemporary sites are Minyan and matt-flainted vases The jlinyan both grey and black wheel -lllade and hand-made is the more abundant Goblets on high stems and deep and shallow bo wls with high-swung handles a re very common We also
FIG 7- hTERIOlt ot GH n ~ j
have dcep bowls simil in shafle to the high-fool~d gob lets bu t lacking their stem (Fig 8) Ther were elmiddotidentlmiddot for kitchen lise a nd in t he bOld reprodllceo here we found the bones of a smali animal flroba bly of it hart vcr) common shape at Elell sis is the high-stemmed goblet ith Iwtica l hllnJ les on the rim (Fig 0) This shape is common at other sites comillete goblet from Orcholllenos is exhibi ted in t he ationaJ Museum of Athens fiss Goldma n disco(IPlt1 several at Elltnsis
FIG S-~[IYA DEEP BOWL F I G )-)lX )-X H lGHshy FIG ](l - hlT- ~HOOE1) SYIBOT
STDn1ED Gom FT
I saw many fragments among the shenls kept in the ~luseum of Tnnagla Dr Bronecr lateiy found similar fragments in the new sanctuary of Aflhrodite and Eros on the nor thern slofle of the Acropolis of Athens alllong the sherds from Korakou
I C V Blegen op cit figs 18 - 2-2 - ~ In the Cydaciic Room and jn the lower sedion of the l)hylukopi cases under serial number 5862 3 H Goldman op cit figs -l-l I and t5 -+ 4 CJ News I tems ftom Athens in A J 4 Xx V 19S ] p H)j O Broneer Eros and Aphrodite
on the North Slope of the Acropolis liesperia I 1932 p 35 Dr Broneer kindly showed me bis fin ds and pennitted me to mention this in my studies For this I am grateful to ~ljrn
113 poundIn-SIS 1 THE llROZE GE
there are n few belonging to such vases I and Professor I(aro kindly informed me that he found parts of vases of a similar shape at Tiryns This shape therefore is as characteristic of the linl-an ware as the goblets of Llianokladi t~ Jle a nd lhe kyljkes_
-lany -linyan ya ses and sherds were discme-rcd bearing groo ves or rings uround their body It was possible to note accurately the first appearance of this ware and to corroborate the nidence obta ined a t Eutresis by Miss Goldman At Eleusis grooved Minyan appeas in higher Middle Helladic levels and a little before the yelloylIin)an The grom-es or rings are placcgtltl either in groups a ll the bod- of the ~ase or they cover the surfacE cOlllplet el~middot To th e latter ~ariety belong th e two
5 6
FI G ] l- I x CI SElgt POTTUn FRO)( THE IIDJ)U~ Ih I (AlHC FlfLIXG
skphoi illustrated in Figure 10 Thel- are espec ially Iyell made aud Olle of them Cidentl- had three short point ed legs A littl e below th rims there are tmiddoto permiddot ora tions on either side b~ which the ases could be suspended or their lids fastelled fat- (1 5 I can lllake out th tSl oaseS are unique among th ( kno-n linyan find s
Tbe ~-e1 low l[inyan is rare and e -id~n tJ it did not enjoy at Eleusi the -ogue which it seems to haye enjoyed in Carinthia H
Vith tbe Iinyan ware and in th~ lowest liddle Helladi c level we found SOllle incised sherds made of cla- foreign to Eleusis (Fig 11) o 7 is part of the conical lid of a pyxis and is coYered yith a red -ash ~o 5 is black and belongs to the botmiddot tOI11 of slll all askoid lISe or a duck vase To a similar vase belongs the sherd No I ud its snrface is eOIered with a stitch pattern The incisions of sherds I and 5 -re originally filled with a hite chalb- snbstance These fr agments arS similar
I pilt ked up one at the site and another isamong the sherds kept in the nrilish School of Archaeology at Athens
~ lhat the grooves are a later element in Miny an technique H Goldman op cit p 54 3 1he same thing is mentioned for -egina b~ J P Harland in his Prehistoric A~gina p 18
I
114 GEORGI E iIlYLOIS
to those found by S Wide at Aphidna by Miss Goldmall at Eutresis a nd especially to the potter d iscovered at Phyla kopi in Melos uy th e British excavators
A great qualltity of matt-painted ware was found It belongs to the coarser B 1 a nd to the filler B II ty pes of Yace a nd Blegen The earlier as usual bear rec t ilinea r pattems and the later cunmiddotili nea The B II or slipped variety bears more delicate patterns an d on such ware appea r in E leusis spiraliform designs evishy
dently imported from Cret e Shapes are the usual bowls -jth or without a spout wat~r ja rs pithoi Hnd cups with a plofile of two oppos(d cUJyeSl Polychrome ware is very sca rce uut the few sherds d iscoered corne froIII the hi gh st point of the Middle Helladic fi lling Ya~(s and sherds were found in abunda nce
ill th( filling of the Late H ell ad ic period ChlJrHcte lis tic of th e l ow(~ l levels are c ups of th e -aphio shape bearing a rich decoration of conn (([(d spiral s painted in lustrou s black
FIG l- - L n H EIJl)J c I Crl pain t an d touched with white The cup illusshy
tlated in Figure 1-2 was foun d in HOllSt J and similar Wilre was discovered on the Boor of House H dating it accurat(y The Sl1lt bowls a re characteristic of the midd le of the La Ie Helladic fill (for connn igt nce to he referred to as the second layer of the 1 H period) while the high-footed klikes and the goblets 011 a hig h stem are uSllul in the upper lees Thus Ollr t ate Helllic pottery corresponds ith Proshyfesso r Blegens ehronoJogica l Jiristons a ltho ug-h iL is not sIUtpl distingu ished into Iegulr groups From a high poin t in the s(conel hotlwl ilt j Late I1dllic layer COBles the g reater part of an EphYlH(lHn goblet (F ig 13) b aling n represtlltllion or a swiullning nautilu s This is the fi rst (xalllp le of Ephyraeltl n warc to be found in Attica The goblet with th concentric circles ltomes fro m higher lenls still ami fall s ithin the Late Helladic III diis ions of P rofessor Blegcn
Among the slllail er finds the more important are th e ol)jects Jiscovered in glae No6 Here a bronze dagger was found The biline is er thin and short only 0158 In in le ngt h and it was attadled to the handl e bmiddot three silver ri vets The metal conta ins cry litt le tin anel because of this and of its shape the Jagger seen IS to belong to the -liddle H ellael ic II period
I Apllldna in ordattika - Alh Jlifl ] 890 pp 18 ft wd pis n 1 and XV 2-3 H Goldman op cit p -13 fig 3 1 Jgthy lalopi pis IY-
Wac-e and Blegell op eil PI 183- 18-1 3 C - Blegen op cil figs 27- 38 C Y Blegen OJ) cit figs J J 10 9-1- 96 ~ lbid p 11 7 ~ SOlllewhat similar blades were found in th e fourth ami sixth sha ft grflCS or Mycenae (cf G Karo
Die S chochlgrab fon lJiykenai pis L In jl)l C 397 XC 918 cvr 93i) in the graves of SeskJo (Chr T~OHll tas Al 1ltPOlo-ropuol apo1lDXm tUIJfVOI Ka ItooXOll pI 4 11) at ~fochlos (R n Seager Exploratio1l s i n lhe [sJnd oj JJfochlos fig 45 blade XX 9 (s imilar to ours and belonging to the iI M ill period from tomb XX) The blade (fig 45 IT 52) frOID tomb II is a little more deshyveloped than ours (Sir Arthur Eans The Palace of Minos I fig 142 b) The analysis kmdly made by Professor Zengelis of th e Universit of Athens and by his assistant ]1r Stathes shows that the metal ()uteined onb 038 per ceut tin
ELElSIS Ix THE UHOxlE GE 11 5
FtC l3-L-T J J-IEIDfc 11 l III GonlETs
Illlt boar tusks found in gran lt06 (Fig ]-) are mos tl middot of a triang ular shape and l w11 two or moleuro se ld om three e r t ic~t1 perforations by h ich they Were attach ed 10 IImiddot object th elmiddot decorated Such tusks a rc known from the fourth sha ft grave of I 1((ll(e The ere ll sed to CQTr th e surfncc of IHiOl ets The tusks covering 11( I elmet proper usually hae a half-lll oon shape whil e t hose cO I-ering t he cheek pi((s a re oblong a nd are perfora ted nt bot h their nanOl cllds The tusks of EhlIsis nre much smaller and lta(= a triangula r shap lt If thcy belonged to a hdllet they probably decorat ed the dwek pi eces hut I rathe r believe that the) d((oatcd some garment int erred -it h the dtlIcl This suppositi on is s trengthened 11 Ih discovery of the bone band OI S Ill in kllgt h at a short d istance from the 11I k which could not lE ry Iell Iw a lI chd to a helmet bot conlcl admirabl dlco lle the border of the garment
fleJ this cursormiddot SlIIT(-Y of th e pJehi storic lelll~ill S Ullcocred at EIEtl sis during
Ihl - 0 III m elS of 1930 a nd 1931 we shall state bri eR some of the co nclusions reached II is now defin itell- pro ved that t he prehi s tori~ rema ins discolered thus far at
EIlI~is helong to seUl e-m ents lnd cannot be considered as remnnnts of a necropolis COllI 1uently the theory of the cremation of lhe deacl in (i dd le Hell ad ic t imes (lIot be proven b~ th e Elell sini nn prehi storic remflin s
Th eliest remains belong t o th e Iiddle Hclladic period A few Early Helladic Ids found almost on the surfa ce of th e slope indicate that an ea rlie r settlement il ed on the E leosini a n hill but t his has escaped us ontil noll The prehistoric (ill urI revealed at Eleusis is practically identical with that brough t to light in rgolis and in Corinthia Chronologica ll y it fa lls within tb e limits fixed by Professor
I r G Kala op cil pis LXIX-LXX Fo) the representation or a helmet coyered ~ ilh hoars ~I~~) (1- eh Tsou ntas rrh Eph 1888 p 1-10 pi s S 12 f~lso a recollstruct~d helmet in lhe ltCHlcm rOOm or the Nallonal l Iuseulli at Athens eOered With tusks found In the chamber I I~ om) o 18 of lfcenae tH- Mr -ace
Thci ( dimensjon~ are as f~lIows length maxilllum 003 Ill minimum OO IG Ill width maximum 002) 01 min imulll 0018 lll at lh eir base
11( GEORGE E ) [YW X S
Blegen The few incised sherds di scoeled be ns seelll to inelicate thut a t Elensis the --liddle I-Ielladic period began a littl e earlier than in Carinthia At Phylakopi incised sherds ith a decoratioll similar to thllt found at Eleusis or bearing pattern fill ed with a hite chalky substance disappear a little before the destruction of the firs t cit)middot in other words before the end of the E arly -linoan period They there fore a re dated quite accuratel Dnt since we hLe round now in Attica itself pot tery of the Cycladic tpe produced du ring the Earl Helladic period and since our e ~ iden c( from Eleusis is so scanty we do not think it wise at present to base on it an changes of Professor B1f~en s chronolog ical divisions Added to future possible
finds jn Atti~a this evidence m ay
=--- become lllorc valuable a nd conclusshy~----- In
The remains of --liddle Helladie houses proe that in Attica also the apsidal and the oblong shapes of hOllses ere in lISC during the --[iddle Brone Age The habit of intramural burial and of interment under the floors of houses is also characteristic of the period inilIUIlJI_ tt ica The skeletons discovered in Late Helladic fillings prove that these customs continued down to the end of the Uycenaeall Agei ~1iampj)M In th e ~l middot c( naeall gray(s we lI Sshy
lid I fo und monochro me black 1 (3 These Sfelll to indicateAaampaaamp1 that the La te Hcllad ie inhabitants of EklI sis continued to use thelI~bullbull~ ~ t(chnique and the shapes of the pleioll s period of their loreil jatlbullbull j fnt lw ri ill making vaslS to be used as KTeurop luJlara r The gnles of the adults disCO cred in front of the
Sto of P hil o belong to the end of the --liddle Hl lIadic period They are similar in ll1all~ ways to the older Videlle Heihdic grles but t lley a lso have many points in common ith the earlier La te Helladic I burials The arc regular shafts The wall s of gra e G arc built of stone The position of the bod is mther
l Op cit pp 1-20- 1-23 2 Eyidencf to that cftcltt Wltl 5 ohtained at Ell tlmiddote-is hy Miss Goldman 01 ri l pp 42 - 4gt 3 Phr iakopi pp ~31 ft and 2- 9 if middot t Haghio5 K osmas a great quantity of potter was found with a strong Cyd adic character Cj
G E ~1douas PraJlilmiddota (of Ihe A cadelllY at Athens)i 1930 pp 3J9 ff and fig 5 ~ Gra middotes of small children WETt found 1t Haghios Kosmas beneath the floors of L H III houses
CJ C - Bltgen op cit p IO~ Ch T SOHIlUlS Arch Eplt 139 1 p 28 T hccustoll1 was remembered in Athens emiddoten in the cl assical period Plato Mi llOS 3
6 This custom was 6rst llotilt-cd by Pmfessor Tsollntas in the Cyclades (cf Arch Eph 1898 p 181 ) and it seem ~ that it was kept also by the inhabitants of the E H v illages of Haghios Kosmas
lt J
ELE CSJS r- THE 13TIOE _-GE 11 7
k 1ltI1 - Articles are interred with the d end_ They therefore add ne w e viden ce or I II( [ltlet that the Late H ell ad ie I shaft g nn-es nre onl- a continuatioll of IIiddlc
J ( ll aclie ty pes and traditions_ The -alls of House H are a -alua bl e additi on to the architec tural rem ains of the
La Ic Hdladic I period_ The scanty remains of the mega roll at Iiycenae th e as n t unpublished houses o f T solln k ia near emea and those in t he lower cit- of fin-ns form the sum to tal of our e-idence_ The shape of H ouse H ca n be reconshyInelcd with some probability from th e exis ting remains_ The a ngle of its north mdl repeated in a second construc tioJl in HOllse r is some -lwt ba fflin g Its main JHlrp05c probably was t o s treng then t he long -dl agains t the downpour of ra in or it lIliilt have been necessilated b so me ol) tacie not existing today Oue howeyer lIln)1 resist the temptation to mention the possibilit- th a t th ese ho uses represent th e ~ lrliest stage in the euroolutio ll of all apsidal into an oblong m egafa n The Ltte Ikll ad ic I House H seems to be li ke th e earlier IIiddle HeJladi c a ps ida1 houses with Ihe walls of thE apse straightell Ld out This suggestion howe er will hangt- to rCIJllin in lhe realm of assump t ions Ilntil corroborated by more evid ence obtained at Elcu i o r el sewhere _ Of ail e thi ng -e can he certain That ahea dI in the Late IIc ibdic I period fit Elfgtu sis we 11 1( I house with an Op CI1 pro d 0 111 05gt a dOIlla and illl r Ihala IOi~ COITEsponding closel to the 1 TlIl iH an megara of the L~lt e Helladic III priod
[11 he field of pottery n gl in a few Il l ~ h aJles of 1StS a nd th e ev id e nce that e I- e 1]0 actnal hreak in t he del-e loplllent o f (eramies from the earlie r t o the lat e r )lnTI]Ieall times_ The ddclIlIiJlation of the approximat e dat e of the g roo -ed )Iil]_-In Ilare will pron of impo rt a nce for thc dating of th e preJlis to ric p eriods of rI((dolia and the Chakidice wh ere silllilnr ware as found ill sttfl lificd I(els hy )11_ - HeUl-tle- - Th e rlagge r-hl)rlc i the firt prehi s to ric hronze a rticl e to he di middot( middotef(middotd n t Eltusis
- lI 1lt ly fillaily no tice lht th U~usillill remains furni sh Ample data to fill IIII gap left by th e r Clll[lin s 1I11 (O middot t fjmiddotd at Hag-hios I-o S llla s ~ in th tgt accollut of the pn-hi loric life o f Attica _ GEOHGE E Iluox-s
I (I Hlq(11 and a((gt OJ) cil p H ( h a ro ill llill 19) ) 13L Ii - i J92 1- 19-23 pp l iS -(l -f(j- O Short Hmiddotport abou t t he houses of fsonnkiza by
1 1 Hlrbll(l in AJJ X XX [[ ( HIIS) p i3 llrofe-50r J iHO kiudlmiddot lowed me Lo mention the h( lh of Tiryns
I 10 lrohistoric -3 it es in Chaltidi( l) HemtJe ltlnd C It H adford IJS A XX[X Ijl7- ~J--2S pp 139 if l 6) fL 182 - 18) 11 a ~hort -tud rcaJ I)efo re th c --cad clH of -- theJl s and puld lJed illlile Praktika G 193 1 pp lO G tl I think I procJ th nt the groo ed -ases ~f the Clwkiltii(e 1(log to a Ialer period than that m a rking the first appeanmce of thegre 1in-middotan ill the central sectio n o tll( l1~ailltanJ of R ellas Based on the eyidcllCe obtlincd a t OI1lthos Eutresis Eleuis u~daroftsl of Ccntral lIaced01 lin nnd Iolmiddotop~Tghos of the Chll lc idi te I proposed the foloting rnI IO ll or -ir Heurtleys ch ronol og~ tor the prehistoric period of Macedonia
col ithic period Defore SOOO to 2300 or 2400 DC
Earlmiddot ilroll2e Age P eriod A 2400-1750 BC ~IiJdlc Bronze Age Period Il 1730- 1500 Bc lltltc DrOllze Aae Pe rod C I 1500-1350 BC
tgt PerlOJ e lI 135 0-1150 BC
M~ ~~c site of Haghios K osmas WIlS inha bited during the Ea rl Hdladic period it was deserted in the bull l( c Hcllad lC and again re-inhabited in Lat e Helladic times
ELEliSIS lCi THE BROZE ~GE ]07
rind into the three subdivisions of Professor Carl II Blegen (L B I - II-III) 1 th e 1ate H elladic civilization valved grltldua ll y from its older to its later form
This vas especially noticeable at the east section of Uleuro excav~tion where the lillill~ of an aerage thickness of 285 m was lIndisturbed a nd dated from the Hrollze Age (Fig 2) The Late Bellad ic remlins were 5epa rat ed from those belongshyill 10 the Middle Belladic period by a thick layer of ashes 0 ind ication of a h~k lS found in the Late B elladi c filling aeraging 168 nL in thickness Of the J-rds discovered in this filling th e Late Hdladic I were found in tbe lower levels hill those of the kuown Late B ellad ic II and III tpes came from higher layers Hemin of bouses proved be the potter to belong to different periods were found (lIl1ing each other or superposed (Fig 2) II is e ident tbat one house was conshyslnwkd S soon as the preiolls one became uninhabited by long use and proba bly Irl of the older one was used by the lat er inhRbitants -t Ellusis therefore we fHI no evidence necessitating the ciiyision of the Late Helladic period iu to its (II ree sllbd iv-isions1
11 lila be added now that oni a few Earl H elladic sherds w(re found at the west -lt( (ion of the excavated a rea ano immedia tely und er th e present surface of the hill Ig ilh other prehistoric a ud classica l ware [ identl they wre washed down flOlll Ili iher leels of the hill he re there llIighi ha( existed an Early H elladic -d Il t llIcnt -l
Ill( IIchitcctural remains 1II1cocTed are prt5c middoted in n fragmentary condition owing 10 the great slope of the hill TherE are enough hOWEer to illustrate the 11( d the methods of construction in the lliddle Helladic and in the Late Ikldic periods ]ot a single complete llicdlc Helladic house was d iscovered but it i (kill that so me of the ea rlifst lEmnins uJlconreurod belong to h ouses with all
pi Ilok chamber In sha pe the apsida l houses oi Eleu is ltIre s imil to those dicoYcr(d at Tlwrmoll KO Iltl kou a nd Elltn~5j -I fl nd t he~- see lll to be divided I iTII a ils into three d isiol1 s Their a p ltgt hoYe(f are more angular than einmiddotnbrmiddot and the foundation walls of these ltlps(~ ltIre ery natTOY averaging 030 m
c n HlcgclI op fit pp 36 IT I Ilot ced the same thing Jt Ill exCanltiol of Haghios Kosnms In Ihnt si te also we haye no indicatioJI of a break hetveell the L H II and the L H III remains
) Fig llrC 2 ails 1-0 nrc L H b ile P-H are II H The Id l er T marks the layer of ahes ~I~I~~aLillg I he 1 H i ra]) the L H filling
bull J UI g-rcatcr degree e luwe no n irl ence llc(middotes itating the ~Ldopt OH of J p Harlands div is ions of t)I IirlIIIZt g-r O P Harlnnrl Thl PdOpOllneiOi i ll t ilt Bronc- c in lI(1rlardStudiamp in Clai$ishy~(JI JlIioluy XX1 (l9~3) pp (j fl and Prehi~f )ri( Atmiddot ila P~lri ~ IH) p 10) On the contra ry JJ tt 1(lt1 a1 Iea~t as sbown by the ex(ayltlt ion3 of Eleusis and Hagh io ~ fV$Jl) tS and h the finds of Thorshy~Iw 1Ii (Y do not seem to be El(Jpii(uhle If thlre must he a d imiddotj$ion at 1 11 het cen the lL H a nd the II perIOds tlllttt must come frit l I he appcafltlIlre of th( ~hcclla(aH lrr One natura lL wonders ~dl(~I~I(-r CgilW E(corJs wit h -tticE r i1t hN thau jt ll Argl) a nd Corinthin l S i t i ~ accepted by H nrshyI~r IL~l llts 1 1If 1 ~middot or th e island T he in formation gireu b~ Thue(lides (I l 20) that the same trihes ~U III Albea (rom the remotest period probabh- frolll th e t ime of the (oming of the first Ind oshyr llr(II H~lll S inlo the H II I ) l d I bull e eHlc penmsu a IS uemg proye true)y our excantJons
Ouc pllllled E H shcrd type C 11 Y85 among the finds of P rofessor Skins Its provenance was tlo t t((unlt1 ~ fh ~
bull I C rcrnams of four apsldal hOlts(s were fOlllHl 1I1 t he exraated areaI
r(11 Jell 191 - 5231 fi 0 C - n] pound H G Id middot3fig ~e oJ p g 1gt egen op crf p 77 Ilg 110 0 man op cll p j
_IJE lthnt respeet they resemble tbe apse of Thermon rather than t he more ( ircular apses of Korakou - tI reslS
i08 (EORGE pound 1I I YWAS
in thickness so that they cou ld not support H heavy roof or one of an elaborate character The stone walls rising on I 030 m above tillt floor le els served as foundations for walls of unbaked brick Fragments of brick 1 were found and the lo wer course of a brick wall is presen ed in the remains of Houses D and P The 1shysid a1 was not the onlo shape Remains of three oblong houses were also uncovered
tlmero us are th e remai ns (If honses of the Late Hellad ic period The more important a nd the better presen d belong to a Late Hellad ic I building to H ouse H (Fig 3) The north side of th i tmct tire a portion of its rcar aJl and pwts of the cross wa lls are preserved in an excellent conoi tion At pla ces the outer middotalls built of lln wO lked stont a re presernd to a height of 140111 apparently to their original
gt ~ 1-shy
~~fjb ~~~~~~~ ~~lt~ ~i
height JlHo- se r as foun datiuns and supported a a ll il d of nnbaked bri( k great parts of hich -I( found in the fillin( around th hous( The long north wall to th e cas t ends in a ell -built anta Toward tJ est end of the house it bends to the south a ll d forlll el l-prtserved ltlngle beyond -jich it con tinl1s for 295 In until it meets it h tl nlr lt111 (Fig l) The stone foundations of tmiddoto cross WillIs rising to their origillil l height of 040 rn Wt)f( discQv( rltd diyidillg the building into three part s The ltIngle ltI t th~ north side perfect I pt( serveu to its original heig111 is contllIIporltlrmiddot -ith the res t of the wall a nd it was intenlionall middot built H t11e tillle of the construction of the house If we assume quite arbitrarily we admit that t he nngle w~s repeated in the other long side of the building e shall have themiddot plan of the house as illustrated in Figure 4 111e building has an open court or prodolllos 2-10 II in length a large hall or doma 540 Ill in length and a
I The bricks measure about 035 III in length 020 m in width and 008 m jn thickness 2 Ve have n s imiJ ar angle on lhe north wall of the L H I House t The apse of building C of Eutresis
forms an rulgle with the long straigh t wall which liiss Goldman explains as a later addition to the building op cit p 66
10D
IHal hI Ck cham bel or thaJalllos whic h In siz tgt (i t is onJ ~ 2AO Ill ill length) and in ~ hl ncalls the small apsida j chamber I in houses of the previous period jat of the floor of t he houSlt mad e or pcbhlgt and hea ten earth was preserved but nothing to indicate the shape of its roof So trAces of a hearth were found in the (hlllll but k ss than a qWlrtr of the fl oor was lCco-( led Yt m ay here emphasize thc fae that the method of construction of the Lak H eJiadic I hOllses found at Elcll i is iden tical with tbat nsed ill liddle l-kJladic times on the sallle site
o 5
TIl( i(middotmains of walls bel ong ing to a p (riod correpondin g Lo tht Iate Jfell ndic II and III s l1bdiyisiollS of Professor BJ (middot(u stem to Iw lon g to regubr ll1egcl roll-shapcd ~1 ((Iltean houses
Examples of intramural bUlii1 and hurills tlnd cT the Hoots of houses V( lC quite IIlIlllerous both in the liddl H Iidic a nti in tIllt Latc H cJldic periods The hodi( were laid in a flexed position llsl1a ll in sllla ll ohlong o r rOllnd shafts a nd 111( 11 th c -ere covered -ith (lttrtll A Sill fd t pithos huria l -as di scovered in the sdti(lll ( llt durin g the campaign of 19n~~ all d a rnth er ell-construc ted grave heshylong-in g to a youth of ahout 15 yeillS of age ill the campaign of IH~30 middot1 The grave ha s trapezoidal shape An upright slab formed its south side a nd t he natural rock dosed it to the north The shorter sides to the 1St and Ilest were made of unbaked
j ltr C lilegen and J 13 Yltlee )liddlc Htllndi( Tomhs ) Ijmliot(w ()sl()ew cf Fase IX 100 pp 28 If for a complete and masterful di scusi on of )Iid1l1e H clad ic burials Iso H Goldman ()p ell pp 83- 84
TItc J~itho5 with the bones as found is nQ- kept in the workroom at Eleusis_ IllS lliustmted In Art and A rcliaeUf XXXII 1931 1 2 p_ 15 The inner dimensions of the
~tncarc nHlxirnnm length 055 In m aximuill width OA j In The dimensions of the mud brieks formshylIIg th e shorter sides of the gla -e are the sam e as th~se of the bricks llsed for building houses
~
110 GEORGE E MYLOS -
brick The grave had no stone cOYer but evidentl after the interment it was filled with earth The s kel~ton Iing on a floor of pebbles in a flexed position is espeshycially well prcsen -ed (Fig 5) The skull on I was found broken but practically all its pieces Cle recocred
Two graves of adults (os 5 and 6) were found in the excavations of 1930 in front of the Stoa of Philo at a drth of JO n1 Iwlol the prsent surface of the soi l For
grave o 5 an oblong shaft was first dug in the soft rock and then its si des were lined with slabs The empty space between the slabs and the walls of the shaft were filled with pebbles and small stones
11 The bod was stretched out on its back ith the feet bent for lack of splice 0 objects were found with the body Thtmiddot grave as covered with a singie sla h on the ent COIIIN of hich was based part of the short side of grave 06
This gnwe extcnded in the ul1excavatct rart of the trench Its rosition and di nctioll can cIea r1y be made out in Figure 6 Lack of funds a nd of time the deshycomposed statc of the bones
FIG -ICUDLE HII I-1)(( GRYE nTH ShII1-TOX of glae No5 anti the moisshyture to which grae No 6
would have heen (xpowd durLng another winter Il tctss itntlt~d its lJllmediate explorashytion Consequentl y the short side of the gl1n was rel1loyed and through that opening the inttrior YClS (k~and Tht gnle has Hll oblong shape and its sides are built in stone three lacrs of stone rOJming its complete depth It is covered with a huge slRb wh ich has cracked IInder the pressUle of the filling Strangel enough the only gra-e hich (o llid not be rhotographed contained KTfP~JlT The architect of the excavations IIr John Travlos as with us and to his patient work is due theexact plan of the interior of the gra ve reproduced in Figure 7 The skeleshyton is slightl turned on its right side with the body stretched and feet bent for lack of space Before the face and parallel to the diJection of the hand was found the
I The inner dimensions of lhe grilmiddotC are length 125 Ill width 065 tn depth 040 m
2The inner dimensions of graYe 10 (i are lenglh 185 Ul width 067 m and depth 045 m The wao in which the earth was carried awa (rom this deep section is jJJustrated in a picture published iD Art alld ArClIl18ology op cit p 10
ELECSIS I~ THE IJRONZE AGE 1)1
thi blade of a dagger or ra zor and at a short distance from it a slllall haud-made procholls badly preserved Be teen the ase and the dagger ere discovered 51 1I1i111 triangular boars tu sK lined almost iu a tripl e row around that part of the asc Iyhieh faced the SKull and lying onr each other with the worked face to the
rOIllI( Yith thf- Ill was fOllnd il long and naITOband made of none and decorated with (once-ntric c ircles (fig l
11 ( filling in which these laquoes ere discored as ltriddle Helladic and it illS that both graves belong to the olld part of that period the sixth being lat er thall the fifth Grans of sIllall children Iere found in the Late H elladic filling alld und er the ilools ~f house hat1l in the southyestern slope of the Itill and in the 1I)a excavated in front of the Stoa of Philo
The lte rmnic remains are -en- abundant Onh- eiaht sherds belonginO to th e E I ar c Hcllauic periou were found a fell cen timeters below the present surface of the ~ill Fonr of them a re monochrol11e t)pes II and II II and belong to sauceshy
Ots the rest are pa inted t pe C II and appa rently belong to tankards
Wace and Bl egen op cif pp 17- 1iS aud C Y Begen 0]) cit figs 4 G and 10 I
GEORGE E MYLON S
Characteristic wares of the Middle Hellad ic strata at Ele ll sis as at other conshytemporary sites are Minyan and matt-flainted vases The jlinyan both grey and black wheel -lllade and hand-made is the more abundant Goblets on high stems and deep and shallow bo wls with high-swung handles a re very common We also
FIG 7- hTERIOlt ot GH n ~ j
have dcep bowls simil in shafle to the high-fool~d gob lets bu t lacking their stem (Fig 8) Ther were elmiddotidentlmiddot for kitchen lise a nd in t he bOld reprodllceo here we found the bones of a smali animal flroba bly of it hart vcr) common shape at Elell sis is the high-stemmed goblet ith Iwtica l hllnJ les on the rim (Fig 0) This shape is common at other sites comillete goblet from Orcholllenos is exhibi ted in t he ationaJ Museum of Athens fiss Goldma n disco(IPlt1 several at Elltnsis
FIG S-~[IYA DEEP BOWL F I G )-)lX )-X H lGHshy FIG ](l - hlT- ~HOOE1) SYIBOT
STDn1ED Gom FT
I saw many fragments among the shenls kept in the ~luseum of Tnnagla Dr Bronecr lateiy found similar fragments in the new sanctuary of Aflhrodite and Eros on the nor thern slofle of the Acropolis of Athens alllong the sherds from Korakou
I C V Blegen op cit figs 18 - 2-2 - ~ In the Cydaciic Room and jn the lower sedion of the l)hylukopi cases under serial number 5862 3 H Goldman op cit figs -l-l I and t5 -+ 4 CJ News I tems ftom Athens in A J 4 Xx V 19S ] p H)j O Broneer Eros and Aphrodite
on the North Slope of the Acropolis liesperia I 1932 p 35 Dr Broneer kindly showed me bis fin ds and pennitted me to mention this in my studies For this I am grateful to ~ljrn
113 poundIn-SIS 1 THE llROZE GE
there are n few belonging to such vases I and Professor I(aro kindly informed me that he found parts of vases of a similar shape at Tiryns This shape therefore is as characteristic of the linl-an ware as the goblets of Llianokladi t~ Jle a nd lhe kyljkes_
-lany -linyan ya ses and sherds were discme-rcd bearing groo ves or rings uround their body It was possible to note accurately the first appearance of this ware and to corroborate the nidence obta ined a t Eutresis by Miss Goldman At Eleusis grooved Minyan appeas in higher Middle Helladic levels and a little before the yelloylIin)an The grom-es or rings are placcgtltl either in groups a ll the bod- of the ~ase or they cover the surfacE cOlllplet el~middot To th e latter ~ariety belong th e two
5 6
FI G ] l- I x CI SElgt POTTUn FRO)( THE IIDJ)U~ Ih I (AlHC FlfLIXG
skphoi illustrated in Figure 10 Thel- are espec ially Iyell made aud Olle of them Cidentl- had three short point ed legs A littl e below th rims there are tmiddoto permiddot ora tions on either side b~ which the ases could be suspended or their lids fastelled fat- (1 5 I can lllake out th tSl oaseS are unique among th ( kno-n linyan find s
Tbe ~-e1 low l[inyan is rare and e -id~n tJ it did not enjoy at Eleusi the -ogue which it seems to haye enjoyed in Carinthia H
Vith tbe Iinyan ware and in th~ lowest liddle Helladi c level we found SOllle incised sherds made of cla- foreign to Eleusis (Fig 11) o 7 is part of the conical lid of a pyxis and is coYered yith a red -ash ~o 5 is black and belongs to the botmiddot tOI11 of slll all askoid lISe or a duck vase To a similar vase belongs the sherd No I ud its snrface is eOIered with a stitch pattern The incisions of sherds I and 5 -re originally filled with a hite chalb- snbstance These fr agments arS similar
I pilt ked up one at the site and another isamong the sherds kept in the nrilish School of Archaeology at Athens
~ lhat the grooves are a later element in Miny an technique H Goldman op cit p 54 3 1he same thing is mentioned for -egina b~ J P Harland in his Prehistoric A~gina p 18
I
114 GEORGI E iIlYLOIS
to those found by S Wide at Aphidna by Miss Goldmall at Eutresis a nd especially to the potter d iscovered at Phyla kopi in Melos uy th e British excavators
A great qualltity of matt-painted ware was found It belongs to the coarser B 1 a nd to the filler B II ty pes of Yace a nd Blegen The earlier as usual bear rec t ilinea r pattems and the later cunmiddotili nea The B II or slipped variety bears more delicate patterns an d on such ware appea r in E leusis spiraliform designs evishy
dently imported from Cret e Shapes are the usual bowls -jth or without a spout wat~r ja rs pithoi Hnd cups with a plofile of two oppos(d cUJyeSl Polychrome ware is very sca rce uut the few sherds d iscoered corne froIII the hi gh st point of the Middle Helladic fi lling Ya~(s and sherds were found in abunda nce
ill th( filling of the Late H ell ad ic period ChlJrHcte lis tic of th e l ow(~ l levels are c ups of th e -aphio shape bearing a rich decoration of conn (([(d spiral s painted in lustrou s black
FIG l- - L n H EIJl)J c I Crl pain t an d touched with white The cup illusshy
tlated in Figure 1-2 was foun d in HOllSt J and similar Wilre was discovered on the Boor of House H dating it accurat(y The Sl1lt bowls a re characteristic of the midd le of the La Ie Helladic fill (for connn igt nce to he referred to as the second layer of the 1 H period) while the high-footed klikes and the goblets 011 a hig h stem are uSllul in the upper lees Thus Ollr t ate Helllic pottery corresponds ith Proshyfesso r Blegens ehronoJogica l Jiristons a ltho ug-h iL is not sIUtpl distingu ished into Iegulr groups From a high poin t in the s(conel hotlwl ilt j Late I1dllic layer COBles the g reater part of an EphYlH(lHn goblet (F ig 13) b aling n represtlltllion or a swiullning nautilu s This is the fi rst (xalllp le of Ephyraeltl n warc to be found in Attica The goblet with th concentric circles ltomes fro m higher lenls still ami fall s ithin the Late Helladic III diis ions of P rofessor Blegcn
Among the slllail er finds the more important are th e ol)jects Jiscovered in glae No6 Here a bronze dagger was found The biline is er thin and short only 0158 In in le ngt h and it was attadled to the handl e bmiddot three silver ri vets The metal conta ins cry litt le tin anel because of this and of its shape the Jagger seen IS to belong to the -liddle H ellael ic II period
I Apllldna in ordattika - Alh Jlifl ] 890 pp 18 ft wd pis n 1 and XV 2-3 H Goldman op cit p -13 fig 3 1 Jgthy lalopi pis IY-
Wac-e and Blegell op eil PI 183- 18-1 3 C - Blegen op cil figs 27- 38 C Y Blegen OJ) cit figs J J 10 9-1- 96 ~ lbid p 11 7 ~ SOlllewhat similar blades were found in th e fourth ami sixth sha ft grflCS or Mycenae (cf G Karo
Die S chochlgrab fon lJiykenai pis L In jl)l C 397 XC 918 cvr 93i) in the graves of SeskJo (Chr T~OHll tas Al 1ltPOlo-ropuol apo1lDXm tUIJfVOI Ka ItooXOll pI 4 11) at ~fochlos (R n Seager Exploratio1l s i n lhe [sJnd oj JJfochlos fig 45 blade XX 9 (s imilar to ours and belonging to the iI M ill period from tomb XX) The blade (fig 45 IT 52) frOID tomb II is a little more deshyveloped than ours (Sir Arthur Eans The Palace of Minos I fig 142 b) The analysis kmdly made by Professor Zengelis of th e Universit of Athens and by his assistant ]1r Stathes shows that the metal ()uteined onb 038 per ceut tin
ELElSIS Ix THE UHOxlE GE 11 5
FtC l3-L-T J J-IEIDfc 11 l III GonlETs
Illlt boar tusks found in gran lt06 (Fig ]-) are mos tl middot of a triang ular shape and l w11 two or moleuro se ld om three e r t ic~t1 perforations by h ich they Were attach ed 10 IImiddot object th elmiddot decorated Such tusks a rc known from the fourth sha ft grave of I 1((ll(e The ere ll sed to CQTr th e surfncc of IHiOl ets The tusks covering 11( I elmet proper usually hae a half-lll oon shape whil e t hose cO I-ering t he cheek pi((s a re oblong a nd are perfora ted nt bot h their nanOl cllds The tusks of EhlIsis nre much smaller and lta(= a triangula r shap lt If thcy belonged to a hdllet they probably decorat ed the dwek pi eces hut I rathe r believe that the) d((oatcd some garment int erred -it h the dtlIcl This suppositi on is s trengthened 11 Ih discovery of the bone band OI S Ill in kllgt h at a short d istance from the 11I k which could not lE ry Iell Iw a lI chd to a helmet bot conlcl admirabl dlco lle the border of the garment
fleJ this cursormiddot SlIIT(-Y of th e pJehi storic lelll~ill S Ullcocred at EIEtl sis during
Ihl - 0 III m elS of 1930 a nd 1931 we shall state bri eR some of the co nclusions reached II is now defin itell- pro ved that t he prehi s tori~ rema ins discolered thus far at
EIlI~is helong to seUl e-m ents lnd cannot be considered as remnnnts of a necropolis COllI 1uently the theory of the cremation of lhe deacl in (i dd le Hell ad ic t imes (lIot be proven b~ th e Elell sini nn prehi storic remflin s
Th eliest remains belong t o th e Iiddle Hclladic period A few Early Helladic Ids found almost on the surfa ce of th e slope indicate that an ea rlie r settlement il ed on the E leosini a n hill but t his has escaped us ontil noll The prehistoric (ill urI revealed at Eleusis is practically identical with that brough t to light in rgolis and in Corinthia Chronologica ll y it fa lls within tb e limits fixed by Professor
I r G Kala op cil pis LXIX-LXX Fo) the representation or a helmet coyered ~ ilh hoars ~I~~) (1- eh Tsou ntas rrh Eph 1888 p 1-10 pi s S 12 f~lso a recollstruct~d helmet in lhe ltCHlcm rOOm or the Nallonal l Iuseulli at Athens eOered With tusks found In the chamber I I~ om) o 18 of lfcenae tH- Mr -ace
Thci ( dimensjon~ are as f~lIows length maxilllum 003 Ill minimum OO IG Ill width maximum 002) 01 min imulll 0018 lll at lh eir base
11( GEORGE E ) [YW X S
Blegen The few incised sherds di scoeled be ns seelll to inelicate thut a t Elensis the --liddle I-Ielladic period began a littl e earlier than in Carinthia At Phylakopi incised sherds ith a decoratioll similar to thllt found at Eleusis or bearing pattern fill ed with a hite chalky substance disappear a little before the destruction of the firs t cit)middot in other words before the end of the E arly -linoan period They there fore a re dated quite accuratel Dnt since we hLe round now in Attica itself pot tery of the Cycladic tpe produced du ring the Earl Helladic period and since our e ~ iden c( from Eleusis is so scanty we do not think it wise at present to base on it an changes of Professor B1f~en s chronolog ical divisions Added to future possible
finds jn Atti~a this evidence m ay
=--- become lllorc valuable a nd conclusshy~----- In
The remains of --liddle Helladie houses proe that in Attica also the apsidal and the oblong shapes of hOllses ere in lISC during the --[iddle Brone Age The habit of intramural burial and of interment under the floors of houses is also characteristic of the period inilIUIlJI_ tt ica The skeletons discovered in Late Helladic fillings prove that these customs continued down to the end of the Uycenaeall Agei ~1iampj)M In th e ~l middot c( naeall gray(s we lI Sshy
lid I fo und monochro me black 1 (3 These Sfelll to indicateAaampaaamp1 that the La te Hcllad ie inhabitants of EklI sis continued to use thelI~bullbull~ ~ t(chnique and the shapes of the pleioll s period of their loreil jatlbullbull j fnt lw ri ill making vaslS to be used as KTeurop luJlara r The gnles of the adults disCO cred in front of the
Sto of P hil o belong to the end of the --liddle Hl lIadic period They are similar in ll1all~ ways to the older Videlle Heihdic grles but t lley a lso have many points in common ith the earlier La te Helladic I burials The arc regular shafts The wall s of gra e G arc built of stone The position of the bod is mther
l Op cit pp 1-20- 1-23 2 Eyidencf to that cftcltt Wltl 5 ohtained at Ell tlmiddote-is hy Miss Goldman 01 ri l pp 42 - 4gt 3 Phr iakopi pp ~31 ft and 2- 9 if middot t Haghio5 K osmas a great quantity of potter was found with a strong Cyd adic character Cj
G E ~1douas PraJlilmiddota (of Ihe A cadelllY at Athens)i 1930 pp 3J9 ff and fig 5 ~ Gra middotes of small children WETt found 1t Haghios Kosmas beneath the floors of L H III houses
CJ C - Bltgen op cit p IO~ Ch T SOHIlUlS Arch Eplt 139 1 p 28 T hccustoll1 was remembered in Athens emiddoten in the cl assical period Plato Mi llOS 3
6 This custom was 6rst llotilt-cd by Pmfessor Tsollntas in the Cyclades (cf Arch Eph 1898 p 181 ) and it seem ~ that it was kept also by the inhabitants of the E H v illages of Haghios Kosmas
lt J
ELE CSJS r- THE 13TIOE _-GE 11 7
k 1ltI1 - Articles are interred with the d end_ They therefore add ne w e viden ce or I II( [ltlet that the Late H ell ad ie I shaft g nn-es nre onl- a continuatioll of IIiddlc
J ( ll aclie ty pes and traditions_ The -alls of House H are a -alua bl e additi on to the architec tural rem ains of the
La Ic Hdladic I period_ The scanty remains of the mega roll at Iiycenae th e as n t unpublished houses o f T solln k ia near emea and those in t he lower cit- of fin-ns form the sum to tal of our e-idence_ The shape of H ouse H ca n be reconshyInelcd with some probability from th e exis ting remains_ The a ngle of its north mdl repeated in a second construc tioJl in HOllse r is some -lwt ba fflin g Its main JHlrp05c probably was t o s treng then t he long -dl agains t the downpour of ra in or it lIliilt have been necessilated b so me ol) tacie not existing today Oue howeyer lIln)1 resist the temptation to mention the possibilit- th a t th ese ho uses represent th e ~ lrliest stage in the euroolutio ll of all apsidal into an oblong m egafa n The Ltte Ikll ad ic I House H seems to be li ke th e earlier IIiddle HeJladi c a ps ida1 houses with Ihe walls of thE apse straightell Ld out This suggestion howe er will hangt- to rCIJllin in lhe realm of assump t ions Ilntil corroborated by more evid ence obtained at Elcu i o r el sewhere _ Of ail e thi ng -e can he certain That ahea dI in the Late IIc ibdic I period fit Elfgtu sis we 11 1( I house with an Op CI1 pro d 0 111 05gt a dOIlla and illl r Ihala IOi~ COITEsponding closel to the 1 TlIl iH an megara of the L~lt e Helladic III priod
[11 he field of pottery n gl in a few Il l ~ h aJles of 1StS a nd th e ev id e nce that e I- e 1]0 actnal hreak in t he del-e loplllent o f (eramies from the earlie r t o the lat e r )lnTI]Ieall times_ The ddclIlIiJlation of the approximat e dat e of the g roo -ed )Iil]_-In Ilare will pron of impo rt a nce for thc dating of th e preJlis to ric p eriods of rI((dolia and the Chakidice wh ere silllilnr ware as found ill sttfl lificd I(els hy )11_ - HeUl-tle- - Th e rlagge r-hl)rlc i the firt prehi s to ric hronze a rticl e to he di middot( middotef(middotd n t Eltusis
- lI 1lt ly fillaily no tice lht th U~usillill remains furni sh Ample data to fill IIII gap left by th e r Clll[lin s 1I11 (O middot t fjmiddotd at Hag-hios I-o S llla s ~ in th tgt accollut of the pn-hi loric life o f Attica _ GEOHGE E Iluox-s
I (I Hlq(11 and a((gt OJ) cil p H ( h a ro ill llill 19) ) 13L Ii - i J92 1- 19-23 pp l iS -(l -f(j- O Short Hmiddotport abou t t he houses of fsonnkiza by
1 1 Hlrbll(l in AJJ X XX [[ ( HIIS) p i3 llrofe-50r J iHO kiudlmiddot lowed me Lo mention the h( lh of Tiryns
I 10 lrohistoric -3 it es in Chaltidi( l) HemtJe ltlnd C It H adford IJS A XX[X Ijl7- ~J--2S pp 139 if l 6) fL 182 - 18) 11 a ~hort -tud rcaJ I)efo re th c --cad clH of -- theJl s and puld lJed illlile Praktika G 193 1 pp lO G tl I think I procJ th nt the groo ed -ases ~f the Clwkiltii(e 1(log to a Ialer period than that m a rking the first appeanmce of thegre 1in-middotan ill the central sectio n o tll( l1~ailltanJ of R ellas Based on the eyidcllCe obtlincd a t OI1lthos Eutresis Eleuis u~daroftsl of Ccntral lIaced01 lin nnd Iolmiddotop~Tghos of the Chll lc idi te I proposed the foloting rnI IO ll or -ir Heurtleys ch ronol og~ tor the prehistoric period of Macedonia
col ithic period Defore SOOO to 2300 or 2400 DC
Earlmiddot ilroll2e Age P eriod A 2400-1750 BC ~IiJdlc Bronze Age Period Il 1730- 1500 Bc lltltc DrOllze Aae Pe rod C I 1500-1350 BC
tgt PerlOJ e lI 135 0-1150 BC
M~ ~~c site of Haghios K osmas WIlS inha bited during the Ea rl Hdladic period it was deserted in the bull l( c Hcllad lC and again re-inhabited in Lat e Helladic times
i08 (EORGE pound 1I I YWAS
in thickness so that they cou ld not support H heavy roof or one of an elaborate character The stone walls rising on I 030 m above tillt floor le els served as foundations for walls of unbaked brick Fragments of brick 1 were found and the lo wer course of a brick wall is presen ed in the remains of Houses D and P The 1shysid a1 was not the onlo shape Remains of three oblong houses were also uncovered
tlmero us are th e remai ns (If honses of the Late Hellad ic period The more important a nd the better presen d belong to a Late Hellad ic I building to H ouse H (Fig 3) The north side of th i tmct tire a portion of its rcar aJl and pwts of the cross wa lls are preserved in an excellent conoi tion At pla ces the outer middotalls built of lln wO lked stont a re presernd to a height of 140111 apparently to their original
gt ~ 1-shy
~~fjb ~~~~~~~ ~~lt~ ~i
height JlHo- se r as foun datiuns and supported a a ll il d of nnbaked bri( k great parts of hich -I( found in the fillin( around th hous( The long north wall to th e cas t ends in a ell -built anta Toward tJ est end of the house it bends to the south a ll d forlll el l-prtserved ltlngle beyond -jich it con tinl1s for 295 In until it meets it h tl nlr lt111 (Fig l) The stone foundations of tmiddoto cross WillIs rising to their origillil l height of 040 rn Wt)f( discQv( rltd diyidillg the building into three part s The ltIngle ltI t th~ north side perfect I pt( serveu to its original heig111 is contllIIporltlrmiddot -ith the res t of the wall a nd it was intenlionall middot built H t11e tillle of the construction of the house If we assume quite arbitrarily we admit that t he nngle w~s repeated in the other long side of the building e shall have themiddot plan of the house as illustrated in Figure 4 111e building has an open court or prodolllos 2-10 II in length a large hall or doma 540 Ill in length and a
I The bricks measure about 035 III in length 020 m in width and 008 m jn thickness 2 Ve have n s imiJ ar angle on lhe north wall of the L H I House t The apse of building C of Eutresis
forms an rulgle with the long straigh t wall which liiss Goldman explains as a later addition to the building op cit p 66
10D
IHal hI Ck cham bel or thaJalllos whic h In siz tgt (i t is onJ ~ 2AO Ill ill length) and in ~ hl ncalls the small apsida j chamber I in houses of the previous period jat of the floor of t he houSlt mad e or pcbhlgt and hea ten earth was preserved but nothing to indicate the shape of its roof So trAces of a hearth were found in the (hlllll but k ss than a qWlrtr of the fl oor was lCco-( led Yt m ay here emphasize thc fae that the method of construction of the Lak H eJiadic I hOllses found at Elcll i is iden tical with tbat nsed ill liddle l-kJladic times on the sallle site
o 5
TIl( i(middotmains of walls bel ong ing to a p (riod correpondin g Lo tht Iate Jfell ndic II and III s l1bdiyisiollS of Professor BJ (middot(u stem to Iw lon g to regubr ll1egcl roll-shapcd ~1 ((Iltean houses
Examples of intramural bUlii1 and hurills tlnd cT the Hoots of houses V( lC quite IIlIlllerous both in the liddl H Iidic a nti in tIllt Latc H cJldic periods The hodi( were laid in a flexed position llsl1a ll in sllla ll ohlong o r rOllnd shafts a nd 111( 11 th c -ere covered -ith (lttrtll A Sill fd t pithos huria l -as di scovered in the sdti(lll ( llt durin g the campaign of 19n~~ all d a rnth er ell-construc ted grave heshylong-in g to a youth of ahout 15 yeillS of age ill the campaign of IH~30 middot1 The grave ha s trapezoidal shape An upright slab formed its south side a nd t he natural rock dosed it to the north The shorter sides to the 1St and Ilest were made of unbaked
j ltr C lilegen and J 13 Yltlee )liddlc Htllndi( Tomhs ) Ijmliot(w ()sl()ew cf Fase IX 100 pp 28 If for a complete and masterful di scusi on of )Iid1l1e H clad ic burials Iso H Goldman ()p ell pp 83- 84
TItc J~itho5 with the bones as found is nQ- kept in the workroom at Eleusis_ IllS lliustmted In Art and A rcliaeUf XXXII 1931 1 2 p_ 15 The inner dimensions of the
~tncarc nHlxirnnm length 055 In m aximuill width OA j In The dimensions of the mud brieks formshylIIg th e shorter sides of the gla -e are the sam e as th~se of the bricks llsed for building houses
~
110 GEORGE E MYLOS -
brick The grave had no stone cOYer but evidentl after the interment it was filled with earth The s kel~ton Iing on a floor of pebbles in a flexed position is espeshycially well prcsen -ed (Fig 5) The skull on I was found broken but practically all its pieces Cle recocred
Two graves of adults (os 5 and 6) were found in the excavations of 1930 in front of the Stoa of Philo at a drth of JO n1 Iwlol the prsent surface of the soi l For
grave o 5 an oblong shaft was first dug in the soft rock and then its si des were lined with slabs The empty space between the slabs and the walls of the shaft were filled with pebbles and small stones
11 The bod was stretched out on its back ith the feet bent for lack of splice 0 objects were found with the body Thtmiddot grave as covered with a singie sla h on the ent COIIIN of hich was based part of the short side of grave 06
This gnwe extcnded in the ul1excavatct rart of the trench Its rosition and di nctioll can cIea r1y be made out in Figure 6 Lack of funds a nd of time the deshycomposed statc of the bones
FIG -ICUDLE HII I-1)(( GRYE nTH ShII1-TOX of glae No5 anti the moisshyture to which grae No 6
would have heen (xpowd durLng another winter Il tctss itntlt~d its lJllmediate explorashytion Consequentl y the short side of the gl1n was rel1loyed and through that opening the inttrior YClS (k~and Tht gnle has Hll oblong shape and its sides are built in stone three lacrs of stone rOJming its complete depth It is covered with a huge slRb wh ich has cracked IInder the pressUle of the filling Strangel enough the only gra-e hich (o llid not be rhotographed contained KTfP~JlT The architect of the excavations IIr John Travlos as with us and to his patient work is due theexact plan of the interior of the gra ve reproduced in Figure 7 The skeleshyton is slightl turned on its right side with the body stretched and feet bent for lack of space Before the face and parallel to the diJection of the hand was found the
I The inner dimensions of lhe grilmiddotC are length 125 Ill width 065 tn depth 040 m
2The inner dimensions of graYe 10 (i are lenglh 185 Ul width 067 m and depth 045 m The wao in which the earth was carried awa (rom this deep section is jJJustrated in a picture published iD Art alld ArClIl18ology op cit p 10
ELECSIS I~ THE IJRONZE AGE 1)1
thi blade of a dagger or ra zor and at a short distance from it a slllall haud-made procholls badly preserved Be teen the ase and the dagger ere discovered 51 1I1i111 triangular boars tu sK lined almost iu a tripl e row around that part of the asc Iyhieh faced the SKull and lying onr each other with the worked face to the
rOIllI( Yith thf- Ill was fOllnd il long and naITOband made of none and decorated with (once-ntric c ircles (fig l
11 ( filling in which these laquoes ere discored as ltriddle Helladic and it illS that both graves belong to the olld part of that period the sixth being lat er thall the fifth Grans of sIllall children Iere found in the Late H elladic filling alld und er the ilools ~f house hat1l in the southyestern slope of the Itill and in the 1I)a excavated in front of the Stoa of Philo
The lte rmnic remains are -en- abundant Onh- eiaht sherds belonginO to th e E I ar c Hcllauic periou were found a fell cen timeters below the present surface of the ~ill Fonr of them a re monochrol11e t)pes II and II II and belong to sauceshy
Ots the rest are pa inted t pe C II and appa rently belong to tankards
Wace and Bl egen op cif pp 17- 1iS aud C Y Begen 0]) cit figs 4 G and 10 I
GEORGE E MYLON S
Characteristic wares of the Middle Hellad ic strata at Ele ll sis as at other conshytemporary sites are Minyan and matt-flainted vases The jlinyan both grey and black wheel -lllade and hand-made is the more abundant Goblets on high stems and deep and shallow bo wls with high-swung handles a re very common We also
FIG 7- hTERIOlt ot GH n ~ j
have dcep bowls simil in shafle to the high-fool~d gob lets bu t lacking their stem (Fig 8) Ther were elmiddotidentlmiddot for kitchen lise a nd in t he bOld reprodllceo here we found the bones of a smali animal flroba bly of it hart vcr) common shape at Elell sis is the high-stemmed goblet ith Iwtica l hllnJ les on the rim (Fig 0) This shape is common at other sites comillete goblet from Orcholllenos is exhibi ted in t he ationaJ Museum of Athens fiss Goldma n disco(IPlt1 several at Elltnsis
FIG S-~[IYA DEEP BOWL F I G )-)lX )-X H lGHshy FIG ](l - hlT- ~HOOE1) SYIBOT
STDn1ED Gom FT
I saw many fragments among the shenls kept in the ~luseum of Tnnagla Dr Bronecr lateiy found similar fragments in the new sanctuary of Aflhrodite and Eros on the nor thern slofle of the Acropolis of Athens alllong the sherds from Korakou
I C V Blegen op cit figs 18 - 2-2 - ~ In the Cydaciic Room and jn the lower sedion of the l)hylukopi cases under serial number 5862 3 H Goldman op cit figs -l-l I and t5 -+ 4 CJ News I tems ftom Athens in A J 4 Xx V 19S ] p H)j O Broneer Eros and Aphrodite
on the North Slope of the Acropolis liesperia I 1932 p 35 Dr Broneer kindly showed me bis fin ds and pennitted me to mention this in my studies For this I am grateful to ~ljrn
113 poundIn-SIS 1 THE llROZE GE
there are n few belonging to such vases I and Professor I(aro kindly informed me that he found parts of vases of a similar shape at Tiryns This shape therefore is as characteristic of the linl-an ware as the goblets of Llianokladi t~ Jle a nd lhe kyljkes_
-lany -linyan ya ses and sherds were discme-rcd bearing groo ves or rings uround their body It was possible to note accurately the first appearance of this ware and to corroborate the nidence obta ined a t Eutresis by Miss Goldman At Eleusis grooved Minyan appeas in higher Middle Helladic levels and a little before the yelloylIin)an The grom-es or rings are placcgtltl either in groups a ll the bod- of the ~ase or they cover the surfacE cOlllplet el~middot To th e latter ~ariety belong th e two
5 6
FI G ] l- I x CI SElgt POTTUn FRO)( THE IIDJ)U~ Ih I (AlHC FlfLIXG
skphoi illustrated in Figure 10 Thel- are espec ially Iyell made aud Olle of them Cidentl- had three short point ed legs A littl e below th rims there are tmiddoto permiddot ora tions on either side b~ which the ases could be suspended or their lids fastelled fat- (1 5 I can lllake out th tSl oaseS are unique among th ( kno-n linyan find s
Tbe ~-e1 low l[inyan is rare and e -id~n tJ it did not enjoy at Eleusi the -ogue which it seems to haye enjoyed in Carinthia H
Vith tbe Iinyan ware and in th~ lowest liddle Helladi c level we found SOllle incised sherds made of cla- foreign to Eleusis (Fig 11) o 7 is part of the conical lid of a pyxis and is coYered yith a red -ash ~o 5 is black and belongs to the botmiddot tOI11 of slll all askoid lISe or a duck vase To a similar vase belongs the sherd No I ud its snrface is eOIered with a stitch pattern The incisions of sherds I and 5 -re originally filled with a hite chalb- snbstance These fr agments arS similar
I pilt ked up one at the site and another isamong the sherds kept in the nrilish School of Archaeology at Athens
~ lhat the grooves are a later element in Miny an technique H Goldman op cit p 54 3 1he same thing is mentioned for -egina b~ J P Harland in his Prehistoric A~gina p 18
I
114 GEORGI E iIlYLOIS
to those found by S Wide at Aphidna by Miss Goldmall at Eutresis a nd especially to the potter d iscovered at Phyla kopi in Melos uy th e British excavators
A great qualltity of matt-painted ware was found It belongs to the coarser B 1 a nd to the filler B II ty pes of Yace a nd Blegen The earlier as usual bear rec t ilinea r pattems and the later cunmiddotili nea The B II or slipped variety bears more delicate patterns an d on such ware appea r in E leusis spiraliform designs evishy
dently imported from Cret e Shapes are the usual bowls -jth or without a spout wat~r ja rs pithoi Hnd cups with a plofile of two oppos(d cUJyeSl Polychrome ware is very sca rce uut the few sherds d iscoered corne froIII the hi gh st point of the Middle Helladic fi lling Ya~(s and sherds were found in abunda nce
ill th( filling of the Late H ell ad ic period ChlJrHcte lis tic of th e l ow(~ l levels are c ups of th e -aphio shape bearing a rich decoration of conn (([(d spiral s painted in lustrou s black
FIG l- - L n H EIJl)J c I Crl pain t an d touched with white The cup illusshy
tlated in Figure 1-2 was foun d in HOllSt J and similar Wilre was discovered on the Boor of House H dating it accurat(y The Sl1lt bowls a re characteristic of the midd le of the La Ie Helladic fill (for connn igt nce to he referred to as the second layer of the 1 H period) while the high-footed klikes and the goblets 011 a hig h stem are uSllul in the upper lees Thus Ollr t ate Helllic pottery corresponds ith Proshyfesso r Blegens ehronoJogica l Jiristons a ltho ug-h iL is not sIUtpl distingu ished into Iegulr groups From a high poin t in the s(conel hotlwl ilt j Late I1dllic layer COBles the g reater part of an EphYlH(lHn goblet (F ig 13) b aling n represtlltllion or a swiullning nautilu s This is the fi rst (xalllp le of Ephyraeltl n warc to be found in Attica The goblet with th concentric circles ltomes fro m higher lenls still ami fall s ithin the Late Helladic III diis ions of P rofessor Blegcn
Among the slllail er finds the more important are th e ol)jects Jiscovered in glae No6 Here a bronze dagger was found The biline is er thin and short only 0158 In in le ngt h and it was attadled to the handl e bmiddot three silver ri vets The metal conta ins cry litt le tin anel because of this and of its shape the Jagger seen IS to belong to the -liddle H ellael ic II period
I Apllldna in ordattika - Alh Jlifl ] 890 pp 18 ft wd pis n 1 and XV 2-3 H Goldman op cit p -13 fig 3 1 Jgthy lalopi pis IY-
Wac-e and Blegell op eil PI 183- 18-1 3 C - Blegen op cil figs 27- 38 C Y Blegen OJ) cit figs J J 10 9-1- 96 ~ lbid p 11 7 ~ SOlllewhat similar blades were found in th e fourth ami sixth sha ft grflCS or Mycenae (cf G Karo
Die S chochlgrab fon lJiykenai pis L In jl)l C 397 XC 918 cvr 93i) in the graves of SeskJo (Chr T~OHll tas Al 1ltPOlo-ropuol apo1lDXm tUIJfVOI Ka ItooXOll pI 4 11) at ~fochlos (R n Seager Exploratio1l s i n lhe [sJnd oj JJfochlos fig 45 blade XX 9 (s imilar to ours and belonging to the iI M ill period from tomb XX) The blade (fig 45 IT 52) frOID tomb II is a little more deshyveloped than ours (Sir Arthur Eans The Palace of Minos I fig 142 b) The analysis kmdly made by Professor Zengelis of th e Universit of Athens and by his assistant ]1r Stathes shows that the metal ()uteined onb 038 per ceut tin
ELElSIS Ix THE UHOxlE GE 11 5
FtC l3-L-T J J-IEIDfc 11 l III GonlETs
Illlt boar tusks found in gran lt06 (Fig ]-) are mos tl middot of a triang ular shape and l w11 two or moleuro se ld om three e r t ic~t1 perforations by h ich they Were attach ed 10 IImiddot object th elmiddot decorated Such tusks a rc known from the fourth sha ft grave of I 1((ll(e The ere ll sed to CQTr th e surfncc of IHiOl ets The tusks covering 11( I elmet proper usually hae a half-lll oon shape whil e t hose cO I-ering t he cheek pi((s a re oblong a nd are perfora ted nt bot h their nanOl cllds The tusks of EhlIsis nre much smaller and lta(= a triangula r shap lt If thcy belonged to a hdllet they probably decorat ed the dwek pi eces hut I rathe r believe that the) d((oatcd some garment int erred -it h the dtlIcl This suppositi on is s trengthened 11 Ih discovery of the bone band OI S Ill in kllgt h at a short d istance from the 11I k which could not lE ry Iell Iw a lI chd to a helmet bot conlcl admirabl dlco lle the border of the garment
fleJ this cursormiddot SlIIT(-Y of th e pJehi storic lelll~ill S Ullcocred at EIEtl sis during
Ihl - 0 III m elS of 1930 a nd 1931 we shall state bri eR some of the co nclusions reached II is now defin itell- pro ved that t he prehi s tori~ rema ins discolered thus far at
EIlI~is helong to seUl e-m ents lnd cannot be considered as remnnnts of a necropolis COllI 1uently the theory of the cremation of lhe deacl in (i dd le Hell ad ic t imes (lIot be proven b~ th e Elell sini nn prehi storic remflin s
Th eliest remains belong t o th e Iiddle Hclladic period A few Early Helladic Ids found almost on the surfa ce of th e slope indicate that an ea rlie r settlement il ed on the E leosini a n hill but t his has escaped us ontil noll The prehistoric (ill urI revealed at Eleusis is practically identical with that brough t to light in rgolis and in Corinthia Chronologica ll y it fa lls within tb e limits fixed by Professor
I r G Kala op cil pis LXIX-LXX Fo) the representation or a helmet coyered ~ ilh hoars ~I~~) (1- eh Tsou ntas rrh Eph 1888 p 1-10 pi s S 12 f~lso a recollstruct~d helmet in lhe ltCHlcm rOOm or the Nallonal l Iuseulli at Athens eOered With tusks found In the chamber I I~ om) o 18 of lfcenae tH- Mr -ace
Thci ( dimensjon~ are as f~lIows length maxilllum 003 Ill minimum OO IG Ill width maximum 002) 01 min imulll 0018 lll at lh eir base
11( GEORGE E ) [YW X S
Blegen The few incised sherds di scoeled be ns seelll to inelicate thut a t Elensis the --liddle I-Ielladic period began a littl e earlier than in Carinthia At Phylakopi incised sherds ith a decoratioll similar to thllt found at Eleusis or bearing pattern fill ed with a hite chalky substance disappear a little before the destruction of the firs t cit)middot in other words before the end of the E arly -linoan period They there fore a re dated quite accuratel Dnt since we hLe round now in Attica itself pot tery of the Cycladic tpe produced du ring the Earl Helladic period and since our e ~ iden c( from Eleusis is so scanty we do not think it wise at present to base on it an changes of Professor B1f~en s chronolog ical divisions Added to future possible
finds jn Atti~a this evidence m ay
=--- become lllorc valuable a nd conclusshy~----- In
The remains of --liddle Helladie houses proe that in Attica also the apsidal and the oblong shapes of hOllses ere in lISC during the --[iddle Brone Age The habit of intramural burial and of interment under the floors of houses is also characteristic of the period inilIUIlJI_ tt ica The skeletons discovered in Late Helladic fillings prove that these customs continued down to the end of the Uycenaeall Agei ~1iampj)M In th e ~l middot c( naeall gray(s we lI Sshy
lid I fo und monochro me black 1 (3 These Sfelll to indicateAaampaaamp1 that the La te Hcllad ie inhabitants of EklI sis continued to use thelI~bullbull~ ~ t(chnique and the shapes of the pleioll s period of their loreil jatlbullbull j fnt lw ri ill making vaslS to be used as KTeurop luJlara r The gnles of the adults disCO cred in front of the
Sto of P hil o belong to the end of the --liddle Hl lIadic period They are similar in ll1all~ ways to the older Videlle Heihdic grles but t lley a lso have many points in common ith the earlier La te Helladic I burials The arc regular shafts The wall s of gra e G arc built of stone The position of the bod is mther
l Op cit pp 1-20- 1-23 2 Eyidencf to that cftcltt Wltl 5 ohtained at Ell tlmiddote-is hy Miss Goldman 01 ri l pp 42 - 4gt 3 Phr iakopi pp ~31 ft and 2- 9 if middot t Haghio5 K osmas a great quantity of potter was found with a strong Cyd adic character Cj
G E ~1douas PraJlilmiddota (of Ihe A cadelllY at Athens)i 1930 pp 3J9 ff and fig 5 ~ Gra middotes of small children WETt found 1t Haghios Kosmas beneath the floors of L H III houses
CJ C - Bltgen op cit p IO~ Ch T SOHIlUlS Arch Eplt 139 1 p 28 T hccustoll1 was remembered in Athens emiddoten in the cl assical period Plato Mi llOS 3
6 This custom was 6rst llotilt-cd by Pmfessor Tsollntas in the Cyclades (cf Arch Eph 1898 p 181 ) and it seem ~ that it was kept also by the inhabitants of the E H v illages of Haghios Kosmas
lt J
ELE CSJS r- THE 13TIOE _-GE 11 7
k 1ltI1 - Articles are interred with the d end_ They therefore add ne w e viden ce or I II( [ltlet that the Late H ell ad ie I shaft g nn-es nre onl- a continuatioll of IIiddlc
J ( ll aclie ty pes and traditions_ The -alls of House H are a -alua bl e additi on to the architec tural rem ains of the
La Ic Hdladic I period_ The scanty remains of the mega roll at Iiycenae th e as n t unpublished houses o f T solln k ia near emea and those in t he lower cit- of fin-ns form the sum to tal of our e-idence_ The shape of H ouse H ca n be reconshyInelcd with some probability from th e exis ting remains_ The a ngle of its north mdl repeated in a second construc tioJl in HOllse r is some -lwt ba fflin g Its main JHlrp05c probably was t o s treng then t he long -dl agains t the downpour of ra in or it lIliilt have been necessilated b so me ol) tacie not existing today Oue howeyer lIln)1 resist the temptation to mention the possibilit- th a t th ese ho uses represent th e ~ lrliest stage in the euroolutio ll of all apsidal into an oblong m egafa n The Ltte Ikll ad ic I House H seems to be li ke th e earlier IIiddle HeJladi c a ps ida1 houses with Ihe walls of thE apse straightell Ld out This suggestion howe er will hangt- to rCIJllin in lhe realm of assump t ions Ilntil corroborated by more evid ence obtained at Elcu i o r el sewhere _ Of ail e thi ng -e can he certain That ahea dI in the Late IIc ibdic I period fit Elfgtu sis we 11 1( I house with an Op CI1 pro d 0 111 05gt a dOIlla and illl r Ihala IOi~ COITEsponding closel to the 1 TlIl iH an megara of the L~lt e Helladic III priod
[11 he field of pottery n gl in a few Il l ~ h aJles of 1StS a nd th e ev id e nce that e I- e 1]0 actnal hreak in t he del-e loplllent o f (eramies from the earlie r t o the lat e r )lnTI]Ieall times_ The ddclIlIiJlation of the approximat e dat e of the g roo -ed )Iil]_-In Ilare will pron of impo rt a nce for thc dating of th e preJlis to ric p eriods of rI((dolia and the Chakidice wh ere silllilnr ware as found ill sttfl lificd I(els hy )11_ - HeUl-tle- - Th e rlagge r-hl)rlc i the firt prehi s to ric hronze a rticl e to he di middot( middotef(middotd n t Eltusis
- lI 1lt ly fillaily no tice lht th U~usillill remains furni sh Ample data to fill IIII gap left by th e r Clll[lin s 1I11 (O middot t fjmiddotd at Hag-hios I-o S llla s ~ in th tgt accollut of the pn-hi loric life o f Attica _ GEOHGE E Iluox-s
I (I Hlq(11 and a((gt OJ) cil p H ( h a ro ill llill 19) ) 13L Ii - i J92 1- 19-23 pp l iS -(l -f(j- O Short Hmiddotport abou t t he houses of fsonnkiza by
1 1 Hlrbll(l in AJJ X XX [[ ( HIIS) p i3 llrofe-50r J iHO kiudlmiddot lowed me Lo mention the h( lh of Tiryns
I 10 lrohistoric -3 it es in Chaltidi( l) HemtJe ltlnd C It H adford IJS A XX[X Ijl7- ~J--2S pp 139 if l 6) fL 182 - 18) 11 a ~hort -tud rcaJ I)efo re th c --cad clH of -- theJl s and puld lJed illlile Praktika G 193 1 pp lO G tl I think I procJ th nt the groo ed -ases ~f the Clwkiltii(e 1(log to a Ialer period than that m a rking the first appeanmce of thegre 1in-middotan ill the central sectio n o tll( l1~ailltanJ of R ellas Based on the eyidcllCe obtlincd a t OI1lthos Eutresis Eleuis u~daroftsl of Ccntral lIaced01 lin nnd Iolmiddotop~Tghos of the Chll lc idi te I proposed the foloting rnI IO ll or -ir Heurtleys ch ronol og~ tor the prehistoric period of Macedonia
col ithic period Defore SOOO to 2300 or 2400 DC
Earlmiddot ilroll2e Age P eriod A 2400-1750 BC ~IiJdlc Bronze Age Period Il 1730- 1500 Bc lltltc DrOllze Aae Pe rod C I 1500-1350 BC
tgt PerlOJ e lI 135 0-1150 BC
M~ ~~c site of Haghios K osmas WIlS inha bited during the Ea rl Hdladic period it was deserted in the bull l( c Hcllad lC and again re-inhabited in Lat e Helladic times
10D
IHal hI Ck cham bel or thaJalllos whic h In siz tgt (i t is onJ ~ 2AO Ill ill length) and in ~ hl ncalls the small apsida j chamber I in houses of the previous period jat of the floor of t he houSlt mad e or pcbhlgt and hea ten earth was preserved but nothing to indicate the shape of its roof So trAces of a hearth were found in the (hlllll but k ss than a qWlrtr of the fl oor was lCco-( led Yt m ay here emphasize thc fae that the method of construction of the Lak H eJiadic I hOllses found at Elcll i is iden tical with tbat nsed ill liddle l-kJladic times on the sallle site
o 5
TIl( i(middotmains of walls bel ong ing to a p (riod correpondin g Lo tht Iate Jfell ndic II and III s l1bdiyisiollS of Professor BJ (middot(u stem to Iw lon g to regubr ll1egcl roll-shapcd ~1 ((Iltean houses
Examples of intramural bUlii1 and hurills tlnd cT the Hoots of houses V( lC quite IIlIlllerous both in the liddl H Iidic a nti in tIllt Latc H cJldic periods The hodi( were laid in a flexed position llsl1a ll in sllla ll ohlong o r rOllnd shafts a nd 111( 11 th c -ere covered -ith (lttrtll A Sill fd t pithos huria l -as di scovered in the sdti(lll ( llt durin g the campaign of 19n~~ all d a rnth er ell-construc ted grave heshylong-in g to a youth of ahout 15 yeillS of age ill the campaign of IH~30 middot1 The grave ha s trapezoidal shape An upright slab formed its south side a nd t he natural rock dosed it to the north The shorter sides to the 1St and Ilest were made of unbaked
j ltr C lilegen and J 13 Yltlee )liddlc Htllndi( Tomhs ) Ijmliot(w ()sl()ew cf Fase IX 100 pp 28 If for a complete and masterful di scusi on of )Iid1l1e H clad ic burials Iso H Goldman ()p ell pp 83- 84
TItc J~itho5 with the bones as found is nQ- kept in the workroom at Eleusis_ IllS lliustmted In Art and A rcliaeUf XXXII 1931 1 2 p_ 15 The inner dimensions of the
~tncarc nHlxirnnm length 055 In m aximuill width OA j In The dimensions of the mud brieks formshylIIg th e shorter sides of the gla -e are the sam e as th~se of the bricks llsed for building houses
~
110 GEORGE E MYLOS -
brick The grave had no stone cOYer but evidentl after the interment it was filled with earth The s kel~ton Iing on a floor of pebbles in a flexed position is espeshycially well prcsen -ed (Fig 5) The skull on I was found broken but practically all its pieces Cle recocred
Two graves of adults (os 5 and 6) were found in the excavations of 1930 in front of the Stoa of Philo at a drth of JO n1 Iwlol the prsent surface of the soi l For
grave o 5 an oblong shaft was first dug in the soft rock and then its si des were lined with slabs The empty space between the slabs and the walls of the shaft were filled with pebbles and small stones
11 The bod was stretched out on its back ith the feet bent for lack of splice 0 objects were found with the body Thtmiddot grave as covered with a singie sla h on the ent COIIIN of hich was based part of the short side of grave 06
This gnwe extcnded in the ul1excavatct rart of the trench Its rosition and di nctioll can cIea r1y be made out in Figure 6 Lack of funds a nd of time the deshycomposed statc of the bones
FIG -ICUDLE HII I-1)(( GRYE nTH ShII1-TOX of glae No5 anti the moisshyture to which grae No 6
would have heen (xpowd durLng another winter Il tctss itntlt~d its lJllmediate explorashytion Consequentl y the short side of the gl1n was rel1loyed and through that opening the inttrior YClS (k~and Tht gnle has Hll oblong shape and its sides are built in stone three lacrs of stone rOJming its complete depth It is covered with a huge slRb wh ich has cracked IInder the pressUle of the filling Strangel enough the only gra-e hich (o llid not be rhotographed contained KTfP~JlT The architect of the excavations IIr John Travlos as with us and to his patient work is due theexact plan of the interior of the gra ve reproduced in Figure 7 The skeleshyton is slightl turned on its right side with the body stretched and feet bent for lack of space Before the face and parallel to the diJection of the hand was found the
I The inner dimensions of lhe grilmiddotC are length 125 Ill width 065 tn depth 040 m
2The inner dimensions of graYe 10 (i are lenglh 185 Ul width 067 m and depth 045 m The wao in which the earth was carried awa (rom this deep section is jJJustrated in a picture published iD Art alld ArClIl18ology op cit p 10
ELECSIS I~ THE IJRONZE AGE 1)1
thi blade of a dagger or ra zor and at a short distance from it a slllall haud-made procholls badly preserved Be teen the ase and the dagger ere discovered 51 1I1i111 triangular boars tu sK lined almost iu a tripl e row around that part of the asc Iyhieh faced the SKull and lying onr each other with the worked face to the
rOIllI( Yith thf- Ill was fOllnd il long and naITOband made of none and decorated with (once-ntric c ircles (fig l
11 ( filling in which these laquoes ere discored as ltriddle Helladic and it illS that both graves belong to the olld part of that period the sixth being lat er thall the fifth Grans of sIllall children Iere found in the Late H elladic filling alld und er the ilools ~f house hat1l in the southyestern slope of the Itill and in the 1I)a excavated in front of the Stoa of Philo
The lte rmnic remains are -en- abundant Onh- eiaht sherds belonginO to th e E I ar c Hcllauic periou were found a fell cen timeters below the present surface of the ~ill Fonr of them a re monochrol11e t)pes II and II II and belong to sauceshy
Ots the rest are pa inted t pe C II and appa rently belong to tankards
Wace and Bl egen op cif pp 17- 1iS aud C Y Begen 0]) cit figs 4 G and 10 I
GEORGE E MYLON S
Characteristic wares of the Middle Hellad ic strata at Ele ll sis as at other conshytemporary sites are Minyan and matt-flainted vases The jlinyan both grey and black wheel -lllade and hand-made is the more abundant Goblets on high stems and deep and shallow bo wls with high-swung handles a re very common We also
FIG 7- hTERIOlt ot GH n ~ j
have dcep bowls simil in shafle to the high-fool~d gob lets bu t lacking their stem (Fig 8) Ther were elmiddotidentlmiddot for kitchen lise a nd in t he bOld reprodllceo here we found the bones of a smali animal flroba bly of it hart vcr) common shape at Elell sis is the high-stemmed goblet ith Iwtica l hllnJ les on the rim (Fig 0) This shape is common at other sites comillete goblet from Orcholllenos is exhibi ted in t he ationaJ Museum of Athens fiss Goldma n disco(IPlt1 several at Elltnsis
FIG S-~[IYA DEEP BOWL F I G )-)lX )-X H lGHshy FIG ](l - hlT- ~HOOE1) SYIBOT
STDn1ED Gom FT
I saw many fragments among the shenls kept in the ~luseum of Tnnagla Dr Bronecr lateiy found similar fragments in the new sanctuary of Aflhrodite and Eros on the nor thern slofle of the Acropolis of Athens alllong the sherds from Korakou
I C V Blegen op cit figs 18 - 2-2 - ~ In the Cydaciic Room and jn the lower sedion of the l)hylukopi cases under serial number 5862 3 H Goldman op cit figs -l-l I and t5 -+ 4 CJ News I tems ftom Athens in A J 4 Xx V 19S ] p H)j O Broneer Eros and Aphrodite
on the North Slope of the Acropolis liesperia I 1932 p 35 Dr Broneer kindly showed me bis fin ds and pennitted me to mention this in my studies For this I am grateful to ~ljrn
113 poundIn-SIS 1 THE llROZE GE
there are n few belonging to such vases I and Professor I(aro kindly informed me that he found parts of vases of a similar shape at Tiryns This shape therefore is as characteristic of the linl-an ware as the goblets of Llianokladi t~ Jle a nd lhe kyljkes_
-lany -linyan ya ses and sherds were discme-rcd bearing groo ves or rings uround their body It was possible to note accurately the first appearance of this ware and to corroborate the nidence obta ined a t Eutresis by Miss Goldman At Eleusis grooved Minyan appeas in higher Middle Helladic levels and a little before the yelloylIin)an The grom-es or rings are placcgtltl either in groups a ll the bod- of the ~ase or they cover the surfacE cOlllplet el~middot To th e latter ~ariety belong th e two
5 6
FI G ] l- I x CI SElgt POTTUn FRO)( THE IIDJ)U~ Ih I (AlHC FlfLIXG
skphoi illustrated in Figure 10 Thel- are espec ially Iyell made aud Olle of them Cidentl- had three short point ed legs A littl e below th rims there are tmiddoto permiddot ora tions on either side b~ which the ases could be suspended or their lids fastelled fat- (1 5 I can lllake out th tSl oaseS are unique among th ( kno-n linyan find s
Tbe ~-e1 low l[inyan is rare and e -id~n tJ it did not enjoy at Eleusi the -ogue which it seems to haye enjoyed in Carinthia H
Vith tbe Iinyan ware and in th~ lowest liddle Helladi c level we found SOllle incised sherds made of cla- foreign to Eleusis (Fig 11) o 7 is part of the conical lid of a pyxis and is coYered yith a red -ash ~o 5 is black and belongs to the botmiddot tOI11 of slll all askoid lISe or a duck vase To a similar vase belongs the sherd No I ud its snrface is eOIered with a stitch pattern The incisions of sherds I and 5 -re originally filled with a hite chalb- snbstance These fr agments arS similar
I pilt ked up one at the site and another isamong the sherds kept in the nrilish School of Archaeology at Athens
~ lhat the grooves are a later element in Miny an technique H Goldman op cit p 54 3 1he same thing is mentioned for -egina b~ J P Harland in his Prehistoric A~gina p 18
I
114 GEORGI E iIlYLOIS
to those found by S Wide at Aphidna by Miss Goldmall at Eutresis a nd especially to the potter d iscovered at Phyla kopi in Melos uy th e British excavators
A great qualltity of matt-painted ware was found It belongs to the coarser B 1 a nd to the filler B II ty pes of Yace a nd Blegen The earlier as usual bear rec t ilinea r pattems and the later cunmiddotili nea The B II or slipped variety bears more delicate patterns an d on such ware appea r in E leusis spiraliform designs evishy
dently imported from Cret e Shapes are the usual bowls -jth or without a spout wat~r ja rs pithoi Hnd cups with a plofile of two oppos(d cUJyeSl Polychrome ware is very sca rce uut the few sherds d iscoered corne froIII the hi gh st point of the Middle Helladic fi lling Ya~(s and sherds were found in abunda nce
ill th( filling of the Late H ell ad ic period ChlJrHcte lis tic of th e l ow(~ l levels are c ups of th e -aphio shape bearing a rich decoration of conn (([(d spiral s painted in lustrou s black
FIG l- - L n H EIJl)J c I Crl pain t an d touched with white The cup illusshy
tlated in Figure 1-2 was foun d in HOllSt J and similar Wilre was discovered on the Boor of House H dating it accurat(y The Sl1lt bowls a re characteristic of the midd le of the La Ie Helladic fill (for connn igt nce to he referred to as the second layer of the 1 H period) while the high-footed klikes and the goblets 011 a hig h stem are uSllul in the upper lees Thus Ollr t ate Helllic pottery corresponds ith Proshyfesso r Blegens ehronoJogica l Jiristons a ltho ug-h iL is not sIUtpl distingu ished into Iegulr groups From a high poin t in the s(conel hotlwl ilt j Late I1dllic layer COBles the g reater part of an EphYlH(lHn goblet (F ig 13) b aling n represtlltllion or a swiullning nautilu s This is the fi rst (xalllp le of Ephyraeltl n warc to be found in Attica The goblet with th concentric circles ltomes fro m higher lenls still ami fall s ithin the Late Helladic III diis ions of P rofessor Blegcn
Among the slllail er finds the more important are th e ol)jects Jiscovered in glae No6 Here a bronze dagger was found The biline is er thin and short only 0158 In in le ngt h and it was attadled to the handl e bmiddot three silver ri vets The metal conta ins cry litt le tin anel because of this and of its shape the Jagger seen IS to belong to the -liddle H ellael ic II period
I Apllldna in ordattika - Alh Jlifl ] 890 pp 18 ft wd pis n 1 and XV 2-3 H Goldman op cit p -13 fig 3 1 Jgthy lalopi pis IY-
Wac-e and Blegell op eil PI 183- 18-1 3 C - Blegen op cil figs 27- 38 C Y Blegen OJ) cit figs J J 10 9-1- 96 ~ lbid p 11 7 ~ SOlllewhat similar blades were found in th e fourth ami sixth sha ft grflCS or Mycenae (cf G Karo
Die S chochlgrab fon lJiykenai pis L In jl)l C 397 XC 918 cvr 93i) in the graves of SeskJo (Chr T~OHll tas Al 1ltPOlo-ropuol apo1lDXm tUIJfVOI Ka ItooXOll pI 4 11) at ~fochlos (R n Seager Exploratio1l s i n lhe [sJnd oj JJfochlos fig 45 blade XX 9 (s imilar to ours and belonging to the iI M ill period from tomb XX) The blade (fig 45 IT 52) frOID tomb II is a little more deshyveloped than ours (Sir Arthur Eans The Palace of Minos I fig 142 b) The analysis kmdly made by Professor Zengelis of th e Universit of Athens and by his assistant ]1r Stathes shows that the metal ()uteined onb 038 per ceut tin
ELElSIS Ix THE UHOxlE GE 11 5
FtC l3-L-T J J-IEIDfc 11 l III GonlETs
Illlt boar tusks found in gran lt06 (Fig ]-) are mos tl middot of a triang ular shape and l w11 two or moleuro se ld om three e r t ic~t1 perforations by h ich they Were attach ed 10 IImiddot object th elmiddot decorated Such tusks a rc known from the fourth sha ft grave of I 1((ll(e The ere ll sed to CQTr th e surfncc of IHiOl ets The tusks covering 11( I elmet proper usually hae a half-lll oon shape whil e t hose cO I-ering t he cheek pi((s a re oblong a nd are perfora ted nt bot h their nanOl cllds The tusks of EhlIsis nre much smaller and lta(= a triangula r shap lt If thcy belonged to a hdllet they probably decorat ed the dwek pi eces hut I rathe r believe that the) d((oatcd some garment int erred -it h the dtlIcl This suppositi on is s trengthened 11 Ih discovery of the bone band OI S Ill in kllgt h at a short d istance from the 11I k which could not lE ry Iell Iw a lI chd to a helmet bot conlcl admirabl dlco lle the border of the garment
fleJ this cursormiddot SlIIT(-Y of th e pJehi storic lelll~ill S Ullcocred at EIEtl sis during
Ihl - 0 III m elS of 1930 a nd 1931 we shall state bri eR some of the co nclusions reached II is now defin itell- pro ved that t he prehi s tori~ rema ins discolered thus far at
EIlI~is helong to seUl e-m ents lnd cannot be considered as remnnnts of a necropolis COllI 1uently the theory of the cremation of lhe deacl in (i dd le Hell ad ic t imes (lIot be proven b~ th e Elell sini nn prehi storic remflin s
Th eliest remains belong t o th e Iiddle Hclladic period A few Early Helladic Ids found almost on the surfa ce of th e slope indicate that an ea rlie r settlement il ed on the E leosini a n hill but t his has escaped us ontil noll The prehistoric (ill urI revealed at Eleusis is practically identical with that brough t to light in rgolis and in Corinthia Chronologica ll y it fa lls within tb e limits fixed by Professor
I r G Kala op cil pis LXIX-LXX Fo) the representation or a helmet coyered ~ ilh hoars ~I~~) (1- eh Tsou ntas rrh Eph 1888 p 1-10 pi s S 12 f~lso a recollstruct~d helmet in lhe ltCHlcm rOOm or the Nallonal l Iuseulli at Athens eOered With tusks found In the chamber I I~ om) o 18 of lfcenae tH- Mr -ace
Thci ( dimensjon~ are as f~lIows length maxilllum 003 Ill minimum OO IG Ill width maximum 002) 01 min imulll 0018 lll at lh eir base
11( GEORGE E ) [YW X S
Blegen The few incised sherds di scoeled be ns seelll to inelicate thut a t Elensis the --liddle I-Ielladic period began a littl e earlier than in Carinthia At Phylakopi incised sherds ith a decoratioll similar to thllt found at Eleusis or bearing pattern fill ed with a hite chalky substance disappear a little before the destruction of the firs t cit)middot in other words before the end of the E arly -linoan period They there fore a re dated quite accuratel Dnt since we hLe round now in Attica itself pot tery of the Cycladic tpe produced du ring the Earl Helladic period and since our e ~ iden c( from Eleusis is so scanty we do not think it wise at present to base on it an changes of Professor B1f~en s chronolog ical divisions Added to future possible
finds jn Atti~a this evidence m ay
=--- become lllorc valuable a nd conclusshy~----- In
The remains of --liddle Helladie houses proe that in Attica also the apsidal and the oblong shapes of hOllses ere in lISC during the --[iddle Brone Age The habit of intramural burial and of interment under the floors of houses is also characteristic of the period inilIUIlJI_ tt ica The skeletons discovered in Late Helladic fillings prove that these customs continued down to the end of the Uycenaeall Agei ~1iampj)M In th e ~l middot c( naeall gray(s we lI Sshy
lid I fo und monochro me black 1 (3 These Sfelll to indicateAaampaaamp1 that the La te Hcllad ie inhabitants of EklI sis continued to use thelI~bullbull~ ~ t(chnique and the shapes of the pleioll s period of their loreil jatlbullbull j fnt lw ri ill making vaslS to be used as KTeurop luJlara r The gnles of the adults disCO cred in front of the
Sto of P hil o belong to the end of the --liddle Hl lIadic period They are similar in ll1all~ ways to the older Videlle Heihdic grles but t lley a lso have many points in common ith the earlier La te Helladic I burials The arc regular shafts The wall s of gra e G arc built of stone The position of the bod is mther
l Op cit pp 1-20- 1-23 2 Eyidencf to that cftcltt Wltl 5 ohtained at Ell tlmiddote-is hy Miss Goldman 01 ri l pp 42 - 4gt 3 Phr iakopi pp ~31 ft and 2- 9 if middot t Haghio5 K osmas a great quantity of potter was found with a strong Cyd adic character Cj
G E ~1douas PraJlilmiddota (of Ihe A cadelllY at Athens)i 1930 pp 3J9 ff and fig 5 ~ Gra middotes of small children WETt found 1t Haghios Kosmas beneath the floors of L H III houses
CJ C - Bltgen op cit p IO~ Ch T SOHIlUlS Arch Eplt 139 1 p 28 T hccustoll1 was remembered in Athens emiddoten in the cl assical period Plato Mi llOS 3
6 This custom was 6rst llotilt-cd by Pmfessor Tsollntas in the Cyclades (cf Arch Eph 1898 p 181 ) and it seem ~ that it was kept also by the inhabitants of the E H v illages of Haghios Kosmas
lt J
ELE CSJS r- THE 13TIOE _-GE 11 7
k 1ltI1 - Articles are interred with the d end_ They therefore add ne w e viden ce or I II( [ltlet that the Late H ell ad ie I shaft g nn-es nre onl- a continuatioll of IIiddlc
J ( ll aclie ty pes and traditions_ The -alls of House H are a -alua bl e additi on to the architec tural rem ains of the
La Ic Hdladic I period_ The scanty remains of the mega roll at Iiycenae th e as n t unpublished houses o f T solln k ia near emea and those in t he lower cit- of fin-ns form the sum to tal of our e-idence_ The shape of H ouse H ca n be reconshyInelcd with some probability from th e exis ting remains_ The a ngle of its north mdl repeated in a second construc tioJl in HOllse r is some -lwt ba fflin g Its main JHlrp05c probably was t o s treng then t he long -dl agains t the downpour of ra in or it lIliilt have been necessilated b so me ol) tacie not existing today Oue howeyer lIln)1 resist the temptation to mention the possibilit- th a t th ese ho uses represent th e ~ lrliest stage in the euroolutio ll of all apsidal into an oblong m egafa n The Ltte Ikll ad ic I House H seems to be li ke th e earlier IIiddle HeJladi c a ps ida1 houses with Ihe walls of thE apse straightell Ld out This suggestion howe er will hangt- to rCIJllin in lhe realm of assump t ions Ilntil corroborated by more evid ence obtained at Elcu i o r el sewhere _ Of ail e thi ng -e can he certain That ahea dI in the Late IIc ibdic I period fit Elfgtu sis we 11 1( I house with an Op CI1 pro d 0 111 05gt a dOIlla and illl r Ihala IOi~ COITEsponding closel to the 1 TlIl iH an megara of the L~lt e Helladic III priod
[11 he field of pottery n gl in a few Il l ~ h aJles of 1StS a nd th e ev id e nce that e I- e 1]0 actnal hreak in t he del-e loplllent o f (eramies from the earlie r t o the lat e r )lnTI]Ieall times_ The ddclIlIiJlation of the approximat e dat e of the g roo -ed )Iil]_-In Ilare will pron of impo rt a nce for thc dating of th e preJlis to ric p eriods of rI((dolia and the Chakidice wh ere silllilnr ware as found ill sttfl lificd I(els hy )11_ - HeUl-tle- - Th e rlagge r-hl)rlc i the firt prehi s to ric hronze a rticl e to he di middot( middotef(middotd n t Eltusis
- lI 1lt ly fillaily no tice lht th U~usillill remains furni sh Ample data to fill IIII gap left by th e r Clll[lin s 1I11 (O middot t fjmiddotd at Hag-hios I-o S llla s ~ in th tgt accollut of the pn-hi loric life o f Attica _ GEOHGE E Iluox-s
I (I Hlq(11 and a((gt OJ) cil p H ( h a ro ill llill 19) ) 13L Ii - i J92 1- 19-23 pp l iS -(l -f(j- O Short Hmiddotport abou t t he houses of fsonnkiza by
1 1 Hlrbll(l in AJJ X XX [[ ( HIIS) p i3 llrofe-50r J iHO kiudlmiddot lowed me Lo mention the h( lh of Tiryns
I 10 lrohistoric -3 it es in Chaltidi( l) HemtJe ltlnd C It H adford IJS A XX[X Ijl7- ~J--2S pp 139 if l 6) fL 182 - 18) 11 a ~hort -tud rcaJ I)efo re th c --cad clH of -- theJl s and puld lJed illlile Praktika G 193 1 pp lO G tl I think I procJ th nt the groo ed -ases ~f the Clwkiltii(e 1(log to a Ialer period than that m a rking the first appeanmce of thegre 1in-middotan ill the central sectio n o tll( l1~ailltanJ of R ellas Based on the eyidcllCe obtlincd a t OI1lthos Eutresis Eleuis u~daroftsl of Ccntral lIaced01 lin nnd Iolmiddotop~Tghos of the Chll lc idi te I proposed the foloting rnI IO ll or -ir Heurtleys ch ronol og~ tor the prehistoric period of Macedonia
col ithic period Defore SOOO to 2300 or 2400 DC
Earlmiddot ilroll2e Age P eriod A 2400-1750 BC ~IiJdlc Bronze Age Period Il 1730- 1500 Bc lltltc DrOllze Aae Pe rod C I 1500-1350 BC
tgt PerlOJ e lI 135 0-1150 BC
M~ ~~c site of Haghios K osmas WIlS inha bited during the Ea rl Hdladic period it was deserted in the bull l( c Hcllad lC and again re-inhabited in Lat e Helladic times
110 GEORGE E MYLOS -
brick The grave had no stone cOYer but evidentl after the interment it was filled with earth The s kel~ton Iing on a floor of pebbles in a flexed position is espeshycially well prcsen -ed (Fig 5) The skull on I was found broken but practically all its pieces Cle recocred
Two graves of adults (os 5 and 6) were found in the excavations of 1930 in front of the Stoa of Philo at a drth of JO n1 Iwlol the prsent surface of the soi l For
grave o 5 an oblong shaft was first dug in the soft rock and then its si des were lined with slabs The empty space between the slabs and the walls of the shaft were filled with pebbles and small stones
11 The bod was stretched out on its back ith the feet bent for lack of splice 0 objects were found with the body Thtmiddot grave as covered with a singie sla h on the ent COIIIN of hich was based part of the short side of grave 06
This gnwe extcnded in the ul1excavatct rart of the trench Its rosition and di nctioll can cIea r1y be made out in Figure 6 Lack of funds a nd of time the deshycomposed statc of the bones
FIG -ICUDLE HII I-1)(( GRYE nTH ShII1-TOX of glae No5 anti the moisshyture to which grae No 6
would have heen (xpowd durLng another winter Il tctss itntlt~d its lJllmediate explorashytion Consequentl y the short side of the gl1n was rel1loyed and through that opening the inttrior YClS (k~and Tht gnle has Hll oblong shape and its sides are built in stone three lacrs of stone rOJming its complete depth It is covered with a huge slRb wh ich has cracked IInder the pressUle of the filling Strangel enough the only gra-e hich (o llid not be rhotographed contained KTfP~JlT The architect of the excavations IIr John Travlos as with us and to his patient work is due theexact plan of the interior of the gra ve reproduced in Figure 7 The skeleshyton is slightl turned on its right side with the body stretched and feet bent for lack of space Before the face and parallel to the diJection of the hand was found the
I The inner dimensions of lhe grilmiddotC are length 125 Ill width 065 tn depth 040 m
2The inner dimensions of graYe 10 (i are lenglh 185 Ul width 067 m and depth 045 m The wao in which the earth was carried awa (rom this deep section is jJJustrated in a picture published iD Art alld ArClIl18ology op cit p 10
ELECSIS I~ THE IJRONZE AGE 1)1
thi blade of a dagger or ra zor and at a short distance from it a slllall haud-made procholls badly preserved Be teen the ase and the dagger ere discovered 51 1I1i111 triangular boars tu sK lined almost iu a tripl e row around that part of the asc Iyhieh faced the SKull and lying onr each other with the worked face to the
rOIllI( Yith thf- Ill was fOllnd il long and naITOband made of none and decorated with (once-ntric c ircles (fig l
11 ( filling in which these laquoes ere discored as ltriddle Helladic and it illS that both graves belong to the olld part of that period the sixth being lat er thall the fifth Grans of sIllall children Iere found in the Late H elladic filling alld und er the ilools ~f house hat1l in the southyestern slope of the Itill and in the 1I)a excavated in front of the Stoa of Philo
The lte rmnic remains are -en- abundant Onh- eiaht sherds belonginO to th e E I ar c Hcllauic periou were found a fell cen timeters below the present surface of the ~ill Fonr of them a re monochrol11e t)pes II and II II and belong to sauceshy
Ots the rest are pa inted t pe C II and appa rently belong to tankards
Wace and Bl egen op cif pp 17- 1iS aud C Y Begen 0]) cit figs 4 G and 10 I
GEORGE E MYLON S
Characteristic wares of the Middle Hellad ic strata at Ele ll sis as at other conshytemporary sites are Minyan and matt-flainted vases The jlinyan both grey and black wheel -lllade and hand-made is the more abundant Goblets on high stems and deep and shallow bo wls with high-swung handles a re very common We also
FIG 7- hTERIOlt ot GH n ~ j
have dcep bowls simil in shafle to the high-fool~d gob lets bu t lacking their stem (Fig 8) Ther were elmiddotidentlmiddot for kitchen lise a nd in t he bOld reprodllceo here we found the bones of a smali animal flroba bly of it hart vcr) common shape at Elell sis is the high-stemmed goblet ith Iwtica l hllnJ les on the rim (Fig 0) This shape is common at other sites comillete goblet from Orcholllenos is exhibi ted in t he ationaJ Museum of Athens fiss Goldma n disco(IPlt1 several at Elltnsis
FIG S-~[IYA DEEP BOWL F I G )-)lX )-X H lGHshy FIG ](l - hlT- ~HOOE1) SYIBOT
STDn1ED Gom FT
I saw many fragments among the shenls kept in the ~luseum of Tnnagla Dr Bronecr lateiy found similar fragments in the new sanctuary of Aflhrodite and Eros on the nor thern slofle of the Acropolis of Athens alllong the sherds from Korakou
I C V Blegen op cit figs 18 - 2-2 - ~ In the Cydaciic Room and jn the lower sedion of the l)hylukopi cases under serial number 5862 3 H Goldman op cit figs -l-l I and t5 -+ 4 CJ News I tems ftom Athens in A J 4 Xx V 19S ] p H)j O Broneer Eros and Aphrodite
on the North Slope of the Acropolis liesperia I 1932 p 35 Dr Broneer kindly showed me bis fin ds and pennitted me to mention this in my studies For this I am grateful to ~ljrn
113 poundIn-SIS 1 THE llROZE GE
there are n few belonging to such vases I and Professor I(aro kindly informed me that he found parts of vases of a similar shape at Tiryns This shape therefore is as characteristic of the linl-an ware as the goblets of Llianokladi t~ Jle a nd lhe kyljkes_
-lany -linyan ya ses and sherds were discme-rcd bearing groo ves or rings uround their body It was possible to note accurately the first appearance of this ware and to corroborate the nidence obta ined a t Eutresis by Miss Goldman At Eleusis grooved Minyan appeas in higher Middle Helladic levels and a little before the yelloylIin)an The grom-es or rings are placcgtltl either in groups a ll the bod- of the ~ase or they cover the surfacE cOlllplet el~middot To th e latter ~ariety belong th e two
5 6
FI G ] l- I x CI SElgt POTTUn FRO)( THE IIDJ)U~ Ih I (AlHC FlfLIXG
skphoi illustrated in Figure 10 Thel- are espec ially Iyell made aud Olle of them Cidentl- had three short point ed legs A littl e below th rims there are tmiddoto permiddot ora tions on either side b~ which the ases could be suspended or their lids fastelled fat- (1 5 I can lllake out th tSl oaseS are unique among th ( kno-n linyan find s
Tbe ~-e1 low l[inyan is rare and e -id~n tJ it did not enjoy at Eleusi the -ogue which it seems to haye enjoyed in Carinthia H
Vith tbe Iinyan ware and in th~ lowest liddle Helladi c level we found SOllle incised sherds made of cla- foreign to Eleusis (Fig 11) o 7 is part of the conical lid of a pyxis and is coYered yith a red -ash ~o 5 is black and belongs to the botmiddot tOI11 of slll all askoid lISe or a duck vase To a similar vase belongs the sherd No I ud its snrface is eOIered with a stitch pattern The incisions of sherds I and 5 -re originally filled with a hite chalb- snbstance These fr agments arS similar
I pilt ked up one at the site and another isamong the sherds kept in the nrilish School of Archaeology at Athens
~ lhat the grooves are a later element in Miny an technique H Goldman op cit p 54 3 1he same thing is mentioned for -egina b~ J P Harland in his Prehistoric A~gina p 18
I
114 GEORGI E iIlYLOIS
to those found by S Wide at Aphidna by Miss Goldmall at Eutresis a nd especially to the potter d iscovered at Phyla kopi in Melos uy th e British excavators
A great qualltity of matt-painted ware was found It belongs to the coarser B 1 a nd to the filler B II ty pes of Yace a nd Blegen The earlier as usual bear rec t ilinea r pattems and the later cunmiddotili nea The B II or slipped variety bears more delicate patterns an d on such ware appea r in E leusis spiraliform designs evishy
dently imported from Cret e Shapes are the usual bowls -jth or without a spout wat~r ja rs pithoi Hnd cups with a plofile of two oppos(d cUJyeSl Polychrome ware is very sca rce uut the few sherds d iscoered corne froIII the hi gh st point of the Middle Helladic fi lling Ya~(s and sherds were found in abunda nce
ill th( filling of the Late H ell ad ic period ChlJrHcte lis tic of th e l ow(~ l levels are c ups of th e -aphio shape bearing a rich decoration of conn (([(d spiral s painted in lustrou s black
FIG l- - L n H EIJl)J c I Crl pain t an d touched with white The cup illusshy
tlated in Figure 1-2 was foun d in HOllSt J and similar Wilre was discovered on the Boor of House H dating it accurat(y The Sl1lt bowls a re characteristic of the midd le of the La Ie Helladic fill (for connn igt nce to he referred to as the second layer of the 1 H period) while the high-footed klikes and the goblets 011 a hig h stem are uSllul in the upper lees Thus Ollr t ate Helllic pottery corresponds ith Proshyfesso r Blegens ehronoJogica l Jiristons a ltho ug-h iL is not sIUtpl distingu ished into Iegulr groups From a high poin t in the s(conel hotlwl ilt j Late I1dllic layer COBles the g reater part of an EphYlH(lHn goblet (F ig 13) b aling n represtlltllion or a swiullning nautilu s This is the fi rst (xalllp le of Ephyraeltl n warc to be found in Attica The goblet with th concentric circles ltomes fro m higher lenls still ami fall s ithin the Late Helladic III diis ions of P rofessor Blegcn
Among the slllail er finds the more important are th e ol)jects Jiscovered in glae No6 Here a bronze dagger was found The biline is er thin and short only 0158 In in le ngt h and it was attadled to the handl e bmiddot three silver ri vets The metal conta ins cry litt le tin anel because of this and of its shape the Jagger seen IS to belong to the -liddle H ellael ic II period
I Apllldna in ordattika - Alh Jlifl ] 890 pp 18 ft wd pis n 1 and XV 2-3 H Goldman op cit p -13 fig 3 1 Jgthy lalopi pis IY-
Wac-e and Blegell op eil PI 183- 18-1 3 C - Blegen op cil figs 27- 38 C Y Blegen OJ) cit figs J J 10 9-1- 96 ~ lbid p 11 7 ~ SOlllewhat similar blades were found in th e fourth ami sixth sha ft grflCS or Mycenae (cf G Karo
Die S chochlgrab fon lJiykenai pis L In jl)l C 397 XC 918 cvr 93i) in the graves of SeskJo (Chr T~OHll tas Al 1ltPOlo-ropuol apo1lDXm tUIJfVOI Ka ItooXOll pI 4 11) at ~fochlos (R n Seager Exploratio1l s i n lhe [sJnd oj JJfochlos fig 45 blade XX 9 (s imilar to ours and belonging to the iI M ill period from tomb XX) The blade (fig 45 IT 52) frOID tomb II is a little more deshyveloped than ours (Sir Arthur Eans The Palace of Minos I fig 142 b) The analysis kmdly made by Professor Zengelis of th e Universit of Athens and by his assistant ]1r Stathes shows that the metal ()uteined onb 038 per ceut tin
ELElSIS Ix THE UHOxlE GE 11 5
FtC l3-L-T J J-IEIDfc 11 l III GonlETs
Illlt boar tusks found in gran lt06 (Fig ]-) are mos tl middot of a triang ular shape and l w11 two or moleuro se ld om three e r t ic~t1 perforations by h ich they Were attach ed 10 IImiddot object th elmiddot decorated Such tusks a rc known from the fourth sha ft grave of I 1((ll(e The ere ll sed to CQTr th e surfncc of IHiOl ets The tusks covering 11( I elmet proper usually hae a half-lll oon shape whil e t hose cO I-ering t he cheek pi((s a re oblong a nd are perfora ted nt bot h their nanOl cllds The tusks of EhlIsis nre much smaller and lta(= a triangula r shap lt If thcy belonged to a hdllet they probably decorat ed the dwek pi eces hut I rathe r believe that the) d((oatcd some garment int erred -it h the dtlIcl This suppositi on is s trengthened 11 Ih discovery of the bone band OI S Ill in kllgt h at a short d istance from the 11I k which could not lE ry Iell Iw a lI chd to a helmet bot conlcl admirabl dlco lle the border of the garment
fleJ this cursormiddot SlIIT(-Y of th e pJehi storic lelll~ill S Ullcocred at EIEtl sis during
Ihl - 0 III m elS of 1930 a nd 1931 we shall state bri eR some of the co nclusions reached II is now defin itell- pro ved that t he prehi s tori~ rema ins discolered thus far at
EIlI~is helong to seUl e-m ents lnd cannot be considered as remnnnts of a necropolis COllI 1uently the theory of the cremation of lhe deacl in (i dd le Hell ad ic t imes (lIot be proven b~ th e Elell sini nn prehi storic remflin s
Th eliest remains belong t o th e Iiddle Hclladic period A few Early Helladic Ids found almost on the surfa ce of th e slope indicate that an ea rlie r settlement il ed on the E leosini a n hill but t his has escaped us ontil noll The prehistoric (ill urI revealed at Eleusis is practically identical with that brough t to light in rgolis and in Corinthia Chronologica ll y it fa lls within tb e limits fixed by Professor
I r G Kala op cil pis LXIX-LXX Fo) the representation or a helmet coyered ~ ilh hoars ~I~~) (1- eh Tsou ntas rrh Eph 1888 p 1-10 pi s S 12 f~lso a recollstruct~d helmet in lhe ltCHlcm rOOm or the Nallonal l Iuseulli at Athens eOered With tusks found In the chamber I I~ om) o 18 of lfcenae tH- Mr -ace
Thci ( dimensjon~ are as f~lIows length maxilllum 003 Ill minimum OO IG Ill width maximum 002) 01 min imulll 0018 lll at lh eir base
11( GEORGE E ) [YW X S
Blegen The few incised sherds di scoeled be ns seelll to inelicate thut a t Elensis the --liddle I-Ielladic period began a littl e earlier than in Carinthia At Phylakopi incised sherds ith a decoratioll similar to thllt found at Eleusis or bearing pattern fill ed with a hite chalky substance disappear a little before the destruction of the firs t cit)middot in other words before the end of the E arly -linoan period They there fore a re dated quite accuratel Dnt since we hLe round now in Attica itself pot tery of the Cycladic tpe produced du ring the Earl Helladic period and since our e ~ iden c( from Eleusis is so scanty we do not think it wise at present to base on it an changes of Professor B1f~en s chronolog ical divisions Added to future possible
finds jn Atti~a this evidence m ay
=--- become lllorc valuable a nd conclusshy~----- In
The remains of --liddle Helladie houses proe that in Attica also the apsidal and the oblong shapes of hOllses ere in lISC during the --[iddle Brone Age The habit of intramural burial and of interment under the floors of houses is also characteristic of the period inilIUIlJI_ tt ica The skeletons discovered in Late Helladic fillings prove that these customs continued down to the end of the Uycenaeall Agei ~1iampj)M In th e ~l middot c( naeall gray(s we lI Sshy
lid I fo und monochro me black 1 (3 These Sfelll to indicateAaampaaamp1 that the La te Hcllad ie inhabitants of EklI sis continued to use thelI~bullbull~ ~ t(chnique and the shapes of the pleioll s period of their loreil jatlbullbull j fnt lw ri ill making vaslS to be used as KTeurop luJlara r The gnles of the adults disCO cred in front of the
Sto of P hil o belong to the end of the --liddle Hl lIadic period They are similar in ll1all~ ways to the older Videlle Heihdic grles but t lley a lso have many points in common ith the earlier La te Helladic I burials The arc regular shafts The wall s of gra e G arc built of stone The position of the bod is mther
l Op cit pp 1-20- 1-23 2 Eyidencf to that cftcltt Wltl 5 ohtained at Ell tlmiddote-is hy Miss Goldman 01 ri l pp 42 - 4gt 3 Phr iakopi pp ~31 ft and 2- 9 if middot t Haghio5 K osmas a great quantity of potter was found with a strong Cyd adic character Cj
G E ~1douas PraJlilmiddota (of Ihe A cadelllY at Athens)i 1930 pp 3J9 ff and fig 5 ~ Gra middotes of small children WETt found 1t Haghios Kosmas beneath the floors of L H III houses
CJ C - Bltgen op cit p IO~ Ch T SOHIlUlS Arch Eplt 139 1 p 28 T hccustoll1 was remembered in Athens emiddoten in the cl assical period Plato Mi llOS 3
6 This custom was 6rst llotilt-cd by Pmfessor Tsollntas in the Cyclades (cf Arch Eph 1898 p 181 ) and it seem ~ that it was kept also by the inhabitants of the E H v illages of Haghios Kosmas
lt J
ELE CSJS r- THE 13TIOE _-GE 11 7
k 1ltI1 - Articles are interred with the d end_ They therefore add ne w e viden ce or I II( [ltlet that the Late H ell ad ie I shaft g nn-es nre onl- a continuatioll of IIiddlc
J ( ll aclie ty pes and traditions_ The -alls of House H are a -alua bl e additi on to the architec tural rem ains of the
La Ic Hdladic I period_ The scanty remains of the mega roll at Iiycenae th e as n t unpublished houses o f T solln k ia near emea and those in t he lower cit- of fin-ns form the sum to tal of our e-idence_ The shape of H ouse H ca n be reconshyInelcd with some probability from th e exis ting remains_ The a ngle of its north mdl repeated in a second construc tioJl in HOllse r is some -lwt ba fflin g Its main JHlrp05c probably was t o s treng then t he long -dl agains t the downpour of ra in or it lIliilt have been necessilated b so me ol) tacie not existing today Oue howeyer lIln)1 resist the temptation to mention the possibilit- th a t th ese ho uses represent th e ~ lrliest stage in the euroolutio ll of all apsidal into an oblong m egafa n The Ltte Ikll ad ic I House H seems to be li ke th e earlier IIiddle HeJladi c a ps ida1 houses with Ihe walls of thE apse straightell Ld out This suggestion howe er will hangt- to rCIJllin in lhe realm of assump t ions Ilntil corroborated by more evid ence obtained at Elcu i o r el sewhere _ Of ail e thi ng -e can he certain That ahea dI in the Late IIc ibdic I period fit Elfgtu sis we 11 1( I house with an Op CI1 pro d 0 111 05gt a dOIlla and illl r Ihala IOi~ COITEsponding closel to the 1 TlIl iH an megara of the L~lt e Helladic III priod
[11 he field of pottery n gl in a few Il l ~ h aJles of 1StS a nd th e ev id e nce that e I- e 1]0 actnal hreak in t he del-e loplllent o f (eramies from the earlie r t o the lat e r )lnTI]Ieall times_ The ddclIlIiJlation of the approximat e dat e of the g roo -ed )Iil]_-In Ilare will pron of impo rt a nce for thc dating of th e preJlis to ric p eriods of rI((dolia and the Chakidice wh ere silllilnr ware as found ill sttfl lificd I(els hy )11_ - HeUl-tle- - Th e rlagge r-hl)rlc i the firt prehi s to ric hronze a rticl e to he di middot( middotef(middotd n t Eltusis
- lI 1lt ly fillaily no tice lht th U~usillill remains furni sh Ample data to fill IIII gap left by th e r Clll[lin s 1I11 (O middot t fjmiddotd at Hag-hios I-o S llla s ~ in th tgt accollut of the pn-hi loric life o f Attica _ GEOHGE E Iluox-s
I (I Hlq(11 and a((gt OJ) cil p H ( h a ro ill llill 19) ) 13L Ii - i J92 1- 19-23 pp l iS -(l -f(j- O Short Hmiddotport abou t t he houses of fsonnkiza by
1 1 Hlrbll(l in AJJ X XX [[ ( HIIS) p i3 llrofe-50r J iHO kiudlmiddot lowed me Lo mention the h( lh of Tiryns
I 10 lrohistoric -3 it es in Chaltidi( l) HemtJe ltlnd C It H adford IJS A XX[X Ijl7- ~J--2S pp 139 if l 6) fL 182 - 18) 11 a ~hort -tud rcaJ I)efo re th c --cad clH of -- theJl s and puld lJed illlile Praktika G 193 1 pp lO G tl I think I procJ th nt the groo ed -ases ~f the Clwkiltii(e 1(log to a Ialer period than that m a rking the first appeanmce of thegre 1in-middotan ill the central sectio n o tll( l1~ailltanJ of R ellas Based on the eyidcllCe obtlincd a t OI1lthos Eutresis Eleuis u~daroftsl of Ccntral lIaced01 lin nnd Iolmiddotop~Tghos of the Chll lc idi te I proposed the foloting rnI IO ll or -ir Heurtleys ch ronol og~ tor the prehistoric period of Macedonia
col ithic period Defore SOOO to 2300 or 2400 DC
Earlmiddot ilroll2e Age P eriod A 2400-1750 BC ~IiJdlc Bronze Age Period Il 1730- 1500 Bc lltltc DrOllze Aae Pe rod C I 1500-1350 BC
tgt PerlOJ e lI 135 0-1150 BC
M~ ~~c site of Haghios K osmas WIlS inha bited during the Ea rl Hdladic period it was deserted in the bull l( c Hcllad lC and again re-inhabited in Lat e Helladic times
ELECSIS I~ THE IJRONZE AGE 1)1
thi blade of a dagger or ra zor and at a short distance from it a slllall haud-made procholls badly preserved Be teen the ase and the dagger ere discovered 51 1I1i111 triangular boars tu sK lined almost iu a tripl e row around that part of the asc Iyhieh faced the SKull and lying onr each other with the worked face to the
rOIllI( Yith thf- Ill was fOllnd il long and naITOband made of none and decorated with (once-ntric c ircles (fig l
11 ( filling in which these laquoes ere discored as ltriddle Helladic and it illS that both graves belong to the olld part of that period the sixth being lat er thall the fifth Grans of sIllall children Iere found in the Late H elladic filling alld und er the ilools ~f house hat1l in the southyestern slope of the Itill and in the 1I)a excavated in front of the Stoa of Philo
The lte rmnic remains are -en- abundant Onh- eiaht sherds belonginO to th e E I ar c Hcllauic periou were found a fell cen timeters below the present surface of the ~ill Fonr of them a re monochrol11e t)pes II and II II and belong to sauceshy
Ots the rest are pa inted t pe C II and appa rently belong to tankards
Wace and Bl egen op cif pp 17- 1iS aud C Y Begen 0]) cit figs 4 G and 10 I
GEORGE E MYLON S
Characteristic wares of the Middle Hellad ic strata at Ele ll sis as at other conshytemporary sites are Minyan and matt-flainted vases The jlinyan both grey and black wheel -lllade and hand-made is the more abundant Goblets on high stems and deep and shallow bo wls with high-swung handles a re very common We also
FIG 7- hTERIOlt ot GH n ~ j
have dcep bowls simil in shafle to the high-fool~d gob lets bu t lacking their stem (Fig 8) Ther were elmiddotidentlmiddot for kitchen lise a nd in t he bOld reprodllceo here we found the bones of a smali animal flroba bly of it hart vcr) common shape at Elell sis is the high-stemmed goblet ith Iwtica l hllnJ les on the rim (Fig 0) This shape is common at other sites comillete goblet from Orcholllenos is exhibi ted in t he ationaJ Museum of Athens fiss Goldma n disco(IPlt1 several at Elltnsis
FIG S-~[IYA DEEP BOWL F I G )-)lX )-X H lGHshy FIG ](l - hlT- ~HOOE1) SYIBOT
STDn1ED Gom FT
I saw many fragments among the shenls kept in the ~luseum of Tnnagla Dr Bronecr lateiy found similar fragments in the new sanctuary of Aflhrodite and Eros on the nor thern slofle of the Acropolis of Athens alllong the sherds from Korakou
I C V Blegen op cit figs 18 - 2-2 - ~ In the Cydaciic Room and jn the lower sedion of the l)hylukopi cases under serial number 5862 3 H Goldman op cit figs -l-l I and t5 -+ 4 CJ News I tems ftom Athens in A J 4 Xx V 19S ] p H)j O Broneer Eros and Aphrodite
on the North Slope of the Acropolis liesperia I 1932 p 35 Dr Broneer kindly showed me bis fin ds and pennitted me to mention this in my studies For this I am grateful to ~ljrn
113 poundIn-SIS 1 THE llROZE GE
there are n few belonging to such vases I and Professor I(aro kindly informed me that he found parts of vases of a similar shape at Tiryns This shape therefore is as characteristic of the linl-an ware as the goblets of Llianokladi t~ Jle a nd lhe kyljkes_
-lany -linyan ya ses and sherds were discme-rcd bearing groo ves or rings uround their body It was possible to note accurately the first appearance of this ware and to corroborate the nidence obta ined a t Eutresis by Miss Goldman At Eleusis grooved Minyan appeas in higher Middle Helladic levels and a little before the yelloylIin)an The grom-es or rings are placcgtltl either in groups a ll the bod- of the ~ase or they cover the surfacE cOlllplet el~middot To th e latter ~ariety belong th e two
5 6
FI G ] l- I x CI SElgt POTTUn FRO)( THE IIDJ)U~ Ih I (AlHC FlfLIXG
skphoi illustrated in Figure 10 Thel- are espec ially Iyell made aud Olle of them Cidentl- had three short point ed legs A littl e below th rims there are tmiddoto permiddot ora tions on either side b~ which the ases could be suspended or their lids fastelled fat- (1 5 I can lllake out th tSl oaseS are unique among th ( kno-n linyan find s
Tbe ~-e1 low l[inyan is rare and e -id~n tJ it did not enjoy at Eleusi the -ogue which it seems to haye enjoyed in Carinthia H
Vith tbe Iinyan ware and in th~ lowest liddle Helladi c level we found SOllle incised sherds made of cla- foreign to Eleusis (Fig 11) o 7 is part of the conical lid of a pyxis and is coYered yith a red -ash ~o 5 is black and belongs to the botmiddot tOI11 of slll all askoid lISe or a duck vase To a similar vase belongs the sherd No I ud its snrface is eOIered with a stitch pattern The incisions of sherds I and 5 -re originally filled with a hite chalb- snbstance These fr agments arS similar
I pilt ked up one at the site and another isamong the sherds kept in the nrilish School of Archaeology at Athens
~ lhat the grooves are a later element in Miny an technique H Goldman op cit p 54 3 1he same thing is mentioned for -egina b~ J P Harland in his Prehistoric A~gina p 18
I
114 GEORGI E iIlYLOIS
to those found by S Wide at Aphidna by Miss Goldmall at Eutresis a nd especially to the potter d iscovered at Phyla kopi in Melos uy th e British excavators
A great qualltity of matt-painted ware was found It belongs to the coarser B 1 a nd to the filler B II ty pes of Yace a nd Blegen The earlier as usual bear rec t ilinea r pattems and the later cunmiddotili nea The B II or slipped variety bears more delicate patterns an d on such ware appea r in E leusis spiraliform designs evishy
dently imported from Cret e Shapes are the usual bowls -jth or without a spout wat~r ja rs pithoi Hnd cups with a plofile of two oppos(d cUJyeSl Polychrome ware is very sca rce uut the few sherds d iscoered corne froIII the hi gh st point of the Middle Helladic fi lling Ya~(s and sherds were found in abunda nce
ill th( filling of the Late H ell ad ic period ChlJrHcte lis tic of th e l ow(~ l levels are c ups of th e -aphio shape bearing a rich decoration of conn (([(d spiral s painted in lustrou s black
FIG l- - L n H EIJl)J c I Crl pain t an d touched with white The cup illusshy
tlated in Figure 1-2 was foun d in HOllSt J and similar Wilre was discovered on the Boor of House H dating it accurat(y The Sl1lt bowls a re characteristic of the midd le of the La Ie Helladic fill (for connn igt nce to he referred to as the second layer of the 1 H period) while the high-footed klikes and the goblets 011 a hig h stem are uSllul in the upper lees Thus Ollr t ate Helllic pottery corresponds ith Proshyfesso r Blegens ehronoJogica l Jiristons a ltho ug-h iL is not sIUtpl distingu ished into Iegulr groups From a high poin t in the s(conel hotlwl ilt j Late I1dllic layer COBles the g reater part of an EphYlH(lHn goblet (F ig 13) b aling n represtlltllion or a swiullning nautilu s This is the fi rst (xalllp le of Ephyraeltl n warc to be found in Attica The goblet with th concentric circles ltomes fro m higher lenls still ami fall s ithin the Late Helladic III diis ions of P rofessor Blegcn
Among the slllail er finds the more important are th e ol)jects Jiscovered in glae No6 Here a bronze dagger was found The biline is er thin and short only 0158 In in le ngt h and it was attadled to the handl e bmiddot three silver ri vets The metal conta ins cry litt le tin anel because of this and of its shape the Jagger seen IS to belong to the -liddle H ellael ic II period
I Apllldna in ordattika - Alh Jlifl ] 890 pp 18 ft wd pis n 1 and XV 2-3 H Goldman op cit p -13 fig 3 1 Jgthy lalopi pis IY-
Wac-e and Blegell op eil PI 183- 18-1 3 C - Blegen op cil figs 27- 38 C Y Blegen OJ) cit figs J J 10 9-1- 96 ~ lbid p 11 7 ~ SOlllewhat similar blades were found in th e fourth ami sixth sha ft grflCS or Mycenae (cf G Karo
Die S chochlgrab fon lJiykenai pis L In jl)l C 397 XC 918 cvr 93i) in the graves of SeskJo (Chr T~OHll tas Al 1ltPOlo-ropuol apo1lDXm tUIJfVOI Ka ItooXOll pI 4 11) at ~fochlos (R n Seager Exploratio1l s i n lhe [sJnd oj JJfochlos fig 45 blade XX 9 (s imilar to ours and belonging to the iI M ill period from tomb XX) The blade (fig 45 IT 52) frOID tomb II is a little more deshyveloped than ours (Sir Arthur Eans The Palace of Minos I fig 142 b) The analysis kmdly made by Professor Zengelis of th e Universit of Athens and by his assistant ]1r Stathes shows that the metal ()uteined onb 038 per ceut tin
ELElSIS Ix THE UHOxlE GE 11 5
FtC l3-L-T J J-IEIDfc 11 l III GonlETs
Illlt boar tusks found in gran lt06 (Fig ]-) are mos tl middot of a triang ular shape and l w11 two or moleuro se ld om three e r t ic~t1 perforations by h ich they Were attach ed 10 IImiddot object th elmiddot decorated Such tusks a rc known from the fourth sha ft grave of I 1((ll(e The ere ll sed to CQTr th e surfncc of IHiOl ets The tusks covering 11( I elmet proper usually hae a half-lll oon shape whil e t hose cO I-ering t he cheek pi((s a re oblong a nd are perfora ted nt bot h their nanOl cllds The tusks of EhlIsis nre much smaller and lta(= a triangula r shap lt If thcy belonged to a hdllet they probably decorat ed the dwek pi eces hut I rathe r believe that the) d((oatcd some garment int erred -it h the dtlIcl This suppositi on is s trengthened 11 Ih discovery of the bone band OI S Ill in kllgt h at a short d istance from the 11I k which could not lE ry Iell Iw a lI chd to a helmet bot conlcl admirabl dlco lle the border of the garment
fleJ this cursormiddot SlIIT(-Y of th e pJehi storic lelll~ill S Ullcocred at EIEtl sis during
Ihl - 0 III m elS of 1930 a nd 1931 we shall state bri eR some of the co nclusions reached II is now defin itell- pro ved that t he prehi s tori~ rema ins discolered thus far at
EIlI~is helong to seUl e-m ents lnd cannot be considered as remnnnts of a necropolis COllI 1uently the theory of the cremation of lhe deacl in (i dd le Hell ad ic t imes (lIot be proven b~ th e Elell sini nn prehi storic remflin s
Th eliest remains belong t o th e Iiddle Hclladic period A few Early Helladic Ids found almost on the surfa ce of th e slope indicate that an ea rlie r settlement il ed on the E leosini a n hill but t his has escaped us ontil noll The prehistoric (ill urI revealed at Eleusis is practically identical with that brough t to light in rgolis and in Corinthia Chronologica ll y it fa lls within tb e limits fixed by Professor
I r G Kala op cil pis LXIX-LXX Fo) the representation or a helmet coyered ~ ilh hoars ~I~~) (1- eh Tsou ntas rrh Eph 1888 p 1-10 pi s S 12 f~lso a recollstruct~d helmet in lhe ltCHlcm rOOm or the Nallonal l Iuseulli at Athens eOered With tusks found In the chamber I I~ om) o 18 of lfcenae tH- Mr -ace
Thci ( dimensjon~ are as f~lIows length maxilllum 003 Ill minimum OO IG Ill width maximum 002) 01 min imulll 0018 lll at lh eir base
11( GEORGE E ) [YW X S
Blegen The few incised sherds di scoeled be ns seelll to inelicate thut a t Elensis the --liddle I-Ielladic period began a littl e earlier than in Carinthia At Phylakopi incised sherds ith a decoratioll similar to thllt found at Eleusis or bearing pattern fill ed with a hite chalky substance disappear a little before the destruction of the firs t cit)middot in other words before the end of the E arly -linoan period They there fore a re dated quite accuratel Dnt since we hLe round now in Attica itself pot tery of the Cycladic tpe produced du ring the Earl Helladic period and since our e ~ iden c( from Eleusis is so scanty we do not think it wise at present to base on it an changes of Professor B1f~en s chronolog ical divisions Added to future possible
finds jn Atti~a this evidence m ay
=--- become lllorc valuable a nd conclusshy~----- In
The remains of --liddle Helladie houses proe that in Attica also the apsidal and the oblong shapes of hOllses ere in lISC during the --[iddle Brone Age The habit of intramural burial and of interment under the floors of houses is also characteristic of the period inilIUIlJI_ tt ica The skeletons discovered in Late Helladic fillings prove that these customs continued down to the end of the Uycenaeall Agei ~1iampj)M In th e ~l middot c( naeall gray(s we lI Sshy
lid I fo und monochro me black 1 (3 These Sfelll to indicateAaampaaamp1 that the La te Hcllad ie inhabitants of EklI sis continued to use thelI~bullbull~ ~ t(chnique and the shapes of the pleioll s period of their loreil jatlbullbull j fnt lw ri ill making vaslS to be used as KTeurop luJlara r The gnles of the adults disCO cred in front of the
Sto of P hil o belong to the end of the --liddle Hl lIadic period They are similar in ll1all~ ways to the older Videlle Heihdic grles but t lley a lso have many points in common ith the earlier La te Helladic I burials The arc regular shafts The wall s of gra e G arc built of stone The position of the bod is mther
l Op cit pp 1-20- 1-23 2 Eyidencf to that cftcltt Wltl 5 ohtained at Ell tlmiddote-is hy Miss Goldman 01 ri l pp 42 - 4gt 3 Phr iakopi pp ~31 ft and 2- 9 if middot t Haghio5 K osmas a great quantity of potter was found with a strong Cyd adic character Cj
G E ~1douas PraJlilmiddota (of Ihe A cadelllY at Athens)i 1930 pp 3J9 ff and fig 5 ~ Gra middotes of small children WETt found 1t Haghios Kosmas beneath the floors of L H III houses
CJ C - Bltgen op cit p IO~ Ch T SOHIlUlS Arch Eplt 139 1 p 28 T hccustoll1 was remembered in Athens emiddoten in the cl assical period Plato Mi llOS 3
6 This custom was 6rst llotilt-cd by Pmfessor Tsollntas in the Cyclades (cf Arch Eph 1898 p 181 ) and it seem ~ that it was kept also by the inhabitants of the E H v illages of Haghios Kosmas
lt J
ELE CSJS r- THE 13TIOE _-GE 11 7
k 1ltI1 - Articles are interred with the d end_ They therefore add ne w e viden ce or I II( [ltlet that the Late H ell ad ie I shaft g nn-es nre onl- a continuatioll of IIiddlc
J ( ll aclie ty pes and traditions_ The -alls of House H are a -alua bl e additi on to the architec tural rem ains of the
La Ic Hdladic I period_ The scanty remains of the mega roll at Iiycenae th e as n t unpublished houses o f T solln k ia near emea and those in t he lower cit- of fin-ns form the sum to tal of our e-idence_ The shape of H ouse H ca n be reconshyInelcd with some probability from th e exis ting remains_ The a ngle of its north mdl repeated in a second construc tioJl in HOllse r is some -lwt ba fflin g Its main JHlrp05c probably was t o s treng then t he long -dl agains t the downpour of ra in or it lIliilt have been necessilated b so me ol) tacie not existing today Oue howeyer lIln)1 resist the temptation to mention the possibilit- th a t th ese ho uses represent th e ~ lrliest stage in the euroolutio ll of all apsidal into an oblong m egafa n The Ltte Ikll ad ic I House H seems to be li ke th e earlier IIiddle HeJladi c a ps ida1 houses with Ihe walls of thE apse straightell Ld out This suggestion howe er will hangt- to rCIJllin in lhe realm of assump t ions Ilntil corroborated by more evid ence obtained at Elcu i o r el sewhere _ Of ail e thi ng -e can he certain That ahea dI in the Late IIc ibdic I period fit Elfgtu sis we 11 1( I house with an Op CI1 pro d 0 111 05gt a dOIlla and illl r Ihala IOi~ COITEsponding closel to the 1 TlIl iH an megara of the L~lt e Helladic III priod
[11 he field of pottery n gl in a few Il l ~ h aJles of 1StS a nd th e ev id e nce that e I- e 1]0 actnal hreak in t he del-e loplllent o f (eramies from the earlie r t o the lat e r )lnTI]Ieall times_ The ddclIlIiJlation of the approximat e dat e of the g roo -ed )Iil]_-In Ilare will pron of impo rt a nce for thc dating of th e preJlis to ric p eriods of rI((dolia and the Chakidice wh ere silllilnr ware as found ill sttfl lificd I(els hy )11_ - HeUl-tle- - Th e rlagge r-hl)rlc i the firt prehi s to ric hronze a rticl e to he di middot( middotef(middotd n t Eltusis
- lI 1lt ly fillaily no tice lht th U~usillill remains furni sh Ample data to fill IIII gap left by th e r Clll[lin s 1I11 (O middot t fjmiddotd at Hag-hios I-o S llla s ~ in th tgt accollut of the pn-hi loric life o f Attica _ GEOHGE E Iluox-s
I (I Hlq(11 and a((gt OJ) cil p H ( h a ro ill llill 19) ) 13L Ii - i J92 1- 19-23 pp l iS -(l -f(j- O Short Hmiddotport abou t t he houses of fsonnkiza by
1 1 Hlrbll(l in AJJ X XX [[ ( HIIS) p i3 llrofe-50r J iHO kiudlmiddot lowed me Lo mention the h( lh of Tiryns
I 10 lrohistoric -3 it es in Chaltidi( l) HemtJe ltlnd C It H adford IJS A XX[X Ijl7- ~J--2S pp 139 if l 6) fL 182 - 18) 11 a ~hort -tud rcaJ I)efo re th c --cad clH of -- theJl s and puld lJed illlile Praktika G 193 1 pp lO G tl I think I procJ th nt the groo ed -ases ~f the Clwkiltii(e 1(log to a Ialer period than that m a rking the first appeanmce of thegre 1in-middotan ill the central sectio n o tll( l1~ailltanJ of R ellas Based on the eyidcllCe obtlincd a t OI1lthos Eutresis Eleuis u~daroftsl of Ccntral lIaced01 lin nnd Iolmiddotop~Tghos of the Chll lc idi te I proposed the foloting rnI IO ll or -ir Heurtleys ch ronol og~ tor the prehistoric period of Macedonia
col ithic period Defore SOOO to 2300 or 2400 DC
Earlmiddot ilroll2e Age P eriod A 2400-1750 BC ~IiJdlc Bronze Age Period Il 1730- 1500 Bc lltltc DrOllze Aae Pe rod C I 1500-1350 BC
tgt PerlOJ e lI 135 0-1150 BC
M~ ~~c site of Haghios K osmas WIlS inha bited during the Ea rl Hdladic period it was deserted in the bull l( c Hcllad lC and again re-inhabited in Lat e Helladic times
GEORGE E MYLON S
Characteristic wares of the Middle Hellad ic strata at Ele ll sis as at other conshytemporary sites are Minyan and matt-flainted vases The jlinyan both grey and black wheel -lllade and hand-made is the more abundant Goblets on high stems and deep and shallow bo wls with high-swung handles a re very common We also
FIG 7- hTERIOlt ot GH n ~ j
have dcep bowls simil in shafle to the high-fool~d gob lets bu t lacking their stem (Fig 8) Ther were elmiddotidentlmiddot for kitchen lise a nd in t he bOld reprodllceo here we found the bones of a smali animal flroba bly of it hart vcr) common shape at Elell sis is the high-stemmed goblet ith Iwtica l hllnJ les on the rim (Fig 0) This shape is common at other sites comillete goblet from Orcholllenos is exhibi ted in t he ationaJ Museum of Athens fiss Goldma n disco(IPlt1 several at Elltnsis
FIG S-~[IYA DEEP BOWL F I G )-)lX )-X H lGHshy FIG ](l - hlT- ~HOOE1) SYIBOT
STDn1ED Gom FT
I saw many fragments among the shenls kept in the ~luseum of Tnnagla Dr Bronecr lateiy found similar fragments in the new sanctuary of Aflhrodite and Eros on the nor thern slofle of the Acropolis of Athens alllong the sherds from Korakou
I C V Blegen op cit figs 18 - 2-2 - ~ In the Cydaciic Room and jn the lower sedion of the l)hylukopi cases under serial number 5862 3 H Goldman op cit figs -l-l I and t5 -+ 4 CJ News I tems ftom Athens in A J 4 Xx V 19S ] p H)j O Broneer Eros and Aphrodite
on the North Slope of the Acropolis liesperia I 1932 p 35 Dr Broneer kindly showed me bis fin ds and pennitted me to mention this in my studies For this I am grateful to ~ljrn
113 poundIn-SIS 1 THE llROZE GE
there are n few belonging to such vases I and Professor I(aro kindly informed me that he found parts of vases of a similar shape at Tiryns This shape therefore is as characteristic of the linl-an ware as the goblets of Llianokladi t~ Jle a nd lhe kyljkes_
-lany -linyan ya ses and sherds were discme-rcd bearing groo ves or rings uround their body It was possible to note accurately the first appearance of this ware and to corroborate the nidence obta ined a t Eutresis by Miss Goldman At Eleusis grooved Minyan appeas in higher Middle Helladic levels and a little before the yelloylIin)an The grom-es or rings are placcgtltl either in groups a ll the bod- of the ~ase or they cover the surfacE cOlllplet el~middot To th e latter ~ariety belong th e two
5 6
FI G ] l- I x CI SElgt POTTUn FRO)( THE IIDJ)U~ Ih I (AlHC FlfLIXG
skphoi illustrated in Figure 10 Thel- are espec ially Iyell made aud Olle of them Cidentl- had three short point ed legs A littl e below th rims there are tmiddoto permiddot ora tions on either side b~ which the ases could be suspended or their lids fastelled fat- (1 5 I can lllake out th tSl oaseS are unique among th ( kno-n linyan find s
Tbe ~-e1 low l[inyan is rare and e -id~n tJ it did not enjoy at Eleusi the -ogue which it seems to haye enjoyed in Carinthia H
Vith tbe Iinyan ware and in th~ lowest liddle Helladi c level we found SOllle incised sherds made of cla- foreign to Eleusis (Fig 11) o 7 is part of the conical lid of a pyxis and is coYered yith a red -ash ~o 5 is black and belongs to the botmiddot tOI11 of slll all askoid lISe or a duck vase To a similar vase belongs the sherd No I ud its snrface is eOIered with a stitch pattern The incisions of sherds I and 5 -re originally filled with a hite chalb- snbstance These fr agments arS similar
I pilt ked up one at the site and another isamong the sherds kept in the nrilish School of Archaeology at Athens
~ lhat the grooves are a later element in Miny an technique H Goldman op cit p 54 3 1he same thing is mentioned for -egina b~ J P Harland in his Prehistoric A~gina p 18
I
114 GEORGI E iIlYLOIS
to those found by S Wide at Aphidna by Miss Goldmall at Eutresis a nd especially to the potter d iscovered at Phyla kopi in Melos uy th e British excavators
A great qualltity of matt-painted ware was found It belongs to the coarser B 1 a nd to the filler B II ty pes of Yace a nd Blegen The earlier as usual bear rec t ilinea r pattems and the later cunmiddotili nea The B II or slipped variety bears more delicate patterns an d on such ware appea r in E leusis spiraliform designs evishy
dently imported from Cret e Shapes are the usual bowls -jth or without a spout wat~r ja rs pithoi Hnd cups with a plofile of two oppos(d cUJyeSl Polychrome ware is very sca rce uut the few sherds d iscoered corne froIII the hi gh st point of the Middle Helladic fi lling Ya~(s and sherds were found in abunda nce
ill th( filling of the Late H ell ad ic period ChlJrHcte lis tic of th e l ow(~ l levels are c ups of th e -aphio shape bearing a rich decoration of conn (([(d spiral s painted in lustrou s black
FIG l- - L n H EIJl)J c I Crl pain t an d touched with white The cup illusshy
tlated in Figure 1-2 was foun d in HOllSt J and similar Wilre was discovered on the Boor of House H dating it accurat(y The Sl1lt bowls a re characteristic of the midd le of the La Ie Helladic fill (for connn igt nce to he referred to as the second layer of the 1 H period) while the high-footed klikes and the goblets 011 a hig h stem are uSllul in the upper lees Thus Ollr t ate Helllic pottery corresponds ith Proshyfesso r Blegens ehronoJogica l Jiristons a ltho ug-h iL is not sIUtpl distingu ished into Iegulr groups From a high poin t in the s(conel hotlwl ilt j Late I1dllic layer COBles the g reater part of an EphYlH(lHn goblet (F ig 13) b aling n represtlltllion or a swiullning nautilu s This is the fi rst (xalllp le of Ephyraeltl n warc to be found in Attica The goblet with th concentric circles ltomes fro m higher lenls still ami fall s ithin the Late Helladic III diis ions of P rofessor Blegcn
Among the slllail er finds the more important are th e ol)jects Jiscovered in glae No6 Here a bronze dagger was found The biline is er thin and short only 0158 In in le ngt h and it was attadled to the handl e bmiddot three silver ri vets The metal conta ins cry litt le tin anel because of this and of its shape the Jagger seen IS to belong to the -liddle H ellael ic II period
I Apllldna in ordattika - Alh Jlifl ] 890 pp 18 ft wd pis n 1 and XV 2-3 H Goldman op cit p -13 fig 3 1 Jgthy lalopi pis IY-
Wac-e and Blegell op eil PI 183- 18-1 3 C - Blegen op cil figs 27- 38 C Y Blegen OJ) cit figs J J 10 9-1- 96 ~ lbid p 11 7 ~ SOlllewhat similar blades were found in th e fourth ami sixth sha ft grflCS or Mycenae (cf G Karo
Die S chochlgrab fon lJiykenai pis L In jl)l C 397 XC 918 cvr 93i) in the graves of SeskJo (Chr T~OHll tas Al 1ltPOlo-ropuol apo1lDXm tUIJfVOI Ka ItooXOll pI 4 11) at ~fochlos (R n Seager Exploratio1l s i n lhe [sJnd oj JJfochlos fig 45 blade XX 9 (s imilar to ours and belonging to the iI M ill period from tomb XX) The blade (fig 45 IT 52) frOID tomb II is a little more deshyveloped than ours (Sir Arthur Eans The Palace of Minos I fig 142 b) The analysis kmdly made by Professor Zengelis of th e Universit of Athens and by his assistant ]1r Stathes shows that the metal ()uteined onb 038 per ceut tin
ELElSIS Ix THE UHOxlE GE 11 5
FtC l3-L-T J J-IEIDfc 11 l III GonlETs
Illlt boar tusks found in gran lt06 (Fig ]-) are mos tl middot of a triang ular shape and l w11 two or moleuro se ld om three e r t ic~t1 perforations by h ich they Were attach ed 10 IImiddot object th elmiddot decorated Such tusks a rc known from the fourth sha ft grave of I 1((ll(e The ere ll sed to CQTr th e surfncc of IHiOl ets The tusks covering 11( I elmet proper usually hae a half-lll oon shape whil e t hose cO I-ering t he cheek pi((s a re oblong a nd are perfora ted nt bot h their nanOl cllds The tusks of EhlIsis nre much smaller and lta(= a triangula r shap lt If thcy belonged to a hdllet they probably decorat ed the dwek pi eces hut I rathe r believe that the) d((oatcd some garment int erred -it h the dtlIcl This suppositi on is s trengthened 11 Ih discovery of the bone band OI S Ill in kllgt h at a short d istance from the 11I k which could not lE ry Iell Iw a lI chd to a helmet bot conlcl admirabl dlco lle the border of the garment
fleJ this cursormiddot SlIIT(-Y of th e pJehi storic lelll~ill S Ullcocred at EIEtl sis during
Ihl - 0 III m elS of 1930 a nd 1931 we shall state bri eR some of the co nclusions reached II is now defin itell- pro ved that t he prehi s tori~ rema ins discolered thus far at
EIlI~is helong to seUl e-m ents lnd cannot be considered as remnnnts of a necropolis COllI 1uently the theory of the cremation of lhe deacl in (i dd le Hell ad ic t imes (lIot be proven b~ th e Elell sini nn prehi storic remflin s
Th eliest remains belong t o th e Iiddle Hclladic period A few Early Helladic Ids found almost on the surfa ce of th e slope indicate that an ea rlie r settlement il ed on the E leosini a n hill but t his has escaped us ontil noll The prehistoric (ill urI revealed at Eleusis is practically identical with that brough t to light in rgolis and in Corinthia Chronologica ll y it fa lls within tb e limits fixed by Professor
I r G Kala op cil pis LXIX-LXX Fo) the representation or a helmet coyered ~ ilh hoars ~I~~) (1- eh Tsou ntas rrh Eph 1888 p 1-10 pi s S 12 f~lso a recollstruct~d helmet in lhe ltCHlcm rOOm or the Nallonal l Iuseulli at Athens eOered With tusks found In the chamber I I~ om) o 18 of lfcenae tH- Mr -ace
Thci ( dimensjon~ are as f~lIows length maxilllum 003 Ill minimum OO IG Ill width maximum 002) 01 min imulll 0018 lll at lh eir base
11( GEORGE E ) [YW X S
Blegen The few incised sherds di scoeled be ns seelll to inelicate thut a t Elensis the --liddle I-Ielladic period began a littl e earlier than in Carinthia At Phylakopi incised sherds ith a decoratioll similar to thllt found at Eleusis or bearing pattern fill ed with a hite chalky substance disappear a little before the destruction of the firs t cit)middot in other words before the end of the E arly -linoan period They there fore a re dated quite accuratel Dnt since we hLe round now in Attica itself pot tery of the Cycladic tpe produced du ring the Earl Helladic period and since our e ~ iden c( from Eleusis is so scanty we do not think it wise at present to base on it an changes of Professor B1f~en s chronolog ical divisions Added to future possible
finds jn Atti~a this evidence m ay
=--- become lllorc valuable a nd conclusshy~----- In
The remains of --liddle Helladie houses proe that in Attica also the apsidal and the oblong shapes of hOllses ere in lISC during the --[iddle Brone Age The habit of intramural burial and of interment under the floors of houses is also characteristic of the period inilIUIlJI_ tt ica The skeletons discovered in Late Helladic fillings prove that these customs continued down to the end of the Uycenaeall Agei ~1iampj)M In th e ~l middot c( naeall gray(s we lI Sshy
lid I fo und monochro me black 1 (3 These Sfelll to indicateAaampaaamp1 that the La te Hcllad ie inhabitants of EklI sis continued to use thelI~bullbull~ ~ t(chnique and the shapes of the pleioll s period of their loreil jatlbullbull j fnt lw ri ill making vaslS to be used as KTeurop luJlara r The gnles of the adults disCO cred in front of the
Sto of P hil o belong to the end of the --liddle Hl lIadic period They are similar in ll1all~ ways to the older Videlle Heihdic grles but t lley a lso have many points in common ith the earlier La te Helladic I burials The arc regular shafts The wall s of gra e G arc built of stone The position of the bod is mther
l Op cit pp 1-20- 1-23 2 Eyidencf to that cftcltt Wltl 5 ohtained at Ell tlmiddote-is hy Miss Goldman 01 ri l pp 42 - 4gt 3 Phr iakopi pp ~31 ft and 2- 9 if middot t Haghio5 K osmas a great quantity of potter was found with a strong Cyd adic character Cj
G E ~1douas PraJlilmiddota (of Ihe A cadelllY at Athens)i 1930 pp 3J9 ff and fig 5 ~ Gra middotes of small children WETt found 1t Haghios Kosmas beneath the floors of L H III houses
CJ C - Bltgen op cit p IO~ Ch T SOHIlUlS Arch Eplt 139 1 p 28 T hccustoll1 was remembered in Athens emiddoten in the cl assical period Plato Mi llOS 3
6 This custom was 6rst llotilt-cd by Pmfessor Tsollntas in the Cyclades (cf Arch Eph 1898 p 181 ) and it seem ~ that it was kept also by the inhabitants of the E H v illages of Haghios Kosmas
lt J
ELE CSJS r- THE 13TIOE _-GE 11 7
k 1ltI1 - Articles are interred with the d end_ They therefore add ne w e viden ce or I II( [ltlet that the Late H ell ad ie I shaft g nn-es nre onl- a continuatioll of IIiddlc
J ( ll aclie ty pes and traditions_ The -alls of House H are a -alua bl e additi on to the architec tural rem ains of the
La Ic Hdladic I period_ The scanty remains of the mega roll at Iiycenae th e as n t unpublished houses o f T solln k ia near emea and those in t he lower cit- of fin-ns form the sum to tal of our e-idence_ The shape of H ouse H ca n be reconshyInelcd with some probability from th e exis ting remains_ The a ngle of its north mdl repeated in a second construc tioJl in HOllse r is some -lwt ba fflin g Its main JHlrp05c probably was t o s treng then t he long -dl agains t the downpour of ra in or it lIliilt have been necessilated b so me ol) tacie not existing today Oue howeyer lIln)1 resist the temptation to mention the possibilit- th a t th ese ho uses represent th e ~ lrliest stage in the euroolutio ll of all apsidal into an oblong m egafa n The Ltte Ikll ad ic I House H seems to be li ke th e earlier IIiddle HeJladi c a ps ida1 houses with Ihe walls of thE apse straightell Ld out This suggestion howe er will hangt- to rCIJllin in lhe realm of assump t ions Ilntil corroborated by more evid ence obtained at Elcu i o r el sewhere _ Of ail e thi ng -e can he certain That ahea dI in the Late IIc ibdic I period fit Elfgtu sis we 11 1( I house with an Op CI1 pro d 0 111 05gt a dOIlla and illl r Ihala IOi~ COITEsponding closel to the 1 TlIl iH an megara of the L~lt e Helladic III priod
[11 he field of pottery n gl in a few Il l ~ h aJles of 1StS a nd th e ev id e nce that e I- e 1]0 actnal hreak in t he del-e loplllent o f (eramies from the earlie r t o the lat e r )lnTI]Ieall times_ The ddclIlIiJlation of the approximat e dat e of the g roo -ed )Iil]_-In Ilare will pron of impo rt a nce for thc dating of th e preJlis to ric p eriods of rI((dolia and the Chakidice wh ere silllilnr ware as found ill sttfl lificd I(els hy )11_ - HeUl-tle- - Th e rlagge r-hl)rlc i the firt prehi s to ric hronze a rticl e to he di middot( middotef(middotd n t Eltusis
- lI 1lt ly fillaily no tice lht th U~usillill remains furni sh Ample data to fill IIII gap left by th e r Clll[lin s 1I11 (O middot t fjmiddotd at Hag-hios I-o S llla s ~ in th tgt accollut of the pn-hi loric life o f Attica _ GEOHGE E Iluox-s
I (I Hlq(11 and a((gt OJ) cil p H ( h a ro ill llill 19) ) 13L Ii - i J92 1- 19-23 pp l iS -(l -f(j- O Short Hmiddotport abou t t he houses of fsonnkiza by
1 1 Hlrbll(l in AJJ X XX [[ ( HIIS) p i3 llrofe-50r J iHO kiudlmiddot lowed me Lo mention the h( lh of Tiryns
I 10 lrohistoric -3 it es in Chaltidi( l) HemtJe ltlnd C It H adford IJS A XX[X Ijl7- ~J--2S pp 139 if l 6) fL 182 - 18) 11 a ~hort -tud rcaJ I)efo re th c --cad clH of -- theJl s and puld lJed illlile Praktika G 193 1 pp lO G tl I think I procJ th nt the groo ed -ases ~f the Clwkiltii(e 1(log to a Ialer period than that m a rking the first appeanmce of thegre 1in-middotan ill the central sectio n o tll( l1~ailltanJ of R ellas Based on the eyidcllCe obtlincd a t OI1lthos Eutresis Eleuis u~daroftsl of Ccntral lIaced01 lin nnd Iolmiddotop~Tghos of the Chll lc idi te I proposed the foloting rnI IO ll or -ir Heurtleys ch ronol og~ tor the prehistoric period of Macedonia
col ithic period Defore SOOO to 2300 or 2400 DC
Earlmiddot ilroll2e Age P eriod A 2400-1750 BC ~IiJdlc Bronze Age Period Il 1730- 1500 Bc lltltc DrOllze Aae Pe rod C I 1500-1350 BC
tgt PerlOJ e lI 135 0-1150 BC
M~ ~~c site of Haghios K osmas WIlS inha bited during the Ea rl Hdladic period it was deserted in the bull l( c Hcllad lC and again re-inhabited in Lat e Helladic times
113 poundIn-SIS 1 THE llROZE GE
there are n few belonging to such vases I and Professor I(aro kindly informed me that he found parts of vases of a similar shape at Tiryns This shape therefore is as characteristic of the linl-an ware as the goblets of Llianokladi t~ Jle a nd lhe kyljkes_
-lany -linyan ya ses and sherds were discme-rcd bearing groo ves or rings uround their body It was possible to note accurately the first appearance of this ware and to corroborate the nidence obta ined a t Eutresis by Miss Goldman At Eleusis grooved Minyan appeas in higher Middle Helladic levels and a little before the yelloylIin)an The grom-es or rings are placcgtltl either in groups a ll the bod- of the ~ase or they cover the surfacE cOlllplet el~middot To th e latter ~ariety belong th e two
5 6
FI G ] l- I x CI SElgt POTTUn FRO)( THE IIDJ)U~ Ih I (AlHC FlfLIXG
skphoi illustrated in Figure 10 Thel- are espec ially Iyell made aud Olle of them Cidentl- had three short point ed legs A littl e below th rims there are tmiddoto permiddot ora tions on either side b~ which the ases could be suspended or their lids fastelled fat- (1 5 I can lllake out th tSl oaseS are unique among th ( kno-n linyan find s
Tbe ~-e1 low l[inyan is rare and e -id~n tJ it did not enjoy at Eleusi the -ogue which it seems to haye enjoyed in Carinthia H
Vith tbe Iinyan ware and in th~ lowest liddle Helladi c level we found SOllle incised sherds made of cla- foreign to Eleusis (Fig 11) o 7 is part of the conical lid of a pyxis and is coYered yith a red -ash ~o 5 is black and belongs to the botmiddot tOI11 of slll all askoid lISe or a duck vase To a similar vase belongs the sherd No I ud its snrface is eOIered with a stitch pattern The incisions of sherds I and 5 -re originally filled with a hite chalb- snbstance These fr agments arS similar
I pilt ked up one at the site and another isamong the sherds kept in the nrilish School of Archaeology at Athens
~ lhat the grooves are a later element in Miny an technique H Goldman op cit p 54 3 1he same thing is mentioned for -egina b~ J P Harland in his Prehistoric A~gina p 18
I
114 GEORGI E iIlYLOIS
to those found by S Wide at Aphidna by Miss Goldmall at Eutresis a nd especially to the potter d iscovered at Phyla kopi in Melos uy th e British excavators
A great qualltity of matt-painted ware was found It belongs to the coarser B 1 a nd to the filler B II ty pes of Yace a nd Blegen The earlier as usual bear rec t ilinea r pattems and the later cunmiddotili nea The B II or slipped variety bears more delicate patterns an d on such ware appea r in E leusis spiraliform designs evishy
dently imported from Cret e Shapes are the usual bowls -jth or without a spout wat~r ja rs pithoi Hnd cups with a plofile of two oppos(d cUJyeSl Polychrome ware is very sca rce uut the few sherds d iscoered corne froIII the hi gh st point of the Middle Helladic fi lling Ya~(s and sherds were found in abunda nce
ill th( filling of the Late H ell ad ic period ChlJrHcte lis tic of th e l ow(~ l levels are c ups of th e -aphio shape bearing a rich decoration of conn (([(d spiral s painted in lustrou s black
FIG l- - L n H EIJl)J c I Crl pain t an d touched with white The cup illusshy
tlated in Figure 1-2 was foun d in HOllSt J and similar Wilre was discovered on the Boor of House H dating it accurat(y The Sl1lt bowls a re characteristic of the midd le of the La Ie Helladic fill (for connn igt nce to he referred to as the second layer of the 1 H period) while the high-footed klikes and the goblets 011 a hig h stem are uSllul in the upper lees Thus Ollr t ate Helllic pottery corresponds ith Proshyfesso r Blegens ehronoJogica l Jiristons a ltho ug-h iL is not sIUtpl distingu ished into Iegulr groups From a high poin t in the s(conel hotlwl ilt j Late I1dllic layer COBles the g reater part of an EphYlH(lHn goblet (F ig 13) b aling n represtlltllion or a swiullning nautilu s This is the fi rst (xalllp le of Ephyraeltl n warc to be found in Attica The goblet with th concentric circles ltomes fro m higher lenls still ami fall s ithin the Late Helladic III diis ions of P rofessor Blegcn
Among the slllail er finds the more important are th e ol)jects Jiscovered in glae No6 Here a bronze dagger was found The biline is er thin and short only 0158 In in le ngt h and it was attadled to the handl e bmiddot three silver ri vets The metal conta ins cry litt le tin anel because of this and of its shape the Jagger seen IS to belong to the -liddle H ellael ic II period
I Apllldna in ordattika - Alh Jlifl ] 890 pp 18 ft wd pis n 1 and XV 2-3 H Goldman op cit p -13 fig 3 1 Jgthy lalopi pis IY-
Wac-e and Blegell op eil PI 183- 18-1 3 C - Blegen op cil figs 27- 38 C Y Blegen OJ) cit figs J J 10 9-1- 96 ~ lbid p 11 7 ~ SOlllewhat similar blades were found in th e fourth ami sixth sha ft grflCS or Mycenae (cf G Karo
Die S chochlgrab fon lJiykenai pis L In jl)l C 397 XC 918 cvr 93i) in the graves of SeskJo (Chr T~OHll tas Al 1ltPOlo-ropuol apo1lDXm tUIJfVOI Ka ItooXOll pI 4 11) at ~fochlos (R n Seager Exploratio1l s i n lhe [sJnd oj JJfochlos fig 45 blade XX 9 (s imilar to ours and belonging to the iI M ill period from tomb XX) The blade (fig 45 IT 52) frOID tomb II is a little more deshyveloped than ours (Sir Arthur Eans The Palace of Minos I fig 142 b) The analysis kmdly made by Professor Zengelis of th e Universit of Athens and by his assistant ]1r Stathes shows that the metal ()uteined onb 038 per ceut tin
ELElSIS Ix THE UHOxlE GE 11 5
FtC l3-L-T J J-IEIDfc 11 l III GonlETs
Illlt boar tusks found in gran lt06 (Fig ]-) are mos tl middot of a triang ular shape and l w11 two or moleuro se ld om three e r t ic~t1 perforations by h ich they Were attach ed 10 IImiddot object th elmiddot decorated Such tusks a rc known from the fourth sha ft grave of I 1((ll(e The ere ll sed to CQTr th e surfncc of IHiOl ets The tusks covering 11( I elmet proper usually hae a half-lll oon shape whil e t hose cO I-ering t he cheek pi((s a re oblong a nd are perfora ted nt bot h their nanOl cllds The tusks of EhlIsis nre much smaller and lta(= a triangula r shap lt If thcy belonged to a hdllet they probably decorat ed the dwek pi eces hut I rathe r believe that the) d((oatcd some garment int erred -it h the dtlIcl This suppositi on is s trengthened 11 Ih discovery of the bone band OI S Ill in kllgt h at a short d istance from the 11I k which could not lE ry Iell Iw a lI chd to a helmet bot conlcl admirabl dlco lle the border of the garment
fleJ this cursormiddot SlIIT(-Y of th e pJehi storic lelll~ill S Ullcocred at EIEtl sis during
Ihl - 0 III m elS of 1930 a nd 1931 we shall state bri eR some of the co nclusions reached II is now defin itell- pro ved that t he prehi s tori~ rema ins discolered thus far at
EIlI~is helong to seUl e-m ents lnd cannot be considered as remnnnts of a necropolis COllI 1uently the theory of the cremation of lhe deacl in (i dd le Hell ad ic t imes (lIot be proven b~ th e Elell sini nn prehi storic remflin s
Th eliest remains belong t o th e Iiddle Hclladic period A few Early Helladic Ids found almost on the surfa ce of th e slope indicate that an ea rlie r settlement il ed on the E leosini a n hill but t his has escaped us ontil noll The prehistoric (ill urI revealed at Eleusis is practically identical with that brough t to light in rgolis and in Corinthia Chronologica ll y it fa lls within tb e limits fixed by Professor
I r G Kala op cil pis LXIX-LXX Fo) the representation or a helmet coyered ~ ilh hoars ~I~~) (1- eh Tsou ntas rrh Eph 1888 p 1-10 pi s S 12 f~lso a recollstruct~d helmet in lhe ltCHlcm rOOm or the Nallonal l Iuseulli at Athens eOered With tusks found In the chamber I I~ om) o 18 of lfcenae tH- Mr -ace
Thci ( dimensjon~ are as f~lIows length maxilllum 003 Ill minimum OO IG Ill width maximum 002) 01 min imulll 0018 lll at lh eir base
11( GEORGE E ) [YW X S
Blegen The few incised sherds di scoeled be ns seelll to inelicate thut a t Elensis the --liddle I-Ielladic period began a littl e earlier than in Carinthia At Phylakopi incised sherds ith a decoratioll similar to thllt found at Eleusis or bearing pattern fill ed with a hite chalky substance disappear a little before the destruction of the firs t cit)middot in other words before the end of the E arly -linoan period They there fore a re dated quite accuratel Dnt since we hLe round now in Attica itself pot tery of the Cycladic tpe produced du ring the Earl Helladic period and since our e ~ iden c( from Eleusis is so scanty we do not think it wise at present to base on it an changes of Professor B1f~en s chronolog ical divisions Added to future possible
finds jn Atti~a this evidence m ay
=--- become lllorc valuable a nd conclusshy~----- In
The remains of --liddle Helladie houses proe that in Attica also the apsidal and the oblong shapes of hOllses ere in lISC during the --[iddle Brone Age The habit of intramural burial and of interment under the floors of houses is also characteristic of the period inilIUIlJI_ tt ica The skeletons discovered in Late Helladic fillings prove that these customs continued down to the end of the Uycenaeall Agei ~1iampj)M In th e ~l middot c( naeall gray(s we lI Sshy
lid I fo und monochro me black 1 (3 These Sfelll to indicateAaampaaamp1 that the La te Hcllad ie inhabitants of EklI sis continued to use thelI~bullbull~ ~ t(chnique and the shapes of the pleioll s period of their loreil jatlbullbull j fnt lw ri ill making vaslS to be used as KTeurop luJlara r The gnles of the adults disCO cred in front of the
Sto of P hil o belong to the end of the --liddle Hl lIadic period They are similar in ll1all~ ways to the older Videlle Heihdic grles but t lley a lso have many points in common ith the earlier La te Helladic I burials The arc regular shafts The wall s of gra e G arc built of stone The position of the bod is mther
l Op cit pp 1-20- 1-23 2 Eyidencf to that cftcltt Wltl 5 ohtained at Ell tlmiddote-is hy Miss Goldman 01 ri l pp 42 - 4gt 3 Phr iakopi pp ~31 ft and 2- 9 if middot t Haghio5 K osmas a great quantity of potter was found with a strong Cyd adic character Cj
G E ~1douas PraJlilmiddota (of Ihe A cadelllY at Athens)i 1930 pp 3J9 ff and fig 5 ~ Gra middotes of small children WETt found 1t Haghios Kosmas beneath the floors of L H III houses
CJ C - Bltgen op cit p IO~ Ch T SOHIlUlS Arch Eplt 139 1 p 28 T hccustoll1 was remembered in Athens emiddoten in the cl assical period Plato Mi llOS 3
6 This custom was 6rst llotilt-cd by Pmfessor Tsollntas in the Cyclades (cf Arch Eph 1898 p 181 ) and it seem ~ that it was kept also by the inhabitants of the E H v illages of Haghios Kosmas
lt J
ELE CSJS r- THE 13TIOE _-GE 11 7
k 1ltI1 - Articles are interred with the d end_ They therefore add ne w e viden ce or I II( [ltlet that the Late H ell ad ie I shaft g nn-es nre onl- a continuatioll of IIiddlc
J ( ll aclie ty pes and traditions_ The -alls of House H are a -alua bl e additi on to the architec tural rem ains of the
La Ic Hdladic I period_ The scanty remains of the mega roll at Iiycenae th e as n t unpublished houses o f T solln k ia near emea and those in t he lower cit- of fin-ns form the sum to tal of our e-idence_ The shape of H ouse H ca n be reconshyInelcd with some probability from th e exis ting remains_ The a ngle of its north mdl repeated in a second construc tioJl in HOllse r is some -lwt ba fflin g Its main JHlrp05c probably was t o s treng then t he long -dl agains t the downpour of ra in or it lIliilt have been necessilated b so me ol) tacie not existing today Oue howeyer lIln)1 resist the temptation to mention the possibilit- th a t th ese ho uses represent th e ~ lrliest stage in the euroolutio ll of all apsidal into an oblong m egafa n The Ltte Ikll ad ic I House H seems to be li ke th e earlier IIiddle HeJladi c a ps ida1 houses with Ihe walls of thE apse straightell Ld out This suggestion howe er will hangt- to rCIJllin in lhe realm of assump t ions Ilntil corroborated by more evid ence obtained at Elcu i o r el sewhere _ Of ail e thi ng -e can he certain That ahea dI in the Late IIc ibdic I period fit Elfgtu sis we 11 1( I house with an Op CI1 pro d 0 111 05gt a dOIlla and illl r Ihala IOi~ COITEsponding closel to the 1 TlIl iH an megara of the L~lt e Helladic III priod
[11 he field of pottery n gl in a few Il l ~ h aJles of 1StS a nd th e ev id e nce that e I- e 1]0 actnal hreak in t he del-e loplllent o f (eramies from the earlie r t o the lat e r )lnTI]Ieall times_ The ddclIlIiJlation of the approximat e dat e of the g roo -ed )Iil]_-In Ilare will pron of impo rt a nce for thc dating of th e preJlis to ric p eriods of rI((dolia and the Chakidice wh ere silllilnr ware as found ill sttfl lificd I(els hy )11_ - HeUl-tle- - Th e rlagge r-hl)rlc i the firt prehi s to ric hronze a rticl e to he di middot( middotef(middotd n t Eltusis
- lI 1lt ly fillaily no tice lht th U~usillill remains furni sh Ample data to fill IIII gap left by th e r Clll[lin s 1I11 (O middot t fjmiddotd at Hag-hios I-o S llla s ~ in th tgt accollut of the pn-hi loric life o f Attica _ GEOHGE E Iluox-s
I (I Hlq(11 and a((gt OJ) cil p H ( h a ro ill llill 19) ) 13L Ii - i J92 1- 19-23 pp l iS -(l -f(j- O Short Hmiddotport abou t t he houses of fsonnkiza by
1 1 Hlrbll(l in AJJ X XX [[ ( HIIS) p i3 llrofe-50r J iHO kiudlmiddot lowed me Lo mention the h( lh of Tiryns
I 10 lrohistoric -3 it es in Chaltidi( l) HemtJe ltlnd C It H adford IJS A XX[X Ijl7- ~J--2S pp 139 if l 6) fL 182 - 18) 11 a ~hort -tud rcaJ I)efo re th c --cad clH of -- theJl s and puld lJed illlile Praktika G 193 1 pp lO G tl I think I procJ th nt the groo ed -ases ~f the Clwkiltii(e 1(log to a Ialer period than that m a rking the first appeanmce of thegre 1in-middotan ill the central sectio n o tll( l1~ailltanJ of R ellas Based on the eyidcllCe obtlincd a t OI1lthos Eutresis Eleuis u~daroftsl of Ccntral lIaced01 lin nnd Iolmiddotop~Tghos of the Chll lc idi te I proposed the foloting rnI IO ll or -ir Heurtleys ch ronol og~ tor the prehistoric period of Macedonia
col ithic period Defore SOOO to 2300 or 2400 DC
Earlmiddot ilroll2e Age P eriod A 2400-1750 BC ~IiJdlc Bronze Age Period Il 1730- 1500 Bc lltltc DrOllze Aae Pe rod C I 1500-1350 BC
tgt PerlOJ e lI 135 0-1150 BC
M~ ~~c site of Haghios K osmas WIlS inha bited during the Ea rl Hdladic period it was deserted in the bull l( c Hcllad lC and again re-inhabited in Lat e Helladic times
114 GEORGI E iIlYLOIS
to those found by S Wide at Aphidna by Miss Goldmall at Eutresis a nd especially to the potter d iscovered at Phyla kopi in Melos uy th e British excavators
A great qualltity of matt-painted ware was found It belongs to the coarser B 1 a nd to the filler B II ty pes of Yace a nd Blegen The earlier as usual bear rec t ilinea r pattems and the later cunmiddotili nea The B II or slipped variety bears more delicate patterns an d on such ware appea r in E leusis spiraliform designs evishy
dently imported from Cret e Shapes are the usual bowls -jth or without a spout wat~r ja rs pithoi Hnd cups with a plofile of two oppos(d cUJyeSl Polychrome ware is very sca rce uut the few sherds d iscoered corne froIII the hi gh st point of the Middle Helladic fi lling Ya~(s and sherds were found in abunda nce
ill th( filling of the Late H ell ad ic period ChlJrHcte lis tic of th e l ow(~ l levels are c ups of th e -aphio shape bearing a rich decoration of conn (([(d spiral s painted in lustrou s black
FIG l- - L n H EIJl)J c I Crl pain t an d touched with white The cup illusshy
tlated in Figure 1-2 was foun d in HOllSt J and similar Wilre was discovered on the Boor of House H dating it accurat(y The Sl1lt bowls a re characteristic of the midd le of the La Ie Helladic fill (for connn igt nce to he referred to as the second layer of the 1 H period) while the high-footed klikes and the goblets 011 a hig h stem are uSllul in the upper lees Thus Ollr t ate Helllic pottery corresponds ith Proshyfesso r Blegens ehronoJogica l Jiristons a ltho ug-h iL is not sIUtpl distingu ished into Iegulr groups From a high poin t in the s(conel hotlwl ilt j Late I1dllic layer COBles the g reater part of an EphYlH(lHn goblet (F ig 13) b aling n represtlltllion or a swiullning nautilu s This is the fi rst (xalllp le of Ephyraeltl n warc to be found in Attica The goblet with th concentric circles ltomes fro m higher lenls still ami fall s ithin the Late Helladic III diis ions of P rofessor Blegcn
Among the slllail er finds the more important are th e ol)jects Jiscovered in glae No6 Here a bronze dagger was found The biline is er thin and short only 0158 In in le ngt h and it was attadled to the handl e bmiddot three silver ri vets The metal conta ins cry litt le tin anel because of this and of its shape the Jagger seen IS to belong to the -liddle H ellael ic II period
I Apllldna in ordattika - Alh Jlifl ] 890 pp 18 ft wd pis n 1 and XV 2-3 H Goldman op cit p -13 fig 3 1 Jgthy lalopi pis IY-
Wac-e and Blegell op eil PI 183- 18-1 3 C - Blegen op cil figs 27- 38 C Y Blegen OJ) cit figs J J 10 9-1- 96 ~ lbid p 11 7 ~ SOlllewhat similar blades were found in th e fourth ami sixth sha ft grflCS or Mycenae (cf G Karo
Die S chochlgrab fon lJiykenai pis L In jl)l C 397 XC 918 cvr 93i) in the graves of SeskJo (Chr T~OHll tas Al 1ltPOlo-ropuol apo1lDXm tUIJfVOI Ka ItooXOll pI 4 11) at ~fochlos (R n Seager Exploratio1l s i n lhe [sJnd oj JJfochlos fig 45 blade XX 9 (s imilar to ours and belonging to the iI M ill period from tomb XX) The blade (fig 45 IT 52) frOID tomb II is a little more deshyveloped than ours (Sir Arthur Eans The Palace of Minos I fig 142 b) The analysis kmdly made by Professor Zengelis of th e Universit of Athens and by his assistant ]1r Stathes shows that the metal ()uteined onb 038 per ceut tin
ELElSIS Ix THE UHOxlE GE 11 5
FtC l3-L-T J J-IEIDfc 11 l III GonlETs
Illlt boar tusks found in gran lt06 (Fig ]-) are mos tl middot of a triang ular shape and l w11 two or moleuro se ld om three e r t ic~t1 perforations by h ich they Were attach ed 10 IImiddot object th elmiddot decorated Such tusks a rc known from the fourth sha ft grave of I 1((ll(e The ere ll sed to CQTr th e surfncc of IHiOl ets The tusks covering 11( I elmet proper usually hae a half-lll oon shape whil e t hose cO I-ering t he cheek pi((s a re oblong a nd are perfora ted nt bot h their nanOl cllds The tusks of EhlIsis nre much smaller and lta(= a triangula r shap lt If thcy belonged to a hdllet they probably decorat ed the dwek pi eces hut I rathe r believe that the) d((oatcd some garment int erred -it h the dtlIcl This suppositi on is s trengthened 11 Ih discovery of the bone band OI S Ill in kllgt h at a short d istance from the 11I k which could not lE ry Iell Iw a lI chd to a helmet bot conlcl admirabl dlco lle the border of the garment
fleJ this cursormiddot SlIIT(-Y of th e pJehi storic lelll~ill S Ullcocred at EIEtl sis during
Ihl - 0 III m elS of 1930 a nd 1931 we shall state bri eR some of the co nclusions reached II is now defin itell- pro ved that t he prehi s tori~ rema ins discolered thus far at
EIlI~is helong to seUl e-m ents lnd cannot be considered as remnnnts of a necropolis COllI 1uently the theory of the cremation of lhe deacl in (i dd le Hell ad ic t imes (lIot be proven b~ th e Elell sini nn prehi storic remflin s
Th eliest remains belong t o th e Iiddle Hclladic period A few Early Helladic Ids found almost on the surfa ce of th e slope indicate that an ea rlie r settlement il ed on the E leosini a n hill but t his has escaped us ontil noll The prehistoric (ill urI revealed at Eleusis is practically identical with that brough t to light in rgolis and in Corinthia Chronologica ll y it fa lls within tb e limits fixed by Professor
I r G Kala op cil pis LXIX-LXX Fo) the representation or a helmet coyered ~ ilh hoars ~I~~) (1- eh Tsou ntas rrh Eph 1888 p 1-10 pi s S 12 f~lso a recollstruct~d helmet in lhe ltCHlcm rOOm or the Nallonal l Iuseulli at Athens eOered With tusks found In the chamber I I~ om) o 18 of lfcenae tH- Mr -ace
Thci ( dimensjon~ are as f~lIows length maxilllum 003 Ill minimum OO IG Ill width maximum 002) 01 min imulll 0018 lll at lh eir base
11( GEORGE E ) [YW X S
Blegen The few incised sherds di scoeled be ns seelll to inelicate thut a t Elensis the --liddle I-Ielladic period began a littl e earlier than in Carinthia At Phylakopi incised sherds ith a decoratioll similar to thllt found at Eleusis or bearing pattern fill ed with a hite chalky substance disappear a little before the destruction of the firs t cit)middot in other words before the end of the E arly -linoan period They there fore a re dated quite accuratel Dnt since we hLe round now in Attica itself pot tery of the Cycladic tpe produced du ring the Earl Helladic period and since our e ~ iden c( from Eleusis is so scanty we do not think it wise at present to base on it an changes of Professor B1f~en s chronolog ical divisions Added to future possible
finds jn Atti~a this evidence m ay
=--- become lllorc valuable a nd conclusshy~----- In
The remains of --liddle Helladie houses proe that in Attica also the apsidal and the oblong shapes of hOllses ere in lISC during the --[iddle Brone Age The habit of intramural burial and of interment under the floors of houses is also characteristic of the period inilIUIlJI_ tt ica The skeletons discovered in Late Helladic fillings prove that these customs continued down to the end of the Uycenaeall Agei ~1iampj)M In th e ~l middot c( naeall gray(s we lI Sshy
lid I fo und monochro me black 1 (3 These Sfelll to indicateAaampaaamp1 that the La te Hcllad ie inhabitants of EklI sis continued to use thelI~bullbull~ ~ t(chnique and the shapes of the pleioll s period of their loreil jatlbullbull j fnt lw ri ill making vaslS to be used as KTeurop luJlara r The gnles of the adults disCO cred in front of the
Sto of P hil o belong to the end of the --liddle Hl lIadic period They are similar in ll1all~ ways to the older Videlle Heihdic grles but t lley a lso have many points in common ith the earlier La te Helladic I burials The arc regular shafts The wall s of gra e G arc built of stone The position of the bod is mther
l Op cit pp 1-20- 1-23 2 Eyidencf to that cftcltt Wltl 5 ohtained at Ell tlmiddote-is hy Miss Goldman 01 ri l pp 42 - 4gt 3 Phr iakopi pp ~31 ft and 2- 9 if middot t Haghio5 K osmas a great quantity of potter was found with a strong Cyd adic character Cj
G E ~1douas PraJlilmiddota (of Ihe A cadelllY at Athens)i 1930 pp 3J9 ff and fig 5 ~ Gra middotes of small children WETt found 1t Haghios Kosmas beneath the floors of L H III houses
CJ C - Bltgen op cit p IO~ Ch T SOHIlUlS Arch Eplt 139 1 p 28 T hccustoll1 was remembered in Athens emiddoten in the cl assical period Plato Mi llOS 3
6 This custom was 6rst llotilt-cd by Pmfessor Tsollntas in the Cyclades (cf Arch Eph 1898 p 181 ) and it seem ~ that it was kept also by the inhabitants of the E H v illages of Haghios Kosmas
lt J
ELE CSJS r- THE 13TIOE _-GE 11 7
k 1ltI1 - Articles are interred with the d end_ They therefore add ne w e viden ce or I II( [ltlet that the Late H ell ad ie I shaft g nn-es nre onl- a continuatioll of IIiddlc
J ( ll aclie ty pes and traditions_ The -alls of House H are a -alua bl e additi on to the architec tural rem ains of the
La Ic Hdladic I period_ The scanty remains of the mega roll at Iiycenae th e as n t unpublished houses o f T solln k ia near emea and those in t he lower cit- of fin-ns form the sum to tal of our e-idence_ The shape of H ouse H ca n be reconshyInelcd with some probability from th e exis ting remains_ The a ngle of its north mdl repeated in a second construc tioJl in HOllse r is some -lwt ba fflin g Its main JHlrp05c probably was t o s treng then t he long -dl agains t the downpour of ra in or it lIliilt have been necessilated b so me ol) tacie not existing today Oue howeyer lIln)1 resist the temptation to mention the possibilit- th a t th ese ho uses represent th e ~ lrliest stage in the euroolutio ll of all apsidal into an oblong m egafa n The Ltte Ikll ad ic I House H seems to be li ke th e earlier IIiddle HeJladi c a ps ida1 houses with Ihe walls of thE apse straightell Ld out This suggestion howe er will hangt- to rCIJllin in lhe realm of assump t ions Ilntil corroborated by more evid ence obtained at Elcu i o r el sewhere _ Of ail e thi ng -e can he certain That ahea dI in the Late IIc ibdic I period fit Elfgtu sis we 11 1( I house with an Op CI1 pro d 0 111 05gt a dOIlla and illl r Ihala IOi~ COITEsponding closel to the 1 TlIl iH an megara of the L~lt e Helladic III priod
[11 he field of pottery n gl in a few Il l ~ h aJles of 1StS a nd th e ev id e nce that e I- e 1]0 actnal hreak in t he del-e loplllent o f (eramies from the earlie r t o the lat e r )lnTI]Ieall times_ The ddclIlIiJlation of the approximat e dat e of the g roo -ed )Iil]_-In Ilare will pron of impo rt a nce for thc dating of th e preJlis to ric p eriods of rI((dolia and the Chakidice wh ere silllilnr ware as found ill sttfl lificd I(els hy )11_ - HeUl-tle- - Th e rlagge r-hl)rlc i the firt prehi s to ric hronze a rticl e to he di middot( middotef(middotd n t Eltusis
- lI 1lt ly fillaily no tice lht th U~usillill remains furni sh Ample data to fill IIII gap left by th e r Clll[lin s 1I11 (O middot t fjmiddotd at Hag-hios I-o S llla s ~ in th tgt accollut of the pn-hi loric life o f Attica _ GEOHGE E Iluox-s
I (I Hlq(11 and a((gt OJ) cil p H ( h a ro ill llill 19) ) 13L Ii - i J92 1- 19-23 pp l iS -(l -f(j- O Short Hmiddotport abou t t he houses of fsonnkiza by
1 1 Hlrbll(l in AJJ X XX [[ ( HIIS) p i3 llrofe-50r J iHO kiudlmiddot lowed me Lo mention the h( lh of Tiryns
I 10 lrohistoric -3 it es in Chaltidi( l) HemtJe ltlnd C It H adford IJS A XX[X Ijl7- ~J--2S pp 139 if l 6) fL 182 - 18) 11 a ~hort -tud rcaJ I)efo re th c --cad clH of -- theJl s and puld lJed illlile Praktika G 193 1 pp lO G tl I think I procJ th nt the groo ed -ases ~f the Clwkiltii(e 1(log to a Ialer period than that m a rking the first appeanmce of thegre 1in-middotan ill the central sectio n o tll( l1~ailltanJ of R ellas Based on the eyidcllCe obtlincd a t OI1lthos Eutresis Eleuis u~daroftsl of Ccntral lIaced01 lin nnd Iolmiddotop~Tghos of the Chll lc idi te I proposed the foloting rnI IO ll or -ir Heurtleys ch ronol og~ tor the prehistoric period of Macedonia
col ithic period Defore SOOO to 2300 or 2400 DC
Earlmiddot ilroll2e Age P eriod A 2400-1750 BC ~IiJdlc Bronze Age Period Il 1730- 1500 Bc lltltc DrOllze Aae Pe rod C I 1500-1350 BC
tgt PerlOJ e lI 135 0-1150 BC
M~ ~~c site of Haghios K osmas WIlS inha bited during the Ea rl Hdladic period it was deserted in the bull l( c Hcllad lC and again re-inhabited in Lat e Helladic times
ELElSIS Ix THE UHOxlE GE 11 5
FtC l3-L-T J J-IEIDfc 11 l III GonlETs
Illlt boar tusks found in gran lt06 (Fig ]-) are mos tl middot of a triang ular shape and l w11 two or moleuro se ld om three e r t ic~t1 perforations by h ich they Were attach ed 10 IImiddot object th elmiddot decorated Such tusks a rc known from the fourth sha ft grave of I 1((ll(e The ere ll sed to CQTr th e surfncc of IHiOl ets The tusks covering 11( I elmet proper usually hae a half-lll oon shape whil e t hose cO I-ering t he cheek pi((s a re oblong a nd are perfora ted nt bot h their nanOl cllds The tusks of EhlIsis nre much smaller and lta(= a triangula r shap lt If thcy belonged to a hdllet they probably decorat ed the dwek pi eces hut I rathe r believe that the) d((oatcd some garment int erred -it h the dtlIcl This suppositi on is s trengthened 11 Ih discovery of the bone band OI S Ill in kllgt h at a short d istance from the 11I k which could not lE ry Iell Iw a lI chd to a helmet bot conlcl admirabl dlco lle the border of the garment
fleJ this cursormiddot SlIIT(-Y of th e pJehi storic lelll~ill S Ullcocred at EIEtl sis during
Ihl - 0 III m elS of 1930 a nd 1931 we shall state bri eR some of the co nclusions reached II is now defin itell- pro ved that t he prehi s tori~ rema ins discolered thus far at
EIlI~is helong to seUl e-m ents lnd cannot be considered as remnnnts of a necropolis COllI 1uently the theory of the cremation of lhe deacl in (i dd le Hell ad ic t imes (lIot be proven b~ th e Elell sini nn prehi storic remflin s
Th eliest remains belong t o th e Iiddle Hclladic period A few Early Helladic Ids found almost on the surfa ce of th e slope indicate that an ea rlie r settlement il ed on the E leosini a n hill but t his has escaped us ontil noll The prehistoric (ill urI revealed at Eleusis is practically identical with that brough t to light in rgolis and in Corinthia Chronologica ll y it fa lls within tb e limits fixed by Professor
I r G Kala op cil pis LXIX-LXX Fo) the representation or a helmet coyered ~ ilh hoars ~I~~) (1- eh Tsou ntas rrh Eph 1888 p 1-10 pi s S 12 f~lso a recollstruct~d helmet in lhe ltCHlcm rOOm or the Nallonal l Iuseulli at Athens eOered With tusks found In the chamber I I~ om) o 18 of lfcenae tH- Mr -ace
Thci ( dimensjon~ are as f~lIows length maxilllum 003 Ill minimum OO IG Ill width maximum 002) 01 min imulll 0018 lll at lh eir base
11( GEORGE E ) [YW X S
Blegen The few incised sherds di scoeled be ns seelll to inelicate thut a t Elensis the --liddle I-Ielladic period began a littl e earlier than in Carinthia At Phylakopi incised sherds ith a decoratioll similar to thllt found at Eleusis or bearing pattern fill ed with a hite chalky substance disappear a little before the destruction of the firs t cit)middot in other words before the end of the E arly -linoan period They there fore a re dated quite accuratel Dnt since we hLe round now in Attica itself pot tery of the Cycladic tpe produced du ring the Earl Helladic period and since our e ~ iden c( from Eleusis is so scanty we do not think it wise at present to base on it an changes of Professor B1f~en s chronolog ical divisions Added to future possible
finds jn Atti~a this evidence m ay
=--- become lllorc valuable a nd conclusshy~----- In
The remains of --liddle Helladie houses proe that in Attica also the apsidal and the oblong shapes of hOllses ere in lISC during the --[iddle Brone Age The habit of intramural burial and of interment under the floors of houses is also characteristic of the period inilIUIlJI_ tt ica The skeletons discovered in Late Helladic fillings prove that these customs continued down to the end of the Uycenaeall Agei ~1iampj)M In th e ~l middot c( naeall gray(s we lI Sshy
lid I fo und monochro me black 1 (3 These Sfelll to indicateAaampaaamp1 that the La te Hcllad ie inhabitants of EklI sis continued to use thelI~bullbull~ ~ t(chnique and the shapes of the pleioll s period of their loreil jatlbullbull j fnt lw ri ill making vaslS to be used as KTeurop luJlara r The gnles of the adults disCO cred in front of the
Sto of P hil o belong to the end of the --liddle Hl lIadic period They are similar in ll1all~ ways to the older Videlle Heihdic grles but t lley a lso have many points in common ith the earlier La te Helladic I burials The arc regular shafts The wall s of gra e G arc built of stone The position of the bod is mther
l Op cit pp 1-20- 1-23 2 Eyidencf to that cftcltt Wltl 5 ohtained at Ell tlmiddote-is hy Miss Goldman 01 ri l pp 42 - 4gt 3 Phr iakopi pp ~31 ft and 2- 9 if middot t Haghio5 K osmas a great quantity of potter was found with a strong Cyd adic character Cj
G E ~1douas PraJlilmiddota (of Ihe A cadelllY at Athens)i 1930 pp 3J9 ff and fig 5 ~ Gra middotes of small children WETt found 1t Haghios Kosmas beneath the floors of L H III houses
CJ C - Bltgen op cit p IO~ Ch T SOHIlUlS Arch Eplt 139 1 p 28 T hccustoll1 was remembered in Athens emiddoten in the cl assical period Plato Mi llOS 3
6 This custom was 6rst llotilt-cd by Pmfessor Tsollntas in the Cyclades (cf Arch Eph 1898 p 181 ) and it seem ~ that it was kept also by the inhabitants of the E H v illages of Haghios Kosmas
lt J
ELE CSJS r- THE 13TIOE _-GE 11 7
k 1ltI1 - Articles are interred with the d end_ They therefore add ne w e viden ce or I II( [ltlet that the Late H ell ad ie I shaft g nn-es nre onl- a continuatioll of IIiddlc
J ( ll aclie ty pes and traditions_ The -alls of House H are a -alua bl e additi on to the architec tural rem ains of the
La Ic Hdladic I period_ The scanty remains of the mega roll at Iiycenae th e as n t unpublished houses o f T solln k ia near emea and those in t he lower cit- of fin-ns form the sum to tal of our e-idence_ The shape of H ouse H ca n be reconshyInelcd with some probability from th e exis ting remains_ The a ngle of its north mdl repeated in a second construc tioJl in HOllse r is some -lwt ba fflin g Its main JHlrp05c probably was t o s treng then t he long -dl agains t the downpour of ra in or it lIliilt have been necessilated b so me ol) tacie not existing today Oue howeyer lIln)1 resist the temptation to mention the possibilit- th a t th ese ho uses represent th e ~ lrliest stage in the euroolutio ll of all apsidal into an oblong m egafa n The Ltte Ikll ad ic I House H seems to be li ke th e earlier IIiddle HeJladi c a ps ida1 houses with Ihe walls of thE apse straightell Ld out This suggestion howe er will hangt- to rCIJllin in lhe realm of assump t ions Ilntil corroborated by more evid ence obtained at Elcu i o r el sewhere _ Of ail e thi ng -e can he certain That ahea dI in the Late IIc ibdic I period fit Elfgtu sis we 11 1( I house with an Op CI1 pro d 0 111 05gt a dOIlla and illl r Ihala IOi~ COITEsponding closel to the 1 TlIl iH an megara of the L~lt e Helladic III priod
[11 he field of pottery n gl in a few Il l ~ h aJles of 1StS a nd th e ev id e nce that e I- e 1]0 actnal hreak in t he del-e loplllent o f (eramies from the earlie r t o the lat e r )lnTI]Ieall times_ The ddclIlIiJlation of the approximat e dat e of the g roo -ed )Iil]_-In Ilare will pron of impo rt a nce for thc dating of th e preJlis to ric p eriods of rI((dolia and the Chakidice wh ere silllilnr ware as found ill sttfl lificd I(els hy )11_ - HeUl-tle- - Th e rlagge r-hl)rlc i the firt prehi s to ric hronze a rticl e to he di middot( middotef(middotd n t Eltusis
- lI 1lt ly fillaily no tice lht th U~usillill remains furni sh Ample data to fill IIII gap left by th e r Clll[lin s 1I11 (O middot t fjmiddotd at Hag-hios I-o S llla s ~ in th tgt accollut of the pn-hi loric life o f Attica _ GEOHGE E Iluox-s
I (I Hlq(11 and a((gt OJ) cil p H ( h a ro ill llill 19) ) 13L Ii - i J92 1- 19-23 pp l iS -(l -f(j- O Short Hmiddotport abou t t he houses of fsonnkiza by
1 1 Hlrbll(l in AJJ X XX [[ ( HIIS) p i3 llrofe-50r J iHO kiudlmiddot lowed me Lo mention the h( lh of Tiryns
I 10 lrohistoric -3 it es in Chaltidi( l) HemtJe ltlnd C It H adford IJS A XX[X Ijl7- ~J--2S pp 139 if l 6) fL 182 - 18) 11 a ~hort -tud rcaJ I)efo re th c --cad clH of -- theJl s and puld lJed illlile Praktika G 193 1 pp lO G tl I think I procJ th nt the groo ed -ases ~f the Clwkiltii(e 1(log to a Ialer period than that m a rking the first appeanmce of thegre 1in-middotan ill the central sectio n o tll( l1~ailltanJ of R ellas Based on the eyidcllCe obtlincd a t OI1lthos Eutresis Eleuis u~daroftsl of Ccntral lIaced01 lin nnd Iolmiddotop~Tghos of the Chll lc idi te I proposed the foloting rnI IO ll or -ir Heurtleys ch ronol og~ tor the prehistoric period of Macedonia
col ithic period Defore SOOO to 2300 or 2400 DC
Earlmiddot ilroll2e Age P eriod A 2400-1750 BC ~IiJdlc Bronze Age Period Il 1730- 1500 Bc lltltc DrOllze Aae Pe rod C I 1500-1350 BC
tgt PerlOJ e lI 135 0-1150 BC
M~ ~~c site of Haghios K osmas WIlS inha bited during the Ea rl Hdladic period it was deserted in the bull l( c Hcllad lC and again re-inhabited in Lat e Helladic times
11( GEORGE E ) [YW X S
Blegen The few incised sherds di scoeled be ns seelll to inelicate thut a t Elensis the --liddle I-Ielladic period began a littl e earlier than in Carinthia At Phylakopi incised sherds ith a decoratioll similar to thllt found at Eleusis or bearing pattern fill ed with a hite chalky substance disappear a little before the destruction of the firs t cit)middot in other words before the end of the E arly -linoan period They there fore a re dated quite accuratel Dnt since we hLe round now in Attica itself pot tery of the Cycladic tpe produced du ring the Earl Helladic period and since our e ~ iden c( from Eleusis is so scanty we do not think it wise at present to base on it an changes of Professor B1f~en s chronolog ical divisions Added to future possible
finds jn Atti~a this evidence m ay
=--- become lllorc valuable a nd conclusshy~----- In
The remains of --liddle Helladie houses proe that in Attica also the apsidal and the oblong shapes of hOllses ere in lISC during the --[iddle Brone Age The habit of intramural burial and of interment under the floors of houses is also characteristic of the period inilIUIlJI_ tt ica The skeletons discovered in Late Helladic fillings prove that these customs continued down to the end of the Uycenaeall Agei ~1iampj)M In th e ~l middot c( naeall gray(s we lI Sshy
lid I fo und monochro me black 1 (3 These Sfelll to indicateAaampaaamp1 that the La te Hcllad ie inhabitants of EklI sis continued to use thelI~bullbull~ ~ t(chnique and the shapes of the pleioll s period of their loreil jatlbullbull j fnt lw ri ill making vaslS to be used as KTeurop luJlara r The gnles of the adults disCO cred in front of the
Sto of P hil o belong to the end of the --liddle Hl lIadic period They are similar in ll1all~ ways to the older Videlle Heihdic grles but t lley a lso have many points in common ith the earlier La te Helladic I burials The arc regular shafts The wall s of gra e G arc built of stone The position of the bod is mther
l Op cit pp 1-20- 1-23 2 Eyidencf to that cftcltt Wltl 5 ohtained at Ell tlmiddote-is hy Miss Goldman 01 ri l pp 42 - 4gt 3 Phr iakopi pp ~31 ft and 2- 9 if middot t Haghio5 K osmas a great quantity of potter was found with a strong Cyd adic character Cj
G E ~1douas PraJlilmiddota (of Ihe A cadelllY at Athens)i 1930 pp 3J9 ff and fig 5 ~ Gra middotes of small children WETt found 1t Haghios Kosmas beneath the floors of L H III houses
CJ C - Bltgen op cit p IO~ Ch T SOHIlUlS Arch Eplt 139 1 p 28 T hccustoll1 was remembered in Athens emiddoten in the cl assical period Plato Mi llOS 3
6 This custom was 6rst llotilt-cd by Pmfessor Tsollntas in the Cyclades (cf Arch Eph 1898 p 181 ) and it seem ~ that it was kept also by the inhabitants of the E H v illages of Haghios Kosmas
lt J
ELE CSJS r- THE 13TIOE _-GE 11 7
k 1ltI1 - Articles are interred with the d end_ They therefore add ne w e viden ce or I II( [ltlet that the Late H ell ad ie I shaft g nn-es nre onl- a continuatioll of IIiddlc
J ( ll aclie ty pes and traditions_ The -alls of House H are a -alua bl e additi on to the architec tural rem ains of the
La Ic Hdladic I period_ The scanty remains of the mega roll at Iiycenae th e as n t unpublished houses o f T solln k ia near emea and those in t he lower cit- of fin-ns form the sum to tal of our e-idence_ The shape of H ouse H ca n be reconshyInelcd with some probability from th e exis ting remains_ The a ngle of its north mdl repeated in a second construc tioJl in HOllse r is some -lwt ba fflin g Its main JHlrp05c probably was t o s treng then t he long -dl agains t the downpour of ra in or it lIliilt have been necessilated b so me ol) tacie not existing today Oue howeyer lIln)1 resist the temptation to mention the possibilit- th a t th ese ho uses represent th e ~ lrliest stage in the euroolutio ll of all apsidal into an oblong m egafa n The Ltte Ikll ad ic I House H seems to be li ke th e earlier IIiddle HeJladi c a ps ida1 houses with Ihe walls of thE apse straightell Ld out This suggestion howe er will hangt- to rCIJllin in lhe realm of assump t ions Ilntil corroborated by more evid ence obtained at Elcu i o r el sewhere _ Of ail e thi ng -e can he certain That ahea dI in the Late IIc ibdic I period fit Elfgtu sis we 11 1( I house with an Op CI1 pro d 0 111 05gt a dOIlla and illl r Ihala IOi~ COITEsponding closel to the 1 TlIl iH an megara of the L~lt e Helladic III priod
[11 he field of pottery n gl in a few Il l ~ h aJles of 1StS a nd th e ev id e nce that e I- e 1]0 actnal hreak in t he del-e loplllent o f (eramies from the earlie r t o the lat e r )lnTI]Ieall times_ The ddclIlIiJlation of the approximat e dat e of the g roo -ed )Iil]_-In Ilare will pron of impo rt a nce for thc dating of th e preJlis to ric p eriods of rI((dolia and the Chakidice wh ere silllilnr ware as found ill sttfl lificd I(els hy )11_ - HeUl-tle- - Th e rlagge r-hl)rlc i the firt prehi s to ric hronze a rticl e to he di middot( middotef(middotd n t Eltusis
- lI 1lt ly fillaily no tice lht th U~usillill remains furni sh Ample data to fill IIII gap left by th e r Clll[lin s 1I11 (O middot t fjmiddotd at Hag-hios I-o S llla s ~ in th tgt accollut of the pn-hi loric life o f Attica _ GEOHGE E Iluox-s
I (I Hlq(11 and a((gt OJ) cil p H ( h a ro ill llill 19) ) 13L Ii - i J92 1- 19-23 pp l iS -(l -f(j- O Short Hmiddotport abou t t he houses of fsonnkiza by
1 1 Hlrbll(l in AJJ X XX [[ ( HIIS) p i3 llrofe-50r J iHO kiudlmiddot lowed me Lo mention the h( lh of Tiryns
I 10 lrohistoric -3 it es in Chaltidi( l) HemtJe ltlnd C It H adford IJS A XX[X Ijl7- ~J--2S pp 139 if l 6) fL 182 - 18) 11 a ~hort -tud rcaJ I)efo re th c --cad clH of -- theJl s and puld lJed illlile Praktika G 193 1 pp lO G tl I think I procJ th nt the groo ed -ases ~f the Clwkiltii(e 1(log to a Ialer period than that m a rking the first appeanmce of thegre 1in-middotan ill the central sectio n o tll( l1~ailltanJ of R ellas Based on the eyidcllCe obtlincd a t OI1lthos Eutresis Eleuis u~daroftsl of Ccntral lIaced01 lin nnd Iolmiddotop~Tghos of the Chll lc idi te I proposed the foloting rnI IO ll or -ir Heurtleys ch ronol og~ tor the prehistoric period of Macedonia
col ithic period Defore SOOO to 2300 or 2400 DC
Earlmiddot ilroll2e Age P eriod A 2400-1750 BC ~IiJdlc Bronze Age Period Il 1730- 1500 Bc lltltc DrOllze Aae Pe rod C I 1500-1350 BC
tgt PerlOJ e lI 135 0-1150 BC
M~ ~~c site of Haghios K osmas WIlS inha bited during the Ea rl Hdladic period it was deserted in the bull l( c Hcllad lC and again re-inhabited in Lat e Helladic times
ELE CSJS r- THE 13TIOE _-GE 11 7
k 1ltI1 - Articles are interred with the d end_ They therefore add ne w e viden ce or I II( [ltlet that the Late H ell ad ie I shaft g nn-es nre onl- a continuatioll of IIiddlc
J ( ll aclie ty pes and traditions_ The -alls of House H are a -alua bl e additi on to the architec tural rem ains of the
La Ic Hdladic I period_ The scanty remains of the mega roll at Iiycenae th e as n t unpublished houses o f T solln k ia near emea and those in t he lower cit- of fin-ns form the sum to tal of our e-idence_ The shape of H ouse H ca n be reconshyInelcd with some probability from th e exis ting remains_ The a ngle of its north mdl repeated in a second construc tioJl in HOllse r is some -lwt ba fflin g Its main JHlrp05c probably was t o s treng then t he long -dl agains t the downpour of ra in or it lIliilt have been necessilated b so me ol) tacie not existing today Oue howeyer lIln)1 resist the temptation to mention the possibilit- th a t th ese ho uses represent th e ~ lrliest stage in the euroolutio ll of all apsidal into an oblong m egafa n The Ltte Ikll ad ic I House H seems to be li ke th e earlier IIiddle HeJladi c a ps ida1 houses with Ihe walls of thE apse straightell Ld out This suggestion howe er will hangt- to rCIJllin in lhe realm of assump t ions Ilntil corroborated by more evid ence obtained at Elcu i o r el sewhere _ Of ail e thi ng -e can he certain That ahea dI in the Late IIc ibdic I period fit Elfgtu sis we 11 1( I house with an Op CI1 pro d 0 111 05gt a dOIlla and illl r Ihala IOi~ COITEsponding closel to the 1 TlIl iH an megara of the L~lt e Helladic III priod
[11 he field of pottery n gl in a few Il l ~ h aJles of 1StS a nd th e ev id e nce that e I- e 1]0 actnal hreak in t he del-e loplllent o f (eramies from the earlie r t o the lat e r )lnTI]Ieall times_ The ddclIlIiJlation of the approximat e dat e of the g roo -ed )Iil]_-In Ilare will pron of impo rt a nce for thc dating of th e preJlis to ric p eriods of rI((dolia and the Chakidice wh ere silllilnr ware as found ill sttfl lificd I(els hy )11_ - HeUl-tle- - Th e rlagge r-hl)rlc i the firt prehi s to ric hronze a rticl e to he di middot( middotef(middotd n t Eltusis
- lI 1lt ly fillaily no tice lht th U~usillill remains furni sh Ample data to fill IIII gap left by th e r Clll[lin s 1I11 (O middot t fjmiddotd at Hag-hios I-o S llla s ~ in th tgt accollut of the pn-hi loric life o f Attica _ GEOHGE E Iluox-s
I (I Hlq(11 and a((gt OJ) cil p H ( h a ro ill llill 19) ) 13L Ii - i J92 1- 19-23 pp l iS -(l -f(j- O Short Hmiddotport abou t t he houses of fsonnkiza by
1 1 Hlrbll(l in AJJ X XX [[ ( HIIS) p i3 llrofe-50r J iHO kiudlmiddot lowed me Lo mention the h( lh of Tiryns
I 10 lrohistoric -3 it es in Chaltidi( l) HemtJe ltlnd C It H adford IJS A XX[X Ijl7- ~J--2S pp 139 if l 6) fL 182 - 18) 11 a ~hort -tud rcaJ I)efo re th c --cad clH of -- theJl s and puld lJed illlile Praktika G 193 1 pp lO G tl I think I procJ th nt the groo ed -ases ~f the Clwkiltii(e 1(log to a Ialer period than that m a rking the first appeanmce of thegre 1in-middotan ill the central sectio n o tll( l1~ailltanJ of R ellas Based on the eyidcllCe obtlincd a t OI1lthos Eutresis Eleuis u~daroftsl of Ccntral lIaced01 lin nnd Iolmiddotop~Tghos of the Chll lc idi te I proposed the foloting rnI IO ll or -ir Heurtleys ch ronol og~ tor the prehistoric period of Macedonia
col ithic period Defore SOOO to 2300 or 2400 DC
Earlmiddot ilroll2e Age P eriod A 2400-1750 BC ~IiJdlc Bronze Age Period Il 1730- 1500 Bc lltltc DrOllze Aae Pe rod C I 1500-1350 BC
tgt PerlOJ e lI 135 0-1150 BC
M~ ~~c site of Haghios K osmas WIlS inha bited during the Ea rl Hdladic period it was deserted in the bull l( c Hcllad lC and again re-inhabited in Lat e Helladic times