AHSGE REMEDIATION

Three worlds and their encounters in America:

beginnings to 1607

First inhabitants of the Americas:

Came across the land bridge at the Bering Strait.

Christopher Columbus

• Discovered North America in 1492.

• His goals were to find gold, spread Christianity, and claim land for Spain.

                                    

Crusades

• Attempt by Europeans to reclaim the “holy land” from the Muslims.

• 2 results: (1) less power for the nobles in Europe. (2)more trade & exploration.

Reformation

• Divided Christianity in Western Europe into Catholicism & Protestantism.

• Deepened rivalries between European nations.

Renaissance

• Rebirth

• Encouraged individualism, confidence, & glory seeking.

                                                     

Inventions in Travel

• Lateen sail- allowed the Caravel to sail in almost any direction.

• Compass• Astrolabe

The Columbian Exchange- the global transfer of living things.

Significance of Early European conquests and business ventures as they

affect the Americas.

Roanoke

• England’s 1st attempt to colonize America.

• 1st colonists abandoned it.

• 2nd group mysteriously disappeared.

Jamestown (1607)

• Named for King James

• consumed with gold search.

• Hunger and disease problem.

• Powhatan were a problem.

Conquistadors

• Spanish explorers• Came in search of

gold and riches.• Made Spain the

wealthiest, most powerful nation on earth during the 1500’s.

St. Augustine

• Established in 1565 on the Florida coast.

• The oldest European-founded city in the U.S.

Spanish Armada

• 1588• 130 ships-19000

men.• Attacked England.• Armada destroyed.• ***opened the way

for European countries to explore North America.

House of Burgesses

• 1st representative body in colonial America.

• 2 citizens from each district.

• Supplied delegates to the Continental Congress.

Development of Early English Settlements and Colonies.

Mercantilism

A nation could increase its wealth and power by obtaining as much gold and silver as possible and by establishing a

favorable balance of trade.

Navigation Acts

• Restricted colonial trade

• Restricted exports of certain products to control pricing.

Cash Crop

• Grown primarily for sale rather than for the farmer’s own use.

Triangular Trade

Rum and other goods from New England to Africa for slaves to the West Indies for sugar and molasses, which were shipped to New England.

Middle Passage

• Middle leg of the transatlantic trade triangle, where African Americans suffered sickening cruelty.

Enlightenment

• Obtaining truth through experimentation and reason.

• Ben Franklin flew a kite in a storm to demonstrate that lightening was a form of electrical power.

Great Awakening

• Religious revival during the 1740’s and 1750’s.

• Brought in many new church members.

• Challenged the authority of established churches.

Magna Carta

• Guaranteed rights to all citizens.

• King John forced to sign this document by the English barons.

French and Indian War

• French vs. British• Native Americans

fought on each side.• Fought N. American

fur trade.• 4th war between

Britain and France for control over N. America.

Proclamation of 1763

• Banned all settlement west of the Appalachian mountains.

Stamp Act- 1765placed duties on items that had not been

previously taxed.

• Legal documents

• License

• Newspaper

• Pamphlet• Almanac• Playing cards• dice

Boston Massacre-1770

• British soldiers killed 5 unarmed colonists.

• The attack set off a wave of anti-British acts and drew Americans closer to Revolution.

Boston Tea Party-1773

• Boston rebels disguised as N.Americans dumped 15,000 pounds of tea into Boston harbor.

• Response to the Tea Act.

Sugar Act-1774

• Halved the duty on foreign-made molasses.

• Placed duties on certain imports that had not been taxed before.

• Strengthened the enforcement of the law allowing prosecutors to try smuggling cases in a vice-admiralty court rather than a colonial court.

1st Continental Congress-1774

• September 1774

• 56 delegates met in Philadelphia.

Lexington and Concord-1775

Clash between British and Colonial minutemen as British tried to seize weapons stores.

• British suffered several losses and gave colonists confidence.

2nd Continental Congress-1775

• May 1775• Created Continental

Army.• Authorized printing

of money.• Organized

committee to deal with foreign nations.

Battle of Bunker Hill-1775

• June 17,1775• 1st & most deadly

battle of the war.• Colonist lost 311-

British lost over 1,000.

• Battle really took place on Breed’s Hill.

Common Sense/Thomas Paine

• 47 page essay attacking King of England.

• Sold over 500,000 copies

• Stirred American feelings toward independence.

Declaration of Independence-1776

• Demanded America’s separation from Britain and stated the reasons for this separation.

John Locke

• Enlightenment author.

• Believed that if government becomes tyrannical, people have the right and duty to resist.

Describe the course and the consequences of the Revolutionary War

George Washington

• Leader of the colonial forces during the American Revolution.

• His leadership and determination changed the course of history.

Battle of Saratoga

• Major American victory.

• Resulted in Americans gaining over 100 wagons full of artillery and supplies.

• Brought the French into the war.

Valley Forge

• 10,000 American troops wintered on this wooded hillside.

• Practiced drill all winter.

• 2,000 died, 8,000 trained, veteran, soldiers emerged.

                                

Battle of Yorktown

• British were surrounded and the French navy blocked the harbor so that they couldn’t retreat by ship.

• This battle unofficially ended the American Revolution.

Treaty of Paris 1783

• Officially ended the American Rev.

• Recognized American independence.

• Set boundaries -Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi River & from Canada to Florida.

Examine the transition from colonial to state governments

Colonial to state governments

• state constitutions: each state had it’s own constitution.

• Voting rights were very different in each state.

• Each state feared a strong national gov’t.

Examine the national government under the Articles of Confederation

Articles of Confederation

• Strengths: • declare war, make

peace,& sign treaties.

• Borrow money, postal service, & Set standards for weights & measures.

• Weaknesses:• Created no separate

executive dept. to enforce acts of Congress.

• Created no national court system to decide the meaning of laws.

Territorial expansion causes problems

• Congress had no way to govern public land west of the Appalachians.

Land Ordinance of 1785

• Established a plan for surveying the land.

• Divided land into tracts small enough for the small farmer to afford.

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

• Divided Western lands into no less than 3 and no more than 5 territories.

• Set requirements for statehood.

National Debt

• $160 million debt, Congress couldn’t tax.

• Congress couldn’t control interstate commerce.

• States rejected import tariff.

Discuss the Constitutional Convention and its role in forming a new government

State vs. National power

• This was the 1st big conflict of the Constitutional Convention.

• Lead to the separation of powers.

Great Compromise

• Offered a 2 house legislature to satisfy both small and big states.

• Senate: equal representation

• House of Rep.: based on population of a state.

James Madison

• Known as the “father of the constitution”.

Ratification- official approval of the people of the United States.

• Debates over ratification took twice as long as the actual drafting of the constitution.

• Americans feared the radical changes that this new constitution brought.

Federalist Papers

• Written by Hamilton,Madison, and Jay.

• 85 essays defending the Constitution.

• Explained the separation of powers.

Understand the principles of the U.S. Constitution and the unique democratic

republic that it established.

Philosophical background of the Constitution

• Rousseau- French philosopher who wrote The Social Contract and believed the right to rule should come from the people and not the king.

Montesquieu

• Published The Spirit of the Laws and expressed that gov’t should possess legislative, executive, and judicial authorities. Our Constitution is based on his theory-

Preamble- states the purpose of the Constitution

• We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect Union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility,provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.

3 Branches of Government

• Legislative: makes laws

• Executive: carries out laws

• Judicial: interpret laws

• Checks and Balances-prevented any one branch from dominating the other two.

Bill of Rights- first 10 amendments to the Constitution

#1 Religious & Political Freedom

#2 Right to Bear Arms

#3 Quartering

Troops

#4 Search

& Seizure

#5 Rights of Accused Persons

#6 Right to a Speedy, Public Trial

#7 Trial by Jury in Civil Cases

#8 Limits Fines & Punishment

#9 Rights of People

#10 Powers of States & People

Important Constitutional Amendments

• 13th Amendment

• 14th Amendment

• 15th Amendment

• 19th Amendment

13th Amendment (1865)

Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for a crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the U.S., or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

14th Amendment (1868)

• Civil Rights- all persons born or naturalized in the U.S. were entitled to equal protection of the law, and no state could deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law.

15th Amendment (1870)

• Right to vote- extended the right to vote to all citizens, regardless of race,color, or condition of former servitude.

• It did not mention sex, so women still couldn’t vote.

16th Amendment(1913)

Income Tax

Congress shall have the power to lay & collect taxes on incomes.

17th Amendment(1913)

Direct Election of Senators

18th Amendment(1919)

Prohibition

Buying, selling, & transporting alcohol is illegal

19th Amendment (1920)

• Woman Suffrage- gave women the right to vote.

Washington’s Farewell Address (1797)

• Washington urged the U.S. to “steer clear of permanent alliances” with other nations.

Alien Act (1798)

• Raised residency requirements for American citizenship from 5 years to 14 years and allowed the president to deport or jail any alien considered undesirable.

Sedition Act (1798)

• Set fines and jail terms for anyone expressing opinions considered damaging to the government.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

• Virginia & Kentucky claimed the right to declare null & void the Alien & Sedition Acts because they violated the Bill of Rights.

Result of the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

• Nullification– the states had the right to nullify, or consider void, any act of Congress that they deemed unconstitutional.

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

• Bought from France for $15 million.

• Doubled the size of America.

Lewis and Clark Expedition (1803)

• 2 years and 4 months• Provided invaluable information about

the new territory. • Showed that transcontinental travel

was possible.• Sacajawea- Lewis and Clark’s

translator and guide.

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

• Supreme Court case dealing with the last minute appointment of federal(midnight) judges.

• Brought about the principle of judicial review.

Judicial Review

• The ability of the Supreme Court to declare an act of Congress unconstitutional.

• This became a cornerstone of law in America.                                                                                    

The War of 1812 (1812-1815)

• Fighting between Britain and France threatened American shipping.

• The British policy of impressment(capturing American sailors and forcing them to serve in their navy) was a major concern for Americans.

• America went to war to protect the shipping industry and to keep the British from forming alliances with Native Americans.

                                                                                           

Tariffs- tax on imported goods.

• Tariffs were placed on imported goods to insure the stability of American products and businesses.

Alabama December 14, 1819

• Alabama becomes the 11th slave state

Missouri Compromise (1818)

• Legislative measures enacted by the United States Congress in 1820 that regulated the extension of slavery in the United States...

• Created the 36-30 line in the Louisiana territory. Slave in south-Free in north.

• Maintained a balance of power in Congress.

Monroe Doctrine

• Warning to all European nations not to interfere with affairs in the Western Hemisphere.

• They shouldn’t attempt to create new colonies or overthrow independent republics.

• The U.S. would consider any such action to a direct threat to the U.S. & respond.

• Monroe’s presidency known as “Era of Good Feelings”

                                

Development of revolutions in energy, manufacturing, and transportation during

the Iron Horse Era

Industry

• Created new jobs & opportunities.

• Increased product availability.

• Caused the growth of cities.

Erie Canal (1817-1825)

• Linked the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes.

• Played a major role in the growth of New York & surrounding areas.

• Cut cost of transportation to the Northeast

                                                                           

Steamboats

• Used for transporting goods & people.

• Used especially in the Southern U.S. to improve difficult travel conditions.

                                                                       

Railroads-(1869)

• 1st transcontinental railroad completed May 10,1869.

• Promoted trade & independence.

• Promoted settlement of isolated areas.

Impact of American social reformers on society before the Civil War.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

• Abolitionist

• Major factor in women’s struggle for equality.

• Organized the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848                                 

Susan B. Anthony• Helped with the

Seneca Falls Convention

• Fought for women’s right to vote

• Supported the temperance mov’t

• Suffragettes- women who supported the right to vote

Frederick Douglass

• Former slave.

• Wrote books & published newspapers about the evils of slavery.

• Major abolitionist.

                                

Harriet Tubman

• Former slave.

• Most famous guide for the underground railroad.

• Was thought of as the “Moses” escaped slaves.

Underground Railroad

• Network of people who illegally helped escaped slaves reach free states.

• This network consisted of lonely farmhouses, caves, etc. where slaves could be hidden.

Temperance Movement (1852)

• Movement to ban the drinking of alcohol.

Change in democracy and the new face of politics during the Jacksonian Era.

Andrew Jackson’s presidency

• Believed in the common man & fought to make things easier on them.

• Believed that Indian removal was legal & necessary.

Con’t

Jackson’s presidency –Con’t

• Famous for the spoils system- supporters were given positions in his cabinet.

• Fought against the national bank.

• Defied the Supreme Court over Indian Removal.

Geographical & political significance of Indian removal & westward expansion.

                                                                                                                           

Trail of Tears (1838)

• Forced Cherokee Indians living east of the Mississippi off there land & sent them on an 800 mile forced march to Oklahoma. Thousands died on the way.

Santa Fe Trail (1821)

• 780 mile trail from Independence, Missouri to Santa Fe, New Mexico.

                                                               

Oregon Trail (1843)

• 2000 mile pioneer route from Independence Missouri to the Columbia River in Oregon.

                                                                              

Factors leading to the growing crisis of sectional division.

Manifest Destiny

• 19th century belief that America would expand westward to the Pacific Ocean & into Mexico

Compromise of 1850

• California admitted as a free state.

• Popular sovereignty used to determine Utah & New Mexico status.

• Stricter fugitive slave law.

                                                                           

Abraham Lincoln (1860)

• Believed: slavery was immoral, only legislation would stop the spread, won election of 1860, south left union.

Confederate States of America

• Formed in Feb. 1861.• Also known as the

Confederacy.• Capitol- Montgomery,

Al.• President- Jefferson

Davis.• S.Carolina was the 1st

to secede

Manassas/Bull Run

July 21,1861.1st major battle of the

Civil War.Both sides took heavy

losses , but the Union retreated.

This is where Stonewall Jackson got his name and some of his fame.

Non-military events during the Civil War

Lincoln as president

• His #1 goal was to preserve the union.

• Fired army commanders often.

• Suspended the writ of habeas corpus.

• Started a draft.

                                        

Habeas corpus

• A court order that requires authorities to bring a person held in jail before the court to determine why he or she is being jailed.

Black Military Units

• African Americans were credited by Lincoln as “turning the tide of the Civil War.”

• The 54th Massachusetts was the most famous African American unit of the Civil War.

Homestead Act (1862)

• 160 acres to the head of a family, 21 years old, or a veteran.

• To gain ownership one must settle on or cultivate the land for 5 years.

Military defeat of the Confederacy

                                                                                                                    

Battle of Vicksburg

• July 4, 1863• One of the most

important Union victories of the Civil War.

• Gave the Union control of the Mississippi river.

                                                                         

Battle of Gettysburg (1863)

• Bloodiest battle of the war.

• Considered to be the turning point of the war.

• Many believe this battle may have caused the ultimate defeat of the Confederacy.

                                                                           

Sherman’s March (1864)

• Union took the heavily defended city of Atlanta, Ga.

• They then marched across Georgia to the sea.

• They burned & looted anything the South could use to continue the war.

Gettysburg Address (1863)

• Delivered by Lincoln at the dedication of the Gettysburg National cemetery.

Appomattox Courthouse (1865)

• Lee surrendered to Grant.

• This officially ended the Civil War.

                                

Human Costs of the Civil War

• 360,000 Union & 260,000 Confederate soldiers died.

• 275,000 Union wounded & 260,000 Confederates wounded.

• The war disrupted education, careers, & families.

Economic costs of the Civil War

• Ended slavery as a labor system.

• Took out almost half of the South’s livestock.

• Destroyed most of the farm equipment in the South.

• Destroyed railroads & left thousands of acres of farmland overgrown & unusable.

Failings & accomplishments of the Reconstruction Era & its

impact on life in the 20th century.

Reconstruction (1865-1877)

Period following the Civil War during which the United States began

to rebuild.

Lincoln’s plan

• He planned to pardon those Southerners who pledged allegiance to the Union, with the exception of high ranking Confederate officials & those of accused of crimes against POW’s.

Johnson’s plan

• Southern states had to declare its secession illegal, swear allegiance to the Union, & ratify the 13th Amendment.

                                

Black Codes

Restrictions to African Americans lives that were passed to minimize

the effects of the Civil Rights Act of 1866.

Race Relations in the New South

• Jim Crow Laws were passed to keep African Americans from exercising rights.

• The Ku Klux Klan carried out terrorist campaigns to scare African Americans from voting.

                                                                                          

Southern Industry during Reconstruction

• Ironworks and tobacco manufacturing took the place of the cotton industry after the Civil War.

The Rise of Birmingham, Al. (1870)

• B’ham was a mere crossroads with a population of 3,086.

• R.R. transportation & steel manufacturing caused the rise of B’ham.

         

Progression of industrialism & the business world in America &

its impact on society.

Oil(1840)

• Black Gold• Used to make

kerosene & gasoline.

Kerosene(1840)

• Method of distilling kerosene from oil discovered.

• Used to fill lamps & later for heating.

Gasoline

• Originally was a wasted byproduct of the kerosene refining process.

• Became valuable in the 1890’s with the invention of the automobile.

Incandescent Light Bulb

• Invented by Thomas Edison during the 1880’s.

Telephone(1876)

• Invented by Alexander Graham Bell.

• Was 2nd to the light bulb in terms of its impact on America.

Typewriter(1867)

• Invented by Christopher Sholes in 1867.

• Improved & sold by James Densmore in 1873.

• Opened many jobs for women in the clerical field.

Iron & Steel

• Bessemer process used to make iron into steel.

• Steel is much stronger than iron & was responsible for an economic boom in the South.

Monopoly

• Complete control over an industry’s production, quality, wages paid, & prices charged.

John D. Rockefeller

• Standard Oil Company• Known for paying low

wages & selling oil cheaper than it cost to produce.

• He drove competitors out of business & then charged outrageous prices to the public.

     

                 

Closing of the frontier & the transition from an agrarian

society to an industrial nation during the 1800’s.

Destruction of the Buffalo(1800-1886)

• 1800 -15million buffalo.

• 1886 -600 remained alive.

• Used to feed R.R. workers.

• Most slaughtered needlessly.

Inventions that tamed the prairie

• Barbed Wire• Steel Plow• Reaper• Steel Windmill

Populism

Movement of the people.

Populist Party- people’s party.

Yellow journalism

Reporting that exaggerates the news to lure readers.

Rough Riders

• Commander- Teddy Roosevelt

• Volunteer cavalry that helped take San Juan Hill during the Spanish-American War.

                                       

Panama Canal(1904-1914)

• Took 10 years to build.

• Cost $350 million.• Greatly reduced

shipping distances & costs.

• Resulted in the cure for yellow fever.

Roosevelt’s Corollary

• Warned that disorder in Latin America might “force the US to the exercise of an international police power” to protect economic interest of the US.

Major aspects of America’s involvement in WWI.

Causes of the war

• Nationalism• Imperialism• Militarism• Alliances

Nationalism

Belief that national interests & national unity should be placed ahead

of global cooperation.

Imperialism

Extending a nation’s authority over other countries by economic, political, or military means.

Militarism

Development of armed forces and their use as a tool of diplomacy.

Central Powers during WWI

• Germany

• Austria-Hungary

• Ottoman Empire

Allies during WWI

• France

• Great Britain

• Russia

• United States(April 1917)

Causes for US entry into WWI

• Lusitania-British luxury liner, sank by Germans, killed 128 Americans.

• Several American supply ships sank by Germans threatened the economy.

• Zimmerman note- plans made with Mexico for their support of a German invasion of America.

Selective Service Act (1917)

All men at 18 years old had to register. Then a lottery was created

with those names and the names drawn were drafted into service.

Problems with mobilization

• In 1917 when war was declared the US had only 200,000 men & most of the equipment was outdated.

Major characteristics of American culture during the

Roaring Twenties

Sacco & Vanzetti(1920)

• Italian immigrants accused of murder.

• They were both anarchists, but were probably innocent.

• They were put to death, causing worldwide controversy.

Red Scare

• 70,000 people in America joined the communist party, sparking a fear of communism taking over America.

Rise of Cities

• The declining farm industry led many Americans to the big city in search of jobs.

• This also created suburbs.

Great Depression

1929-1939

Disparity of Income(1920’s)

• ½ of Americans lived at or beneath poverty level.

• ½ the homes had no light or heat.

• 1 in 10 homes owned a refrigerator.

• Many goods were bought on credit.

Stock market speculation

• Buying & selling stocks on the chance of quick or considerable profit.

Buying on margin

• Paying a small percentage of a stock’s price as a down payment & borrowing the rest.

Black Tuesday

• Oct. 29,1929• The stock market

crashed.• The Great Depression

officially begins.

Dust Bowl

• The grasslands of Kansas, Oklahoma, & Texas had been plowed up & over planted for years.

• The drought & the winds came & there was nothing to hold the soil in place.

Hoover & the Depression

• President Hoover tried several solutions to boost the economy, but to had little success.

• He believed people shouldn’t rely on the gov’t to take care of their problems.

                                

Farm Economy Collapse

• The farmers suffered terribly during the depression.

• Crops were lost as a result of drought, no money for harvesting, etc. & other crops were wasted due to lack of consumers.

Farm Economy continued

• Many farmers went into debt to pay for equipment or seed & had trouble paying off debts.

• Many lost their farms, which caused several rural banks to fail.

Price Supports

• Support of certain price levels at or above market values by the government for key products.

• Designed to keep farmers from filing bankruptcy.

New Deal (1933)

• Policy of FDR• Focused on relief for

the needy, economic recovery, & financial reform.

Fireside Chats

• Radio talks by FDR explaining New Deal measures.

• Were informal & relaxed.

• Americans felt as if the president was talking directly to each individual.

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

• Farmers were paid to leave land unseeded in order to control production & keep prices higher.

Civilian Conservation Corp (CCC)

• Created jobs by starting government projects such as: building roads & parks, planting trees, etc.

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

• Created thousands of jobs building airports, roads, libraries, schools, & hospitals.

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) 1933

• Renovated 5 dams & built 20 new ones in the Tennessee Valley.

• Created thousands of jobs, flood control, & hydroelectric power.

Social Security Act (1935)

• Created:• Old age insurance for

retirees 65 & older.• Unemployment

compensation.• Aid to families with

dependents & disabled family members.

Causes of WW2

German Offensive (1939)

• Germany invades Czechoslovakia.

• Germany invades Poland, which begins WW2

• France & Great Britain had promised military aide to Poland.

• Russia signs Non-aggression pact with Germany.

German Offensive (1940)

• Germany invades Denmark & Norway.

• Germany invades Holland, Belgium, & Luxemburg.

• Germany invades France.

• Germany begins air bombardment of Britain.

• Japan joins Axis Powers.

Japan’s Offensive (1941)

• Pearl Harbor: Japan bombs the U.S. base in Hawaii. America & Great Britain declare war on Japan. Japan, Germany, & Italy declare war on the U.S. & Great Britain.

German Offensive (1941)

• Germany attacks Russia. This was a surprise because it violated their non aggression pact.

Japan’s Offensive (1942)

• Japan invades islands throughout the Pacific and is very successful. Key islands such as the Philippines fell.

• These islands would later cost the blood of many Americans to take back.

1942

• Battle of Midway:

Was the turning point of the war. Japan had been in control of the seas until this point. After this battle the Americans went on the offensive & used its industrial might to wear down the Japanese.

1943

• Battle of the seas.

• America spent it’s time taking back the islands of the Pacific.

1944

• D-day: largest air, land, & sea offensive the world has ever seen.

• American, British, & Canadian forces push the Germans out of France.

1945• Battle of the Bulge: major U.S. victory,

beginning of the end for German army.

• Death Camps liberated.

• Japanese soldiers on islands fight to the death.

• Atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima.

• Atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki.

• Atomic bombs ended WW2

1945

• Japan surrenders.

• Nuremberg trials: Nazi war criminals.

Holocaust

• Systematic murder of 11 million people across Europe, over half of whom were Jews.

Leaders of the Axis Powers during WW2

     

               

Benito Mussolini- Italy

Adolf Hitler- Germany Tanaka Giichi,

Japan

Leaders of the Allied Powers during WW2

                            

Joseph Stalin- USSR Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt- USA

Winston Churchill-England

Study Tips

•Get a good night’s rest

•Eat a good breakfast

•Dress comfortably

•Look for key words on the test and eliminate choices w/o the key word.