ah100 genetics & plant breeding wo pix

7/31/2019 AH100 Genetics & Plant Breeding Wo Pix

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Genetics & Plant Breeding

J.G. Mexal

A/H 100 GSpring 2006


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Topics

History

Cell Division (mitosis) Reproduction (meiosis)

Role of DNA

Role of RNA Plant Breeding & Genetics


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Gregor Mendel (1822-1864)

Worked in monastery

garden

Time period = 1856-1863

Published: Experiments onPlant Hybrids in obscure

journal

Worked discovered in1900


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Gregor Mendel

S = smooths = wrinkled

Dominant vs

Recessive genes


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Gregor Mendel

Dominant vs Recessive genes (2)

F1

S = smooth

s = wrinkled

Y = yellow

y = green


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Gregor Mendel

Incomplete dominance


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Important Milestones

1866 Gregor Mendel

1947 Barbara McClintock (jumping genes)

1953 Watson & Crick (structure of DNA) 1970s Foreign gene expressed in tobacco

1986 Transgenic plants field tested

1990s Bt gene inserted into crops 1994 Flavr-Savr tomato released


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Sex in the Garden

Types of Propagation

#1#2#4#5#6#7#8#9#10


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Sex in the Garden

Types of Propagation

Sexual

Self-pollination -- Wind pollination

Cross-pollination -- Insect pollination

Asexual

Cuttings -- Layering

Grafting -- Biotechnology


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Sex in the Garden

Sexual Propagation

Terms

DNA : Deoxyribonucleic Acid a polymeric moleculeconsisting of nucleotides (ribose, PO4, and adenine,

cytosine, guanine, & thymine). Found in nucleus,chloroplasts, mitochondria. Makes RNA.

RNA: Ribonucleic Acida polymeric moleculeconsisting of nucleotides (ribose, PO4, and adenine,

cytosine, guanine, & uracil). Found in nucleus,chloroplasts, mitochondria, ribosomes. Makes

proteins.


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Building Blocks


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Sex in the Garden

Sexual Propagation

Terms

Chromosome: genetic material of cell organized inlinear structures

Gene: genetic material on a chromosone determining

a characteristic

Genotype: the genetic makeup of an organism

Phenotype: the physical manifestation of thegenotype modified by the environment


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Sex in the Garden

Sexual Propagation

Terms

Diploid: a cell containing 2 sets (2n)of chromosomes(vegetative cell)

Haploid: a cell containing 1 (1n)set of chromosomes(pollen or ovule)

Polyploid: a cell containing more than 2 sets of

chromosomes. Usually vegetatively reproduced.

Banana = 3n

Potato = 4n

Strawberry = 8n


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Sex in the Garden

Sexual Propagation

Terms

Mitosis: cell division where nuclear complement (1nor 2n) is maintained

Meiosis: cell division where nuclear complement (2nonly) is reduced to 1n (gametes)

Hybridization: controlled cross-fertilization

Independent Assortment: each chromosomeoperates independently during mitosis & meiosis

Mutation: a heritable change in a gene


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Sex in the Garden

Sexual Propagation

Terms

Monoecious: Both sexes on same plant

(e.g. corn, pecan)

Dioecious: Sexes on different plants

Holly (female) Juniper (male or female)

Pistachio (female) Cottonwood (male)

Asparagus (male)]

Ash (male)


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Cell Division-Mitosis


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Cell Division-Meiosis


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Sexual Propagation

Meiosis

Flower

Pollen Ovule

microspores megaspores

#1#2#4#5#6#7#8#9#10


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Sexual Propagation

Fertilization

Endosperm3n

Embryo

Pollen grain

Generative cell

Tube nucleus

Pollen tube

Sperm cells

Polar nuclei

Egg

Embryo sac4-nucleate

2-nucleate

Zygote 2n


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Genetic Engineering

The Tools

Agrobacterium

Gene Gun

Electroporation Microinjection

Liposomes

The Plan:

Find a gene of interest

Develop cell culture of crop

Insert the gene (tools) Hope it gets incorporated in

plant DNA

Have gene product expressed

Regenerate plants from cells

Field test to see if it works!


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Plant:People Interactions

People to Plant

Moving plants

Endangering plants Chestnut, Echinacea

Creating new plants Bt corn, RoundUp ReadyCotton

The Good The Bad and The Ugly

Corn Saltcedar Chestnut blightChile Tumbleweed Dutch Elm Disease

Peanut Kudzu Sudden Oak Death

Apple Tree of Heaven White Pine Blister Rust

Potato Potato Karnal bunt


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Biotechnology Advances

Flavr-Savr Tomato

Ring spot virus-

resistant Papaya Golden Rice (vitamin A)

Round-up resistantcrops (herbicide)

BT crops (insecticide)

Designer plants


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Genetic Engineering

The Future:

Antibiotics in fruits

Salt tolerance??

Drought tolerance??

Freeze tolerance (INA)

Mexals botanical kindergarten??

#1#2#4#5#6#7#8#9#10


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Creating new plants for

the future Sensitive Noses: Beano-Beans

Movie Goers:Glo-in-the-dark

Popcorn

Indecisive New Mexicans:

NuMex RednGreen Chile

Americans: Atkins-friendly Maple

Syrup Christmas: Epiphany Poinsettia

Kinder-garden: Nile water lily X

Venus fly-trap


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People to Plant

Creating new plants for the

future

Sensitive Noses: Beano-Beans

Movie Goers:Glo-in-the-dark

Popcorn

Indecisive New Mexicans:

RednGreen Chile

Americans: Atkins-friendly MapleSyrup

Christmas: Epiphany Poinsettia

Kinder-garden: Nile water lily X

Venus fly-trap


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Sex in the Garden

Asexual Propagation

Terms

Cutting

PGR (hormone)

Sport

Scion

Rootstock

Graft Union

Tissue Culture


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Sex in the Garden

Asexual Propagation

Vegetative Propagation

Timing (season) -- Age (branch)

PGR -- Leaf Area

Stem Wounding -- Cutting Size

RH -- T


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Rooting of Blue Spruce/ Wagner1987

Rooting %

0

5

10

15

20

Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May

2

4

6

8

10

12

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000

Collection Month

IBA Treatment (ppm)

Rooting %

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Cutting Length (cm)


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Genetics & Plant Breeding

Things to Know

DNA

Gene

Chromosome Ploidy

Haploid (N)

Diploid (2N)

Polyploid (3N, 4N, 6N)

Things to Know

RNA

Mitosis

Meiosis

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