agrifoodvalue chains: concepts, axes of transformation ... · • rapid growth in delhi’s...
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Agrifood ValueChains:Concepts,AxesofTransformation,
illustrationsThomasReardon
MSUFebruary20,2017
ABU,Zaria
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OverviewofTalks:20Feb1) ConceptoftheValueChain(VC),“fishimage”,as
clusterofVCswithdendriticstructure2) Evolutionofresearchapproaches3) AxesofVCtransformation:structure,
conduct/behavior,performance…presentedinstructureofVCtypology(traditional,transitional,modern)4)ExamplesoftransformationofVCs:fish(Asia/US),chicken(US) potatoes(India,US),dairy(Brazil),chicken(US)
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21Feb.1)“homework”Nigeriapoultry/eggsVC,groupdiscussioncasebasedonanalysisapproach2)Researchquestions(formethodsapplication)…linkingpolicyissues(testingconventionalwisdomassumptions…)withresearchquestions/hypotheses3)Testinghypotheses&Mythbusting…withcerealsexample(fromstackedsurvey)asmotivationforstackedsurveyapproach
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4)Rapidreconnaissance/meso study5)Stackedsurveys/microstudy6)Conclusionsandwayforward
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1.VCconcept
Pictureafishinyourmind.
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a) VCcomposedofprincipal“spine”ofsegmentsb) EachsegmentofwhichsuppliedbyinputVCs
(intermediateinputs&factorinputs)c) Andinputsegmentssuppliedby(1)factor
supplychains/markets;(2)intermediateinputsd) Overall“dendriticstructure”e) Policyissueslinkedtobothoftheabove…examplefromBangladesh
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2.Marchoftheliterature2.1.Generalmarchfrom“meso-economics”to“micro-economics”to“businessstrategyeconomics”a) Meso analysis:“Structure-Conduct-
Performance”…structure:industrialorganizationlikespatiallayoutandconcentrationofVC…conduct:technology,institutions(contracts,standards),organization(procurement,marketingstructures)…performance(incomedistributionoversegmentsandwithinsegments,profitability,efficiency)
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b)Microanalysis…choiceoftechnologiesbyactors…choiceofinstitutionsbyactorstocoordinatemarketingandprocurement…choiceoforganization…“integrativeanalysis”:innovatorchoosinghowto“implement”innovationtostay“middleman”(volume,make/buy,technology/institutions/organization)
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2.2.(Evolutionof)VCAnalysisperspectivescrossedwith“issues”
2.2.1.Traditional:typologyplusmapping costandvalueaddedandcostsacrosssegments,space,actors;linktoPAM
2.2.2.VCManagement:Porter,commodity/”engineering”SCtoVC(productcycle&standards/attributesevolution)…example(is2.2.1.butdifferentiationby“type”ofgivenproduct)
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2.2.3.NIE:choiceofinstitutions&organizationalformsascoordinatingmechanisms;functionofTCsèMicro:choiceofmechanismsbyactors(e.g.)èMeso evolutionofA-system(spot),B-System(spotorVI/hierarchy)orC-system(VI/hierarchyornetworks)(discussednext)EXTENSION:GlobalVC– powerrelations– LeadFirm+standard/VA(rents)+ choiceofcoordinationmechanism(linktoNIE)è rent(profits)distributionalongVCsegments(andintra-segmentstrata)
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2.2.4.Network/netchain analysis:clustering/de-clustering,networks/functionalfragmentationand“flexiblespecialization”…studyofformationofclusters&inter-actorrelations(conditioners)2.2.5.a.Persegment(andoverscaleshenceinter-actordifferentiation)microandmesodeterminantsandevolution:analysisofmicroa) technologychoice,b) marketchannelchoice,c) procurementsystemchoice
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2.2.5.b.UpgradingasInvestmentfunctionsbundlingtechnology+VA/attributechoicesi)(Micro)Investmentfunctionii.(Meso)investmentfunctioniii.LinksofupgradinginVCswithinvestmentfunctions(andpovertytraps,orkinksininvestmentfunctions)…andlinksbacktomicroandmesoconstraints)
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2.2.5a.And2.2.5b(micro)_aggregatetomesostructure/conduct/performance…studyshocksofpolicychange,nonpolicychangeviathosetotestandexplainchangeviamicrofoundationsinter-actorinter-temporal
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2.2.6.Integrative“innovatorbusinessstrategy”microanalysis:ineraofrapidinnovationandcompetition…exampleoffastfoodchainasinnovation…exampleofTyson’swithcutchicken
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3.Structure&Conduct/BehaviorbasedtypologyofVCswithtransformation3.1.ColumnsastypologyofVCsa) “A-System”(local/traditionalandtraditional
rural-urbanVC)b) B-system(transitionalrural-urbanVC)c) C-system(modernruralurbanand
internationalVC)d) SUBCOLUMNSaresegmentsofVCand
“overall”
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3.2.VCtypologybasedonstructure,rows
a)Commercialorientation,distributionofVA&leadership• spatially:shorttolong• ProductCycle/VA:nichetocommoditytodifferentiated(commercial)product
• Productcomposition:typesofproductlinkedtoproductcycle
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• “LeadFirm”(alaGereffi):upstreamormidstreamordownstream“led”
• DistributionofVAoversegmentsandoversub-stratainsegment:upstreamtodownstream, socioeconomic;
• …alsostructural:Shareofpost-farmgate –smalltolarge
• Capitalownership:domestictoregionaltoglobal;investmentdynamics
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b)Structural• Geographiclength:shorttolong• Intermediational length:monotonic:manyhandstofewhands/directsale/directbuy(orUorJcurve);Tanzaniamaizevshortic.
• Shareofpostfarmgate intotalVA• Persegmentconsolidation:fragmentedtoconsolidated
• Netchain/network/clustering:nocluster,clustered,de-clustered,networkedclusters
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c)Conduct:Technological• Scaleoffirm:fromsmalltobig• Capital/laborratiooffirms:fromlowtohigh(andvintage&typechange:hammertorollermill)
• Assetspecificity:fromlowtohigh• Laborskill:fromlowtohigh• Productivecapitalattributes (transferredvsindigenousetc.)
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d)Institutional&Organizational• Marketorganization:spottocoordinatedtoVI
• Verticalintegration(or“functionalfragmentation”):fragmentedtolinked
• Horizontalintegration:individualtohorizontallinkage(coops,clusters)
• d)Procurementsystemchangebybuyingfirms:distributioncenters/centralized,&specialized/dedicatedwholesalers/agents
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• Inter-firminstitution/contracts:spottocontracts(verbaltowritten)
• inter-segmentVCfinance(tied,nottied)• Inter-segmentinstitution/standardsexistence,setter,andtype(e.g.publicstandards;vsGlobalgap horticultureproductstandards)
• Diffusionofbrands(pluspackaging)
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3.3.AxesofVCtransformation:performance(changes)
a) Valueaddeddistributionoversegments(exampleofqualityriceinBangladesh)
b) Distributionofparticipation:Exclusionandinclusionbyassetorzone
c) Variability/riskofsupplyandpricesd) Vulnerability/climate/foodsafetye) Incomeandemploymentimpacton
“producers”(upstreamandmidstream)f) Price/accessandnutritionimpactson
consumers
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4.Illustrationsofrapidchange
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4.1.FishVCtransformation:historicalviewUS,Europe
…andgrowingdemand“shock”toAsiafishsupply
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a)LocalfishcaptureUS&Europe,1400s-1700sb)1400s-1600’s:emergenceofextremelyvaluablenicheintoWesternEurope(dried/salted,“bacalao”)c)1700s/1800s:“CapeCod”:USemergestocompetewithIceland withAtlanticcoastcod(dried/salted,soldinEurope&US/Americas)…commoditizationphase1:mainfishconsumedinUS1800s-mid1900s
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d)Commoditizationphase2:“Industrialization”ofcod…1929inUKwith“platefroster”(firstquickfreezer);foodfrozeninslimrectangleslabs…riseofprocessed“fishsticks/fingers”1950s/1960sUK,US(cocktailsauce/ketchup/tartarsauce)…CHEAP;childrenliked;nobones;justheat(conveniencefood)…incomes,womenenteringworkforce,eatatschool
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…Importantchanneloffoodinnovationisvia“foodservice”sector(fastfoodfish)(incomes,womenenteringworkforce)
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e)2phasesofcommodizationè Extremeover-fishing/neardisappearanceofAtlanticcod:1970s-present
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f)1970s-present,suddenhugeshiftinUSfish/seafoodconsumptionsource:f.1)riseoffish-farming:50%fromaquaculture,50%fromcapturef.2)91%ofUSconsumptionoffish/seafoodisimportedby2011
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f.3)Emergenceof“differentiatedproducts”…firstsafetyofcommodity(HACCPcertified)…quality (“sushigrade”)(consumerswantingtomovebeyondcommoditybreadedproducts)…sustainabilitylabel(consumerreactionagainstover-fishing)…“laborstandards”(consumerreactionagainstfishboatslaveryforexampleinThailand)(socialaudits)…“localcatch”(insomeareas)…issueofscalingup
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g)RisetopreponderanceofAsianaquacultureinUSconsumption:…shrimpranked#1,mostofitfromAsianaquaculture (shrimpwastinyNICHE,nowcheapcommodity)
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…importedAsianshrimppushesoutUSoysters---tomake“shrimpcocktails”(appetizer/dishintroducedbychefsinUSandUK,1960s-1980s)…nowUSpercapitain2010ofshrimp=USpercapitaofoystersin1910
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…cannedtuna(Thailand)&salmon(aquacultureChile(introducedfromNorway;afterover-fishing..)#2,#3(usedtobeAtlanticcod)…PacificPollock/AlaskanWalleye(processedintofilleto’fish)(usedtobeAtlanticcod)
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…Asian(aquaculture)tilapia&catfish(pangasius)#4,#5(usedtobeAtlanticcod)…takesustoAsianaquaculturesupplychaindevelopmentnext
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4.2.AsianSupplyandDemandevolution
a)TwodriversofextremelyfastgrowthofAsianaquaculture(andshiftfromcapture)• HugeUSmarketgrowingfastè exportmarketà spurringinitialtransformationfromtraditionalsupplychain
• ThenhugeAsiandomesticurbanmarket(extremelyfasturbanization(3/4offishindomesticmarketgotourban),income)àsecondphaseoftransformation
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b)Links:exportbasethendomesticmarketexplosion(nichetocommoditytodifferentiated)…GuangdongChinacase(toUS,thentoBeijing)…withfreezing&fastfoodsteps,localinnovations(asinUS)…foodhabitsareCHANGEABLE!
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c)Productcycleinnovation:Shiftfromlocalnichecarp&tigershrimptothe“bigthree”commodityspecies
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à…AsianTilapia(AfricanfishintroducedtoAsia);superfastgrower
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àReplacedalsowithAsianPangasius-catfish(fastgrower&breathesairsocangrowdensely)
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PacificWhiteShrimp:growsdensely(volumetricallynotonbottom)
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c) Asianaquaculturetechnologychange
• fish/shrimpopen-water(andricefields)capture…
• tovastspreadofaquaculture(ponds)…fromtraditional/extensive(nofeed)…tosemi-intensive(feed)…tocapital-intensive(feed,aerators/pumps,hatcheries)…plusmedicinesforgrowingneedfordiseasecontrol
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Semi-traditionalShrimpfarmVietnam
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ModernizingtraditionalshrimpfarmJava
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Introductionoffeed
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Aeratorsforintensification
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Fertilizerforponds(forphytoplanktonthenzooplanktongrowth)
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Larvaehatcherydevelopment
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Vannamei forvolumetricproduction
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IntensivehugeshrimpfarmIndonesia(CPhaslargestinworldthere)
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NettingstockonJava
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Gradingshrimpformarket,Java
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Investmentiniceplants
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Holdingareashrimponice
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Loadingiced-shrimpintrucksIndonesia
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Rivericed-transportofshrimp/fishtopackersVietnam
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Shrimp and Canned Tuna Industries – packing Thailand
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Fish wholesale in southern China 60 years ago
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Today: Largest shrimp wholesale market in world south
China
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Local supermarket sale Java
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d)RapidriseoffishfeedindustryinAsia• ShiftfromlocalfeedSME• toclustersoflarge-scalemills(oftenextensionofchickenfeedmills)
(Nigeriacase,600%!)• ToFDIinfishfeed(NewHope(China)toBangladesh),regionalmultinational
• Riseofvaluechainfinancingfromfeedmillstofarmersas“newtechnology”
• Bigdemandformaize,soy,peanutcake,fishmealà acceleratesingredientmarketdevelopment(USexportsto)
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e)Verticalintegration(ponds(ownoroutgrowers),feed,marketing)• ForproductionandsupplychaincontrolgiventheUS/Europe/Japanattributedemand(privatestandards,certification
…tomeetcontractswithconsolidateddemandside(largesupermarketsandfoodservicefirms,e.g.Sysco)
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f)“Translation”toourVCanalysisframeworkofAsian(note:Nigeriaastransitionalstage..)fishVC
transformationf.1)Traditional• Structure:short+fragmented+backyard• Technology:capturethenpond+nofeed• Productorientation,productcycle:niche,local• Marketorientation:local,backyard,subsistence
• Performance:seasonal,expensive
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f.2)transitional• Structure:longer,town,fragmented+backyardpluscommercial
• Feedindustryemerging,fragmented• Technology:pond&simpleassembledfeed,sinking
• Productorientation:commodity,exotic(tilapia,catfish)
• Marketorientation:city,semi-subsistencetocommercial
• Performance:cheap,lowseasonal
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f.3)modernizing• Structure:long,countryintegrated,manybackyardbutdominantcommercial
• Feedindustryconsolidating,FDI• Technology:pond&concentrated/differentiatedfeed,floating
• Productorientation:commodityplusnewwavecaptureintroductionpond
• Marketorientation:city,inter-regional,commercial,foodsafety
• Performance:cheap,lowseasonal
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4.3PotatoesinAgraIndia:TheCold-StoredPotatoRevolutioninWesternUttarPradesh,India
CONFLUENCE… urban demand … diet change… Road… electricity… cold storage… farm product and technology change
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a)Firstwaveofpublicinvestment&firstwaveofpotatofarming
developmentinlate1980s-early1990s
• Farmersshiftfromwheattopotato• Publicinvestment:NARSresearch&extensionofnewpotatovariety(higheryield,longerstoragelife,moreresistanttotransport)
• Publicinvestment:waterpumpsubsidies• EncouragedbyinitialgrowthinDelhieconomy
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b)RapidUrbanizationas“demandpull”
• RapidgrowthinDelhi’spopulationandincomesinthe1990s/2000s(linkedtoeconomicliberalizationandpublicinvestmentincityinfrastructure)
• “diffusion”ofurbanizationeffectinruralspace:largepublicinvestmentinruralroads
• Dietdiversificationintohorticulturalproductsinurbanareas
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c)RiseoftheRuralnonfarmsector
• Ruralnonfarmsectordevelopmentespeciallyfastandintenseinthe“market-shed”ofDelhi
• Drivesupfarmandnonfarmwages• Fuelsprivateinvestmentinallsegmentsofthesupplychain
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d)Secondwaveofpublicinvestmentsinruralareas
• Publicinvestmentinenergygrid• Publicinvestmentinlimitedsubsidiesformoderncoldstorages
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e)ModernColdStorageBoomin2000s
• Massiveprivateinvestmentincoldstoragesstartinginmid/late1990s
• …crescendooverthe2000s• b)ShiftingpotatofromseasonalconsumptioninDelhitonearly-yearround(2/3fromcoldstore)
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f)Secondwaveofpotatofarmdevelopment:capital-led
intensificationinsecondhalf2000s• capital-ledintensification• Landconcentration(rentalandpurchase)
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g)UScase• Sameasabove…and• 1920s/30sIndividualQuickFrozentechnologyforsmall
• “atlantic”potatovariety• 1950s/60sdeeppressurefryer(KFCtoo)• Frombakedpotatohome,night• nowtofrench friesviafastfood• Samehappenedfishsticks,chickennuggets• Totallychangedconsumptionhabits
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4.4.Fast-trackingtechnologychange:servicesVCevolution
“outsourced”mobileservicesforriceandmangofarmersa)mobilecombineharvest/threshingservices(US,China,Burma)b)mobile“sprayer-trader”teamsinIndonesia(“onestopshop”formangofarmers);seedlingVCtooc)ChiFarms&FarmSupport(poultryIbadan)
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4.5.USchicken(mirrorsNigeriatraditional&transitional&
emergingmodern)a) Traditional• Structure:short+fragmented+backyard• Technology:capturethenbackyard+nofeed• Productorientation,productcycle:niche,local• Marketorientation:local,backyard,subsistence
• Performance:seasonal,expensive
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b)transitional• Structure:longer,town,fragmented+backyardpluscommercial,PERI-URBAN
• Feedindustryemerging,fragmented• Technology:smallfarm&simpleassembledfeed,nomedicines
• Productorientation:commodity• Marketorientation:city,semi-subsistencetocommercial
• Performance:cheap,lowseasonal
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b)modern• Structure:long,countryintegrated,dominantcommercial,NOTPERI-URBAN
• Feedindustryconsolidated• Technology:outgrower andlarge,concentrated/differentiatedfeed
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• Logisticschange:train,water-logged• Newbreed,contracts• Marketorientation:city,inter-regional,commercial,foodsafety,
• supermarketsupercheapmasspurchasesandsale
• IQF,deepfry,disassembled,frozen(nontraditional)
• Performance:cheap,fastfood
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è CONFLUENCE,FASTJUMP
…super-modularityexamplefromUSchicken