agriculture states department of report for agriculture and other …€¦ · custom soil resource...

United StatesDepartment ofAgriculture

A product of the NationalCooperative Soil Survey,a joint effort of the UnitedStates Department ofAgriculture and otherFederal agencies, Stateagencies including theAgricultural ExperimentStations, and localparticipants

Custom Soil ResourceReport for

CheyenneCounty,ColoradoKit Carson LLC Site Vicinity

NaturalResourcesConservationService

November 13, 2015

PrefaceSoil surveys contain information that affects land use planning in survey areas. Theyhighlight soil limitations that affect various land uses and provide information aboutthe properties of the soils in the survey areas. Soil surveys are designed for manydifferent users, including farmers, ranchers, foresters, agronomists, urban planners,community officials, engineers, developers, builders, and home buyers. Also,conservationists, teachers, students, and specialists in recreation, waste disposal,and pollution control can use the surveys to help them understand, protect, or enhancethe environment.

Various land use regulations of Federal, State, and local governments may imposespecial restrictions on land use or land treatment. Soil surveys identify soil propertiesthat are used in making various land use or land treatment decisions. The informationis intended to help the land users identify and reduce the effects of soil limitations onvarious land uses. The landowner or user is responsible for identifying and complyingwith existing laws and regulations.

Although soil survey information can be used for general farm, local, and wider areaplanning, onsite investigation is needed to supplement this information in some cases.Examples include soil quality assessments (http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/health/) and certain conservation and engineering applications. Formore detailed information, contact your local USDA Service Center (http://offices.sc.egov.usda.gov/locator/app?agency=nrcs) or your NRCS State SoilScientist (http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/contactus/?cid=nrcs142p2_053951).

Great differences in soil properties can occur within short distances. Some soils areseasonally wet or subject to flooding. Some are too unstable to be used as afoundation for buildings or roads. Clayey or wet soils are poorly suited to use as septictank absorption fields. A high water table makes a soil poorly suited to basements orunderground installations.

The National Cooperative Soil Survey is a joint effort of the United States Departmentof Agriculture and other Federal agencies, State agencies including the AgriculturalExperiment Stations, and local agencies. The Natural Resources ConservationService (NRCS) has leadership for the Federal part of the National Cooperative SoilSurvey.

Information about soils is updated periodically. Updated information is availablethrough the NRCS Web Soil Survey, the site for official soil survey information.

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programsand activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and whereapplicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion, sexualorientation, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or a part of anindividual's income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not all prohibitedbases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means

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http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/health/

http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/health/

http://offices.sc.egov.usda.gov/locator/app?agency=nrcs

http://offices.sc.egov.usda.gov/locator/app?agency=nrcs

http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/contactus/?cid=nrcs142p2_053951

http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/contactus/?cid=nrcs142p2_053951

for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) shouldcontact USDA's TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file acomplaint of discrimination, write to USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, 1400Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20250-9410 or call (800) 795-3272(voice) or (202) 720-6382 (TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider andemployer.

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ContentsPreface....................................................................................................................2How Soil Surveys Are Made..................................................................................6Soil Map..................................................................................................................8

Soil Map................................................................................................................9Legend................................................................................................................10Map Unit Legend................................................................................................11Map Unit Descriptions........................................................................................11

Cheyenne County, Colorado...........................................................................137—Bijou loamy sand, 0 to 3 percent slopes................................................1313—Fort Collins loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes..............................................1414—Fort Collins-Vona complex, 0 to 3 percent slopes...............................1515—Bankard-Glenberg complex, 0 to 3 percent slopes, moist,

occasionally flooded..............................................................................1717—Haverson loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes.................................................1921—Kim loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes, eroded.............................................2022—Kim loam, 3 to 12 percent slopes........................................................2130—Manzanst clay loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes..........................................2251—Vona loamy sand, warm, 3 to 6 percent slopes...................................2459—Valent loamy sand, 1 to 15 percent slopes, dry...................................25

Soil Information for All Uses...............................................................................28Ecological Site Assessment...............................................................................28

All Ecological Sites — Rangeland (Kit Carson LLC Site Vicinity)...................28Map—Dominant Ecological Site (Kit Carson LLC Site Vicinity)..................29Legend—Dominant Ecological Site (Kit Carson LLC Site Vicinity).............30Table—Ecological Sites by Map Unit Component (Kit Carson LLC Site

Vicinity).................................................................................................31Soil Reports........................................................................................................33

AOI Inventory..................................................................................................33Component Description (Nontechnical) (Kit Carson LLC Site Vicinity).......33

Building Site Development..............................................................................34Roads and Streets, Shallow Excavations, and Lawns and Landscaping

(Kit Carson LLC Site Vicinity)................................................................34Construction Materials....................................................................................37

Source of Reclamation Material, Roadfill, and Topsoil (Kit Carson LLCSite Vicinity)..........................................................................................38

Sanitary Facilities............................................................................................41Landfills (Kit Carson LLC Site Vicinity)........................................................41Sewage Disposal (Kit Carson LLC Site Vicinity).........................................45

Soil Chemical Properties.................................................................................48Chemical Soil Properties (Kit Carson LLC Site Vicinity)..............................48

Soil Physical Properties..................................................................................53Engineering Properties (Kit Carson LLC Site Vicinity)................................53Physical Soil Properties (Kit Carson LLC Site Vicinity)...............................61

Water Features...............................................................................................69

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Hydrologic Soil Group and Surface Runoff (Kit Carson LLC SiteVicinity).................................................................................................69

Water Management........................................................................................70Ponds and Embankments (Kit Carson LLC Site Vicinity)............................71

References............................................................................................................75

Custom Soil Resource Report

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How Soil Surveys Are MadeSoil surveys are made to provide information about the soils and miscellaneous areasin a specific area. They include a description of the soils and miscellaneous areas andtheir location on the landscape and tables that show soil properties and limitationsaffecting various uses. Soil scientists observed the steepness, length, and shape ofthe slopes; the general pattern of drainage; the kinds of crops and native plants; andthe kinds of bedrock. They observed and described many soil profiles. A soil profile isthe sequence of natural layers, or horizons, in a soil. The profile extends from thesurface down into the unconsolidated material in which the soil formed or from thesurface down to bedrock. The unconsolidated material is devoid of roots and otherliving organisms and has not been changed by other biological activity.

Currently, soils are mapped according to the boundaries of major land resource areas(MLRAs). MLRAs are geographically associated land resource units that sharecommon characteristics related to physiography, geology, climate, water resources,soils, biological resources, and land uses (USDA, 2006). Soil survey areas typicallyconsist of parts of one or more MLRA.

The soils and miscellaneous areas in a survey area occur in an orderly pattern that isrelated to the geology, landforms, relief, climate, and natural vegetation of the area.Each kind of soil and miscellaneous area is associated with a particular kind oflandform or with a segment of the landform. By observing the soils and miscellaneousareas in the survey area and relating their position to specific segments of thelandform, a soil scientist develops a concept, or model, of how they were formed. Thus,during mapping, this model enables the soil scientist to predict with a considerabledegree of accuracy the kind of soil or miscellaneous area at a specific location on thelandscape.

Commonly, individual soils on the landscape merge into one another as theircharacteristics gradually change. To construct an accurate soil map, however, soilscientists must determine the boundaries between the soils. They can observe onlya limited number of soil profiles. Nevertheless, these observations, supplemented byan understanding of the soil-vegetation-landscape relationship, are sufficient to verifypredictions of the kinds of soil in an area and to determine the boundaries.

Soil scientists recorded the characteristics of the soil profiles that they studied. Theynoted soil color, texture, size and shape of soil aggregates, kind and amount of rockfragments, distribution of plant roots, reaction, and other features that enable them toidentify soils. After describing the soils in the survey area and determining theirproperties, the soil scientists assigned the soils to taxonomic classes (units).Taxonomic classes are concepts. Each taxonomic class has a set of soilcharacteristics with precisely defined limits. The classes are used as a basis forcomparison to classify soils systematically. Soil taxonomy, the system of taxonomicclassification used in the United States, is based mainly on the kind and character ofsoil properties and the arrangement of horizons within the profile. After the soilscientists classified and named the soils in the survey area, they compared the

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individual soils with similar soils in the same taxonomic class in other areas so thatthey could confirm data and assemble additional data based on experience andresearch.

The objective of soil mapping is not to delineate pure map unit components; theobjective is to separate the landscape into landforms or landform segments that havesimilar use and management requirements. Each map unit is defined by a uniquecombination of soil components and/or miscellaneous areas in predictableproportions. Some components may be highly contrasting to the other components ofthe map unit. The presence of minor components in a map unit in no way diminishesthe usefulness or accuracy of the data. The delineation of such landforms andlandform segments on the map provides sufficient information for the development ofresource plans. If intensive use of small areas is planned, onsite investigation isneeded to define and locate the soils and miscellaneous areas.

Soil scientists make many field observations in the process of producing a soil map.The frequency of observation is dependent upon several factors, including scale ofmapping, intensity of mapping, design of map units, complexity of the landscape, andexperience of the soil scientist. Observations are made to test and refine the soil-landscape model and predictions and to verify the classification of the soils at specificlocations. Once the soil-landscape model is refined, a significantly smaller number ofmeasurements of individual soil properties are made and recorded. Thesemeasurements may include field measurements, such as those for color, depth tobedrock, and texture, and laboratory measurements, such as those for content ofsand, silt, clay, salt, and other components. Properties of each soil typically vary fromone point to another across the landscape.

Observations for map unit components are aggregated to develop ranges ofcharacteristics for the components. The aggregated values are presented. Directmeasurements do not exist for every property presented for every map unitcomponent. Values for some properties are estimated from combinations of otherproperties.

While a soil survey is in progress, samples of some of the soils in the area generallyare collected for laboratory analyses and for engineering tests. Soil scientists interpretthe data from these analyses and tests as well as the field-observed characteristicsand the soil properties to determine the expected behavior of the soils under differentuses. Interpretations for all of the soils are field tested through observation of the soilsin different uses and under different levels of management. Some interpretations aremodified to fit local conditions, and some new interpretations are developed to meetlocal needs. Data are assembled from other sources, such as research information,production records, and field experience of specialists. For example, data on cropyields under defined levels of management are assembled from farm records and fromfield or plot experiments on the same kinds of soil.

Predictions about soil behavior are based not only on soil properties but also on suchvariables as climate and biological activity. Soil conditions are predictable over longperiods of time, but they are not predictable from year to year. For example, soilscientists can predict with a fairly high degree of accuracy that a given soil will havea high water table within certain depths in most years, but they cannot predict that ahigh water table will always be at a specific level in the soil on a specific date.

After soil scientists located and identified the significant natural bodies of soil in thesurvey area, they drew the boundaries of these bodies on aerial photographs andidentified each as a specific map unit. Aerial photographs show trees, buildings, fields,roads, and rivers, all of which help in locating boundaries accurately.


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Soil MapThe soil map section includes the soil map for the defined area of interest, a list of soilmap units on the map and extent of each map unit, and cartographic symbolsdisplayed on the map. Also presented are various metadata about data used toproduce the map, and a description of each soil map unit.

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Map projection: Web Mercator Corner coordinates: WGS84 Edge tics: UTM Zone 13N WGS840 1000 2000 4000 6000

Feet0 350 700 1400 2100

MetersMap Scale: 1:24,000 if printed on A portrait (8.5" x 11") sheet.

MAP LEGEND MAP INFORMATION

Area of Interest (AOI)Area of Interest (AOI)

SoilsSoil Map Unit Polygons

Soil Map Unit Lines

Soil Map Unit Points

Special Point FeaturesBlowout

Borrow Pit

Clay Spot

Closed Depression

Gravel Pit

Gravelly Spot

Landfill

Lava Flow

Marsh or swamp

Mine or Quarry

Miscellaneous Water

Perennial Water

Rock Outcrop

Saline Spot

Sandy Spot

Severely Eroded Spot

Sinkhole

Slide or Slip

Sodic Spot

Spoil Area

Stony Spot

Very Stony Spot

Wet Spot

Other

Special Line Features

Water FeaturesStreams and Canals

TransportationRails

Interstate Highways

US Routes

Major Roads

Local Roads

BackgroundAerial Photography

The soil surveys that comprise your AOI were mapped at 1:24,000.

Please rely on the bar scale on each map sheet for mapmeasurements.

Source of Map: Natural Resources Conservation ServiceWeb Soil Survey URL: http://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.govCoordinate System: Web Mercator (EPSG:3857)

Maps from the Web Soil Survey are based on the Web Mercatorprojection, which preserves direction and shape but distortsdistance and area. A projection that preserves area, such as theAlbers equal-area conic projection, should be used if more accuratecalculations of distance or area are required.

This product is generated from the USDA-NRCS certified data as ofthe version date(s) listed below.

Soil Survey Area: Cheyenne County, ColoradoSurvey Area Data: Version 17, Sep 22, 2015

Soil map units are labeled (as space allows) for map scales 1:50,000or larger.

Date(s) aerial images were photographed: Jul 27, 2010—Sep 20,2010

The orthophoto or other base map on which the soil lines werecompiled and digitized probably differs from the backgroundimagery displayed on these maps. As a result, some minor shiftingof map unit boundaries may be evident.


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Map Unit Legend

Cheyenne County, Colorado (CO017)

Map Unit Symbol Map Unit Name Acres in AOI Percent of AOI

7 Bijou loamy sand, 0 to 3 percentslopes

0.5 0.1%

13 Fort Collins loam, 0 to 3 percentslopes

35.5 7.0%

14 Fort Collins-Vona complex, 0 to3 percent slopes

122.5 24.0%

15 Bankard-Glenberg complex, 0 to3 percent slopes, moist,occasionally flooded

152.0 29.8%

17 Haverson loam, 0 to 1 percentslopes

17.2 3.4%

21 Kim loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes,eroded

8.8 1.7%

22 Kim loam, 3 to 12 percent slopes 8.9 1.7%

30 Manzanst clay loam, 0 to 3percent slopes

60.2 11.8%

51 Vona loamy sand, warm, 3 to 6percent slopes

77.5 15.2%

59 Valent loamy sand, 1 to 15percent slopes, dry

27.1 5.3%

Totals for Area of Interest 510.1 100.0%

Map Unit DescriptionsThe map units delineated on the detailed soil maps in a soil survey represent the soilsor miscellaneous areas in the survey area. The map unit descriptions, along with themaps, can be used to determine the composition and properties of a unit.

A map unit delineation on a soil map represents an area dominated by one or moremajor kinds of soil or miscellaneous areas. A map unit is identified and namedaccording to the taxonomic classification of the dominant soils. Within a taxonomicclass there are precisely defined limits for the properties of the soils. On the landscape,however, the soils are natural phenomena, and they have the characteristic variabilityof all natural phenomena. Thus, the range of some observed properties may extendbeyond the limits defined for a taxonomic class. Areas of soils of a single taxonomicclass rarely, if ever, can be mapped without including areas of other taxonomicclasses. Consequently, every map unit is made up of the soils or miscellaneous areasfor which it is named and some minor components that belong to taxonomic classesother than those of the major soils.

Most minor soils have properties similar to those of the dominant soil or soils in themap unit, and thus they do not affect use and management. These are callednoncontrasting, or similar, components. They may or may not be mentioned in aparticular map unit description. Other minor components, however, have properties


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and behavioral characteristics divergent enough to affect use or to require differentmanagement. These are called contrasting, or dissimilar, components. They generallyare in small areas and could not be mapped separately because of the scale used.Some small areas of strongly contrasting soils or miscellaneous areas are identifiedby a special symbol on the maps. If included in the database for a given area, thecontrasting minor components are identified in the map unit descriptions along withsome characteristics of each. A few areas of minor components may not have beenobserved, and consequently they are not mentioned in the descriptions, especiallywhere the pattern was so complex that it was impractical to make enough observationsto identify all the soils and miscellaneous areas on the landscape.

The presence of minor components in a map unit in no way diminishes the usefulnessor accuracy of the data. The objective of mapping is not to delineate pure taxonomicclasses but rather to separate the landscape into landforms or landform segments thathave similar use and management requirements. The delineation of such segmentson the map provides sufficient information for the development of resource plans. Ifintensive use of small areas is planned, however, onsite investigation is needed todefine and locate the soils and miscellaneous areas.

An identifying symbol precedes the map unit name in the map unit descriptions. Eachdescription includes general facts about the unit and gives important soil propertiesand qualities.

Soils that have profiles that are almost alike make up a soil series. Except fordifferences in texture of the surface layer, all the soils of a series have major horizonsthat are similar in composition, thickness, and arrangement.

Soils of one series can differ in texture of the surface layer, slope, stoniness, salinity,degree of erosion, and other characteristics that affect their use. On the basis of suchdifferences, a soil series is divided into soil phases. Most of the areas shown on thedetailed soil maps are phases of soil series. The name of a soil phase commonlyindicates a feature that affects use or management. For example, Alpha silt loam, 0to 2 percent slopes, is a phase of the Alpha series.

Some map units are made up of two or more major soils or miscellaneous areas.These map units are complexes, associations, or undifferentiated groups.

A complex consists of two or more soils or miscellaneous areas in such an intricatepattern or in such small areas that they cannot be shown separately on the maps. Thepattern and proportion of the soils or miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar in allareas. Alpha-Beta complex, 0 to 6 percent slopes, is an example.

An association is made up of two or more geographically associated soils ormiscellaneous areas that are shown as one unit on the maps. Because of present oranticipated uses of the map units in the survey area, it was not considered practicalor necessary to map the soils or miscellaneous areas separately. The pattern andrelative proportion of the soils or miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar. Alpha-Beta association, 0 to 2 percent slopes, is an example.

An undifferentiated group is made up of two or more soils or miscellaneous areas thatcould be mapped individually but are mapped as one unit because similarinterpretations can be made for use and management. The pattern and proportion ofthe soils or miscellaneous areas in a mapped area are not uniform. An area can bemade up of only one of the major soils or miscellaneous areas, or it can be made upof all of them. Alpha and Beta soils, 0 to 2 percent slopes, is an example.

Some surveys include miscellaneous areas. Such areas have little or no soil materialand support little or no vegetation. Rock outcrop is an example.


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Cheyenne County, Colorado

7—Bijou loamy sand, 0 to 3 percent slopes

Map Unit SettingNational map unit symbol: 2tqxpElevation: 4,000 to 5,300 feetMean annual precipitation: 14 to 16 inchesMean annual air temperature: 50 to 54 degrees FFrost-free period: 130 to 170 days

Map Unit CompositionBijou and similar soils: 85 percentMinor components: 15 percentEstimates are based on observations, descriptions, and transects of the mapunit.

Description of Bijou

SettingLandform: Sand sheetsLandform position (two-dimensional): SummitLandform position (three-dimensional): InterfluveDown-slope shape: LinearAcross-slope shape: LinearParent material: Eolian sands

Typical profileA - 0 to 4 inches: loamy sandAB - 4 to 9 inches: loamy sandBt - 9 to 36 inches: sandy loamBC - 36 to 50 inches: loamy sandC - 50 to 79 inches: loamy sand

Properties and qualitiesSlope: 0 to 3 percentDepth to restrictive feature: More than 80 inchesNatural drainage class: Somewhat excessively drainedCapacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): High (2.00 to 6.00 in/hr)Depth to water table: More than 80 inchesFrequency of flooding: NoneFrequency of ponding: NoneSalinity, maximum in profile: Nonsaline (0.1 to 0.2 mmhos/cm)Available water storage in profile: Low (about 5.6 inches)

Interpretive groupsLand capability classification (irrigated): 4eLand capability classification (nonirrigated): 4eHydrologic Soil Group: AEcological site: Sandy Plains (R067BY024CO)

Minor Components

ValentPercent of map unit: 10 percentLandform: Sand sheetsLandform position (two-dimensional): Backslope


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Landform position (three-dimensional): Side slopeDown-slope shape: LinearAcross-slope shape: LinearEcological site: Deep Sand (R067BY015CO)

OlnestPercent of map unit: 5 percentLandform: HillslopesLandform position (two-dimensional): SummitLandform position (three-dimensional): InterfluveDown-slope shape: LinearAcross-slope shape: LinearEcological site: Sandy Plains (R067BY024CO)

13—Fort Collins loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes

Map Unit SettingNational map unit symbol: 2tlncElevation: 4,020 to 6,730 feetMean annual precipitation: 14 to 16 inchesMean annual air temperature: 46 to 48 degrees FFrost-free period: 143 to 154 daysFarmland classification: Prime farmland if irrigated

Map Unit CompositionFort collins and similar soils: 85 percentMinor components: 15 percentEstimates are based on observations, descriptions, and transects of the mapunit.

Description of Fort Collins

SettingLandform: InterfluvesDown-slope shape: LinearAcross-slope shape: LinearParent material: Pleistocene or older alluvium derived from igneous, metamorphic

and sedimentary rock and/or eolian deposits

Typical profileAp - 0 to 4 inches: loamBt1 - 4 to 9 inches: clay loamBt2 - 9 to 16 inches: clay loamBk1 - 16 to 29 inches: loamBk2 - 29 to 80 inches: loam

Properties and qualitiesSlope: 0 to 3 percentDepth to restrictive feature: More than 80 inchesNatural drainage class: Well drainedRunoff class: Low


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Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): Moderately high to high(0.20 to 2.00 in/hr)

Depth to water table: More than 80 inchesFrequency of flooding: NoneFrequency of ponding: NoneCalcium carbonate, maximum in profile: 12 percentSalinity, maximum in profile: Nonsaline (0.1 to 1.0 mmhos/cm)Sodium adsorption ratio, maximum in profile: 0.5Available water storage in profile: High (about 9.1 inches)

Interpretive groupsLand capability classification (irrigated): 2eLand capability classification (nonirrigated): 4cHydrologic Soil Group: CEcological site: Loamy Plains (R067BY002CO)

Minor Components

NunnPercent of map unit: 10 percentLandform: TerracesLandform position (three-dimensional): TreadDown-slope shape: LinearAcross-slope shape: LinearEcological site: Loamy Plains (R067BY002CO)

VonaPercent of map unit: 5 percentLandform: InterfluvesLandform position (two-dimensional): Backslope, footslopeLandform position (three-dimensional): Side slope, base slopeDown-slope shape: LinearAcross-slope shape: LinearEcological site: Sandy Plains (R067BY024CO)

14—Fort Collins-Vona complex, 0 to 3 percent slopes

Map Unit SettingNational map unit symbol: 353zElevation: 4,000 to 5,900 feetMean annual precipitation: 10 to 15 inchesMean annual air temperature: 46 to 55 degrees FFrost-free period: 130 to 170 daysFarmland classification: Not prime farmland

Map Unit CompositionFort collins and similar soils: 50 percentVona and similar soils: 40 percentMinor components: 10 percentEstimates are based on observations, descriptions, and transects of the mapunit.


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Description of Fort Collins

SettingLandform: PlainsDown-slope shape: LinearAcross-slope shape: LinearParent material: Alluvium and/or loess

Typical profileAp - 0 to 5 inches: loamBt - 5 to 18 inches: loam, clay loamBt - 5 to 18 inches: loam, clay loamBk - 18 to 28 inches: loam, silt loam, fine sandy loamBk - 18 to 28 inches:C - 28 to 60 inches:C - 28 to 60 inches:C - 28 to 60 inches:

Properties and qualitiesSlope: 0 to 3 percentDepth to restrictive feature: More than 80 inchesNatural drainage class: Well drainedRunoff class: LowCapacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): Moderately high to high

(0.60 to 2.00 in/hr)Depth to water table: More than 80 inchesFrequency of flooding: NoneFrequency of ponding: NoneCalcium carbonate, maximum in profile: 15 percentSalinity, maximum in profile: Nonsaline to very slightly saline (0.0 to 2.0 mmhos/cm)Available water storage in profile: Very high (about 24.9 inches)

Interpretive groupsLand capability classification (irrigated): 2eLand capability classification (nonirrigated): 4eHydrologic Soil Group: BEcological site: Loamy Plains (R067BY002CO)

Description of Vona

SettingLandform: PlainsDown-slope shape: LinearAcross-slope shape: LinearParent material: Eolian deposits

Typical profileA - 0 to 4 inches: loamy sandBt - 4 to 20 inches: fine sandy loam, sandy loamBt - 4 to 20 inches: sandy loam, loamy sand, loamy fine sandCk - 20 to 60 inches:Ck - 20 to 60 inches:Ck - 20 to 60 inches:

Properties and qualitiesSlope: 0 to 3 percentDepth to restrictive feature: More than 80 inches


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Natural drainage class: Well drainedRunoff class: Very lowCapacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): High (1.98 to 6.00 in/hr)Depth to water table: More than 80 inchesFrequency of flooding: NoneFrequency of ponding: NoneCalcium carbonate, maximum in profile: 15 percentSalinity, maximum in profile: Nonsaline to slightly saline (0.0 to 4.0 mmhos/cm)Available water storage in profile: Very high (about 16.4 inches)

Interpretive groupsLand capability classification (irrigated): 4eLand capability classification (nonirrigated): 6eHydrologic Soil Group: AEcological site: Sandy Plains (R067BY024CO)

Minor Components

OlneyPercent of map unit: 5 percent

ManzanolaPercent of map unit: 5 percent

15—Bankard-Glenberg complex, 0 to 3 percent slopes, moist,occasionally flooded

Map Unit SettingNational map unit symbol: 2w4pgElevation: 3,800 to 5,890 feetMean annual precipitation: 14 to 16 inchesMean annual air temperature: 50 to 54 degrees FFrost-free period: 130 to 170 daysFarmland classification: Not prime farmland

Map Unit CompositionBankard, occasionally flooded, and similar soils: 60 percentGlenberg, occasionally flooded, and similar soils: 30 percentMinor components: 10 percentEstimates are based on observations, descriptions, and transects of the mapunit.

Description of Bankard, Occasionally Flooded

SettingLandform: Flood plains, flood-plain stepsDown-slope shape: LinearAcross-slope shape: LinearParent material: Alluvium


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Typical profileA - 0 to 5 inches: loamy sandBw - 5 to 13 inches: loamy sandBk - 13 to 79 inches: loamy sand

Properties and qualitiesSlope: 0 to 3 percentDepth to restrictive feature: More than 80 inchesNatural drainage class: Excessively drainedCapacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): High to very high (6.00

to 20.00 in/hr)Depth to water table: More than 80 inchesFrequency of flooding: OccasionalFrequency of ponding: NoneCalcium carbonate, maximum in profile: 5 percentSalinity, maximum in profile: Nonsaline to slightly saline (0.5 to 5.0 mmhos/cm)Available water storage in profile: Moderate (about 6.4 inches)

Interpretive groupsLand capability classification (irrigated): 4eLand capability classification (nonirrigated): 4eHydrologic Soil Group: AEcological site: Sandy Bottomland (R067BY031CO)

Description of Glenberg, Occasionally Flooded

SettingLandform: Flood plains, flood-plain stepsDown-slope shape: LinearAcross-slope shape: LinearParent material: Alluvium

Typical profileA - 0 to 5 inches: sandy loamAC - 5 to 15 inches: sandy loamC - 15 to 79 inches: sandy loam

Properties and qualitiesSlope: 0 to 3 percentDepth to restrictive feature: More than 80 inchesNatural drainage class: Somewhat excessively drainedCapacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): High (2.00 to 6.00 in/hr)Depth to water table: More than 80 inchesFrequency of flooding: OccasionalFrequency of ponding: NoneCalcium carbonate, maximum in profile: 5 percentSalinity, maximum in profile: Nonsaline (0.1 to 0.2 mmhos/cm)Available water storage in profile: Moderate (about 7.1 inches)

Interpretive groupsLand capability classification (irrigated): 3eLand capability classification (nonirrigated): 4cHydrologic Soil Group: AEcological site: Sandy Bottomland (R067BY031CO)


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Minor Components

Haverson, occasionally floodedPercent of map unit: 10 percentLandform: Flood-plain steps, flood plainsDown-slope shape: LinearAcross-slope shape: LinearEcological site: Overflow (R067BY036CO)

17—Haverson loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes

Map Unit SettingNational map unit symbol: 3542Elevation: 3,500 to 6,000 feetMean annual precipitation: 12 to 17 inchesMean annual air temperature: 46 to 54 degrees FFrost-free period: 125 to 180 daysFarmland classification: Prime farmland if irrigated and either protected from flooding

or not frequently flooded during the growing season

Map Unit CompositionHaverson, occasionally flooded, and similar soils: 80 percentMinor components: 20 percentEstimates are based on observations, descriptions, and transects of the mapunit.

Description of Haverson, Occasionally Flooded

SettingLandform: Flood plainsDown-slope shape: LinearAcross-slope shape: LinearParent material: Alluvium

Typical profileA - 0 to 14 inches: loamC - 14 to 60 inches: stratified sand to clay loam

Properties and qualitiesSlope: 0 to 1 percentDepth to restrictive feature: More than 80 inchesNatural drainage class: Well drainedRunoff class: LowCapacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): Moderately high to high

(0.60 to 2.00 in/hr)Depth to water table: More than 80 inchesFrequency of flooding: OccasionalFrequency of ponding: NoneCalcium carbonate, maximum in profile: 15 percentGypsum, maximum in profile: 1 percent


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Salinity, maximum in profile: Nonsaline to moderately saline (0.0 to 8.0 mmhos/cm)Available water storage in profile: High (about 9.6 inches)

Interpretive groupsLand capability classification (irrigated): 2wLand capability classification (nonirrigated): 4wHydrologic Soil Group: BEcological site: Sandy Bottomland (R067BY031CO)

Minor Components

BankardPercent of map unit: 10 percent

GlenbergPercent of map unit: 10 percent

21—Kim loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes, eroded

Map Unit SettingNational map unit symbol: 3547Elevation: 4,500 to 5,900 feetMean annual precipitation: 13 to 15 inchesMean annual air temperature: 46 to 52 degrees FFrost-free period: 135 to 150 daysFarmland classification: Prime farmland if irrigated

Map Unit CompositionKim and similar soils: 85 percentMinor components: 15 percentEstimates are based on observations, descriptions, and transects of the mapunit.

Description of Kim

SettingLandform: PlainsDown-slope shape: LinearAcross-slope shape: LinearParent material: Alluvium and/or eolian deposits

Typical profileA - 0 to 7 inches: loamC - 7 to 60 inches: loam, clay loam, sandy clay loamC - 7 to 60 inches:C - 7 to 60 inches:

Properties and qualitiesSlope: 1 to 3 percentDepth to restrictive feature: More than 80 inchesNatural drainage class: Well drainedRunoff class: Low


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Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): Moderately high to high(0.60 to 2.00 in/hr)

Depth to water table: More than 80 inchesFrequency of flooding: NoneFrequency of ponding: NoneCalcium carbonate, maximum in profile: 20 percentSalinity, maximum in profile: Nonsaline to slightly saline (0.0 to 4.0 mmhos/cm)Available water storage in profile: Very high (about 26.5 inches)

Interpretive groupsLand capability classification (irrigated): 2eLand capability classification (nonirrigated): 6eHydrologic Soil Group: BEcological site: Loamy Plains (R067BY002CO)

Minor Components

Fort collinsPercent of map unit: 10 percent

StonehamPercent of map unit: 5 percent

22—Kim loam, 3 to 12 percent slopes

Map Unit SettingNational map unit symbol: 3548Elevation: 4,500 to 5,900 feetMean annual precipitation: 13 to 15 inchesMean annual air temperature: 46 to 52 degrees FFrost-free period: 135 to 150 daysFarmland classification: Not prime farmland

Map Unit CompositionKim and similar soils: 85 percentMinor components: 15 percentEstimates are based on observations, descriptions, and transects of the mapunit.

Description of Kim

SettingLandform: PlainsDown-slope shape: LinearAcross-slope shape: LinearParent material: Alluvium and/or eolian deposits

Typical profileA - 0 to 7 inches: loamC - 7 to 60 inches: loam, clay loam, sandy clay loamC - 7 to 60 inches:C - 7 to 60 inches:


21

Properties and qualitiesSlope: 3 to 12 percentDepth to restrictive feature: More than 80 inchesNatural drainage class: Well drainedRunoff class: MediumCapacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): Moderately high to high

(0.60 to 2.00 in/hr)Depth to water table: More than 80 inchesFrequency of flooding: NoneFrequency of ponding: NoneCalcium carbonate, maximum in profile: 20 percentSalinity, maximum in profile: Nonsaline to slightly saline (0.0 to 4.0 mmhos/cm)Available water storage in profile: Very high (about 26.5 inches)

Interpretive groupsLand capability classification (irrigated): 4eLand capability classification (nonirrigated): 6eHydrologic Soil Group: BEcological site: Loamy Slopes (R067BY008CO)

Minor Components

StonehamPercent of map unit: 10 percent

Fort collinsPercent of map unit: 5 percent

30—Manzanst clay loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes

Map Unit SettingNational map unit symbol: 2w4nrElevation: 4,060 to 6,660 feetMean annual precipitation: 14 to 16 inchesMean annual air temperature: 50 to 54 degrees FFrost-free period: 130 to 170 daysFarmland classification: Prime farmland if irrigated

Map Unit CompositionManzanst and similar soils: 85 percentMinor components: 15 percentEstimates are based on observations, descriptions, and transects of the mapunit.

Description of Manzanst

SettingLandform: Terraces, drainagewaysLandform position (three-dimensional): TreadDown-slope shape: LinearAcross-slope shape: Linear, concave


22

Parent material: Clayey alluvium derived from shale

Typical profileA - 0 to 3 inches: clay loamBt - 3 to 12 inches: clayBtk - 12 to 37 inches: clayBk1 - 37 to 52 inches: clayBk2 - 52 to 79 inches: clay

Properties and qualitiesSlope: 0 to 3 percentDepth to restrictive feature: More than 80 inchesNatural drainage class: Well drainedCapacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): Moderately low to

moderately high (0.06 to 0.20 in/hr)Depth to water table: More than 80 inchesFrequency of flooding: NoneFrequency of ponding: NoneCalcium carbonate, maximum in profile: 15 percentGypsum, maximum in profile: 3 percentSalinity, maximum in profile: Slightly saline (4.0 to 7.0 mmhos/cm)Sodium adsorption ratio, maximum in profile: 10.0Available water storage in profile: High (about 9.0 inches)

Interpretive groupsLand capability classification (irrigated): 3eLand capability classification (nonirrigated): 4cHydrologic Soil Group: CEcological site: Saline Overflow (R067BY037CO)

Minor Components

RitoazulPercent of map unit: 7 percentLandform: Interfluves, drainagewaysLandform position (three-dimensional): RiseDown-slope shape: LinearAcross-slope shape: LinearEcological site: Clayey Plains (R067BY042CO)

ArvadaPercent of map unit: 6 percentLandform: Drainageways, interfluvesDown-slope shape: LinearAcross-slope shape: LinearEcological site: Salt Flat (R067XY033CO)

WileyPercent of map unit: 2 percentLandform: InterfluvesDown-slope shape: LinearAcross-slope shape: LinearEcological site: Loamy Plains (R067BY002CO)


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51—Vona loamy sand, warm, 3 to 6 percent slopes

Map Unit SettingNational map unit symbol: 2t515Elevation: 3,420 to 5,580 feetMean annual precipitation: 14 to 16 inchesMean annual air temperature: 50 to 54 degrees FFrost-free period: 130 to 170 daysFarmland classification: Not prime farmland

Map Unit CompositionVona, warm, and similar soils: 85 percentMinor components: 15 percentEstimates are based on observations, descriptions, and transects of the mapunit.

Description of Vona, Warm

SettingLandform: Sand sheetsLandform position (two-dimensional): BackslopeLandform position (three-dimensional): Side slopeDown-slope shape: LinearAcross-slope shape: LinearParent material: Eolian sands

Typical profileAp - 0 to 7 inches: loamy sandBt - 7 to 16 inches: sandy loamBk1 - 16 to 25 inches: sandy loamBk2 - 25 to 79 inches: loamy sand

Properties and qualitiesSlope: 3 to 6 percentDepth to restrictive feature: More than 80 inchesNatural drainage class: Somewhat excessively drainedCapacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): High (2.00 to 6.00 in/hr)Depth to water table: More than 80 inchesFrequency of flooding: NoneFrequency of ponding: NoneCalcium carbonate, maximum in profile: 10 percentSalinity, maximum in profile: Nonsaline to very slightly saline (0.5 to 2.0 mmhos/cm)Sodium adsorption ratio, maximum in profile: 2.0Available water storage in profile: Low (about 5.9 inches)

Interpretive groupsLand capability classification (irrigated): 4eLand capability classification (nonirrigated): 4eHydrologic Soil Group: AEcological site: Sandy Plains (R067BY024CO)Other vegetative classification: Loamy, Dry (G067BW019CO)


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Minor Components

Valent, warmPercent of map unit: 5 percentLandform: Sand sheetsLandform position (two-dimensional): Shoulder, backslopeLandform position (three-dimensional): Crest, side slopeDown-slope shape: ConvexAcross-slope shape: ConvexEcological site: Deep Sand (R067BY015CO)Other vegetative classification: Sandy, Dry (G067BW026CO), Deep Sands #15

(067XY015CO_3)

OteroPercent of map unit: 5 percentLandform: HillslopesLandform position (two-dimensional): BackslopeLandform position (three-dimensional): Side slopeDown-slope shape: LinearAcross-slope shape: LinearEcological site: Sandy Plains (R067BY024CO)Other vegetative classification: Loamy, Dry (G067BW019CO), SANDY PLAINS

(067XY024CO_1)

Olnest, warmPercent of map unit: 5 percentLandform: HillslopesLandform position (two-dimensional): BackslopeLandform position (three-dimensional): Side slopeDown-slope shape: LinearAcross-slope shape: LinearEcological site: Sandy Plains (R067BY024CO)Other vegetative classification: Loamy, Dry (G067BW019CO)

59—Valent loamy sand, 1 to 15 percent slopes, dry

Map Unit SettingNational map unit symbol: 2rgs6Elevation: 4,000 to 6,200 feetMean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inchesMean annual air temperature: 50 to 54 degrees FFrost-free period: 130 to 170 daysFarmland classification: Not prime farmland

Map Unit CompositionValent, dry, and similar soils: 85 percentMinor components: 15 percentEstimates are based on observations, descriptions, and transects of the mapunit.


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Description of Valent, Dry

SettingLandform: Hills, ridgesLandform position (two-dimensional): Backslope, summitLandform position (three-dimensional): Side slope, head slopeDown-slope shape: ConvexAcross-slope shape: ConvexParent material: Eolian sands derived from sedimentary rock

Typical profileA - 0 to 5 inches: loamy sandC1 - 5 to 60 inches: fine sandC2 - 60 to 79 inches: sand

Properties and qualitiesSlope: 1 to 15 percentDepth to restrictive feature: More than 80 inchesNatural drainage class: Excessively drainedCapacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): High to very high (5.95

to 19.99 in/hr)Depth to water table: More than 80 inchesFrequency of flooding: NoneFrequency of ponding: NoneSalinity, maximum in profile: Nonsaline (0.1 mmhos/cm)Available water storage in profile: Low (about 4.9 inches)

Interpretive groupsLand capability classification (irrigated): 4eLand capability classification (nonirrigated): 6eHydrologic Soil Group: AEcological site: Deep Sand (R069XY019CO)Other vegetative classification: Not Suited (G069XW000CO), DEEP SANDS

(067XY015CO_2)

Minor Components

VonidPercent of map unit: 10 percentLandform: HillsLandform position (two-dimensional): BackslopeLandform position (three-dimensional): Side slopeDown-slope shape: ConvexAcross-slope shape: ConvexEcological site: Sandy Plains (R069XY026CO)Other vegetative classification: Not Suited (G069XW000CO), Sandy Plains

(069XY026CO_1)

OlneyPercent of map unit: 5 percentLandform: InterfluvesLandform position (two-dimensional): Summit, footslopeLandform position (three-dimensional): InterfluveDown-slope shape: ConvexAcross-slope shape: LinearEcological site: Sandy Plains (R069XY026CO)


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Other vegetative classification: Not Suited (G069XW000CO), Sandy Plains(069XY026CO_1)


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Soil Information for All Uses

Ecological Site AssessmentIndividual soil map unit components can be correlated to a particular ecological site.The Ecological Site Assessment section includes ecological site descriptions, plantgrowth curves, state and transition models, and selected National Plants databaseinformation.

All Ecological Sites — Rangeland (Kit Carson LLCSite Vicinity)

An "ecological site" is the product of all the environmental factors responsible for itsdevelopment. It has characteristic soils that have developed over time; a characteristichydrology, particularly infiltration and runoff, that has developed over time; and acharacteristic plant community (kind and amount of vegetation). The vegetation, soils,and hydrology are all interrelated. Each is influenced by the others and influences thedevelopment of the others. For example, the hydrology of the site is influenced bydevelopment of the soil and plant community. The plant community on an ecologicalsite is typified by an association of species that differs from that of other ecologicalsites in the kind and/or proportion of species or in total production.

An ecological site name provides a general description of a particular ecological site.For example, "Loamy Upland" is the name of a rangeland ecological site. An"ecological site ID" is the symbol assigned to a particular ecological site.

The map identifies the dominant ecological site for each map unit, aggregated bydominant condition. Other ecological sites may occur within each map unit. Each mapunit typically consists of one or more components (soils and/or miscellaneous areas).Each soil component is associated with an ecological site. Miscellaneous areas, suchas rock outcrop, sand dunes, and badlands, have little or no soil material and supportlittle or no vegetation and therefore are not linked to an ecological site. The table belowthe map lists all of the ecological sites for each map unit component in your area ofinterest.

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29

Custom Soil Resource ReportMap—Dominant Ecological Site (Kit Carson LLC Site Vicinity)

4289

500

4290

100

4290

700

4291

300

4291

900

4292

500

4293

100

4293

700

4289

500

4290

100

4290

700

4291

300

4291

900

4292

500

4293

100

4293

700

4294

300689800 690400 691000 691600 692200 692800 693400

690400 691000 691600 692200 692800 693400

38° 46' 35'' N10

2° 4

8' 5

6'' W

38° 46' 35'' N

102°

46'

22'

' W

38° 43' 55'' N

102°

48'

56'

' W

38° 43' 55'' N

102°

46'

22'

' W

N

Map projection: Web Mercator Corner coordinates: WGS84 Edge tics: UTM Zone 13N WGS840 1000 2000 4000 6000

Feet0 350 700 1400 2100

MetersMap Scale: 1:24,000 if printed on A portrait (8.5" x 11") sheet.

MAP LEGEND MAP INFORMATION

Area of Interest (AOI)Area of Interest (AOI)

SoilsSoil Rating Polygons

R067BY002CO

R067BY008CO

R067BY024CO

R067BY031CO

R067BY037CO

R069XY019CO

Not rated or not available

Soil Rating LinesR067BY002CO

R067BY008CO

R067BY024CO

R067BY031CO

R067BY037CO

R069XY019CO


Soil Rating PointsR067BY002CO

R067BY008CO

R067BY024CO

R067BY031CO

R067BY037CO

R069XY019CO


Water FeaturesStreams and Canals

TransportationRails

Interstate Highways

US Routes

Major Roads

Local Roads

BackgroundAerial Photography

The soil surveys that comprise your AOI were mapped at 1:24,000.

Please rely on the bar scale on each map sheet for mapmeasurements.

Source of Map: Natural Resources Conservation ServiceWeb Soil Survey URL: http://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.govCoordinate System: Web Mercator (EPSG:3857)

Maps from the Web Soil Survey are based on the Web Mercatorprojection, which preserves direction and shape but distortsdistance and area. A projection that preserves area, such as theAlbers equal-area conic projection, should be used if more accuratecalculations of distance or area are required.

This product is generated from the USDA-NRCS certified data as ofthe version date(s) listed below.

Soil Survey Area: Cheyenne County, ColoradoSurvey Area Data: Version 17, Sep 22, 2015

Soil map units are labeled (as space allows) for map scales 1:50,000or larger.

Date(s) aerial images were photographed: Jul 27, 2010—Sep 20,2010

The orthophoto or other base map on which the soil lines werecompiled and digitized probably differs from the backgroundimagery displayed on these maps. As a result, some minor shiftingof map unit boundaries may be evident.


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Table—Ecological Sites by Map Unit Component (KitCarson LLC Site Vicinity)


Map unit symbol Map unit name Component name(percent)

Ecological site Acres in AOI Percent of AOI

7 Bijou loamy sand, 0to 3 percent slopes

Bijou (85%) R067BY024CO —Sandy Plains

0.5 0.1%

Valent (10%) R067BY015CO —Deep Sand

Olnest (5%) R067BY024CO —Sandy Plains

13 Fort Collins loam, 0to 3 percent slopes

Fort Collins (85%) R067BY002CO —Loamy Plains

35.5 7.0%

Nunn (10%) R067BY002CO —Loamy Plains

Vona (5%) R067BY024CO —Sandy Plains

14 Fort Collins-Vonacomplex, 0 to 3percent slopes

Fort Collins (50%) R067BY002CO —Loamy Plains

122.5 24.0%

Vona (40%) R067BY024CO —Sandy Plains

Manzanola (5%)

Olney (5%)

15 Bankard-Glenbergcomplex, 0 to 3percent slopes,moist,occasionallyflooded

Bankard,occasionallyflooded (60%)

R067BY031CO —Sandy Bottomland

152.0 29.8%

Glenberg,occasionallyflooded (30%)


Haverson,occasionallyflooded (10%)

R067BY036CO —Overflow

17 Haverson loam, 0 to1 percent slopes

Haverson,Occasionallyflooded (80%)


17.2 3.4%

Bankard (10%)

Glenberg (10%)

21 Kim loam, 1 to 3percent slopes,eroded

Kim (85%) R067BY002CO —Loamy Plains

8.8 1.7%

Fort Collins (10%)

Stoneham (5%)

22 Kim loam, 3 to 12percent slopes

Kim (85%) R067BY008CO —Loamy Slopes

8.9 1.7%

Stoneham (10%)

Fort Collins (5%)


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Map unit symbol Map unit name Component name(percent)

Ecological site Acres in AOI Percent of AOI

30 Manzanst clay loam,0 to 3 percentslopes

Manzanst (85%) R067BY037CO —Saline Overflow

60.2 11.8%

Ritoazul (7%) R067BY042CO —Clayey Plains

Arvada (6%) R067XY033CO —Salt Flat

Wiley (2%) R067BY002CO —Loamy Plains

51 Vona loamy sand,warm, 3 to 6percent slopes

Vona, warm (85%) R067BY024CO —Sandy Plains

77.5 15.2%

Olnest, warm (5%) R067BY024CO —Sandy Plains

Otero (5%) R067BY024CO —Sandy Plains

Valent, warm (5%) R067BY015CO —Deep Sand

59 Valent loamy sand, 1to 15 percentslopes, dry

Valent, dry (85%) R069XY019CO —Deep Sand

27.1 5.3%

Vonid (10%) R069XY026CO —Sandy Plains

Olney (5%) R069XY026CO —Sandy Plains

Totals for Area of Interest 510.1 100.0%


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Soil ReportsThe Soil Reports section includes various formatted tabular and narrative reports(tables) containing data for each selected soil map unit and each component of eachunit. No aggregation of data has occurred as is done in reports in the Soil Propertiesand Qualities and Suitabilities and Limitations sections.

The reports contain soil interpretive information as well as basic soil properties andqualities. A description of each report (table) is included.

AOI Inventory

This folder contains a collection of tabular reports that present a variety of soilinformation. Included are various map unit description reports, special soilinterpretation reports, and data summary reports.

Component Description (Nontechnical) (Kit Carson LLCSite Vicinity)

The map units delineated on the detailed soil maps in a soil survey represent the soilsor miscellaneous areas in the selected area. The component descriptions in thisreport, along with the maps, can be used to determine the composition and propertiesof a unit. A map unit delineation on a soil map represents an area dominated by oneor more major kinds of soil or miscellaneous areas. A map unit is identified and namedaccording to the taxonomic classification of the associated soils. Within a taxonomicclass there are precisely defined limits for the properties of the soils. On the landscape,however, the soils are natural phenomena, and they have the characteristic variabilityof all natural phenomena. Thus, the range of some observed properties may extendbeyond the limits defined for a taxonomic class. Areas of soils of a single taxonomicclass rarely, if ever, can be mapped without including areas of other taxonomicclasses. Consequently, every map unit is made up of the soils or miscellaneous areas(components) for which it is named and some minor components that belong totaxonomic classes other than those of the major soils.

The "Map Unit Component Nontechnical Descriptions" report gives a brief, generaldescription of the soil components that occur in a map unit. Descriptions of nonsoil(miscellaneous areas) and minor map unit components may or may not be included.This description is written by the local soil scientists responsible for the respective soilsurvey area data. A more detailed description can be generated by the "Map UnitDescription" report.

Additional information about the map units described in this report is available in otherSoil Data Mart reports, which give properties of the soils and the limitations,capabilities, and potentials for many uses. Also, the narratives that accompany theSoil Data Mart reports define some of the properties included in the map unitdescriptions.


33

Building Site Development

This folder contains a collection of tabular reports that present soil interpretationsrelated to building site development. The reports (tables) include all selected map unitsand components for each map unit, limiting features and interpretive ratings. Buildingsite development interpretations are designed to be used as tools for evaluating soilsuitability and identifying soil limitations for various construction purposes. As part ofthe interpretation process, the rating applies to each soil in its described condition anddoes not consider present land use. Example interpretations can include corrosion ofconcrete and steel, shallow excavations, dwellings with and without basements, smallcommercial buildings, local roads and streets, and lawns and landscaping.

Roads and Streets, Shallow Excavations, and Lawns andLandscaping (Kit Carson LLC Site Vicinity)

Soil properties influence the development of building sites, including the selection ofthe site, the design of the structure, construction, performance after construction, andmaintenance. This table shows the degree and kind of soil limitations that affect localroads and streets, shallow excavations, and lawns and landscaping.

The ratings in the table are both verbal and numerical. Rating class terms indicate theextent to which the soils are limited by all of the soil features that affect building sitedevelopment. Not limited indicates that the soil has features that are very favorablefor the specified use. Good performance and very low maintenance can be expected.Somewhat limited indicates that the soil has features that are moderately favorablefor the specified use. The limitations can be overcome or minimized by specialplanning, design, or installation. Fair performance and moderate maintenance can beexpected. Very limited indicates that the soil has one or more features that areunfavorable for the specified use. The limitations generally cannot be overcomewithout major soil reclamation, special design, or expensive installation procedures.Poor performance and high maintenance can be expected.

Numerical ratings in the table indicate the severity of individual limitations. The ratingsare shown as decimal fractions ranging from 0.01 to 1.00. They indicate gradationsbetween the point at which a soil feature has the greatest negative impact on the use(1.00) and the point at which the soil feature is not a limitation (0.00).

Local roads and streets have an all-weather surface and carry automobile and lighttruck traffic all year. They have a subgrade of cut or fill soil material; a base of gravel,crushed rock, or soil material stabilized by lime or cement; and a surface of flexiblematerial (asphalt), rigid material (concrete), or gravel with a binder. The ratings arebased on the soil properties that affect the ease of excavation and grading and thetraffic-supporting capacity. The properties that affect the ease of excavation andgrading are depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, hardness of bedrock or a cementedpan, depth to a water table, ponding, flooding, the amount of large stones, and slope.The properties that affect the traffic-supporting capacity are soil strength (as inferredfrom the AASHTO group index number), subsidence, linear extensibility (shrink-swellpotential), the potential for frost action, depth to a water table, and ponding.

Shallow excavations are trenches or holes dug to a maximum depth of 5 or 6 feet forgraves, utility lines, open ditches, or other purposes. The ratings are based on the soilproperties that influence the ease of digging and the resistance to sloughing. Depth


34

to bedrock or a cemented pan, hardness of bedrock or a cemented pan, the amountof large stones, and dense layers influence the ease of digging, filling, and compacting.Depth to the seasonal high water table, flooding, and ponding may restrict the periodwhen excavations can be made. Slope influences the ease of using machinery. Soiltexture, depth to the water table, and linear extensibility (shrink-swell potential)influence the resistance to sloughing.

Lawns and landscaping require soils on which turf and ornamental trees and shrubscan be established and maintained. Irrigation is not considered in the ratings. Theratings are based on the soil properties that affect plant growth and trafficability aftervegetation is established. The properties that affect plant growth are reaction; depthto a water table; ponding; depth to bedrock or a cemented pan; the available watercapacity in the upper 40 inches; the content of salts, sodium, or calcium carbonate;and sulfidic materials. The properties that affect trafficability are flooding, depth to awater table, ponding, slope, stoniness, and the amount of sand, clay, or organic matterin the surface layer.

Information in this table is intended for land use planning, for evaluating land usealternatives, and for planning site investigations prior to design and construction. Theinformation, however, has limitations. For example, estimates and other data generallyapply only to that part of the soil between the surface and a depth of 5 to 7 feet.Because of the map scale, small areas of different soils may be included within themapped areas of a specific soil.

The information is not site specific and does not eliminate the need for onsiteinvestigation of the soils or for testing and analysis by personnel experienced in thedesign and construction of engineering works.

Government ordinances and regulations that restrict certain land uses or imposespecific design criteria were not considered in preparing the information in this table.Local ordinances and regulations should be considered in planning, in site selection,and in design.

Report—Roads and Streets, Shallow Excavations, and Lawns andLandscaping (Kit Carson LLC Site Vicinity)

[Onsite investigation may be needed to validate the interpretations in this table and toconfirm the identity of the soil on a given site. The numbers in the value columns rangefrom 0.01 to 1.00. The larger the value, the greater the potential limitation. The tableshows only the top five limitations for any given soil. The soil may have additionallimitations]

Roads and Streets, Shallow Excavations, and Lawns and Landscaping–Cheyenne County, Colorado

Map symbol and soilname

Pct. ofmapunit

Local roads and streets Shallow excavations Lawns and landscaping

Rating class andlimiting features

Value Rating class andlimiting features


Value

7—Bijou loamy sand, 0to 3 percent slopes

Bijou 85 Somewhat limited Somewhat limited Somewhat limited

Frost action 0.50 Unstable excavationwalls

0.01 Low exchange capacity 0.50


35



Pct. ofmapunit





Value

13—Fort Collins loam,0 to 3 percent slopes

Fort collins 85 Somewhat limited Somewhat limited Somewhat limited

Low strength 0.96 Dusty 0.23 Dusty 0.23


0.01

14—Fort Collins-Vonacomplex, 0 to 3percent slopes


Shrink-swell 0.03 Dusty 0.31 Low exchange capacity 0.50

Unstable excavationwalls

0.01 Dusty 0.31

Vona 40 Not limited Somewhat limited Somewhat limited



15—Bankard-Glenberg complex, 0to 3 percent slopes,moist, occasionallyflooded

Bankard, occasionallyflooded

60 Very limited Somewhat limited Somewhat limited

Flooding 1.00 Unstable excavationwalls


Flooding 0.60 Flooding 0.60

Glenberg,occasionallyflooded


Flooding 1.00 Flooding 0.60 Flooding 0.60

Frost action 0.50 Dusty 0.03 Low exchange capacity 0.50


0.01 Dusty 0.03

17—Haverson loam, 0to 1 percent slopes

Haverson,occasionallyflooded


Flooding 1.00 Flooding 0.60 Flooding 0.60

Dusty 0.26 Low exchange capacity 0.50


0.01 Dusty 0.26


36



Pct. ofmapunit





Value

21—Kim loam, 1 to 3percent slopes,eroded

Kim 85 Not limited Somewhat limited Somewhat limited



0.01 Dusty 0.31

22—Kim loam, 3 to 12percent slopes

Kim 85 Not limited Somewhat limited Somewhat limited



0.01 Dusty 0.31

30—Manzanst clayloam, 0 to 3 percentslopes

Manzanst 85 Very limited Somewhat limited Somewhat limited

Shrink-swell 1.00 Dusty 0.41 Dusty 0.41

Low strength 1.00 Unstable excavationwalls

0.08

Too clayey 0.02

51—Vona loamy sand,warm, 3 to 6 percentslopes

Vona, warm 85 Somewhat limited Somewhat limited Somewhat limited



59—Valent loamysand, 1 to 15 percentslopes, dry

Valent, dry 85 Not limited Very limited Somewhat limited



Droughty 0.26

Construction Materials

This folder contains a collection of tabular reports that present soil interpretationsrelated to sources of construction materials. The reports (tables) include all selectedmap units and components for each map unit, limiting features and interpretive ratings.Construction materials interpretations are tools designed to provide guidance to usersin selecting a site for potential source of various materials. Individual soils or groupsof soils may be selected as a potential source because they are close at hand, are the


37

only source available, or they meets some or all of the physical or chemical propertiesrequired for the intended application. Example interpretations include roadfill, sandand gravel, topsoil and reclamation material.

Source of Reclamation Material, Roadfill, and Topsoil (KitCarson LLC Site Vicinity)

This table gives information about the soils as potential sources of reclamationmaterial, roadfill, and topsoil. Normal compaction, minor processing, and otherstandard construction practices are assumed.

The soils are rated good, fair, or poor as potential sources of reclamation material,roadfill, and topsoil. The features that limit the soils as sources of these materials arespecified in the table. Numerical ratings between 0.00 and 0.99 are given after thespecified features. These numbers indicate the degree to which the features limit thesoils as sources of topsoil, reclamation material, or roadfill. The lower the number, thegreater the limitation.

Reclamation material is used in areas that have been drastically disturbed by surfacemining or similar activities. When these areas are reclaimed, layers of soil material orunconsolidated geological material, or both, are replaced in a vertical sequence. Thereconstructed soil favors plant growth. The ratings in the table do not apply to quarriesand other mined areas that require an offsite source of reconstruction material. Theratings are based on the soil properties that affect erosion and stability of the surfaceand the productive potential of the reconstructed soil. These properties include thecontent of sodium, salts, and calcium carbonate; reaction; available water capacity;erodibility; texture; content of rock fragments; and content of organic matter and otherfeatures that affect fertility.

Roadfill is soil material that is excavated in one place and used in road embankmentsin another place. In this table, the soils are rated as a source of roadfill for lowembankments, generally less than 6 feet high and less exacting in design than higherembankments. The ratings are for the whole soil, from the surface to a depth of about5 feet. It is assumed that soil layers will be mixed when the soil material is excavatedand spread.

The ratings are based on the amount of suitable material and on soil properties thataffect the ease of excavation and the performance of the material after it is in place.The thickness of the suitable material is a major consideration. The ease of excavationis affected by large stones, depth to a water table, and slope. How well the soilperforms in place after it has been compacted and drained is determined by itsstrength (as inferred from the AASHTO classification of the soil) and linear extensibility(shrink-swell potential).

Topsoil is used to cover an area so that vegetation can be established and maintained.The upper 40 inches of a soil is evaluated for use as topsoil. Also evaluated is thereclamation potential of the borrow area. The ratings are based on the soil propertiesthat affect plant growth; the ease of excavating, loading, and spreading the material;and reclamation of the borrow area. Toxic substances, soil reaction, and the propertiesthat are inferred from soil texture, such as available water capacity and fertility, affectplant growth. The ease of excavating, loading, and spreading is affected by rockfragments, slope, depth to a water table, soil texture, and thickness of suitablematerial. Reclamation of the borrow area is affected by slope, depth to a water table,rock fragments, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, and toxic material.


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The surface layer of most soils is generally preferred for topsoil because of its organicmatter content. Organic matter greatly increases the absorption and retention ofmoisture and nutrients for plant growth.




Report—Source of Reclamation Material, Roadfill, and Topsoil (KitCarson LLC Site Vicinity)

[Onsite investigation may be needed to validate the interpretations in this table and toconfirm the identity of the soil on a given site. The numbers in the value columns rangefrom 0.00 to 0.99. The smaller the value, the greater the limitation]

Source of Reclamation Material, Roadfill, and Topsoil–Cheyenne County, Colorado


Pct. ofmapunit

Potential as a source ofreclamation material

Potential as a source of roadfill Potential as a source of topsoil




Value


Bijou 85 Poor Good Fair

Wind erosion 0.00 Exchange capacity 0.98

Low content of organicmatter

0.88 Too sandy 0.99

Too sandy 0.99


Fort collins 85 Poor Fair Good

Too alkaline 0.00 Low strength 0.78


0.13 Dusty 0.94

Water erosion 0.90


39



Pct. ofmapunit






Value


Fort collins 50 Fair Fair Fair


0.13 Dusty 0.87 Exchange capacity 0.95

Water erosion 0.99

Vona 40 Poor Good Fair



0.13



60 Poor Good Fair

Wind erosion 0.00 Too sandy 0.09

Too sandy 0.09 Exchange capacity 0.33


0.50


30 Fair Good Fair


0.13 Exchange capacity 0.95



80 Fair Fair Fair




Kim 85 Fair Fair Fair




Kim 85 Fair Fair Fair




40



Pct. ofmapunit






Value


Manzanst 85 Poor Poor Poor

Too clayey 0.00 Low strength 0.00 Too clayey 0.00


0.88 Shrink-swell 0.30 Sodium content 0.90

Sodium content 0.90 Dusty 0.80


Vona, warm 85 Poor Good Fair

Wind erosion 0.00 Too sandy 0.59


0.13 Exchange capacity 0.94

Too sandy 0.59


Valent, dry 85 Poor Good Poor

Too sandy 0.00 Too sandy 0.00



0.50

Sanitary Facilities

This folder contains a collection of tabular reports that present soil interpretationsrelated to sanitary facilities. The reports (tables) include all selected map units andcomponents for each map unit, limiting features and interpretive ratings. Sanitaryfacilities interpretations are tools designed to guide the user in site selection for thesafe disposal of sewage and solid waste. Example interpretations include septic tankabsorption fields, sewage lagoons, and sanitary landfills.

Landfills (Kit Carson LLC Site Vicinity)

This table shows the degree and kind of soil limitations that affect sanitary landfillsand daily cover for landfill. The ratings are both verbal and numerical. Rating classterms indicate the extent to which the soils are limited by all of the soil features thataffect these uses. Not limited indicates that the soil has features that are very favorablefor the specified use. Good performance and very low maintenance can be expected.


41

Somewhat limited indicates that the soil has features that are moderately favorablefor the specified use. The limitations can be overcome or minimized by specialplanning, design, or installation. Fair performance and moderate maintenance can beexpected. Very limited indicates that the soil has one or more features that areunfavorable for the specified use. The limitations generally cannot be overcomewithout major soil reclamation, special design, or expensive installation procedures.Poor performance and high maintenance can be expected.


A trench sanitary landfill is an area where solid waste is placed in successive layersin an excavated trench. The waste is spread, compacted, and covered daily with athin layer of soil excavated at the site. When the trench is full, a final cover of soilmaterial at least 2 feet thick is placed over the landfill. The ratings in the table arebased on the soil properties that affect the risk of pollution, the ease of excavation,trafficability, and revegetation. These properties include saturated hydraulicconductivity (Ksat), depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, depth to a water table,ponding, slope, flooding, texture, stones and boulders, highly organic layers, soilreaction, and content of salts and sodium. Unless otherwise stated, the ratings applyonly to that part of the soil within a depth of about 6 feet. For deeper trenches, onsiteinvestigation may be needed.

Hard, nonrippable bedrock, creviced bedrock, or highly permeable strata in or directlybelow the proposed trench bottom can affect the ease of excavation and the hazardof ground-water pollution. Slope affects construction of the trenches and themovement of surface water around the landfill. It also affects the construction andperformance of roads in areas of the landfill.

Soil texture and consistence affect the ease with which the trench is dug and the easewith which the soil can be used as daily or final cover. They determine the workabilityof the soil when dry and when wet. Soils that are plastic and sticky when wet aredifficult to excavate, grade, or compact and are difficult to place as a uniformly thickcover over a layer of refuse.

The soil material used as the final cover for a trench landfill should be suitable forplants. It should not have excess sodium or salts and should not be too acid. Thesurface layer generally has the best workability, the highest content of organic matter,and the best potential for plants. Material from the surface layer should be stockpiledfor use as the final cover.

In an area sanitary landfill, solid waste is placed in successive layers on the surfaceof the soil. The waste is spread, compacted, and covered daily with a thin layer of soilfrom a source away from the site. A final cover of soil material at least 2 feet thick isplaced over the completed landfill. The ratings in the table are based on the soilproperties that affect trafficability and the risk of pollution. These properties includeflooding, Ksat, depth to a water table, ponding, slope, and depth to bedrock or acemented pan.

Flooding is a serious problem because it can result in pollution in areas downstreamfrom the landfill. If Ksat is too rapid or if fractured bedrock, a fractured cemented pan,or the water table is close to the surface, the leachate can contaminate the watersupply. Slope is a consideration because of the extra grading required to maintainroads in the steeper areas of the landfill. Also, leachate may flow along the surface ofthe soils in the steeper areas and cause difficult seepage problems.


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Daily cover for landfill is the soil material that is used to cover compacted solid wastein an area sanitary landfill. The soil material is obtained offsite, transported to thelandfill, and spread over the waste. The ratings in the table also apply to the final coverfor a landfill. They are based on the soil properties that affect workability, the ease ofdigging, and the ease of moving and spreading the material over the refuse dailyduring wet and dry periods. These properties include soil texture, depth to a watertable, ponding, rock fragments, slope, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, reaction,and content of salts, sodium, or lime.

Loamy or silty soils that are free of large stones and excess gravel are the best coverfor a landfill. Clayey soils may be sticky and difficult to spread; sandy soils are subjectto wind erosion.

Slope affects the ease of excavation and of moving the cover material. Also, it caninfluence runoff, erosion, and reclamation of the borrow area.

After soil material has been removed, the soil material remaining in the borrow areamust be thick enough over bedrock, a cemented pan, or the water table to permitrevegetation. The soil material used as the final cover for a landfill should be suitablefor plants. It should not have excess sodium, salts, or lime and should not be too acid.




Report—Landfills (Kit Carson LLC Site Vicinity)


Landfills–Cheyenne County, Colorado


Pct. ofmapunit

Trench sanitary landfill Area sanitary landfill Daily cover for landfill




Value


Bijou 85 Not limited Not limited Very limited

Seepage 1.00


43



Pct. ofmapunit





Value



Dusty 0.23 Dusty 0.23 Dusty 0.23




Vona 40 Not limited Not limited Very limited

Seepage 1.00



60 Very limited Very limited Very limited

Flooding 1.00 Flooding 1.00 Seepage 1.00

Too sandy 0.50 Too sandy 0.50


30 Very limited Very limited Somewhat limited

Flooding 1.00 Flooding 1.00 Seepage 0.50




80 Very limited Very limited Somewhat limited

Flooding 1.00 Flooding 1.00 Dusty 0.26

Dusty 0.26 Dusty 0.26


Kim 85 Somewhat limited Somewhat limited Somewhat limited



Kim 85 Somewhat limited Somewhat limited Somewhat limited



44



Pct. ofmapunit





Value


Manzanst 85 Somewhat limited Somewhat limited Very limited

Dusty 0.41 Dusty 0.41 Hard to compact 1.00

Dusty 0.41


Vona, warm 85 Somewhat limited Not limited Very limited

Too sandy 0.50 Seepage 1.00

Too sandy 0.50


Valent, dry 85 Very limited Not limited Very limited

Too sandy 1.00 Seepage 1.00

Too sandy 1.00

Sewage Disposal (Kit Carson LLC Site Vicinity)

This table shows the degree and kind of soil limitations that affect septic tankabsorption fields and sewage lagoons. The ratings are both verbal and numerical.Rating class terms indicate the extent to which the soils are limited by all of the soilfeatures that affect these uses. Not limited indicates that the soil has features that arevery favorable for the specified use. Good performance and very low maintenancecan be expected. Somewhat limited indicates that the soil has features that aremoderately favorable for the specified use. The limitations can be overcome orminimized by special planning, design, or installation. Fair performance and moderatemaintenance can be expected. Very limited indicates that the soil has one or morefeatures that are unfavorable for the specified use. The limitations generally cannotbe overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or expensive installationprocedures. Poor performance and high maintenance can be expected.


Septic tank absorption fields are areas in which effluent from a septic tank is distributedinto the soil through subsurface tiles or perforated pipe. Only that part of the soilbetween depths of 24 and 72 inches or between a depth of 24 inches and a restrictivelayer is evaluated. The ratings are based on the soil properties that affect absorptionof the effluent, construction and maintenance of the system, and public health.Saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat), depth to a water table, ponding, depth to


45

bedrock or a cemented pan, and flooding affect absorption of the effluent. Stones andboulders, ice, and bedrock or a cemented pan interfere with installation. Subsidenceinterferes with installation and maintenance. Excessive slope may cause lateralseepage and surfacing of the effluent in downslope areas.

Some soils are underlain by loose sand and gravel or fractured bedrock at a depth ofless than 4 feet below the distribution lines. In these soils the absorption field may notadequately filter the effluent, particularly when the system is new. As a result, theground water may become contaminated.

Sewage lagoons are shallow ponds constructed to hold sewage while aerobic bacteriadecompose the solid and liquid wastes. Lagoons should have a nearly level floorsurrounded by cut slopes or embankments of compacted soil. Nearly impervious soilmaterial for the lagoon floor and sides is required to minimize seepage andcontamination of ground water. Considered in the ratings are slope, saturatedhydraulic conductivity (Ksat), depth to a water table, ponding, depth to bedrock or acemented pan, flooding, large stones, and content of organic matter.

Saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) is a critical property affecting the suitability forsewage lagoons. Most porous soils eventually become sealed when they are used assites for sewage lagoons. Until sealing occurs, however, the hazard of pollution issevere. Soils that have a Ksat rate of more than 14 micrometers per second are tooporous for the proper functioning of sewage lagoons. In these soils, seepage of theeffluent can result in contamination of the ground water. Ground-water contaminationis also a hazard if fractured bedrock is within a depth of 40 inches, if the water tableis high enough to raise the level of sewage in the lagoon, or if floodwater overtops thelagoon.

A high content of organic matter is detrimental to proper functioning of the lagoonbecause it inhibits aerobic activity. Slope, bedrock, and cemented pans can causeconstruction problems, and large stones can hinder compaction of the lagoon floor. Ifthe lagoon is to be uniformly deep throughout, the slope must be gentle enough andthe soil material must be thick enough over bedrock or a cemented pan to make landsmoothing practical.




Report—Sewage Disposal (Kit Carson LLC Site Vicinity)

[Onsite investigation may be needed to validate the interpretations in this table and toconfirm the identity of the soil on a given site. The numbers in the value columns rangefrom 0.01 to 1.00. The larger the value, the greater the potential limitation. The table


46

shows only the top five limitations for any given soil. The soil may have additionallimitations]

Sewage Disposal–Cheyenne County, Colorado

Map symbol and soil name Pct. ofmap unit

Septic tank absorption fields Sewage lagoons

Rating class and limitingfeatures

Value Rating class and limitingfeatures

Value

7—Bijou loamy sand, 0 to 3percent slopes

Bijou 85 Not limited Very limited

Seepage 1.00

13—Fort Collins loam, 0 to 3percent slopes

Fort collins 85 Somewhat limited Somewhat limited

Slow water movement 0.47 Seepage 0.53

14—Fort Collins-Vonacomplex, 0 to 3 percentslopes

Fort collins 50 Somewhat limited Somewhat limited


Vona 40 Very limited Very limited

Filtering capacity 1.00 Seepage 1.00

15—Bankard-Glenbergcomplex, 0 to 3 percentslopes, moist, occasionallyflooded

Bankard, occasionally flooded 60 Very limited Very limited



Glenberg, occasionallyflooded

30 Very limited Very limited


Seepage 1.00

17—Haverson loam, 0 to 1percent slopes

Haverson, occasionallyflooded

80 Very limited Very limited



21—Kim loam, 1 to 3 percentslopes, eroded

Kim 85 Somewhat limited Somewhat limited



47

Sewage Disposal–Cheyenne County, Colorado

Map symbol and soil name Pct. ofmap unit

Septic tank absorption fields Sewage lagoons

Rating class and limitingfeatures

Value Rating class and limitingfeatures

Value

22—Kim loam, 3 to 12 percentslopes

Kim 85 Somewhat limited Very limited

Slow water movement 0.50 Slope 1.00

Seepage 0.50

30—Manzanst clay loam, 0 to 3percent slopes

Manzanst 85 Very limited Not limited

Slow water movement 1.00

51—Vona loamy sand, warm, 3to 6 percent slopes

Vona, warm 85 Not limited Very limited

Seepage 1.00

Slope 0.68

59—Valent loamy sand, 1 to 15percent slopes, dry

Valent, dry 85 Very limited Very limited


Slope 1.00

Soil Chemical Properties

This folder contains a collection of tabular reports that present soil chemical properties.The reports (tables) include all selected map units and components for each map unit.Soil chemical properties are measured or inferred from direct observations in the fieldor laboratory. Examples of soil chemical properties include pH, cation exchangecapacity, calcium carbonate, gypsum, and electrical conductivity.

Chemical Soil Properties (Kit Carson LLC Site Vicinity)

This table shows estimates of some chemical characteristics and features that affectsoil behavior. These estimates are given for the layers of each soil in the survey area.The estimates are based on field observations and on test data for these and similarsoils.

Depth to the upper and lower boundaries of each layer is indicated.

Cation-exchange capacity is the total amount of extractable cations that can be heldby the soil, expressed in terms of milliequivalents per 100 grams of soil at neutrality(pH 7.0) or at some other stated pH value. Soils having a low cation-exchange capacityhold fewer cations and may require more frequent applications of fertilizer than soils


48

having a high cation-exchange capacity. The ability to retain cations reduces thehazard of ground-water pollution.

Effective cation-exchange capacity refers to the sum of extractable cations plusaluminum expressed in terms of milliequivalents per 100 grams of soil. It is determinedfor soils that have pH of less than 5.5.

Soil reaction is a measure of acidity or alkalinity. It is important in selecting crops andother plants, in evaluating soil amendments for fertility and stabilization, and indetermining the risk of corrosion.

Calcium carbonate equivalent is the percent of carbonates, by weight, in the fractionof the soil less than 2 millimeters in size. The availability of plant nutrients is influencedby the amount of carbonates in the soil.

Gypsum is expressed as a percent, by weight, of hydrated calcium sulfates in thefraction of the soil less than 20 millimeters in size. Gypsum is partially soluble in water.Soils that have a high content of gypsum may collapse if the gypsum is removed bypercolating water.

Salinity is a measure of soluble salts in the soil at saturation. It is expressed as theelectrical conductivity of the saturation extract, in millimhos per centimeter at 25degrees C. Estimates are based on field and laboratory measurements atrepresentative sites of nonirrigated soils. The salinity of irrigated soils is affected bythe quality of the irrigation water and by the frequency of water application. Hence,the salinity of soils in individual fields can differ greatly from the value given in thetable. Salinity affects the suitability of a soil for crop production, the stability of soil ifused as construction material, and the potential of the soil to corrode metal andconcrete.

Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) is a measure of the amount of sodium (Na) relative tocalcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) in the water extract from saturated soil paste. It isthe ratio of the Na concentration divided by the square root of one-half of the Ca + Mgconcentration. Soils that have SAR values of 13 or more may be characterized by anincreased dispersion of organic matter and clay particles, reduced saturated hydraulicconductivity and aeration, and a general degradation of soil structure.


49

Chemical Soil Properties–Cheyenne County, Colorado

Map symbol and soil name Depth Cation-exchangecapacity

Effectivecation-

exchangecapacity

Soil reaction Calciumcarbonate

Gypsum Salinity Sodiumadsorption ratio

In meq/100g meq/100g pH Pct Pct mmhos/cm

7—Bijou loamy sand, 0 to 3 percentslopes

Bijou 0-4 3.8-9.1 — 6.6-7.3 0 0 0.1-0.2 0

4-9 3.8-8.9 — 6.6-7.3 0 0 0.1-0.2 0

9-36 10-15 — 6.6-7.8 0 0 0.1-0.2 0

36-50 3.3-8.6 — 6.6-7.8 0 0 0.1-0.2 0

50-79 3.3-8.6 — 6.6-7.8 0 0 0.1-0.2 0

13—Fort Collins loam, 0 to 3 percentslopes

Fort collins 0-4 14-21 — 6.6-7.8 0-1 0 0.0-1.0 0

4-9 16-27 — 6.6-7.8 0-1 0 0 0

9-16 16-25 — 7.4-7.8 2-12 0 0 0

16-29 13-18 — 7.9-8.6 7-12 0 0.1-0.9 0-1

29-80 13-18 — 7.9-8.6 7-12 0 0.1-0.9 0-1

14—Fort Collins-Vona complex, 0 to3 percent slopes

Fort collins 0-5 5.0-15 — 6.6-7.8 0 0 0 0

5-18 5.0-20 — 6.6-7.8 0-1 0 0 0

18-28 5.0-20 — 6.6-7.8 1-5 0 0 0

28-60 5.0-10 — 7.9-9.0 5-15 0 0.0-2.0 0

Vona 0-4 2.0-5.0 — 6.6-7.8 0 0 0.0-2.0 0

4-20 5.0-10 — 6.6-8.4 0-10 0 0.0-4.0 0

20-60 5.0-10 — 7.9-9.0 2-15 0 0.0-4.0 0


50



Effectivecation-

exchangecapacity




15—Bankard-Glenberg complex, 0to 3 percent slopes, moist,occasionally flooded

Bankard, occasionally flooded 0-5 1.8-8.2 — 7.0-7.8 0-2 0 0.1-0.2 0

5-13 1.0-7.8 — 7.0-7.8 0-2 0 0.1-2.0 0

13-79 0.8-4.0 — 7.4-8.2 1-5 0 0.5-5.0 0

Glenberg, occasionally flooded 0-5 8.6-16 — 7.4-7.8 0-2 0 0.1-0.2 0

5-15 8.6-15 — 7.4-8.4 0-5 0 0.1-0.2 0

15-79 6.2-15 — 7.4-8.4 0-5 0 0.1-0.2 0

17—Haverson loam, 0 to 1 percentslopes

Haverson, occasionally flooded 0-14 5.0-20 — 7.4-8.4 0-5 0 0.0-8.0 0

14-60 5.0-20 — 7.4-9.0 1-15 0-1 0.0-8.0 0

21—Kim loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes,eroded

Kim 0-7 5.0-20 — 7.4-8.4 5-20 0 0 0

7-60 5.0-20 — 7.9-8.4 5-15 0 0.0-4.0 0

22—Kim loam, 3 to 12 percentslopes

Kim 0-7 5.0-20 — 7.4-8.4 5-20 0 0 0

7-60 5.0-20 — 7.9-8.4 5-15 0 0.0-4.0 0


51



Effectivecation-

exchangecapacity




30—Manzanst clay loam, 0 to 3percent slopes

Manzanst 0-3 22-25 — 7.4-8.4 0-10 0 1.0-4.0 0-10

3-12 25-34 — 7.4-8.4 5-10 0-1 1.0-4.0 1-10

12-37 25-34 — 7.4-8.4 5-10 0-1 2.0-6.0 1-10

37-52 20-29 — 7.9-9.0 5-15 0-3 2.0-6.0 1-10

52-79 20-29 — 7.9-9.0 5-15 0-3 4.0-7.0 1-10

51—Vona loamy sand, warm, 3 to 6percent slopes

Vona, warm 0-7 3.8-9.1 — 6.6-7.8 0 0 0.1-2.0 0

7-16 8.6-15 — 6.6-8.4 0 0 0.1-2.0 0

16-25 6.2-15 — 7.9-8.4 1-5 0 0.5-2.0 0-1

25-79 4.1-11 — 7.9-8.4 3-10 0 0.5-2.0 0-2

59—Valent loamy sand, 1 to 15percent slopes, dry

Valent, dry 0-5 2.6-8.0 — 6.6-7.8 0 0 0 0

5-60 1.7-6.3 — 6.6-7.8 0 0 0 0

60-79 1.6-4.7 — 6.6-7.8 0 0 0 0


52

Soil Physical Properties

This folder contains a collection of tabular reports that present soil physical properties.The reports (tables) include all selected map units and components for each map unit.Soil physical properties are measured or inferred from direct observations in the fieldor laboratory. Examples of soil physical properties include percent clay, organicmatter, saturated hydraulic conductivity, available water capacity, and bulk density.

Engineering Properties (Kit Carson LLC Site Vicinity)

This table gives the engineering classifications and the range of engineeringproperties for the layers of each soil in the survey area.

Hydrologic soil group is a group of soils having similar runoff potential under similarstorm and cover conditions. The criteria for determining Hydrologic soil group is foundin the National Engineering Handbook, Chapter 7 issued May 2007(http://directives.sc.egov.usda.gov/OpenNonWebContent.aspx?content=17757.wba).Listing HSGs by soil map unit component and not by soil series is a new concept forthe engineers. Past engineering references contained lists of HSGs by soil series. Soilseries are continually being defined and redefined, and the list of soil series nameschanges so frequently as to make the task of maintaining a single national list virtuallyimpossible. Therefore, the criteria is now used to calculate the HSG using thecomponent soil properties and no such national series lists will be maintained. All suchreferences are obsolete and their use should be discontinued. Soil properties thatinfluence runoff potential are those that influence the minimum rate of infiltration for abare soil after prolonged wetting and when not frozen. These properties are depth toa seasonal high water table, saturated hydraulic conductivity after prolonged wetting,and depth to a layer with a very slow water transmission rate. Changes in soilproperties caused by land management or climate changes also cause the hydrologicsoil group to change. The influence of ground cover is treated independently. Thereare four hydrologic soil groups, A, B, C, and D, and three dual groups, A/D, B/D, andC/D. In the dual groups, the first letter is for drained areas and the second letter is forundrained areas.

The four hydrologic soil groups are described in the following paragraphs:

Group A. Soils having a high infiltration rate (low runoff potential) when thoroughlywet. These consist mainly of deep, well drained to excessively drained sands orgravelly sands. These soils have a high rate of water transmission.

Group B. Soils having a moderate infiltration rate when thoroughly wet. These consistchiefly of moderately deep or deep, moderately well drained or well drained soils thathave moderately fine texture to moderately coarse texture. These soils have amoderate rate of water transmission.

Group C. Soils having a slow infiltration rate when thoroughly wet. These consistchiefly of soils having a layer that impedes the downward movement of water or soilsof moderately fine texture or fine texture. These soils have a slow rate of watertransmission.

Group D. Soils having a very slow infiltration rate (high runoff potential) whenthoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of clays that have a high shrink-swell potential,soils that have a high water table, soils that have a claypan or clay layer at or near the


53

surface, and soils that are shallow over nearly impervious material. These soils havea very slow rate of water transmission.


Texture is given in the standard terms used by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.These terms are defined according to percentages of sand, silt, and clay in the fractionof the soil that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter. "Loam," for example, is soil thatis 7 to 27 percent clay, 28 to 50 percent silt, and less than 52 percent sand. If thecontent of particles coarser than sand is 15 percent or more, an appropriate modifieris added, for example, "gravelly."

Classification of the soils is determined according to the Unified soil classificationsystem (ASTM, 2005) and the system adopted by the American Association of StateHighway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO, 2004).

The Unified system classifies soils according to properties that affect their use asconstruction material. Soils are classified according to particle-size distribution of thefraction less than 3 inches in diameter and according to plasticity index, liquid limit,and organic matter content. Sandy and gravelly soils are identified as GW, GP, GM,GC, SW, SP, SM, and SC; silty and clayey soils as ML, CL, OL, MH, CH, and OH;and highly organic soils as PT. Soils exhibiting engineering properties of two groupscan have a dual classification, for example, CL-ML.

The AASHTO system classifies soils according to those properties that affect roadwayconstruction and maintenance. In this system, the fraction of a mineral soil that is lessthan 3 inches in diameter is classified in one of seven groups from A-1 through A-7on the basis of particle-size distribution, liquid limit, and plasticity index. Soils in groupA-1 are coarse grained and low in content of fines (silt and clay). At the other extreme,soils in group A-7 are fine grained. Highly organic soils are classified in group A-8 onthe basis of visual inspection.

If laboratory data are available, the A-1, A-2, and A-7 groups are further classified asA-1-a, A-1-b, A-2-4, A-2-5, A-2-6, A-2-7, A-7-5, or A-7-6. As an additional refinement,the suitability of a soil as subgrade material can be indicated by a group index number.Group index numbers range from 0 for the best subgrade material to 20 or higher forthe poorest.

Rock fragments larger than 10 inches in diameter and 3 to 10 inches in diameter areindicated as a percentage of the total soil on a dry-weight basis. The percentages areestimates determined mainly by converting volume percentage in the field to weightpercentage.

Percentage (of soil particles) passing designated sieves is the percentage of the soilfraction less than 3 inches in diameter based on an ovendry weight. The sieves,numbers 4, 10, 40, and 200 (USA Standard Series), have openings of 4.76, 2.00,0.420, and 0.074 millimeters, respectively. Estimates are based on laboratory tests ofsoils sampled in the survey area and in nearby areas and on estimates made in thefield.

Liquid limit and plasticity index (Atterberg limits) indicate the plasticity characteristicsof a soil. The estimates are based on test data from the survey area or from nearbyareas and on field examination.

References:

American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). 2004.Standard specifications for transportation materials and methods of sampling andtesting. 24th edition.


54

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). 2005. Standard classification ofsoils for engineering purposes. ASTM Standard D2487-00.


55

Absence of an entry indicates that the data were not estimated. The asterisk '*' denotes the representative texture; other possibletextures follow the dash. The criteria for determining the hydrologic soil group for individual soil components is found in theNational Engineering Handbook, Chapter 7 issued May 2007(http://directives.sc.egov.usda.gov/OpenNonWebContent.aspx?content=17757.wba).

Engineering Properties–Cheyenne County, Colorado

Map unit symbol andsoil name

Pct. ofmapunit

Hydrologic

group

Depth USDA texture Classification Fragments Percentage passing sieve number— Liquidlimit

Plasticity index

Unified AASHTO >10inches

3-10inches

4 10 40 200

In Pct Pct Pct


Bijou 85 A 0-4 Loamy sand SM A-2-4 0- 0- 0 0- 0- 0 100-100-100

100-100-100

79-80-83

21-24-28

16-21-25

1-3 -6

4-9 Loamy sand SM A-2-4 0- 0- 0 0- 0- 0 100-100-100

100-100-100

79-80-83

21-24-28

16-20-23

1-3 -6

9-36 Sandy loam SC A-4 0- 0- 0 0- 0- 0 100-100-100

100-100-100

74-77-81

35-41-46

24-28-30

7-10-12

36-50 Loamy sand SM A-2-4 0- 0- 0 0- 0- 0 100-100-100

100-100-100

79-80-83

22-25-28

15-19-22

1-3 -6

50-79 Loamy sand, sand SM A-2-4 0- 0- 0 0- 0- 0 100-100-100

95-97-100

74-77-82

17-20-25

15-19-22

1-3 -6


Fort collins 85 C 0-4 Loam CL A-6 0- 0- 0 0- 0- 0 100-100-100

100-100-100

93-96-100

65-71-77

28-32-40

10-13-18

4-9 Clay loam, loam CL A-7-6, A-6 0- 0- 0 0- 0- 0 100-100-100

100-100-100

84-94-99

57-69-78

31-43-47

13-23-25

9-16 Clay loam, loam CL A-7-6 0- 0- 0 0- 0- 0 100-100-100

100-100-100

84-94-99

57-69-78

30-43-47

12-22-25

16-29 Clay loam, loam CL A-6, A-4 0- 0- 0 0- 0- 0 100-100-100

100-100-100

92-96-100

62-68-73

28-30-40

10-12-20

29-80 Loam, clay loam CL A-4, A-6 0- 0- 0 0- 0- 0 100-100-100

100-100-100

92-96-100

62-68-73

28-30-40

10-12-20


56



Pct. ofmapunit

Hydrologic

group


Plasticity index


3-10inches

4 10 40 200

In Pct Pct Pct


Fort collins 50 B 0-5 Loam ML A-4 0- 0- 0 0- 0- 0 95-98-100

90-95-100

85-93-100

50-58-65

20-25-30

NP-3 -5

5-18 Loam, clay loam CL A-6 0- 0- 0 0- 0- 0 95-98-100

90-95-100

85-90-95

60-68-75

25-33-40

10-15-20

18-28 Loam, clay loam CL A-6 0- 0- 0 0- 0- 0 95-98-100

90-95-100

85-90-95

60-68-75

25-33-40

10-15-20

28-60 Loam, silt loam, finesandy loam

CL, CL-ML, ML

A-4 0- 0- 0 0- 0- 0 95-98-100

90-95-100

80-88-95

50-63-75

20-25-30

NP-5-10

Vona 40 A 0-4 Loamy sand SM A-2-4 0- 0- 0 0- 0- 0 100-100-100

100-100-100

50-63-75

15-23-30

— NP

4-20 Fine sandy loam,sandy loam

SC, SC-SM, SM

A-2, A-4 0- 0- 0 0- 0- 0 100-100-100

90-95-100

60-75-90

30-38-45

20-25-30

NP-5-10

20-60 Sandy loam, loamysand, loamy finesand

SC-SM,SM

A-2-4, A-4 0- 0- 0 0- 0- 0 100-100-100

90-95-100

50-68-85

15-28-40

20-23-25

NP-3 -5


57



Pct. ofmapunit

Hydrologic

group


Plasticity index


3-10inches

4 10 40 200

In Pct Pct Pct

15—Bankard-Glenbergcomplex, 0 to 3percent slopes,moist, occasionallyflooded


60 A 0-5 Loamy sand SC-SM A-2-4 0- 0- 0 0- 0- 0 97-100-100

92-100-100

69-80-83

17-23-26

0-21 -25 NP-5 -6


92-100-100

70-78-85

25-29-36

0-0 -23 NP-0 -6


79-95-100

61-73-81

21-26-31

0-0 -17 NP-0 -2


30 A 0-5 Sandy loam SC A-4 0- 0- 0 0- 0- 0 100-100-100

100-100-100

74-77-80

35-40-45

22-28-32

6-10-12

5-15 Sandy loam SC A-4 0- 0- 0 0- 0- 0 100-100-100

100-100-100

74-76-80

33-38-43

22-24-30

6-8 -12

15-79 Sandy loam SC-SM A-4 0- 0- 0 0- 0- 0 100-100-100

100-100-100

75-78-81

35-41-46

19-22-29

4-6 -12



80 B 0-14 Loam CL, CL-ML A-4 0- 0- 0 0- 0- 0 100-100-100

100-100-100

85-90-95

60-68-75

25-28-30

5-8 -10

14-60 Stratified sand to clayloam

CL, CL-ML, SC,SC-SM

A-4, A-6 0- 0- 0 0- 0- 0 95-98-100

75-88-100

65-78-90

45-53-60

25-30-35

5-10-15


58



Pct. ofmapunit

Hydrologic

group


Plasticity index


3-10inches

4 10 40 200

In Pct Pct Pct


Kim 85 B 0-7 Loam CL, CL-ML A-4 0- 0- 0 0- 3- 5 85-93-100

80-90-100

70-83-95

50-63-75

25-28-30

5-8 -10

7-60 Loam, clay loam,sandy clay loam

CL, CL-ML, SC,SC-SM

A-4, A-6 0- 0- 0 0- 3- 5 85-93-100

80-90-100

65-83-100

40-60-80

25-30-35

5-10-15


Kim 85 B 0-7 Loam CL, CL-ML A-4 0- 0- 0 0- 3- 5 85-93-100

80-90-100

70-83-95

50-63-75

25-28-30

5-8 -10

7-60 Loam, clay loam,sandy clay loam

CL, CL-ML, SC,SC-SM

A-4, A-6 0- 0- 0 0- 3- 5 85-93-100

80-90-100

65-83-100

40-60-80

25-30-35

5-10-15


Manzanst 85 C 0-3 Clay loam CL A-7-6 0- 0- 0 0- 0- 0 100-100-100

100-100-100

88-91-94

67-71-75

38-44-49

17-21-25

3-12 Clay loam, clay, siltyclay loam

CH A-7-6 0- 0- 0 0- 0- 0 100-100-100

100-100-100

90-94-98

70-77-84

45-52-61

23-29-36

12-37 Clay loam, clay, siltyclay loam

CH A-7-6 0- 0- 0 0- 0- 0 100-100-100

100-100-100

90-94-98

70-77-84

45-52-61

23-29-36

37-52 Clay, clay loam, siltyclay loam

CL A-7-6 0- 0- 0 0- 0- 0 100-100-100

100-100-100

89-93-97

68-75-81

38-49-55

19-27-32

52-79 Silty clay loam, clay,clay loam

CL A-7-6 0- 0- 0 0- 0- 0 100-100-100

100-100-100

89-93-97

68-75-81

38-49-55

19-27-32


59



Pct. ofmapunit

Hydrologic

group


Plasticity index


3-10inches

4 10 40 200

In Pct Pct Pct


Vona, warm 85 A 0-7 Loamy sand SM A-2-4 0- 0- 0 0- 0- 0 100-100-100

100-100-100

78-80-83

20-23-27

16-21-25

1-3 -6

7-16 Sandy loam SC A-4 0- 0- 0 0- 0- 0 100-100-100

100-100-100

73-77-81

34-39-44

22-26-30

6-9 -12

16-25 Sandy loam SC A-4 0- 0- 0 0- 0- 0 100-100-100

91-100-100

65-77-82

29-39-45

19-24-29

4-8 -12

25-79 Loamy sand, sandyloam

SC-SM A-2-4 0- 0- 0 0- 0- 0 100-100-100

91-100-100

71-81-85

15-20-26

16-21-26

1-5 -9


Valent, dry 85 A 0-5 Loamy sand SM A-2-4 0- 0- 0 0- 0- 0 100-100-100

100-100-100

76-80-83

16-22-27

0-20 -24 NP-3 -6

5-60 Fine sand, loamy finesand

SM A-2-4 0- 0- 0 0- 0- 0 100-100-100

100-100-100

91-95-99

14-18-23

0-17 -21 NP-2 -4

60-79 Sand SP-SM A-2-4 0- 0- 0 0- 0- 0 100-100-100

92-97-100

70-75-79

7- 9- 12 0-16 -18 NP-1 -3


60

Physical Soil Properties (Kit Carson LLC Site Vicinity)

This table shows estimates of some physical characteristics and features that affectsoil behavior. These estimates are given for the layers of each soil in the survey area.The estimates are based on field observations and on test data for these and similarsoils.


Particle size is the effective diameter of a soil particle as measured by sedimentation,sieving, or micrometric methods. Particle sizes are expressed as classes with specificeffective diameter class limits. The broad classes are sand, silt, and clay, ranging fromthe larger to the smaller.

Sand as a soil separate consists of mineral soil particles that are 0.05 millimeter to 2millimeters in diameter. In this table, the estimated sand content of each soil layer isgiven as a percentage, by weight, of the soil material that is less than 2 millimeters indiameter.

Silt as a soil separate consists of mineral soil particles that are 0.002 to 0.05 millimeterin diameter. In this table, the estimated silt content of each soil layer is given as apercentage, by weight, of the soil material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter.

Clay as a soil separate consists of mineral soil particles that are less than 0.002millimeter in diameter. In this table, the estimated clay content of each soil layer isgiven as a percentage, by weight, of the soil material that is less than 2 millimeters indiameter.

The content of sand, silt, and clay affects the physical behavior of a soil. Particle sizeis important for engineering and agronomic interpretations, for determination of soilhydrologic qualities, and for soil classification.

The amount and kind of clay affect the fertility and physical condition of the soil andthe ability of the soil to adsorb cations and to retain moisture. They influence shrink-swell potential, saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat), plasticity, the ease of soildispersion, and other soil properties. The amount and kind of clay in a soil also affecttillage and earthmoving operations.

Moist bulk density is the weight of soil (ovendry) per unit volume. Volume is measuredwhen the soil is at field moisture capacity, that is, the moisture content at 1/3- or 1/10-bar (33kPa or 10kPa) moisture tension. Weight is determined after the soil is dried at105 degrees C. In the table, the estimated moist bulk density of each soil horizon isexpressed in grams per cubic centimeter of soil material that is less than 2 millimetersin diameter. Bulk density data are used to compute linear extensibility, shrink-swellpotential, available water capacity, total pore space, and other soil properties. Themoist bulk density of a soil indicates the pore space available for water and roots.Depending on soil texture, a bulk density of more than 1.4 can restrict water storageand root penetration. Moist bulk density is influenced by texture, kind of clay, contentof organic matter, and soil structure.

Saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) refers to the ease with which pores in asaturated soil transmit water. The estimates in the table are expressed in terms ofmicrometers per second. They are based on soil characteristics observed in the field,particularly structure, porosity, and texture. Saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) isconsidered in the design of soil drainage systems and septic tank absorption fields.


61

Available water capacity refers to the quantity of water that the soil is capable of storingfor use by plants. The capacity for water storage is given in inches of water per inchof soil for each soil layer. The capacity varies, depending on soil properties that affectretention of water. The most important properties are the content of organic matter,soil texture, bulk density, and soil structure. Available water capacity is an importantfactor in the choice of plants or crops to be grown and in the design and managementof irrigation systems. Available water capacity is not an estimate of the quantity ofwater actually available to plants at any given time.

Linear extensibility refers to the change in length of an unconfined clod as moisturecontent is decreased from a moist to a dry state. It is an expression of the volumechange between the water content of the clod at 1/3- or 1/10-bar tension (33kPa or10kPa tension) and oven dryness. The volume change is reported in the table aspercent change for the whole soil. The amount and type of clay minerals in the soilinfluence volume change.

Linear extensibility is used to determine the shrink-swell potential of soils. The shrink-swell potential is low if the soil has a linear extensibility of less than 3 percent; moderateif 3 to 6 percent; high if 6 to 9 percent; and very high if more than 9 percent. If thelinear extensibility is more than 3, shrinking and swelling can cause damage tobuildings, roads, and other structures and to plant roots. Special design commonly isneeded.

Organic matter is the plant and animal residue in the soil at various stages ofdecomposition. In this table, the estimated content of organic matter is expressed asa percentage, by weight, of the soil material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter.The content of organic matter in a soil can be maintained by returning crop residue tothe soil.

Organic matter has a positive effect on available water capacity, water infiltration, soilorganism activity, and tilth. It is a source of nitrogen and other nutrients for crops andsoil organisms.

Erosion factors are shown in the table as the K factor (Kw and Kf) and the T factor.Erosion factor K indicates the susceptibility of a soil to sheet and rill erosion by water.Factor K is one of six factors used in the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) and theRevised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) to predict the average annual rate ofsoil loss by sheet and rill erosion in tons per acre per year. The estimates are basedprimarily on percentage of silt, sand, and organic matter and on soil structure and Ksat.Values of K range from 0.02 to 0.69. Other factors being equal, the higher the value,the more susceptible the soil is to sheet and rill erosion by water.

Erosion factor Kw indicates the erodibility of the whole soil. The estimates are modifiedby the presence of rock fragments.

Erosion factor Kf indicates the erodibility of the fine-earth fraction, or the material lessthan 2 millimeters in size.

Erosion factor T is an estimate of the maximum average annual rate of soil erosion bywind and/or water that can occur without affecting crop productivity over a sustainedperiod. The rate is in tons per acre per year.

Wind erodibility groups are made up of soils that have similar properties affecting theirsusceptibility to wind erosion in cultivated areas. The soils assigned to group 1 are themost susceptible to wind erosion, and those assigned to group 8 are the leastsusceptible. The groups are described in the "National Soil Survey Handbook."

Wind erodibility index is a numerical value indicating the susceptibility of soil to winderosion, or the tons per acre per year that can be expected to be lost to wind erosion.


62

There is a close correlation between wind erosion and the texture of the surface layer,the size and durability of surface clods, rock fragments, organic matter, and acalcareous reaction. Soil moisture and frozen soil layers also influence wind erosion.

Reference:United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service.National soil survey handbook, title 430-VI. (http://soils.usda.gov)


63

http://soils.usda.gov

Physical Soil Properties–Cheyenne County, Colorado

Map symboland soil name

Depth Sand Silt Clay Moistbulk

density

Saturatedhydraulic

conductivity

Availablewater

capacity

Linearextensibility

Organicmatter

Erosion factors Winderodibility

group

Winderodibility

indexKw Kf T

In Pct Pct Pct g/cc micro m/sec In/In Pct Pct

7—Bijou loamysand, 0 to 3percentslopes

Bijou 0-4 75-83- 85 5-10- 18 4- 7- 10 1.50-1.59-1.68

42.34-91.70-141.14

0.07-0.08-0.09

0.3- 0.7- 1.0 0.5- 1.3-2.0

.10 .10 5 2 134

4-9 75-83- 85 5-10- 18 4- 7- 10 1.50-1.60-1.71

42.34-91.70-141.14

0.07-0.08-0.09

0.3- 0.6- 1.0 0.5- 0.8-1.0

.17 .17

9-36 55-65- 75 7-19- 32 12-16- 18 1.52-1.56-1.61

14.11-28.20-42.34

0.10-0.11-0.12

1.2- 1.7- 1.9 0.5- 0.8-1.0

.20 .20

36-50 75-82- 85 5-11- 19 4- 7- 10 1.62-1.66-1.69

42.34-91.70-141.10

0.07-0.08-0.09

0.3- 0.6- 1.0 0.0- 0.3-0.5

.17 .17

50-79 80-86- 95 0- 7- 16 4- 7- 10 1.58-1.60-1.63

42.34-91.70-220.00

0.07-0.08-0.09

0.3- 0.6- 1.0 0.0- 0.3-0.5

.05 .05

13—Fort Collinsloam, 0 to 3percentslopes

Fort collins 0-4 36-43- 50 28-38- 48 16-19- 26 1.44-1.47-1.50

4.23-9.17-42.34 0.15-0.15-0.17

1.7- 2.1- 3.5 1.0- 1.5-2.0

.43 .43 5 5 56

4-9 30-42- 45 20-26- 50 20-32- 35 1.45-1.49-1.53

1.41-2.82-14.11 0.15-0.16-0.16

2.3- 4.6- 5.1 0.5- 0.8-1.0

.32 .32

9-16 30-42- 45 20-26- 50 20-32- 35 1.45-1.49-1.53

1.41-9.17-14.11 0.15-0.16-0.16

2.1- 4.2- 4.9 0.5- 0.8-1.0

.28 .28

16-29 35-47- 50 20-32- 38 20-21- 30 1.48-1.50-1.51

1.41-9.17-14.11 0.15-0.15-0.16

1.5- 1.7- 3.3 0.0- 0.3-0.5

.43 .43

29-80 35-47- 50 20-32- 38 20-21- 30 1.48-1.50-1.51

1.41-9.17-14.11 0.15-0.15-0.16

1.5- 1.7- 3.3 0.0- 0.3-0.5

.43 .43


64




density

Saturatedhydraulic

conductivity

Availablewater

capacity

Linearextensibility

Organicmatter


group

Winderodibility

indexKw Kf T


14—FortCollins-Vonacomplex, 0 to3 percentslopes

Fort collins 0-5 -44- -40- 12-16- 20 1.35-1.38-1.40

4.23-9.00-14.11 0.16-0.18-0.20

0.0- 1.5- 2.9 1.0- 1.5-2.0

.32 .32 5 5 56

5-18 -38- -36- 18-27- 35 1.45-1.50-1.55

4.23-9.00-14.11 0.16-0.17-0.18

3.0- 4.5- 5.9 0.0- 0.3-0.5

.32 .32

18-28 -38- -36- 18-27- 35 1.45-1.50-1.55

4.23-9.00-14.11 0.16-0.17-0.18

3.0- 4.5- 5.9 0.0- 0.3-0.5

.32 .32

28-60 -42- -38- 12-20- 27 1.45-1.50-1.55

4.23-9.00-14.11 0.16-0.17-0.18

0.0- 1.5- 2.9 0.0- 0.3-0.5

.37 .37

Vona 0-4 -85- - 9- 3- 6- 8 1.45-1.53-1.60

42.00-92.00-141.00

0.06-0.07-0.08

0.0- 1.5- 2.9 0.5- 0.8-1.0

.15 .15 5 2 134

4-20 -67- -20- 8-13- 18 1.40-1.45-1.50

14.11-28.00-42.33

0.12-0.13-0.14

0.0- 1.5- 2.9 0.5- 0.8-1.0

.28 .28

20-60 -67- -24- 3- 9- 15 1.45-1.50-1.55

14.00-78.00-141.00

0.06-0.10-0.13

0.0- 1.5- 2.9 0.0- 0.3-0.5

.28 .28


65




density

Saturatedhydraulic

conductivity

Availablewater

capacity

Linearextensibility

Organicmatter


group

Winderodibility

indexKw Kf T


15—Bankard-Glenbergcomplex, 0 to3 percentslopes, moist,occasionallyflooded

Bankard,occasionallyflooded

0-5 74-84- 85 5- 9- 18 2- 7- 10 1.50-1.58-1.66

42.34-91.70-141.14

0.07-0.08-0.11

0.1- 0.6- 0.9 0.5- 1.3-2.0

.10 .10 5 2 134

5-13 70-80- 90 2-17- 29 1- 3- 10 1.60-1.64-1.69

42.34-91.70-141.14

0.07-0.11-0.11

0.1- 0.2- 0.9 0.5- 0.8-1.0

.15 .15

13-79 72-82- 92 5-17- 27 1- 1- 5 1.61-1.64-1.66

42.34-91.70-141.14

0.09-0.11-0.11

0.0- 0.1- 0.4 0.0- 0.5-0.5

.15 .15


0-5 60-66- 75 8-19- 30 10-15- 18 1.37-1.47-1.57

14.11-28.20-42.34

0.10-0.11-0.12

1.0- 1.6- 1.9 0.5- 1.3-2.0

.15 .15 5 3 86

5-15 60-68- 75 8-20- 30 10-12- 18 1.46-1.52-1.57

14.11-28.20-42.34

0.10-0.12-0.12

1.0- 1.2- 1.9 0.5- 0.8-1.0

.24 .24

15-79 60-66- 75 10-23- 32 8-11- 18 1.48-1.59-1.70

14.11-28.00-42.33

0.10-0.12-0.14

0.7- 1.1- 1.9 0.0- 0.3-0.5

.28 .28

17—Haversonloam, 0 to 1percentslopes


0-14 -43- -39- 10-19- 27 1.25-1.33-1.40

4.23-9.00-14.11 0.14-0.16-0.18

0.0- 1.5- 2.9 0.5- 1.3-2.0

.32 .32 5 5 56

14-60 — — 18-27- 35 1.35-1.38-1.40

4.23-9.00-14.11 0.14-0.16-0.18

0.0- 1.5- 2.9 0.0- 0.3-0.5


66




density

Saturatedhydraulic

conductivity

Availablewater

capacity

Linearextensibility

Organicmatter


group

Winderodibility

indexKw Kf T


21—Kim loam, 1to 3 percentslopes,eroded

Kim 0-7 -42- -37- 15-21- 27 1.25-1.33-1.40

4.23-9.00-14.11 0.14-0.16-0.18

0.0- 1.5- 2.9 0.5- 0.8-1.0

.28 .28 5 4L 86

7-60 -37- -35- 20-28- 35 1.30-1.35-1.40

4.23-9.00-14.11 0.15-0.16-0.17

0.0- 1.5- 2.9 0.0- 0.3-0.5

.32 .32

22—Kim loam, 3to 12 percentslopes

Kim 0-7 -42- -37- 15-21- 27 1.25-1.33-1.40

4.23-9.00-14.11 0.14-0.16-0.18

0.0- 1.5- 2.9 0.5- 0.8-1.0

.28 .28 5 4L 86

7-60 -37- -35- 20-28- 35 1.30-1.35-1.40

4.23-9.00-14.11 0.15-0.16-0.17

0.0- 1.5- 2.9 0.0- 0.3-0.5

.32 .32

30—Manzanstclay loam, 0 to3 percentslopes

Manzanst 0-3 30-35- 40 25-34- 43 27-31- 35 1.37-1.42-1.47

1.41-2.82-4.23 0.15-0.16-0.17

3.1- 3.9- 5.8 1.0- 1.8-2.0

.32 .32 5 4L 86

3-12 20-28- 33 17-30- 44 35-42- 50 1.42-1.44-1.47

0.42-0.92-1.41 0.13-0.15-0.15

5.2- 7.0- 9.1 0.5- 0.8-1.0

.28 .28

12-37 20-28- 33 17-30- 44 35-42- 50 1.42-1.44-1.47

0.42-0.92-1.41 0.13-0.15-0.15

5.2- 7.0- 9.1 0.5- 0.8-1.0

.28 .28

37-52 20-30- 35 20-30- 45 30-40- 45 1.31-1.40-1.49

0.42-0.92-1.41 0.13-0.15-0.15

3.1- 6.3- 7.6 0.0- 0.3-0.5

.28 .28

52-79 20-30- 35 20-30- 45 30-40- 45 1.31-1.40-1.49

0.42-0.92-1.41 0.13-0.15-0.15

3.1- 6.3- 7.6 0.0- 0.3-0.5

.28 .28


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density

Saturatedhydraulic

conductivity

Availablewater

capacity

Linearextensibility

Organicmatter


group

Winderodibility

indexKw Kf T


51—Vona loamysand, warm, 3to 6 percentslopes

Vona, warm 0-7 80-84- 88 2- 9- 16 4- 7- 10 1.55-1.58-1.60

42.33-92.00-141.10

0.07-0.09-0.11

0.3- 0.7- 1.0 0.5- 1.3-2.0

.15 .15 5 2 134

7-16 60-67- 75 8-19- 30 10-14- 18 1.57-1.60-1.63

14.11-28.00-42.33

0.10-0.12-0.13

1.0- 1.4- 1.9 0.5- 0.8-1.0

.24 .24

16-25 55-67- 75 7-20- 35 8-13- 18 1.55-1.58-1.61

14.11-28.00-42.33

0.10-0.12-0.13

0.7- 1.3- 1.9 0.0- 0.3-0.5

.24 .24

25-79 77-86- 88 0- 4- 15 5-10- 15 1.59-1.63-1.67

14.11-78.00-141.10

0.07-0.09-0.13

0.3- 0.8- 1.4 0.0- 0.3-0.5

.02 .02

59—Valentloamy sand, 1to 15 percentslopes, dry

Valent, dry 0-5 75-85- 90 0- 8- 19 3- 7- 10 1.55-1.59-1.63

42.00-92.00-141.10

0.07-0.10-0.12

0.2- 0.6- 0.9 0.5- 1.0-1.5

.10 .10 5 2 134

5-60 80-90- 98 0- 5- 17 2- 5- 8 1.52-1.55-1.58

141.10-175.00-282.00

0.05-0.08-0.10

0.1- 0.4- 0.7 0.3- 0.5-0.8

.05 .05

60-79 90-95- 98 0- 1- 7 2- 4- 6 1.65-1.66-1.67

141.10-175.00-282.00

0.05-0.08-0.10

0.1- 0.3- 0.5 0.1- 0.3-0.5

.02 .02


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Water Features

This folder contains tabular reports that present soil hydrology information. The reports(tables) include all selected map units and components for each map unit. WaterFeatures include ponding frequency, flooding frequency, and depth to water table.

Hydrologic Soil Group and Surface Runoff (Kit CarsonLLC Site Vicinity)

This table gives estimates of various soil water features. The estimates are used inland use planning that involves engineering considerations.

Hydrologic soil groups are based on estimates of runoff potential. Soils are assignedto one of four groups according to the rate of water infiltration when the soils are notprotected by vegetation, are thoroughly wet, and receive precipitation from long-duration storms.

The four hydrologic soil groups are:

Group A. Soils having a high infiltration rate (low runoff potential) when thoroughlywet. These consist mainly of deep, well drained to excessively drained sands orgravelly sands. These soils have a high rate of water transmission.

Group B. Soils having a moderate infiltration rate when thoroughly wet. These consistchiefly of moderately deep or deep, moderately well drained or well drained soils thathave moderately fine texture to moderately coarse texture. These soils have amoderate rate of water transmission.

Group C. Soils having a slow infiltration rate when thoroughly wet. These consistchiefly of soils having a layer that impedes the downward movement of water or soilsof moderately fine texture or fine texture. These soils have a slow rate of watertransmission.

Group D. Soils having a very slow infiltration rate (high runoff potential) whenthoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of clays that have a high shrink-swell potential,soils that have a high water table, soils that have a claypan or clay layer at or near thesurface, and soils that are shallow over nearly impervious material. These soils havea very slow rate of water transmission.

If a soil is assigned to a dual hydrologic group (A/D, B/D, or C/D), the first letter is fordrained areas and the second is for undrained areas.

Surface runoff refers to the loss of water from an area by flow over the land surface.Surface runoff classes are based on slope, climate, and vegetative cover. The conceptindicates relative runoff for very specific conditions. It is assumed that the surface ofthe soil is bare and that the retention of surface water resulting from irregularities inthe ground surface is minimal. The classes are negligible, very low, low, medium, high,and very high.


69

Report—Hydrologic Soil Group and Surface Runoff (Kit CarsonLLC Site Vicinity)

Absence of an entry indicates that the data were not estimated. The dash indicatesno documented presence.

Hydrologic Soil Group and Surface Runoff–Cheyenne County, Colorado

Map symbol and soil name Pct. of map unit Surface Runoff Hydrologic Soil Group

7—Bijou loamy sand, 0 to 3 percent slopes

Bijou 85 — A

13—Fort Collins loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes

Fort collins 85 Low C

14—Fort Collins-Vona complex, 0 to 3 percent slopes

Fort collins 50 Low B

Vona 40 Very low A

15—Bankard-Glenberg complex, 0 to 3 percent slopes,moist, occasionally flooded

Bankard, occasionally flooded 60 — A

Glenberg, occasionally flooded 30 — A

17—Haverson loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes

Haverson, occasionally flooded 80 Low B

21—Kim loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes, eroded

Kim 85 Low B

22—Kim loam, 3 to 12 percent slopes

Kim 85 Medium B

30—Manzanst clay loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes

Manzanst 85 — C

51—Vona loamy sand, warm, 3 to 6 percent slopes

Vona, warm 85 — A

59—Valent loamy sand, 1 to 15 percent slopes, dry

Valent, dry 85 — A

Water Management

This folder contains a collection of tabular reports that present soil interpretationsrelated to water management. The reports (tables) include all selected map units andcomponents for each map unit, limiting features and interpretive ratings. Watermanagement interpretations are tools for evaluating the potential of the soil in theapplication of various water management practices. Example interpretations includepond reservoir area, embankments, dikes, levees, and excavated ponds.


70

Ponds and Embankments (Kit Carson LLC Site Vicinity)

This table gives information on the soil properties and site features that affect watermanagement. The degree and kind of soil limitations are given for pond reservoirareas; embankments, dikes, and levees; and aquifer-fed excavated ponds. Theratings are both verbal and numerical. Rating class terms indicate the extent to whichthe soils are limited by all of the soil features that affect these uses. Not limitedindicates that the soil has features that are very favorable for the specified use. Goodperformance and very low maintenance can be expected. Somewhat limited indicatesthat the soil has features that are moderately favorable for the specified use. Thelimitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or installation.Fair performance and moderate maintenance can be expected. Very limited indicatesthat the soil has one or more features that are unfavorable for the specified use. Thelimitations generally cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, specialdesign, or expensive installation procedures. Poor performance and highmaintenance can be expected.


Pond reservoir areas hold water behind a dam or embankment. Soils best suited tothis use have low seepage potential in the upper 60 inches. The seepage potential isdetermined by the saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) of the soil and the depth tofractured bedrock or other permeable material. Excessive slope can affect the storagecapacity of the reservoir area.

Embankments, dikes, and levees are raised structures of soil material, generally lessthan 20 feet high, constructed to impound water or to protect land against overflow.Embankments that have zoned construction (core and shell) are not considered. Inthis table, the soils are rated as a source of material for embankment fill. The ratingsapply to the soil material below the surface layer to a depth of 5 or 6 feet. It is assumedthat soil layers will be uniformly mixed and compacted during construction.

The ratings do not indicate the ability of the natural soil to support an embankment.Soil properties to a depth even greater than the height of the embankment can affectperformance and safety of the embankment. Generally, deeper onsite investigation isneeded to determine these properties.

Soil material in embankments must be resistant to seepage, piping, and erosion andhave favorable compaction characteristics. Unfavorable features include less than 5feet of suitable material and a high content of stones or boulders, organic matter, orsalts or sodium. A high water table affects the amount of usable material. It also affectstrafficability.

Aquifer-fed excavated ponds are pits or dugouts that extend to a ground-water aquiferor to a depth below a permanent water table. Excluded are ponds that are fed only bysurface runoff and embankment ponds that impound water 3 feet or more above theoriginal surface. Excavated ponds are affected by depth to a permanent water table,Ksat of the aquifer, and quality of the water as inferred from the salinity of the soil.Depth to bedrock and the content of large stones affect the ease of excavation.

Information in this table is intended for land use planning, for evaluating land usealternatives, and for planning site investigations prior to design and construction. Theinformation, however, has limitations. For example, estimates and other data generally


71

apply only to that part of the soil between the surface and a depth of 5 to 7 feet.Because of the map scale, small areas of different soils may be included within themapped areas of a specific soil.



Report—Ponds and Embankments (Kit Carson LLC Site Vicinity)


Ponds and Embankments–Cheyenne County, Colorado


Pct. ofmapunit

Pond reservoir areas Embankments, dikes, andlevees

Aquifer-fed excavated ponds




Value


Bijou 85 Very limited Very limited Very limited

Seepage 1.00 Piping 1.00 Depth to water 1.00

Seepage 0.11


Fort collins 85 Somewhat limited Somewhat limited Very limited


Dusty 0.23


Fort collins 50 Somewhat limited Very limited Very limited


Dusty 0.31

Vona 40 Very limited Very limited Very limited


Seepage 0.05


72



Pct. ofmapunit






Value



60 Very limited Very limited Very limited


Seepage 0.39


30 Very limited Somewhat limited Very limited

Seepage 1.00 Dusty 0.03 Depth to water 1.00



80 Somewhat limited Somewhat limited Very limited


Dusty 0.26


Kim 85 Somewhat limited Somewhat limited Very limited


Dusty 0.31


Kim 85 Very limited Somewhat limited Very limited

Slope 1.00 Piping 0.50 Depth to water 1.00

Seepage 0.70 Dusty 0.31


Manzanst 85 Not limited Somewhat limited Very limited

Hard to pack 0.70 Depth to water 1.00

Dusty 0.41


Vona, warm 85 Very limited Somewhat limited Very limited

Seepage 1.00 Seepage 0.58 Depth to water 1.00

Slope 0.32


73



Pct. ofmapunit






Value


Valent, dry 85 Very limited Very limited Very limited

Seepage 1.00 Seepage 1.00 Depth to water 1.00

Slope 0.92 Piping 1.00


74

ReferencesAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). 2004.Standard specifications for transportation materials and methods of sampling andtesting. 24th edition.

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). 2005. Standard classification ofsoils for engineering purposes. ASTM Standard D2487-00.

Cowardin, L.M., V. Carter, F.C. Golet, and E.T. LaRoe. 1979. Classification ofwetlands and deep-water habitats of the United States. U.S. Fish and Wildlife ServiceFWS/OBS-79/31.

Federal Register. July 13, 1994. Changes in hydric soils of the United States.

Federal Register. September 18, 2002. Hydric soils of the United States.

Hurt, G.W., and L.M. Vasilas, editors. Version 6.0, 2006. Field indicators of hydric soilsin the United States.

National Research Council. 1995. Wetlands: Characteristics and boundaries.

Soil Survey Division Staff. 1993. Soil survey manual. Soil Conservation Service. U.S.Department of Agriculture Handbook 18. http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/national/soils/?cid=nrcs142p2_054262

Soil Survey Staff. 1999. Soil taxonomy: A basic system of soil classification for makingand interpreting soil surveys. 2nd edition. Natural Resources Conservation Service,U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook 436. http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/national/soils/?cid=nrcs142p2_053577

Soil Survey Staff. 2010. Keys to soil taxonomy. 11th edition. U.S. Department ofAgriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/national/soils/?cid=nrcs142p2_053580

Tiner, R.W., Jr. 1985. Wetlands of Delaware. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service andDelaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control, WetlandsSection.

United States Army Corps of Engineers, Environmental Laboratory. 1987. Corps ofEngineers wetlands delineation manual. Waterways Experiment Station TechnicalReport Y-87-1.

United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service.National forestry manual. http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/home/?cid=nrcs142p2_053374

United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service.National range and pasture handbook. http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/national/landuse/rangepasture/?cid=stelprdb1043084

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http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/national/soils/?cid=nrcs142p2_054262






http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/home/?cid=nrcs142p2_053374

http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/home/?cid=nrcs142p2_053374

http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/national/landuse/rangepasture/?cid=stelprdb1043084

http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/national/landuse/rangepasture/?cid=stelprdb1043084

United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service.National soil survey handbook, title 430-VI. http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/scientists/?cid=nrcs142p2_054242

United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service.2006. Land resource regions and major land resource areas of the United States, theCaribbean, and the Pacific Basin. U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook 296.http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/national/soils/?cid=nrcs142p2_053624

United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1961. Landcapability classification. U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook 210. http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_052290.pdf


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http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/scientists/?cid=nrcs142p2_054242

http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/scientists/?cid=nrcs142p2_054242




http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_052290.pdf

http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_052290.pdf

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