agriculture p i & p2 sukemo joint exam 2017 agriculture

SUKEMO JOINT EXAM 2017

AGRICULTURE

443/1

PAPER 1

SECTION A (20mks)

Agriculture p I & p2

1. Give two precautions taken to ensure good crop establishment during planting. (lmk)

(lmks)

(lmk)

(lmk) (lmk)

(1 ½)

2. Name the classes of weeds according to plant morphology.

3. Name two areas of scientific study which show that Agriculture is a science4. State any two symptoms that can be observed in cereal crops that are deficient in nitrogen.5. State two factors that determine the scale of production.

6. Explain the following terms as used in soil structure

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

i) Structure class

ii) Structure type

iii) Structure gradeGive two characteristics of a perfect marketa) What is multi-storey cropping?

b) State two benefits of multi-storey cropping

Distinguish between the two micro-catchments for water conservation.a) Negarims

b) Semicircular bunds

Give 2 methods that can be used in carrying out topping in forage cropsState 3 problems farmers encounter when sourcing for Agricultural credit.

Give one reason why phosphatic fertilizers benefit subsequent crop in Second and third year after application

State two reasons why cassava should be grown as last crop in crop rotation programme.

Distinguish the following terms as used in pasture management.a) Intensity of defoliation

b) Frequency of defoliation

(lmks) (lmk)

(2mks)

(lmk)

(lmk)

(lmk) (1 ½ mks)

(lmk)

(lmk)

(lmks)

Give two agricultural practices, which will lead to water pollution. (1 mk)

State two problems associated with the use of manures by small-scale farmers. (lmk)

Given that maize is planted at a spacing of75cm x 25cm. Calculate the plant population in a plot of land measuring½ ha .

(Show your working). (2mks)

Calculate the number of 50kg SA fertilizer bags that would be applied in one hectare of land that requires 60kg of Nitrogen per hectare. SA fertilizer contains 20% Nitrogen. (2mks)

State TWO importance of sub-soiling in land preparation . (1 mks)

Define the term agricultural Economics as used in agriculture (1 mk)

Apart from damage by birds, name two other serious pests which can attack sorghum in the field. ( I mk)

State four importance of raising crops in nursery before transplanting. (2mks)

Name two conditions that may lead to subdivision of agricultural land. (1 mark)

SECTION B (30 mks) Form two student put some soil sample in a measuring cylinder, added some water and sodium carbonate and then covered

the cylinder with the hand and shook the cylinder for about two minutes. He left the cylinder on the bench for one hour. The

result was as shown below. i). Name the lavers marked a.b.c. and d.

ii) What was the function of sodium carbonate in this experiment?iii). What was the aim of this experiment ?

(2mks)

(lmk) (lmk)

Page I 208


25. The diagram below shows a method ofprunning in tea production. Use it to answer the questions that follow.

---- Peg

k!"-----+-1----- Tea plant

(a) Identify the method shown in the diagram

(b) Outline the procedure of carrying out the method on a tea bush

(c) State two precautions that must be observed when plucking tea leaves

26. The diagram below shows a weed study it carefully then answer the questions that follow.

a) Identify the weed.

b) State 2 economic importance of the weed.

c) Why is it difficult to control the weed?

(lmk)

(4mks)

(2mks)

(lmk)

(2mks)

(lmk)

27. The diagrams below labelled A,B,C, and D illustrates some pest.

follow.

Study the diagrams carefully and answer the questions that

C

B D D

(a) Identify the pests labelled A,B,C and D. (2mks)

Page I 209

(b) Name the crop attacked by the pest A,B and D.( c) Give one physical measures of each pests B and D.

SECTION C (40mks)

28. Study the tables on demand and supply schedules of tomatoes in a town market.

Tomato supplied Price per kg Tomatoes bought

(in kg) (sh). (In (kg)

200 7.00 75

180 5.20 82

175 4.80 96

162 4.00 114

156 3.70 130

135 2 .. 80 150

100 1.60 166

92 1.40 180

80 1.20 186

75 1.10 200

a) On the same axis, draw the graphs of supply and demand of tomatoes in the market.b) What is the equilibrium price?c) What would be the price if 150kg of tomatoes were supplied?d) If the price per kg was Kshs. 3.70, how many kilograms of tomatoes would be bought?

Price per kg

(sh).

8.00

6.70

5.50

4.10

3.20

2.40

1.80

1.30

1.10

0.80

e) Calculate the elasticity of supply when price changed from Kshs. 7.00 to Kshs. 4.00 per kg of tomatoes.t) Other than change in price, list other factors that will influence the supply of tomatoes in the market.29. a) Describe the biological control measures in soil and water conservation

b) Discuss onions under the following sub-headingsi) Varietiesii) Ecological requirementsiii) Field practicesiv) Marketing

30. a) Explain the importance of drainage as a land reclamation method.b) Explain the following financial documents and state the use of each.i) Invoiceii) Ledgeriii) Cash analysis

c) i) What is green manure?ii) Give characteristics of plants used as green manureiii) Explain why green manure is not commonly used.


(1 ½ mks) (lmk)

Smks (lmk) (lmk) (lmk) (3mks) 6mks. (1 Omks)

(2mks) (3mks) (3mks) (2mks) (6mks)

(2mks) (2mks) (2mks) (2mks) (4mks) (2mks)

Page I 210

1.

2.

3.

4. 5.

6. 7.

8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

18. 19.

SUKEMO JOINT EXAMINATION

AGRICULTURE

PAPER2

THEORY

JULY/AUGUST 2017

2HRS

Section A (30MKS)

State the use of each of the following tools in bee production. a) Swam netb) Catcher boxState the class of each of the following feedstuffs.i) Molassesii) Mac lick

Name the type of breeding system represented below Ayrshire sire x Boran Dam----+ F 1 heifer x Ashire sireState ONE reason why Blackhead Persian sheep is suitable for drier areas. Outline two characteristics of livestock that are used in mass selection State one negative effect of pulling teats as a method of milking in cows Give two conditions under which a farmer may prefer to use an ox-cart instead of a tractor drawn trailer? Give two causes of soft shell in eggs.

State any two disadvantages that may arise from inbreeding in livestock production. Name two hormones that control milk letdown in cattle.


2mks

2mks

lmk

lmk (lmks) (lmk)

1 mk

lmk lmk

2mks Name any four bacterial diseases affecting livestock. 2mks Give the meaning of ratio 3 :3 :3 as commonly used in pig production. lmk

StateTWO ways in which digestion of food in pigs differs from that in ruminants. lmk

Differentiate between a stir-up pump and a knapsack sprayer. 2mks State TWO functions of additives in silage making. lmk Give TWO factors a farmer should consider when selecting garden tools for cultivation (lmk) Differentiate between tactical and strategic treatment. 1 mk

Name any four parts of a marking gauge (2mks) Using the pearson square method, compute a 300kg ration with 24% DCP from wheat containing 14% DCP and cotton seed

cake containing 64% DCP (show your working) (4 marks)

20. a) Give the meaning of the following terms as used in livestock breeds. (1 ½ mks)

i) Steerii) Caponiii) Kindlingb) Name the exotic beef breed of cattle with the following characteristics;* White / cream in colour* Heavily built

* Originated from France

SECTION B (20MARKS)

21. Study the diagram of an egg below and answer the questions that follow.

A

B

a) Name the parts labeled A,B C and D.

C

b) State the roles of parts labeled A and D during incubation.

( ½mk)

4mks 2mks

Page I 211


22. Study the illustration of a farm structure below and answer the questions that follow.

a) Name the parts labelled C, D, E and F. 2mks b) State the functions of the parts labelled C,D,E and F. 2mks c) Name two chemical preservatives used to treat the wooden parts of the structure against insects and fungal damage.

lmk 23. Use the diagram to answer the question below:

< < <

w

V

(i) Name the parts labeled V, W, X, and Yin a tractor power transmission system.(ii) State two ways of improving the traction force in land wheel.24 .. Study the diagrams of livestock production tools below and answer questions that follow.

a) Identify the tools E, F, G and H.b) State two maintenance practice of the equipment E.SECTION C

25. (a) State the management practices one should carry out to ensure effective dipping(b) State the characteristics of an ideal beef cattle

26. (a) Describe the signs of internal parasites attack in livestock(b) Describe the life cycle of a liver fluke Fasciolaspp

27. Describe the management of layers in a deep litter system from the point oflay.

2mks 2mks

(4mks) (lmk)

(lOmks) (lOmks (1 Omks) (1 Omks) 20mks

Page I 212

SUKEMO JET 2017

MARKING SCHEME

AGRICULTURE

443/1

PAPER 1

1. Precautions taken to ensure good crop establishment.

Planting during the onset of rains so that the crop can make maximum use of available moisture.

Proper spacing.

Proper depth. Early planting. (2x ½ = lmk)

2. Classes of weeds according to morphology.

Narrow-leaved weeds. Broad-leaved weeds

3. 2 areas of scientific study which show that agriculture is a science.Crop pathology Entomology Agricultural engineering Soil science

Genetics 4. 2 symptoms that can be observed in cereal crops that are Nitrogen deficient.

Chlorosis- plant leaves lose chlorophyll and become yellow or yellow-green. Sometimes leaves tum brown and fall off prematurely. Stunted growth- plants become dwarfs.

5. Factors that determine scale of production.

Land Labour

(2xl= 2mks)

(2x½ = lmk)

(2x½ =lmk)

Capital (2x½ =lmk)

6. Terms used in soil structure.Structure class- Determined by the size of aggregate.

Structure type- Determined by the general shape of the aggregate.

Labour grade-Dependent upon the stability or cohesiveness of the aggregates. (½x3= 1 ½)

7. Characteristics of a perfect market.

A market where any buyer purchase from any seller. A market where any seller can sell to any buyer.

Commodities of the same grade have same price all over the market.

Price is acceptable to both the seller and the buyer. (2xl= 2mks)

8. a) Define multi-storey.


It is an agroforestry practice where trees are spaced widely and left to grow unchecked. 8-20m from row to row upto 4mbetween trees. Trees are planted in rows running east to west to reduce the effect of shade on crop plants. (lmk)

b) Benefits of multi-storey cropping.Leads to water retention.Leads to soil improvement. (2x1=2)

9. Terms

Negarims - are V shaped or closed grid-like earth ridges constructed on slopy/gentle slopes for planting trees or tree tops.Semicircular bunds- are earth bunds/ridges constructed along the contours in a staggered pattern on range lands for tree planting. (1 xl =1)

10. 2 methods to carry out topping in forage crops.

Slashing

MowingBurning (2x ½ =lmk)

11. Problems when sourcing for credits.

Lack of collaterals- no adequate security.Interest rates too high.Lack of proper farm records may disqualify the farmer from getting the loan. (4x ½ =2mks)

12. Why phosphatic fertilizers benefit subsequent crop.•!• They have a long residual effect. (1 x 1 = 1 mk)

13. Reasons cassava should be grown last.

Require few nutrients.

Require minimum cultivation. (2x ½ =lmk)

14. Pasture management.

Intensity of defoliation- proportion of herbage removed through grazing and that ofresidual forage.Frequency of defoliation- how often forage stand is grazed/cut (1 xl = 1 mk)

Page I 213

Agriculture p I & p2 15. Agricultural practices, which will lead to water pollution.

Use of inorganic fertilizer. Use of pesticides. Over cultivation. Over grazing. Cultivating along river banks.

16. Problems associated with the use of manure.Laborious in application and transport. Spread diseases, pests and weeds. Bulkiness. I fused when not fully decomposed it does not benefit the crop. it scorches the crop.

17. Plant population.

18.

Area of!and

Spacing

½ mk

½ hectare =5,000m2 ½mk

0.75x0.25

5,000m2

0.1875

= 26,666.6

=26,667 plants.

20%N =100kg ½mk

so in 50kg = 10% N ½mk

§Q_ X 100 = 600kg ½mk

10 = 6 bags ½mk

½mk

½mk

19. Importance of sub-soiling .Breaks hard pan Facilitates adequate gaseous exchange in the soil. (aeration) Bring to the surface minerals in deep layers.

(2x ½ = lmk)

(2x ½ = lmk)

Total 2mks

Total = 2mks

Facilitates easy water infiltration. 2x½ = lmk

20. Agricultural Economics- Branch of agriculture that aims at maximizing output (yield) while minimizing input ( cost) usinglimited resources of land, labour, capital and management. (lmk)

21. Other sorghum field pest.Stalk.borers. Sorghum shoot fly. Midges. ( 2x½= 1 mk)

22. Importance of raising crops in nursery before transplanting.Facilitates production of many seedlings in a small area. Possible to provide best conditions for growth. Facilitates planting of small seeds to develop to seedlings. Routine management practices are easily and timely carried out in nursery than in seedbed. Ensures transplanting of only those healthy and vigorously growing seedlings. Reduce the period taken by crops in the field. Excess seedlings may be sold. (4x½= 2mks)

23. Conditions that may lead to subdivision of agricultural land.Inheritance Population pressure Land offered to settle disputes Shifting cultivation Accumulation ofland holdings.

SECTIONB

24.

i) Naming of layers.A- Floating organic matter. (humus)B-Water with fine clay materials and dissolved mineral salts.C- Silt and clay.D- Gravel.

ii) Function of sodium carbonate.Aid in dispensation of the particles.

iii) Aim of this experiment.To show that soil is made up of different sized particles.

25. Pruning in tea.a) Individual hooked pegging method. (Reject pegging method.)

(3x½= l½mks)

(4x½= 2mks)

(lmk)

(lmk)

(lXl=lmk

Page I 214

b) i) Allow tea plant to grow for one year to reach the height of 25-30 cm.ii) Cut back to 15cm above the ground level. (This encourages development of more branches.)iii) Leave the branches to grow to 60- 70 cm high.iv) Force them to grow to an angle of30° to 45° by use of pegs on each branch.

v) The tips are nipped off which stimulates the dormant buds to grow into shoots.c) Precautions to be taken when pruning tea leaves.

Don't cut out the side branches below. Pruning height.A void dish shaped.Prune the bush parallel to the slope of the ground.Cut branches across to minimize the area of the wounds.Remove twigs by hand. (don't clean the frame with a knife.)Place the branches on top of the frame to offer protection during dry season.Leave the branches to rot in the field.

Use sharp knife when pruning to avoid breaking the branches.26. a) Couch grass.

b) Economic importanceCompete with crops for nutrients,space,light and moisture.Difficult to control.Lower quality of crop.

c) Why is it difficult to control the weed?Because it has underground stems and roots ( Rhizomes- deep rooted)

27. a) Identification of pests.A- Maize weevil.B- Mouse birdC- Tomato American boll worm. (Reject Bollworm alone)D- Moleb) Crop attacked by the pest A,B and D.

A- Maize grains crop.B- Fruit crops.D- Pasture crops.

c) Physical control measures.

A- Proper drying of grains.

B- Scarecrows.D- Physical destruction. Trapping.

SECTION C28. a) Graph drawing

Scale x axis 1 cm=20kg , y axis 1 cm= 1 shillingCorrect plotting

Smooth curveLabelling of axis

b) Equilibrium price2.90 , 3.00 ± 0.1

c) Ksh3.56d) 102kg

e) Elasticity of supply¾�S¾�D¾�S= 200- 162=38 (½mk)

38/200x I 00= 19 (½mk)

¾�P= 4- 7=33/7x 100= 42.85 (½mk)

=0.443 Inelastic supply. (½mk)

f) Factors influencing supply.No of sellers in the market.

Prices of related goods. Price expectation. Technology Weather Government policy. Change in prices. Cost of production. Increase in supply of associated goods.

Transport system.


(4x1=4mk)

( Any 2xt=2mks)

(txt=lmk)

(2x1=2mks)

(Ixl=lmk)

(4x½=2mks)

(3x½= 1 ½mks)

(3x½=l½)

(2mks)

(2mks)

(2mks)

(2mks)

(lmk)

(lmk)

(lmk)

(lmk)

(any six 6xt=6mks)

Page I 215


29.

a) Biological control measures in soil and waterGrass strips/filter strips- Uncultivated strips measuring atleast 1-2 metres wide along the contour between cultivated strips (not wider than 30m) ;They reduce speed of flowing water and filter out soil. Cover cropping- they reduce movement of soil and impact of rain drops. Also prevent soil from being baked hard by sun preserving soil moisture and volatilization of soil nutrients. Contour farming- farming along the contours. Decreases run off and permits better retention of nutrients leading to increased yields. Mulching- prevents splash erosion,reduce evaporation ,reduce speed of run off increases organic matter and water retention capacity. Crop rotation- maintain soil organic matter , fertility and improve soil structure. Rotational grazing- allow grass to grow preventing soil erosion. Correct spacing of crops- conserve soil by providing close vegetation cover to the soil. lntercropping- measure of soil conservation, provide adequate ground cover. (IOx I =IOmks)

Ridges along the contours- trap rain water and hold it in furrow and infiltrate into the soil. b) Onion production

i) Varieties

Red creoleWhite creoleTropicana hybrid (2xl =2mks)

ii) Ecological requirements

Does well in hot/warm climates. Some varieties in cool climate.Altitude 2, 1 00mFertile soil, well drained.Soil ph 6.0-7.0Rainfall 1,000/year (3x]=3mks)

iv) Marketing

Graded according to size.

Marketed in Netbags. (2x]=2)

30. a) Importance of drainage as a land reclamation method.i) To increase soil aeration; plant roots get enough air for proper growth.ii) To increase soil volume.iii) To raise soil temperature ; soil warm up for better plant growth.iv) Increase microbial activities; increase no. due to proper aeration. They improve soil structure and make plant food more

readily available.v) Reduce soil erosion- well drained soil have high water holding capacity which help reduce surface run-off.vi) Remove toxic substances- salts removed in soil. (Ix6=6mks)

b) Financial documents.i) Invoice- A financial document issued to the buyer for goods delivered on credit. It shows the period within which

payments should be done. (Ix2=2mks)

ii) Ledger- it is a financial book/main book used in keeping financial records. Contains details of all the things in thebusiness owned by the farmer. (Ix2=2mks)

iii) Cash analysis- financial statement drawn up to show the receipts and payments of cash in the business. Information isentered twice. (I x2=2mks)

c. i) Green manure.Manure made of green plants. The plants are grown then incorporated into the soil improving soil fertility.

(2x]=2mks) ii) Characteristics of plants used as green manure.

Highly vegetative/leafy.Fast growing.High nitrogen content. (leguminous plants preferred)Fast rotting.Should be hardy. ( capable of growing in poor conditions

iii) Why green manure is not commonly used.Takes time to decompose.Most nutrients are used up by micro-organisms in the process of decomposing.The plants use most of soil moisture and leave very little for the next crop.Most are food crops.

(4x]=4mks)

(2x1=2mks)

Page I 216

SUKEMO JOINT EXAMINATION 2017

443/2

PAPER TWO

AGRICULTURE MARKING SCHEME

SECION A (30MKS)

1. a) Catching/trapping of swarm of bees from up a tree, pole e.t.c.b) Small hive for attracting bees

2.. a) molasses - Energy concentrate Rej. Concentrate alone lmk(ii) Maclick- mineralsupplement rej;supplement alone

3. Upgrading/ grading up lmk4. It is torelant to the harsh conditions

5. Two characteristics used in mass selection• Observable characteristics e.g. coat colour, size, shape• Measurable characteristics e.g. body weight, milk yield6. One negative effects of pulling teats as a method of milking in a cow• Cause friction between the teat canal and epithelial lining predisposing teats to mastitis• Lead to development of scar making milking painful to a cow• Weakness udder suspension ligaments causing the udder to become pendulous7. When ox cart may be preferred to tractor drawn trailer.

If the farmer has little capitalIf the land is very steepIf the farmer has little load to carry

8. Causes of soft shell in eggsLack of calcium

Some diseases such as Newcastle disease9. Disadvantages of inbreeding

Increase embryonic mortality/abortionReduces disease resistance abilityReduces the vigor of the animal/ weak/ causes abnormalities

Reduce yield

10 -Oxytocin -Adrenalin

11. Mastitis Black quarter

Foot rot Contagious abortion


lxl=l mk lxl=l mk

lxl=l mk

lmk

2x ½ =lmks

lxl=lmk

]x½ =]½mks

2x ½ =lmk

2x ½ =lmk

2x ½ =lmk

Scours Anthrax 4x ½ =2mks

12. 3 .3 .3 means gestation of a sow of 3 months 3 wks and 3 days13. - In pigs, digestion starts in the mouth, WHILE in ruminants, it starts in the rumen

There is no microbial digestion of food in pigs as it is in ruminants

No chewing of cud in pigs contrary to ruminants Pigs are monogastric while ruminants are polygastic (4 x ½ =2mks)

14. A stir- up pump is used with a separate chemical container WHILE a knapsack sprayer has its own chemical tankA stir- up pump is used for the control of ectoparasites in livestock/ acaricide while a knapsack sprays chemicals in crops

(Mark as a whole =lmk 15. -To have adequate carbohydrates for proper fermentation

To improve the quality / palatability of silage 16. Soil type / hardness of the soil

Cost of the toolAvailability of the tool

CapitalDesired depth of tillage

(2x½ =lmk

Nature of the field (2 x ½ = lmk) 17. Strategic treatment refers to periodic regular treatment administered to livestock mainly to avoid contamination and infection

during the period ofrisk while Tactical treatment refers to treatment given to the susceptible group to avoid outbreak(MARK AS WHOLE) (1 mk)

18 - pin

Shoe Head Stem Thumbscrew 4 x ½ = (2 marks)

Page I 217


19.

v v ,,..-------------, wheatt4%DCP� /

'0 parts of wheat

v 24%DCP

cotton se�ke-/--------�--.1.•0 p�of cotton seed 64%DCP cake

Total 50 " Wheat ( :� x 300) kg = 240 kg "

Cotton seedcake ( :� x 300 )60 kg "

A ward 8 x ½ =4mks20.a) i) Young male castrated cattle -V½

ii) A bird rendered sterile -V½iii) Giving birth in rabbit/ young ones ofrabbits. -V½

b) Charolais. -V½SECTION B 20MKS

21.. a) A -AlbumenB -Air spaceC - YolkD - Chalaza

b) A -is a food reserve to the developing chicks

½ x 3 = l ½mks½mk

1 X 4= 4 mk

D - Hold yolk on both ends allowing yolk to move germinal disc always to the top. This encourage heat transfer to thedeveloping embryo I x 2= 2 mk

22.a) Names of parts C, D,E and FC-EasesD-W all plateE-RafterF-Strut

b) Functions of parts C, D, E AND fC- Prevent rainfall falling on the wallsD- Support the roofE-hold the roof materialF-Hold the weight on the roof

c) Chemical preservatives to treat wooden parts-Sodium dichromate-Arsenic pent oxide-Old engine oil

23. i) V - Engine blockW -Gear box unitX -propeller shaftY -Differential unit

ii) -Increase the diameter of wheel-Add weight i.e. filling the tube with water-Replace the worn out tyres

24. (a) TOOLSE----Milk stainerF----wool shearsH----dehorning wireG--- Bolus gun

(b) Maintenance of tool EClean and disinfect after use

- Replace filters when worn out

- Store properly in the store

½x4=2mks

½ x4=2mks

½ x2= lmk

4x) =4mks

2x ½ = lmk

Page I 218


SECTION C( 40mks)

25. (a) Management practices to ensure effective dippingClean plunge tanks regularly

Prevent any leakage from the roof to avoid dilution of the acaricides and loss through evaporation

Check the concentration of the acaricides as often as possible

Maintain the solution at the top level

Dip the livestock at fixed intervals i.e. once a week

Dip the animals when weather is cool and after watering them to prevent them from drinking the solutionDip the animals in a single file

All animals in the farm should be dipped

Keep pens and footbaths clean

Repair the collecting yard and draining race when broken 1 Ox I =1 0mks

b) CHARACTERISTICS OF AN IDEAL BEEF CATTLE

They are blocky in shape/rectangular/square with compact bodies

Have deep well fleshed bodies

Grow fast leading to early maturity

Efficient converters of food into meat and fat

Able to maintain good weight even during adverse conditions such as drought

Good foragers ie there is reduced selective grazing/able to feed on poor pasturesMore tolerant to high temperatures

They breed regularly

They are more resistant to diseases

They have short strong legs to support their heavy bodies.

26. a) signs of internal parasites in livestock

Emaciation Rough coat

Scouring /diarrhoea /digestion disorders

Pot bellies especially in calves

Oedematous swelling under the jaw

Blockage / obstruction of intestines

Proglottis / parasites segments in faeces

Anaemia

Excessive appetite

(b) life cycle ofliver fluke

Primary host are ruminants of "cattle

Adult flukes are found in bile ducts of the liverImmature worms live in the liver tissue or other organs

Adults lay eggs which are passed through bile ducts into the intestines via feaeces

lQxl=l0mks

(10 x 1 = l0mks)

In a favourable environment - presence of water, they hatch into a ciliated larva the miracidium

Miracidiumpenetrate the body of water snail/mud snail-snail oflimnaeaspp and develop further into sporocysts.

Sporocysts develop into rediae

Rediae develop into cercariaeCercariae get attached on vegetation becoming encysted (meta-cerariae)

The meta-cercaria can withstand harsh conditions for a long time

Grazing animals ingest meta-cereariae upon the entry into the stomach the walls will be digested to release young flukes.

Young flukes migrate to the liver of primary host where they grow into adult flukes

which releases eggs and the cycle continues ( IO x I = I 0mks)

27. Management of layers in a deep litter system

Ensure enough space in the house

The space should be between 0.3 - 0.5m2 per bird

The litter should be kept dry by regularly raking

Provide enough perches which should be well spaced in the house

Provide adequate waterers / feeders and well- distributedProvide clean and adequate water.

Keep waterers and all equipment clean

place soft litter in the nest to prevent egg breaking

Ensure the nest is dark enough to avoid cannibalism

Collect eggs at least twice a day

Provide adequate layer marshSupply some grit to help in digestion

Ensure adequate supply of greens for vitamins

Hang the greens to help them exercise

Cull poor layers or diseased birds

Debeak birds to prevent cannibalism and egg- eating

Page I 219

Vaccinate against prevailing diseases

Check birds for disease symptom Check for pests occurrence and apply appropriate pesticides

A void stress factors like noise

Discourage broodiness among layers

Provide grains on the litter to avoid cannibalism

Isolate and treat sick birds

Dispose farm records Maintain concentration of footbath


1 x 20 = 20mks

Page I 220

agriculture p i & p2 sukemo joint exam 2017 agriculture

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