agriculture - los rios community college districtthomsec/cg/cgag.pdfthe first 99.9999% of human...
TRANSCRIPT
Agriculture
Chapter 8
1
2
Ag ic lt eAgricultureTraditional AgricultureTraditional AgricultureAgricultural RevolutionsGlobal restructuringGlobal restructuringSocial and Technological Change in Global
d dFood ProductionThe Environment and Agricultural IndustrializationProblems and Prospects in the Global
3
Problems and Prospects in the Global Food System
Ag ic lt eAgricultureThe deliberate modification of Earth’sThe deliberate modification of Earth s surface by either cultivating plants or raising animals for food or moneyraising animals for food or money
4
5
6
T pes of Ag ic lt eTypes of AgricultureSubsistence agricultureSubsistence agriculture
Growing food to eat or tradeCommercial agricultureCommercial agriculture
Cultivating plants or growing food to llsell
7
8
De elopment of AgDevelopment of AgHumans were hunters and gatherers forHumans were hunters and gatherers for the first 99.9999% of human historyMore time efficientMore time efficient
H & G spend 4 hours/day workingl h h l lHealthier than early ag people
Less prone to starvation and famineLived longer and had a more varied diet
9
De elopment of AgDevelopment of AgWhy stop H&G and start ag?Why stop H&G and start ag?No good theoryOver population led to need to do agOver population led to need to do agAg led to overpopulation
10
De elopment of AgDevelopment of AgH&G had great knowledge of environmentH&G had great knowledge of environmentDiamond’s study 107/108 birdsWide variety of ag practicedWide variety of ag practiced
Modification of landscape
11
Vegetati e ag ic lt eVegetative agriculturePlanting cuttings of plantsPlanting cuttings of plantsMultiple hearths
SE AsiaSE Asia W Africa S America
12
13
Seed Ag ic lt eSeed AgricultureCame after vegetative agricultureCame after vegetative agricultureMultiple hearths
N ChinaN ChinaE AfricaCentral America
14
15
North America
Tobacco
16
Central America
CornTomatoesChili peppers Squash Beans Sweet potatoes Avocados CottonsCottons Agave
17
South America
Guinea pigPotatoTomatoCacaoPeanutsPeanutsPineappleStrawberriesPapayasPearsBeans
18
CashewsBrazil Nuts
¡Cuy!19
uy
Southwestern AsiaHemp ApplesBananas AlmondsBananas AlmondsYams PeachesLentils PlumsBeans FigsRices CherriesPeas PistachioPeas PistachioEggplants WalnutsGingers MelonsGingers MelonsMangoes OnionIndigo Oats
20
gBeets BarleysSpinach
Northern Asia
Citrus RiceBamboos TeasMillets SoybeanslPlums Yams
Cabbages TarosBeans BarleysBeans BarleysPears Persimmons
21
Southern Asia
CitrusBananasBananasYamsAlmondsCoconuts
Mediterranean
GrapesGrapesOlivesGarlicDatesLettuceBarleysOatsLentilsLentilsPeasCarrots
23
CarrotsLeeks
AfricaCoffeeMilletsSorghumsRicesB lBarleysPeasBeansBeansCucumbersMelonsCottonsYams
24
S bsistence agSubsistence agHunting and gatheringHunting and gatheringShifting cultivationIntensive subsistence agIntensive subsistence ag
Wet riceNot wet rice
Pastoral nomadismPastoral nomadism
25
26
H nting and Gathe ingHunting and GatheringFun!Fun!250,000 people are H&GsMore efficientMore efficientNastiest places on planetForm of nomadism
27
Shifting c lti ationShifting cultivationCalled slash and burn, swidden, milpaCalled slash and burn, swidden, milpaEcologically most appropriate use of humid tropicshumid tropics25% land used to feed 5% population
h h dTechniques very sophisticated, technology very simple
28
Shifting c lti ationShifting cultivationPlots cleared, burned, plantedPlots cleared, burned, plantedDifferent plants cultivated over timeMany different fields in useMany different fields in useFields used for several years, then b d dabandoned
29
30
31
Kayapó means “those whoKayapó means those who look like monkeys”,. But the Kayapó refer to themselvesKayapó refer to themselves as Mebêngôkre, “the men from the water hole/place.”from the water hole/place.
32
KayapoKayapoCreate islands of vegetationg
IntercroppingBlend harmonious plant energiesBlend harmonious plant energiesCultivate plants to attract gameUse IPM (Integrated Pest Management)Use IPM (Integrated Pest Management)
Encourage beneficial insectsU A t t t l l f tt tUse Aztec ants to repel leaf cutter antsCultivate trees for wasps
33
Ka apoKayapoModerate soilModerate soil
TemperatureLight levelsLight levelsMoistureNutrient levels
Use dozens of different ashes as fertilizerUse dozens of different ashes as fertilizerOver 150 different treatments for diarrhea
34
Ka apoKayapoPlant in concentric ringsPlant in concentric ringsSweet potatoes/yams in centerIn middle corn rice maniocIn middle corn, rice, maniocTrees in outer rings bananas, pineapple,
bpapaya, mango, beans
35
36
Shifting c lti ationShifting cultivationBiggest problem is WB, IMFBiggest problem is WB, IMF
Development projects for timber or cattle clear forestcattle clear forestIndigenous people cleared off
37
38
39
Pasto al nomadismPastoral nomadismDone in 2d nastiest areas - 20% planetDone in 2d nastiest areas 20% planetCold or dry climatesPeople wandering around with animalsPeople wandering around with animals
Camels, horses, sheep, goats, catsUsually don’t eat animals, only animal productsTrade for veggies
40
41
Pasto al nomadismPastoral nomadismSome migrate seasonallySome migrate seasonallyWide range from nomadic to sedentary
Sometimes depends on climateSometimes depends on climateBiggest problem WB and governments
42
Intensi e S bsistenceIntensive SubsistenceHeavy human labor inputHeavy human labor input
(that’s the intensive part)Food grown to eatFood grown to eat
(that’s the subsistence part)Wet riceNot wet riceNot wet rice
43
44
Wet RiceWet RiceGlobally very importantGlobally very important
India, China, Japan, Indonesia,All available land is usedAll available land is usedFew machinesGrain not grown for animals
Pigs, chickens, fishPigs, chickens, fish
45
46
Wet RiceWet RiceLittle rices grown in nurseryLittle rices grown in nurseryTransplanted by hand into paddiesWater levels very criticalWater levels very critical
Dams, dikes, paddy walls maintainedGrown ¾ life wet, then dried and harvested by hand
47
48
49
51
53
54
56
Not et iceNot wet riceSubsistence agricultureSubsistence agricultureWheat, barley, corn, other grains and legumeslegumesCrops rotated through different fields
57
58
Ag ic lt al Re ol tionsAgricultural RevolutionsFirst agricultural revolutionFirst agricultural revolutionSecond agricultural revolutionThird agricultural revolutionThird agricultural revolutionIndustrialization of agriculture
59
Fi st Ag ic lt al Re ol tionFirst Agricultural Revolution10,000 BCE10,000 BCESeed agricultureUse of plow and draft animalsUse of plow and draft animals
60
Second Ag ic lt al Re ol tionSecond Agricultural Revolution1650 CE in Western Europe, North1650 CE in Western Europe, North AmericaProduction of AG surplusProduction of AG surplusSurplus sold for profit
k d d l lLinked to Industrial RevolutionEnclosure movement
61
Thi d Ag ic lt al Re ol tionThird Agricultural Revolution1928 CE1928 CE Agriculture as IndustryIndustrial methods and policies ofIndustrial methods and policies of production
h fEmphasis on profitFarms became large commercial enterprises
62
63
R i h O iRosie the Organic Free Range ChickenFree Range Chicken
20 000 chickens / football field20,000 chickens / football fieldBiohazard suit for visitors to protect chickenschickens2 weeks free range5 week life span total
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
Third Agricultural Revolution–Ind st iali ationIndustrialization
MechanizationMechanizationChemical farmingFood manufacturingFood manufacturingReplacement
Machines for peopleChemicals for biological inputsChemicals for biological inputsIndustrial substitutes for ag products
71
72
73
Commercial agriculture cha acte isticscharacteristics
Few farms and few farmersFew farms and few farmers1930 7 million farms1950 5 6 million farms1950 5.6 million farms1960 4 million farms1993 2 million farmsToday less than 1% US populationToday less than 1% US population farmersUnder 1 million farmers 2 2 million
74
Under 1 million farmers, 2.2 million people in jails
Commercial agriculture cha acte isticscharacteristics
Few farms and few farmersFew farms and few farmersLarge farm size
National average 469 acresNational average 469 acresCA average +3,200 acres = 5 sq mi
75
Commercial agriculture h t i ticharacteristics32,500 farms lost per year from 1987 to32,500 farms lost per year from 1987 to 199280% were family farms80% were family farmsNow 50,000 farm operations supply 75% us foodus food
76
Small fa ms s big fa msSmall farms vs. big farmsDinuba ArvinPop 6,000635 farms
Pop 7,000135 farms635 farms
Avg. 45 ac4 elem 1 hs
135 farmsAvg. 297 ac1 hs4 elem, 1 hs
½ town farm owners2X churches civic
1 hs2/3 town field workers2X churches, civic,
social orgsworkers
77
Fa m Si eFarm SizeConverting from 1,280 acre farms to 320Converting from 1,280 acre farms to 320 acre farms would
Generate 540 new jobsGenerate 540 new jobsIncrease retail sales $16 million
l $ llIncrease personal income $6.2 millionUSDA says small farms are most efficient by 2 to 10 times
78
Fa m Si eFarm SizeSmall farms (27 acres) 10XSmall farms (27 acres) 10Xmore efficient per acre than large (6000 acre) farmsacre) farmsFarms of 4 acres are over 100X more efficient per acreefficient per acre
79
Commercial agriculture cha acte isticscharacteristics
Few farms and few farmersFew farms and few farmersLarge farm sizeHeavy machine and fossil fuel useHeavy machine and fossil fuel use
80
Fossil F elsFossil FuelsEarth Bound Farms organic salad mixEarth Bound Farms organic salad mix
58 calories of fossil fuel: 1 calorie of saladsalad
20% fossil fuel use is for Ag8 f l f l f l18% fossil fuel use is for personal use
81
Fossil F elsFossil Fuels400 gallons/year of oil needed to feed 1400 gallons/year of oil needed to feed 1 person1kg Nitrogen fertilizer requires 1 6ℓ diesel1kg Nitrogen fertilizer requires 1.6ℓ dieselIn 2002 US used 12,009,300 TONS of N fertilizer or 96 000 000 barrels of oilfertilizer or 96,000,000 barrels of oilFrom 1945 to 1994 fertilizer use increased b ld d b 3by 4 X, crop yields increased by 3 XFossil fuel use in US increased 20 X in last
82
40 years
Fossil F elsFossil Fuels10/1 ratio for input energy / food energy10/1 ratio for input energy / food energy½ of plains topsoil lost since 1960
83
Commercial agriculture cha acte isticscharacteristics
Few farms and few farmersFew farms and few farmersLarge farm sizeHeavy machine and fossil fuel useHeavy machine and fossil fuel useGoods sold to producers, not consumersHeavy chemical use
84
Commercial agriculture cha acte isticscharacteristics
Heavy chemical useHeavy chemical usePesticidesHerbicidesHerbicidesFertilizers
85
Random FactsRandom Facts30% of children’s meals are fast food30% of children s meals are fast food1/5 of American meals are eaten in cars16% of the average American’s calories16% of the average American’s calories are from added sugars
f lFor teenagers it is 20% of calories
86
Random FactsRandom FactsSpending on Healthcare FoodSpending on Healthcare Food1960 9% 18%Today 16% 5%Today 16% 5%
87
PesticidesPesticides
88
89
Comme cial ag ic lt eCommercial agricultureHeavy chemical useHeavy chemical use
25,000,000 cases of pesticide poisoning worldwideworldwide220,000 deaths/year worldwide due to pesticide poisoningpesticide poisoning10,000 deaths/year in US from cancer f dfrom pesticides
90
A young Mexican girl drinking water from an empty pesticide container. This picture t l d t tstrongly demonstrates
the lack of education about the dangers ofabout the dangers of pesticides in rural areas of the developing world.p g
Photograph: PATRICIA DIAZ
Global Restructuring of Ag ic lt al S stemsAgricultural Systems
Forces of GlobalizationForces of GlobalizationGreen RevolutionAgricultural change in Latin AmericaAgricultural change in Latin AmericaThe organization of the Agro-Food systemFood regimes
92
Social and Technological ChangeSocial and Technological ChangeTwo examplesTwo examplesThe Green RevolutionBiotechnologyBiotechnologyGMOs
93
Ag ic lt e s the En i onmentAgriculture vs. the Environment
94
Comme cial ag ic lt eCommercial agricultureHeavy chemical useHeavy chemical use
14 million people in US drink poisoned water from agriculturewater from agriculture70% of water pollution in US is from agricultureagriculture
95
Comme cial ag ic lt eCommercial agricultureHeavy chemical useHeavy chemical use
5,000,000,000 lbs/year in USPesticides 20 lbs/personPesticides 20 lbs/person Butter 5 lbs/personCoffee 8 lbs/person
96
97
Comme cial ag ic lt eCommercial agricultureHeavy chemical useHeavy chemical use
Cotton uses 25% chemicalsCotton is only 5% of crops grownCotton is only 5% of crops grown1/3 pound of chemicals per t-shirt57 million pounds in CA on 6 counties
98
99
PESTICIDE STATISTICSPESTICIDE STATISTICSOf all insecticides used globally each year, the g y y ,amount used on cotton: 25%
Most acutely toxic pesticide registered by theMost acutely toxic pesticide registered by the E.P.A.: aldicarb (used frequently on cotton)
In California, between 1970 - 1994, amount of total aldicarb application used on cotton: 85-95%95%.
100
PESTICIDE STATISTICSPESTICIDE STATISTICSNumber of pesticides presently on theNumber of pesticides presently on the market that were registered before being tested to determine if they caused cancer,tested to determine if they caused cancer, birth defects or wildlife toxicity: 400
Amount of time it takes to ban a pesticide in the U.S. using present procedures: 10in the U.S. using present procedures: 10 years
101
PESTICIDE STATISTICSPESTICIDE STATISTICSNumber of active ingredients in pesticides found to cause cancer in animals or humans: 107
Of those active ingredients, the number still in guse today:83
Number of pesticides that are reproductive p ptoxins according to the California E.P.A.: 15
Number of pesticides found to cause preproductive problems in animals: 14
102
PESTICIDE STATISTICSPESTICIDE STATISTICSMost serious cause of groundwaterMost serious cause of groundwater pollution confirmed in California:agricultural chemicals.agricultural chemicals.
Number of pesticides found in drinking wells of California since 1982: 68.
Number of California wells affected: 957Number of California wells affected: 957.
103
PESTICIDE STATISTICSPESTICIDE STATISTICSNumber of farming communities affected: g36
% of the total U S population supplied% of the total U.S. population supplied with drinking water from groundwater: 50%
Number of different pesticides documented by the E P A to be presentdocumented by the E.P.A. to be present in groundwater in 1988: 74
Number of states affected: 32104
Number of states affected: 32
PESTICIDE STATISTICSPESTICIDE STATISTICSNumber of states in which aldicarb has been detected in the groundwater: 16
Percentage of all U.S. counties containing g ggroundwater susceptible to contamination from agricultural pesticides and fertilizers: 46%.
Number of people in the U.S. routinely drinking water contaminated with carcinogenic herbicides: 14 millionherbicides: 14 million.
105
PESTICIDE STATISTICSPESTICIDE STATISTICSPercentage of municipal water treatment g pfacilities lacking equipment to remove these chemicals from the drinking water: 90%
Estimated total costs for U.S. groundwater monitoring: US$900 million to 2.2 billionmonitoring: US$900 million to 2.2 billion
Estimated costs for U.S. groundwater carbon filtration cleanup: up to $25 million per sitefiltration cleanup: up to $25 million per site
106
PESTICIDE STATISTICSPESTICIDE STATISTICSPercentage of all food samples tested by the g p yFDA in 1980 which contained pesticide residues: 38%
Of the 496 pesticides identified as likely to leave residues in food, the percentage which FDA , p gtests can routinely detect: 40%
107
PESTICIDE STATISTICSPESTICIDE STATISTICSAverage number of serious pesticide-Average number of serious pesticiderelated accidents between World War II and 1980: 1 every 5 years.and 1980: 1 every 5 years.
Average number of serious pesticide-related accidents between 1980 and the present: 2 every year.
108
PESTICIDE STATISTICSPESTICIDE STATISTICSIncrease in cancer rates between 1950 and 1986: 37%
Number of Americans who will learn they have ycancer this year: 1 million.
Number who will die from it: 500,000.,
Cost to U.S. of cancer in terms of lost production, income, medical expenses andproduction, income, medical expenses and research resources: US$39 billion each year.
109
PESTICIDE STATISTICSPESTICIDE STATISTICSHighest rate of chemical-related illness of any occupational group in the U.S.A.: farm workers
Pesticide-related illnesses among farm workers in U.S.A. each year: approximately 300,000.
Number of people in the U.S. who die each year from cancer related to pesticides: 10,400.
Number of people in the U.S. killed each year by assault rifles: 250.
110
PESTICIDE STATISTICSPESTICIDE STATISTICSMaximum safe level of perchlorate, the main p ,ingredient of rocket and missile fuel, in drinking water0.03 micrograms per kg of body weightPerchlorate found in leafy vegetables grown in California with irrigation water contaminated by leaks or dumping from military contractors
f4,490.00 micrograms per kg of produce
111
PESTICIDE STATISTICSPESTICIDE STATISTICSTotal weight of chemical weapons in Iraq g p qbefore the 2003 war, as estimated by the American Federation of Scientists3,850 tonsTotal weight of just six of the most g jdangerous pesticides at large in the global environment7,000,000 tons
112
PESTICIDE STATISTICSPESTICIDE STATISTICSPeople killed by Iraqi chemical weapons in p y q pthe six-year period preceding the 2003 U.S. War on Iraq0People killed by pesticides, as estimated p y p ,by the World Health Organization, during the same six-year periodover 1,300,000
113
PESTICIDE STATISTICSPESTICIDE STATISTICSNumber of deaths in the United States each year for which death certificates list the cause of death as air pollution0Number of U.S. deaths actually caused by y yair pollution, as estimated by the Harvard School of Public Health60,000
114
PESTICIDE STATISTICSPESTICIDE STATISTICSProjected increase in the world'sProjected increase in the world s population between 1995 and 202025 percent25 percentProjected increase in the world's chemical production between 1995 and 2020production between 1995 and 202080 percent
115
Biotech Wo ldBiotech WorldMonsatanMonsatanNovartisTRIPSTRIPSTheft of Indigenous Knowledge
116
BiotechBiotechHerbicide resistanceHerbicide resistancePesticide productionTerminator geneTerminator geneGolden rice with vitamin A – 38lbs/day
117
BST/ BGHrBST/rBGHRecombinant Bovine Growth HormoneRecombinant Bovine Growth HormoneIGF-1 = cancerIncreased udder infections (+79%)Increased udder infections (+79%)
Pus and bacteria in milkMore antibiotics used30% family farms may close30% family farms may close
118
O ganic ag ic lt eOrganic agricultureIntegrated approach to agricultureIntegrated approach to agriculture“Alternative Agriculture”Feed the soil to feed the plantFeed the soil to feed the plantIPM
119
O ganic ag ic lt eOrganic agricultureCCOF certifiedCCOF certified
3d party certification3 year process3 year process
Soil planApproved chemical listsChemical logsChemical logs
120
O ganic ag ic lt eOrganic agricultureCSACSA
Community Supported AgricultureSmall scaleSmall scaleDiversifiedBetter prices for farmer and consumer
121
Go homeGo home
122