agriculture in national adaptation plans: experiences and lessons learned

CCAFS SIDE EVENT:

Agriculture in Na7onal Adapta7on Plans: Experiences and Lessons Learned

www.ccafs.cgiar.org

Planning climate adaptation in agriculture: Meta-synthesis of national adaptation plans in West and East Africa and South Asia

Gabrielle Kissinger, Donna Lee, Victor Orindi

Presentation: Gabrielle Kissinger, Lexeme Consulting National Adaptation Plans (NAPs) and agriculture:

Experiences and Lesson’s learned CGIAR CCAFS

15 November 2013, Warsaw, Poland

1 Policy overview

•  Na7onal Adapta7on Plans (NAPs) established in 2010 by the UNFCCC to help facilitate effecAve medium-‐ and long-‐term adaptaAon planning and implementaAon in developing countries, in parAcular Least Developed Countries (LDCs) (FCCC/CP/2011/9/Add.1)

•  AdaptaAon CommiNee est. under Cancun AdaptaAon Framework promote the implementaAon of enhanced acAon on adaptaAon. Special aNenAon paid to facilitaAon of NAPs by non-‐LDC developing country ParAes. Will contribute to, and not duplicate work of the Least Developed Countries Expert Group (LEG) to support LDC naAonal adaptaAon plan processes and the Subsidiary Body for ImplementaAon (SBI) on the work programme concerning loss and damage.

•  LEG Technical Guidelines for NAPs.

NAPAs and NAPs

Source: Kissinger, G. and T. Namgyel, 2013. NAPAs and NAPS in Least Developed Countries. IIED LDC Paper Series.

NAPAs and NAPs COP 17 in Durban defined NAP process objecAves (FCCC/CP/2011/9/Add.1):

(a) “reduce vulnerability to the impacts of climate change, by building adapAve capacity and resilience,” and

(b) ” facilitate integraAon of climate change adaptaAon, in a coherent manner, into relevant new and exisAng policies, programmes and acAviAes, in parAcular development planning processes and strategies, within all relevant sectors and at different levels, as appropriate”.

…And recognised that adaptaAon planning will be “conAnuous, progressive and iteraAve.”

NAPAs and NAPs

NAPA NAP Simplified and direct channels of communicaAon for informaAon relaAng to the urgent and immediate adaptaAon needs of the LDCs

•  To build upon NAPAs, to medium-‐ and long-‐term adaptaAon needs + strategies programmes to address them.

•  Reduce vulnerability, build adapAve capacity and resilience, conAnuous, progressive and iteraAve process.

•  Facilitate integraAon of climate change adaptaAon into relevant new and exisAng policies, programmes and acAviAes, in parAcular development planning processes and strategies, within all relevant sectors and at different levels, as appropriate.

Countries reviewed

8

Planning climate adaptation in agriculture

CCAFS Report No. 10

Climate change will have far-reaching consequences for agriculture and food security globally, and its impacts are predicted to disproportionately affect the poor and most vulnerable who depend on agriculture for their livelihoods. Climate change poses considerable challenges for development, food security, and poverty alleviation. Countries are increasingly responding to current and projected climate change impacts by developing national adaptation strategies and action plans. Adaptation strategies are typically high-level documents that set out overarching government approaches to adaptation (often as part of national climate change policies), while adaptation plans go further by setting out concrete adaptation actions, such as sectoral adaptation policies, adaptation projects and programmes and specific measures to address identified vulnerabilities (Mullan et al. 2013).

The CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) seeks to inform national adaptation plan development, linking CGIAR research into adaptation planning decisions and processes. This effort falls under the third objective of the CCAFS Theme 1 on Adaptation to Progressive Change, and contributes to the achievement of outcome 1.3: Integrate adaptation strategies for agricultural and food systems into policy and institutional frameworks. The purpose of this report is to provide a meta-synthesis of national climate change adaptation plans, policies and processes across 12 CCAFS priority countries in West and East Africa and South Asia (see Table 1), which are at various stages of adaptation planning and implementation.

The CCAFS programme has carried out a policy baseline for several countries in the target regions by evaluating how climate adaptation is considered in current national level activities and policies. These country studies have been communicated through a series of national synthesis reports. A series of national policy workshops were also organized in 2011 and 2012 with national stakeholders involved in the nexus of climate change, agriculture and food security in order to identify research needs and priorities at national levels. Regional syntheses have also been commissioned by CCAFS for the regions of South Asia (on climate-smart agriculture) and East Africa (on adaptation planning).

This meta-synthesis builds on CCAFS country studies and regional syntheses, as well as available government documents, for example National Communications to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), climate change or adaptation policy documents, etc. The primary audience is national policy makers and others in the agriculture sector (e.g. NGOs, farmer organizations) seeking to shape national adaptation planning processes. This research also seeks to provide recommendations to CCAFS, inform further CCAFS work with national adaptation focal points and institutions, policy-makers and researchers in each country, as well as to inform the broader adaptation donor community. It is also hoped that the research findings will inform a workshop with national leaders during the UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (COP) 19 in Warsaw, Poland.

1. Introduction

Country Adaptation planning status

East Africa

Ethiopia NAPA, Climate-Resilient Green Economy Strategy

Kenya National Climate Change Response Strategy (NCCRS); National Climate Change Action Plan + NAP in process

Tanzania NAPA, National Climate Change Strategy

Uganda NAPA

West Africa

Burkina Faso NAPA

Ghana National climate change adaptation strategy

Mali NAPA

Niger NAPA

Senegal NAPA + climate change plan in process

South Asia

Bangladesh NAPA + climate change plan

India National climate change plan

Nepal NAPA

Table 1. CCAFS priority countries reviewed and adaptation planning status

Analytical framework

10

1.2. Research objectives and methods

To structure this report and provide a coherent basis for analysis of adaptation processes across multiple countries and the relationships between national policies and plans and strategies for adapting to climate challenges, an analytical framework was developed (see Figure 1). The design of this framework is intended to allow a ‘dashboard’ view of country progress on process and key NAP policy elements (e.g. integration into existing policies) and, ideally, to provide a framework that can continue to be useful as countries develop and refine their adaptation approaches over time.

The analytic framework was informed by the experiences to date of the 12 countries reviewed as well as the 8 case studies in the UNFCCC report, Compilation of case studies on national adaptation planning processes: Note by the secretariat (UNFCCC 2012a), which provided insight on common criteria and indicators used in national-level adaptation planning. Drawing from these experiences the framework highlights common approaches, while recognizing that the high complexity and cross-sectoral nature of adaptation processes will result in nationally-defined programmes that will exhibit unique qualities and differences due to the variety of vulnerabilities and social, economic and ecological systems.


CCAFS Report No. 10

Stakeholder engagement

Stakeholder consultation

Impacts and vulnerabilities assessed

Tools:

Ranking of risk

Tools:

Identify and/or create institutional structures

Prioritization of activities

Integration with development objectives

Identification of needs

Development of concrete plan

Distribution of responsibilities

Identify conflict and synergies

Definition of a timeline

Application of M&E system

for planning and implementation

information sharing

strengthening

between government, civil society, research and private sector actors

Downward accountability

Adaptive institutions

Political economy context:

Funding and capacity building

Risk assessment and ranking

Design of strategy and measures

Implementation

Figure 1. Analytical framework: National adaptation planning processes.

Risk assessment and ranking Priori.za.on and ranking of risk: Most countries reviewed apply criteria to rank climate risk, though oben do not make clear how assessment of these elements affect prioriAzaAon of adaptaAon acAons.

Ø  Level of confidence in assessing risks

Ø  ConnecAon between climate risk ranking criteria and evaluaAng responses to risks

Ø  Vagueness in how conflicAng vulnerability assessment results are resolved in the prioriAzaAon of response opAons (e.g. Niger rainfall)

Ø  Use analyAcal (e.g. crop models) and process elements (e.g. expert group and stakeholder consultaAon in risk assessment)

Ø  Difficult to account for the changing socioeconomic status of populaAons in emerging economies, increased urbanizaAon, and other complex factors to project and model 20-‐100 yrs out.

Strategy design/implementaAon

IntegraAon with development and agric sector plans

•  Structural and insAtuAonal issues: Agency mandates, capacity,

•  Integrated adaptaAon assessments and integrated acAon plans

•  How to strategically place adaptaAon prioriAes within the broader naAonal policy framework?

•  Align and mainstream into naAonal development or sector plans …and leverage donor funds for ‘addiAonal’

Adaptation plan implementation and funding

10





CCAFS Report No. 10




Tools:

Ranking of risk

Tools:











information sharing

strengthening








Implementation


•  ImplementaAon funding: from?

•  Timeline for implementaAon of acAviAes, including review

•  IteraAvely assess conflicts and synergies with naAonal development or sectoral plans

•  Engage monitoring and evaluaAon (M&E) system early: iniAal focus on process elements not outcomes…occur at all scales and involve stakeholders.

NAP finance

GEF Council support for NAP processes through LDCF and SCCF

Planning

Prepatory acAviAes

ImplementaAon*

* GEF Council support for these acAviAes unclear at this Ame

NAP Finance:

Green Climate Fund:

•  Direct and enhanced direct access are potenAal opAons under GCF: lower transacAon costs + downward financial accountability.

•  GDF access modaliAes in process.

DomesAc Sources

•  Can decrease dependency on fickle donor finance, but sAll benefit from bilateral funding arrangements

10





CCAFS Report No. 10




Tools:

Ranking of risk

Tools:











information sharing

strengthening








Implementation



Capacity building

National Adaptation Plans (NAPs) and agriculture: A learning workshop

Key agencies to facilitate NAP integration and cross-sector planning

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Thank you!

Gabrielle Kissinger Principal, Lexeme Consulting

[email protected]

KENYA: Agriculture in National Adaptation Planning

S M King’uyu Climate Change Secretariat

Ministry of Environment, Water & Natural Resources, Kenya [email protected]/www.kccap.info

COP 19 Side Event The National Stadium - Cracow Room, Warsaw - Poland

Country status

• Agriculture Sector Development Strategy (ASDS) recognises the threat of climate change and the need to adapt.

• National Climate Change Response Strategy (NCCRS) and National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP) prepared through a comprehensive and inclusive process.

•  Main NCCAP deliverable = national low carbon climate resilient development pathway that integrates adaptation, mitigation and sustainable development.

• Prioritisation of adaptation actions.

• Upgrading of adaptation actions in NCCAP into a NAP in progress.

• Some adaptation actions already synthesised and costed.

• Costing of remainder of actions to be undertaken.

13/10/2013 20 KENYA -‐ SMK

Barriers and successes: SWOT STRENGTHS •  Experience gained from NCCAP process. •  Broad adaptation actions identified. •  Dedicated TWG. •  Appointment by institutions: Sectoral

ownership? •  Technical diversity of team. •  Representation from across the different

stakeholder categories. Ø Stakeholder ownership.

•  Tested approach to costing. •  Adaptation actions mainstreamed into MTP.

OPPORTUNITIES •  Learning from past mistakes/ experiences. Ø Examples of best practice and building on

synergy. •  Some demonstrable interest from

development partners. •  New governance dispensation - heating

the iron while hot? Ø Further mainstreaming into planning at all

levels of governance. Ø County integrated development plans.

•  Political goodwill.

WEAKNESSES •  No NAPA experience. •  Do all have the requisite experience. Ø How to deal with appointees without drive?

•  Is representaAon inclusive enough? •  Funding the implementaAon? •  Baseline data/info?

THREATS •  Stakeholders who desire to accomplish too fast?

•  Does the end jusAfy the means? Ø Which is more important than the other -‐ the end or the means?

•  Who represents who?

13/10/2013 21 KENYA -‐ SMK

Mul7-‐stakeholder approach

13/10/2013 22

NCCAP

Mwananchi Private Sector

Academia

GoK CSOs

Media

Development Partners

KENYA -‐ SMK

§ Stakeholders are: Ø Like fish: You catch them at their own terms, not on the fisher’s terms! Ø Like eggs: You handle them with care! We must speak their language!

13/10/2013 KENYA -‐ SMK 23

Integrated/Mul7-‐sectoral approach

Examples from MTP 2013-‐2017

•  Foundations of the Economy and Society: . . . a strategy is in place for

modernizing energy infrastructure network, increasing the share of

energy generated from renewable energy sources, and providing energy

that is affordable and reliable to businesses and homes. This will ensure

that our energy supply is adequate and efficient in order to support

increased use in manufacturing, agriculture, services, public facilities and

households.

•  Agriculture & Livestock: The MTP will give top priority to increased

acreage under in irrigation in order to reduce the country’s dependence on

rain fed agriculture. A total of 404,800 hectares will be put under irrigation.

13/10/2013 24 KENYA -‐ SMK

Examples from MTP 2013-‐2017

Drought Emergencies and Food Security

•  Increase investment in irrigation to reduce the country’s dependence on rain-fed agriculture.

•  Strategies to mechanize agriculture, revive cooperatives and farmers unions and subsidize farm inputs.

•  Emphasis on value addition in the production and supply chain.

Infrastructure

•  Cheaper and adequate electricity; local and regional rail and road networks that provide safe, efficient and cost effective transport;

•  Adequate water for households and industry; affordable quality housing and sustainable environmental management.

•  Integrate the SDGs for the post 2015.

13/10/2013 25 KENYA -‐ SMK

13/10/2013

Thank you! 26 KENYA -‐ SMK

Ali Tauqueer Sheikh Asia Director, Climate and Development Knowledge Network (CDKN) CEO of LEAD Pakistan

Robert Zougmoré West Africa Regional Program Leader CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS)

CCAFS SIDE EVENT:

Agriculture in Na7onal Adapta7on Plans: Experiences and Lessons Learned

www.ccafs.cgiar.org

agriculture in national adaptation plans: experiences and lessons learned

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