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Philip G. Pardey University of Minnesota USDA 92 nd Outlook Forum, Transforming Agriculture Session: Applying USDA Technological Achievements to Global Agricultural Challenges February 26, 2016 Marriott Hotel, Arlington Agricultural Innovation—The United States and the Developing World

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Page 1: Agricultural Innovation—The United States and the Developing … · 2016-02-26  · Philip G. Pardey University of Minnesota USDA nd92 Outlook Forum, Transforming Agriculture Session:

Philip G. Pardey University of Minnesota 

USDA 92nd Outlook Forum, Transforming Agriculture

Session: Applying USDA Technological Achievements to Global Agricultural Challenges

February 26, 2016 Marriott Hotel, Arlington 

Agricultural Innovation—The United Statesand the  Developing World

Page 2: Agricultural Innovation—The United States and the Developing … · 2016-02-26  · Philip G. Pardey University of Minnesota USDA nd92 Outlook Forum, Transforming Agriculture Session:

Outline

Persistence Pays! – R&D and Adoption Lags

Changing Food and Agricultural R&D Realities Worldwide

U.S. Agricultural Innovations in a Global Context

• The Case of Wheat Rusts 

Page 3: Agricultural Innovation—The United States and the Developing … · 2016-02-26  · Philip G. Pardey University of Minnesota USDA nd92 Outlook Forum, Transforming Agriculture Session:

From Innovation Investment to Adoption and Impact

R&D Investments

Farm Productivity Growth

Source: Alston, Anderson, James and Pardey (2010, 2011)

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

1 11 21 31 41 51 Year

Lag Weights

Page 4: Agricultural Innovation—The United States and the Developing … · 2016-02-26  · Philip G. Pardey University of Minnesota USDA nd92 Outlook Forum, Transforming Agriculture Session:

Illustrative Technology Timelines (US)

Source: Pardey , Alston and Ruttan (2008) and Alston et al. (2010)

1877Beal conducts first controlled crosses/hybrid vigor

1905‐1912Shull developed correct understanding of inbreeding and cross breeding

1917 James developed double cross‐hybrid

1922Iowa State station began corn in‐breeding program

1933First commercial planting of Hybrid Iowa 939 developed by Merle Jenkins

1936First release of a widely popular double‐cross hybrid developed at Purdue University

1960Vastly improved in‐breds led to shift to single‐cross hybrids

1960 95 percent of U.S. corn acreage in hybrids

Hybrid Corn

1901Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) discovered in Japan (and 1911 in Germany)

1950s Bt used as a control agent and registered

1986 Cry1Ab gene sequence published

1986Cry1Ab cloned into root colonyzing Pseudomonas bacteria

1992YieldGard insect protected corn event Mon810 produced by "gene gun"

1996FDA, USDA & EPA approvals for Yield Guard

1997Bt corn (corn borer protection) commercialized in U.S.

1998Stacked with other traits (e.g. herbicide tolerance)

2004U.S. patent issued to Monsanto for Mon810

2008 Regulatory approval in 20 countries

Bt Corn

1970 Glyphosphate shown to have herbicidal activity

1976 Roundup herbicide commercialized in U.S.

1980 Idnetification of 3 mechanisms to infer glyphosphate tolerance

Late 1980s Several genes encoding glyphospate insensitivity isolated

1987 First soybean transformation achieved

1990 & 91 Glyphosphate tolerant seeds evaluated

1996 Roundup Ready Soybeans commercialized

Roundup Ready Soybean

59 years 96 years 26 years

Page 5: Agricultural Innovation—The United States and the Developing … · 2016-02-26  · Philip G. Pardey University of Minnesota USDA nd92 Outlook Forum, Transforming Agriculture Session:

U.S. Maize Technology Adoption Lags 

Source:  Beddow (2012)

0

20

40

60

80

10019

30

1935

1940

1945

1950

1955

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

Percen

tage of U

.S. M

aize Acres 

Hybrid          Maize

Nitrogen

Nitrogen (rate, index)

Herbicide

Irrigation

18 years  17 years 

20 years 

13 years 

30 years 

12 years 

Page 6: Agricultural Innovation—The United States and the Developing … · 2016-02-26  · Philip G. Pardey University of Minnesota USDA nd92 Outlook Forum, Transforming Agriculture Session:

Corn Movement in the U.S., 1899‐2007 

Share of Corn Output by County, 1899

Share of Corn Output by County, 2007

Source: Beddow and Pardey (2015)

Moving Matters

279 kilometers north342 kilometers west

16 to 21 percent of corn output growth

Moving Matters

279 kilometers north342 kilometers west

16 to 21 percent of corn output growth

Page 7: Agricultural Innovation—The United States and the Developing … · 2016-02-26  · Philip G. Pardey University of Minnesota USDA nd92 Outlook Forum, Transforming Agriculture Session:

Shifting GroundThe Global Food and Agricultural R&D Landscape

Page 8: Agricultural Innovation—The United States and the Developing … · 2016-02-26  · Philip G. Pardey University of Minnesota USDA nd92 Outlook Forum, Transforming Agriculture Session:

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

billion

 2009 PP

P$

Total public and private 

Private

Public

Global Public and Private Food & Agricultural R&D, 1960‐2011 

Source: Pardey, Chan‐Kang, Beddow and Dehmer (2016, in process) 

$69.2 b

55.1%

44.9%

Page 9: Agricultural Innovation—The United States and the Developing … · 2016-02-26  · Philip G. Pardey University of Minnesota USDA nd92 Outlook Forum, Transforming Agriculture Session:

0

20

40

60

80

1960 1980 2011

percen

t

Total Public

USAGermanyBrazilUKChinaSouth AfricaIndiaCanadaJapanAustralia

Spatial Concentration ‐‐ Top 10 Country Share and Rank

China

USAIndiaJapanBrazilGermanyFranceCanadaItalyKorea

Page 10: Agricultural Innovation—The United States and the Developing … · 2016-02-26  · Philip G. Pardey University of Minnesota USDA nd92 Outlook Forum, Transforming Agriculture Session:

0

5

10

15

20

25

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

percen

t

United States

Shifting Global Shares of Public Food & Ag R&D, 1960‐2011

Source: Pardey, Chan‐Kang, Beddow and Dehmer (2016, in process) 

11.5%

20.2%

Page 11: Agricultural Innovation—The United States and the Developing … · 2016-02-26  · Philip G. Pardey University of Minnesota USDA nd92 Outlook Forum, Transforming Agriculture Session:

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

percen

t

United States

Western Europe

Shifting Global Shares of Public Food & Ag R&D, 1960‐2011

Source: Pardey, Chan‐Kang, Beddow and Dehmer (2016, in process) 

11.5%

18.5%

Page 12: Agricultural Innovation—The United States and the Developing … · 2016-02-26  · Philip G. Pardey University of Minnesota USDA nd92 Outlook Forum, Transforming Agriculture Session:

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

percen

t

Brazil, India and China

United States

Western Europe

Shifting Global Shares of Public Food & Ag R&D, 1960‐2011

Source: Pardey, Chan‐Kang, Beddow and Dehmer (2016, in process) 

11.5%

27.1%

Page 13: Agricultural Innovation—The United States and the Developing … · 2016-02-26  · Philip G. Pardey University of Minnesota USDA nd92 Outlook Forum, Transforming Agriculture Session:

Agricultural R&D, Innovation and Adoption

Sustainable Productivity Performance

Economic challenges • Comparative advantage and international competiveness

Environmental challenges and changes• Climate (drought, heat stress, water logging etc)• Crop pest and diseases

Page 14: Agricultural Innovation—The United States and the Developing … · 2016-02-26  · Philip G. Pardey University of Minnesota USDA nd92 Outlook Forum, Transforming Agriculture Session:

Stem Rust Stripe Rust Leaf Rust

Productivity Maintenance – The Case of Wheat Rusts

Running hard to stand still!

Page 15: Agricultural Innovation—The United States and the Developing … · 2016-02-26  · Philip G. Pardey University of Minnesota USDA nd92 Outlook Forum, Transforming Agriculture Session:

Stem Rust

Page 16: Agricultural Innovation—The United States and the Developing … · 2016-02-26  · Philip G. Pardey University of Minnesota USDA nd92 Outlook Forum, Transforming Agriculture Session:

The Spread of Ug99 Stem Rust 

Now 13 known variants spread across 13 countries

Page 17: Agricultural Innovation—The United States and the Developing … · 2016-02-26  · Philip G. Pardey University of Minnesota USDA nd92 Outlook Forum, Transforming Agriculture Session:
Page 18: Agricultural Innovation—The United States and the Developing … · 2016-02-26  · Philip G. Pardey University of Minnesota USDA nd92 Outlook Forum, Transforming Agriculture Session:

USDA Cereal Disease Lab

Page 19: Agricultural Innovation—The United States and the Developing … · 2016-02-26  · Philip G. Pardey University of Minnesota USDA nd92 Outlook Forum, Transforming Agriculture Session:

Doing Good by Doing Well

US Wheat Rust Research in a Global Setting 

Page 20: Agricultural Innovation—The United States and the Developing … · 2016-02-26  · Philip G. Pardey University of Minnesota USDA nd92 Outlook Forum, Transforming Agriculture Session:

Stem Rust Climate Suitability 

Persistently vulnerableSeasonally vulnerable

Page 21: Agricultural Innovation—The United States and the Developing … · 2016-02-26  · Philip G. Pardey University of Minnesota USDA nd92 Outlook Forum, Transforming Agriculture Session:

Stripe Rust Climate Suitability 

Persistently vulnerableSeasonally vulnerable

Page 22: Agricultural Innovation—The United States and the Developing … · 2016-02-26  · Philip G. Pardey University of Minnesota USDA nd92 Outlook Forum, Transforming Agriculture Session:

Leaf Rust Climate Suitability 

Persistently vulnerableSeasonally vulnerable

Page 23: Agricultural Innovation—The United States and the Developing … · 2016-02-26  · Philip G. Pardey University of Minnesota USDA nd92 Outlook Forum, Transforming Agriculture Session:

Note: Suitability prediction based on growth index (GI) values from the CLIMEX model

Three Rusts—Seasonally Vulnerable

Two rust typesThree rust types

One rust type

Page 24: Agricultural Innovation—The United States and the Developing … · 2016-02-26  · Philip G. Pardey University of Minnesota USDA nd92 Outlook Forum, Transforming Agriculture Session:

Vulnerability to Wheat Rusts Worldwide

Stem, Leaf and Stripe Rust Vulnerability

None Only One Only Two All Three(Percentage of output, all farms)

Western Europe 0.0 0.0 0.7 99.2

North America 2.2 12.5 37.1 48.3

Australia 0.0 10.3 17.8 71.9

Sub‐Saharan Africa 11.0 3.6 13.9 71.6

China 0.0 0.0 11.5 88.5

India 6.3 18.8 72.5 2.5

World 3.2 6.9 27.1 62.7

Page 25: Agricultural Innovation—The United States and the Developing … · 2016-02-26  · Philip G. Pardey University of Minnesota USDA nd92 Outlook Forum, Transforming Agriculture Session:

Concluding Remarks

U.S. losing considerable global market share in terms of (public) R&D spending 

R&D likely to remain highly spatially concentrated 

• A growing disconnect between the geography of agricultural demand and the location of agricultural R&D performance

Shift towards more contestable and project‐oriented (often shorter‐term) funding of public science

• The problems are just as hard as they ever have been 

• The present returns are just as high (pointing to persistent underinvestment)

Requires political will to think long term and reinvest and revitalize agricultural R&D in the U.S. and elsewhere in the world (especially among the poorer countries) 

Page 26: Agricultural Innovation—The United States and the Developing … · 2016-02-26  · Philip G. Pardey University of Minnesota USDA nd92 Outlook Forum, Transforming Agriculture Session:

Thanks!             

www.harvestchoice.orgwww.instepp.umn.edu