agricultural growth program social assessment -...

Government of Ethiopia, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development

Agricultural Growth Program

Social Assessment

Final Report, 22 March 2010

March 2010

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AGP Ethiopia - Social Assessment

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Table of Contents

Acronyms ................................................................................................................................................ 5

1 Executive Summary ......................................................................................................................... 6

1.1 Objective of the Study ............................................................................................................ 6

1.2 Methodology ........................................................................................................................... 6

1.3 Main Findings .......................................................................................................................... 6

1.3.1 Socio-Economic Profiles of AGP Regions, Woredas and Kebeles ................................... 6

1.3.2 Presence of Specific Vulnerable Groups ......................................................................... 7

1.3.3 Summary Statement on Triggering World Bank Safeguard OP 4.10 .............................. 7

1.3.4 Anticipated Positive AGP Impact .................................................................................... 8

1.3.5 Anticipated Social Risks ................................................................................................... 8

1.3.6 Institutional Capacity at Woreda and Kebele Level ........................................................ 9

1.3.7 Summary Statement on Triggering World Bank Safeguard OP 4.11 ............................ 11

1.4 Recommendations: Risk Mitigation Measures and Strategies ............................................. 11

2 Assessment Scope and Methodology ........................................................................................... 14

2.1 Selection of Woredas, Kebeles and Target Groups .............................................................. 14

2.2 Applied Definition of Vulnerable Social Groups ................................................................... 15

3 Review of Data from Secondary Sources ...................................................................................... 16

3.1 Socio-Economic Profiles of the AGP Regions ........................................................................ 16

3.1.1 Oromia National Regional State .................................................................................... 17

3.1.2 Southern Nations, Nationalities and People’s Regional State ...................................... 17

3.1.3 Tigray National Regional State ...................................................................................... 18

3.1.4 Amhara National Regional State ................................................................................... 18

3.2 Socio-Economic Profiles of Visited AGP Woredas and Kebeles ............................................ 19

3.2.1 Oromia Region .............................................................................................................. 20

3.2.2 SNNPR ........................................................................................................................... 21

3.2.3 Amhara Region .............................................................................................................. 22

3.2.4 Tigray Region ................................................................................................................. 23

3.3 National Policies and Litterature Related to Vulnerable Groups .......................................... 24

4 Main Findings ................................................................................................................................ 27

4.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 27

4.2 Major Vulnerable Social Groups Identified ........................................................................... 28

4.3 Presence of Specific Vulnerable Social Groups in AGP Woredas .......................................... 29

4.3.1 Women and Girls .......................................................................................................... 29

4.3.2 Youth ............................................................................................................................. 31


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4.3.3 Children and Orphans ................................................................................................... 31

4.3.4 Elderly ........................................................................................................................... 31

4.3.5 Occupational Minorities ................................................................................................ 32

4.3.6 Tribal Minorities ............................................................................................................ 33

4.3.7 Conflict-prone Households and Competition for Natural Resources ........................... 34

4.4 Summary Statement on Triggering World Bank Safeguard OP 4.10 .................................... 35

4.5 Enabling Environment and Positive AGP Impacts on Vulnerable Groups ............................ 36

4.6 Anticipated Social Risks ......................................................................................................... 38

4.6.1 Labor and Rural Employment Opportunities ................................................................ 38

4.6.2 Access to Farm Land...................................................................................................... 39

4.6.3 Conflict Prone Households ............................................................................................ 40

4.6.4 Social-Environmental Linkages ..................................................................................... 40

4.6.5 Social Capital and Informal Access to Finance .............................................................. 41

4.6.6 Formal Access to Finance .............................................................................................. 43

4.6.7 Non-Financial Services .................................................................................................. 43

4.7 Institutional Capacity at Woreda and Kebele Level .............................................................. 44

4.7.1 Gender Aspects of Kebele Level Institutional Capacities .............................................. 45

4.7.2 Gap filling and Missing Skills ......................................................................................... 45

4.7.3 VSG Sensitive Cross-Sectoral Coordination................................................................... 46

4.7.4 Access to Information for All......................................................................................... 46

4.7.5 Monitoring Capacity ...................................................................................................... 47

4.7.6 Local Level Actor Coordination and AGP Task Forces ................................................... 47

5 Presence of Physical Cultural Resources ....................................................................................... 49

5.1 Summary Statement on Triggering World Bank Safeguard OP 4.11 .................................... 50

6 Summary of Major Regional Variations and Similarities .............................................................. 51

7 Recommendations: Risk Mitigation Measures and Strategies ..................................................... 52

7.1 Conflict Resolution in Specific Locations............................................................................... 52

7.2 Addressing Land Rent Issues ................................................................................................. 53

7.3 Facilitating Women and Girls Participation in AGP ............................................................... 53

7.4 Mitigating Effects of Customary Practices and HIV/AIDS ..................................................... 54

7.5 Broaden Access to Business Development Services ............................................................. 54

7.6 Broaden Access to Financial Services.................................................................................... 55

7.7 Recognizing Social-Environmental Linkages ......................................................................... 56

7.8 Physical Cultural Resources .................................................................................................. 56

7.9 AGP Sub-Project Appraisal and Screening ............................................................................ 56


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7.10 Review of Guiding AGP Documents ...................................................................................... 57

7.11 M&E of Vulnerable Social Groups and PCRs ......................................................................... 58

7.12 Training and Information Needs at Woreda and Kebele Levels ........................................... 59

Annexes ................................................................................................................................................. 61

AGP Results Framework .................................................................................................................... 61

Examples of Main Activities by Components .................................................................................... 64

AGP Monitoring ................................................................................................................................ 65

Consequences of Polygamy .............................................................................................................. 66

Women of Occupational Minorities: Double Marginalization and Cyclical Poverty Trap ................ 67

Lists of People interviewed ............................................................................................................... 68

Field Sample Selection Criteria and Scores ....................................................................................... 79

References ........................................................................................................................................ 82


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Acronyms AGP Agriculture Growth Programme

BDS Business Development Service

BoFED Bureau of Finance and Economic Development

BoLSA Bureau of Labour and Social Affairs

BoYSSA Bureau of Youth, Sport and Social Affairs

CCC Community Care Coalition

CEFE Competency Enhancement for Entrepreneurs

CRC Child Right Committee

CSA Central Statistics Authority

ECEX Ethiopian Commodity Exchange

ESMF Environmental and Social Framework

FGD Focus Group Discussions

FHH Female Headed Household

GoE Government of Ethiopia

HEW Health Extension Worker

ILO International Labour Organization

MFI Micro-Finance Institution

MoARD Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development

MoCT Ministry of Culture and Tourism

MoTI Ministry of Trade and Industry

MoWA Ministry of Women Affairs

MSE Micro and Small Enterprise

PANE Poverty Action Network

PASPEP Plan for Accelerated and Sustained Development to End Poverty

PCU Project Coordination Unit

PIM Program Implementation Manual

PPM Participatory Planning Manual

SA Social Assessment

SARDP Sida-Amhara Rural Development Program

SIYB Start and Improve Your Business

VOCA Volunteers in Overseas Cooperative Assistance

VSG Vulnerable Social Group

WARD Woreda Agriculture and Rural Development

WYSSA Woreda Youth, Sport and Social Affairs

YSW Yem Special Woreda


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467 individuals participated

in consultative meetings at

central, regional, Woreda

and Kebele level.

Oromia’s youth population is

close to 7.5 million and 47 %

of population is below age 14

1 Executive Summary

1.1 Objective of the Study This study feeds into the preparation process for the Agriculture Growth Program. Its main objective

is to assess in a consultative process if the proposed AGP activities are likely to trigger the World

Bank safeguard policies OP 4.10 on indigenous people and OP 4.11 on physical cultural resources.

1.2 Methodology This report presents findings from a desk review and extensive field visits to 4 AGP regions (Oromia,

SNNPR, Amhara and Tigray) and 8 Woredas (Diga, Ambo and Dodola from Oromia; Wondogenet and

Yem Special from SNNPR; Taqussa and S/Achefer from Amhara and Endamhoni from Tigray). At least

one Kebele from each visited Woreda was comprehensively assessed.

An initial meeting of the SA team with the World Bank responsible officers and AGP Task Force

members clarified the final scope of work. Additional meetings with the WB were held during study

implementation and reporting. The SA team also met with the consultant team drafting then ESMF

for coordination purposes. The representative sample Woredas and Kebeles were selected according

to a range of parameters derived from OP 4.10 and OP 4.11 during the Inception Period.

Pre-designed checklists prepared during the Inception Period were used to collect socio-economic

data and the Woreda’s profile. Half-day consultation workshops were conducted at every visited

Woreda with diverse sector office representatives. Here briefings about AGP took place and

anticipated positive impacts and social risks were identified, consolidated and discussed.

Consultation workshops with representatives from Kebele cabinet

members, DAs and women representatives were held at Kebele level.

Critical issues identified during Woreda and Kebele consultations

were further assessed by using both pre-designed guide questions

and triangulation methods using key informant interviews and focus

group discussions with elders, women, occupational groups and youth.

The study was carried out between January and March 2010 by a team of three national and one

international expert. They were assisted by field facilitators in the 4 regions.

1.3 Main Findings

1.3.1 Socio-Economic Profiles of AGP Regions, Woredas and Kebeles

Youth makes up 27-28% of the total population in AGP regions and

in absolute figures, varies from 1.1 million in Tigray National

Regional State to 7.5 million in Oromia. Studies indicate that more

than 68% of youths are unpaid family workers, landless and without

formal employment. The large majority of people engage in subsistence farming (88.6 % in Amhara,

where 47% of youth is landless). Resettlement schemes are common.

In some Woredas in Tigray, average size of cultivated land plots is roughly 0.2 ha, which is even

smaller than the regional average of 0.4 ha.


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Children in all 4 regions make up 40 -50% of population on average. In

Oromia Woredas, average household size can reach 8.5 people.

Land registration has taken place in all regions with between 50% (SNNPR)

and 98% (Tigray) of HHs holding a first certificate. Conflicts around land use

and ownership are increasing in all regions.

Agriculture investments have created substantial employment in all regions, especially in SNNPR.

HIV/AIDS has had a major impact especially on Amhara. Polygamy and early marriage is common.

The population size of the visited Woredas ranges from a low of 77,873 in Diga to 210,129 in Dodola.

The share of FHHs in the total farm households varies more widely reaching between 11% (Diga) and

26% (Ambo).

1.3.2 Presence of Specific Vulnerable Groups

The SA team identified several social groups in AGP Woredas that are in a clearly disadvantaged or

vulnerable position. They can be categorized as follows:

a) Women and female headed households; categorically those

women without access to farm land, female heads of

households with little land and big family size including those

with enough land but with shortage of labor and women in

polygamous/early marriage with unclear property rights,

b) Youth who are unemployed and landless,

c) Orphaned children and children who become child family heads whose inheritance right is

abused by their custodians, and

d) Elderly people who may have enough land but lack a social support network and can not

access labor.

Youth, children, orphans or elderly may have to be further gender disaggregated as specific

proposed AGP activities may cause particularly negative impacts to either male of female members.

Resource poor households are generally more vulnerable.

In few AGP Woredas researched, additional location specific AGP risk groups were identified:

a) Farmers who depend on communal land that is given out to foreign investors in a situation

of extreme land shortage,

b) Small occupational minorities that still experience forms of discrimination,

c) Small tribal minorities that still experience forms of discrimination,

d) Conflict-prone farming households who are victims of administrative boundary conflicts or

conflict with migrants over use of natural resources.

1.3.3 Summary Statement on Triggering World Bank Safeguard OP 4.10

In relation to the Bank’s safeguard policies, perceptions found in all visited Woredas show that the

concept of ‘indigenous people’ could not be broadly applied even though a small number of distinct

occupational and tribal minorities was identified.

ANRS recorded

almost 1,6 million

orphans in 2008

In all AGP woredas visited,

vulnerable groups make up

at least half of the total

population


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World Bank safeguards according to OP 4.10 will not be triggered with exception of the

Woieto along Laka Tana shore in Amhara and the Fuga of Yem Woreda in SNNPR and

possibly groups with similar characteristics in not yet researched other AGP Woredas.

1.3.4 Anticipated Positive AGP Impact

There are ample opportunities for the success of AGP as the designed components are theoretically

compatible even with needs and resources of vulnerable social groups.

Demand and improved market prices for agricultural products encourage use of improved

technologies and contract farming arrangements. Access to market information is enhanced and

mobile phones are widely used. Woreda institutions do their best to organize different social groups,

especially landless youth, in agriculture production and marketing activities. AGP can build on the

many existing self-initiated and organized groups. Various dam projects createopportunites for

irrigation agriculture. ‘Growth corridors’ will benefit many AGP Woredas.

New initiatives like the Community Care Coalition in Tigray support orphans, elders and disabled

groups by mobilizing resources from different organizations in the Kebele and the community at

large. Child Rights Committees monitor and protect the rights of children in all Woredas.

1.3.5 Anticipated Social Risks

Labor and Rural Employment Opportunities

In cereal surplus producing Woredas, the use of farm machinery such as combine harvesters has

limited the absorption of the huge surplus labor and landless now exploit even closed forest areas

for immediate income needs. If promotion of mechanized commercial farming under AGP proves to

actually reduce employment, the program definitely will have to address this issue.

In almost all Woredas, better-off households, those who diversify and small size FHHs are compelled

to use cheap child labor. There is a risk that AGP actually encourages an increase in utilizing child

labor in agricultural commodity chain activities.

Access to Farm Land

The SA team findings confirm other studies that suggest that many critical social issues can be

directly or indirectly linked to unresolved land issues. For AGP one cannot think of sustained

agricultural growth without strengthening tenure security. Access to farm land for the youth is a

most critical issue.

Existing informal land contracting arrangements are found to function without backing from land

policies but numbers of conflicts are rising and hinder participation of landless youth in agricultural

growth activities. In some places elders posses ten hectare or more of farm land. Many either don’t

have access to family labor or are challenged by family members to divide their land. Where

polygamous marriage is common female land holding is discouraged.

Conflict Prone Households

Households living in conflict-prone localities and in capital intensive private commercial farm areas

may require specific attention to be able to participate in AGP. Suddenly restricted access to grazing

land, water and forest resources have resulted in stiff competition among communities that is not

always resolved peacefully. If AGP aggravates such conflicts directly or indirectly, the program must

also offers solutions for transparent conflict prevention and mitigation.


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Social-Environmental Linkages

Environmental degradation is likely to hit those hardest that are already disadvantaged.

Traditionally, specific natural resources are utilised in a rural community primarily by specific groups

and according to gender and age for either domestic or productive use. AGP Component 1 and 2

may change existing patterns in VSGs access to natural resources.

Current and anticipated climate change impacts must be considered for choice of crops and

production systems, training modules, size and allocation of infrastructure projects etc..Not

considering it could increase costs of interventions, as well as vulnerability with erratic weather

patterns affecting e.g. food security. AGP Component 1 aims at increasing agricultural productivity.

‘One-season’ commercial cash crop farming by outsiders does little to improve soil fertility. If

resource poor HHs are to become part of AGP, the use of compost is a preferable choice, as it

increases resilience when HHs do not have cash for purchase of synthetic fertilizers.

Social Capital, Informal and Formal Access to Finance

Self-initiated social organizations, with various local names are solidarity groups whose

cohesiveness goes beyond serving the economic needs of members. Even male and female youth

participate in them. Rural saving and credit cooperatives are emerging as strong financial

intermediaries that also include women.

Government established and supported groups often have a relatively large membership, but

people interviewed in all four regions agreed that these ‘organized’ groups often lack truly

motivated members and are more easily disbanded than traditional groups.

Especially polygamous households, but also women and youth that are often considered ‘risk

groups’ by credit committees, borrow from private lenders at extremely high interest rates.

In cash crop areas, micro finance institutions are unable to meet demands for bigger loan size for

growth-oriented and surplus producing farmers.

Micro finance institutions often lack outreach in remote areas and don’t offer products tailored to

specific needs of vulnerable groups.

Non-Financial Services

One of AGP’s sub-components is agribusiness development. Market uncertainties affect households

and micro entrepreneurs, suggesting that working with non-financial services is just as important as

providing rural credit. AGP must be prepared to work in an environment characterized by

wastefulness associated to customary practices, low cash saving rates, a culture at pre-

entrepreneurial stage, and an absence of properly tailored Business Development Support Services.

Most of the BDS provided is not demand-driven and training is not market oriented and does not

reflect available appropriate technologies. Youth and women have least market exposure and

experience and are unlikely to become engaged in profitable AGP activities unless tailor-made

interventions are designed to ‘bring them onboard’. Documented ‘best practises’ for this exist.

1.3.6 Institutional Capacity at Woreda and Kebele Level

Strong institutions at grass-roots level encourage trust, promote property rights and avoid the

exclusion of the different sections of the population. Lower level government institutions are

increasingly involved in community development. In the AGP-SA context, the Women and Child

Affairs, Micro and Small Enterprise, Labour and Social Affairs, and Youth and Sport are among the


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offices that have direct mandates for supporting vulnerable groups. They are in different states of

institutional maturity.

Understaffing, Gap filling & Coordination

A considerable staff shortage was recorded in all institutions

working with VSGs. Besides numerical shortages, staff are also

under/unqualified. Skills in mainstreaming of social,

vulnerability or gender issues are virtually absent even in institutions expected to work with them.

Staff members are also busy with ‘gap filling’ outside their technical fields of expertise. They lack

access to modern and efficient IT equipment and other office facilities. AGP must increase staff skills

in socially sensitive project cycle management. The SA already shows that staff from Women and

Social Affair and Youth Affairs offices that do not even have a Kebele level representation, have large

capacity gaps in this respect.

Splitting up Agriculture and Rural Development offices into separate desks prevents coordinated use

of DAs. A lack of cross-sector planning is likely to impact negatively on AGP when it comes to

applying socially inclusive approaches.

Access to Information for All

Staff of several social institutions in the visited Woredas was not aware of the program at all. AGP

implementation will have to approach the issue of equitable access to information in a strategic

manner. Experience from similar programs shows that crucial information about upcoming

development initiatives like AGP first of all reaches local elites that may monopolize this knowledge.

AGP design, budget allocation and implementation of investments and trainings must include

awareness campaigns that reach even those groups that often are not participating in ‘regular’

meetings at community levels.

Monitoring Capacity

Staff capacity in collecting, storing and monitoring of data on vulnerable social groups is very weak.

A sound baseline and robust monitoring system with simple indicators would facilitate informed

decision making on AGP at regional and federal levels in terms of reaching intended target groups.

Local Level Actor Coordination and AGP Task Forces

Implementation of AGP requires coordinated efforts among different sectors in decision making and

continuous provision of advice. The process of forming AGP task forces is not yet completed.

Inclusion of officers from relevant departments in the Woreda steering committee would strengthen

the safeguard processes for the different social groups and physical cultural resources. It also

ensures integration of socio-economic activities into Woreda as well as at local level development

initiatives.

Non-state actors often focus on poor and marginalized groups of society and possess experience on

‘what works and what doesn’t. AGP committees should definitely use the opportunity to tap into

these experiences for making the program more responsive to needs of vulnerable groups in an

efficient and effective manner.

Kebele Associations can, together with Woreda sector office and DAs, play a significant role in

implementing, monitoring and evaluating of AGP.

Woreda offices working with VSGs

had an average staffing gap of 41%


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1.3.7 Summary Statement on Triggering World Bank Safeguard OP 4.11

Substantial numbers of sacred and ritual sites of religious and cultural importance (sacred trees,

springs, rivers, ritual sites, graveyards, religious buildings etc) have been identified in all visited

locations. Implementation of AGP sub-projects in the area of small irrigation schemes, water

reservoir and dam excavation and rural roads construction is likely to impact negatively on PCRs. If

AGP further increases pressure on already limited land resources for agricultural production, the

encroachment on communal lands and forests surrounding sites of religious or cultural importance

will also be accelerated.

OP 4.11 will be triggered by AGP

1.4 Recommendations: Risk Mitigation Measures and Strategies Women and youth are specific AGP target groups. AGP must reflect the fact that they actually make

up the majority of a typical Woreda population, are major productive actors in value chains and are

crucial for any sustainable rural poverty alleviation. AGP can not afford to treat them as passive

recipients or exclude them from full participation. To ensure that they and the other vulnerable

social groups identified by the SA will participate in and benefit from AGP as intended it is crucial to:

a) Revisit the program design/LFA and its components to create additional opportunities for

these groups of society,

b) Include mechanisms that promote their full participation in the entire sub-project cycle at

operational level and

c) Build the capacity for applying and evaluating these measures for staff entrusted with

overseeing actual implementation of AGP activities.

The PIM and other manuals applied in the field need to cover these aspects in simple yet

comprehensive ways. Capacity building must ensure that vulnerability and participatory issues are

truly understood and fully anchored within local implementing units. Training of DAs will be crucial

in this respect.

Conflict Resolution in Specific Locations

Boundary conflicts and competition for remaining natural resources is risk for AGP. Land allocation

to commercial farms causes massive resentments. AGP may encourage ‘outsiders’ to enter

productive areas without consulting with traditional users. AGP Task Forces and PCU, trained and

assisted by conflict management specialists, must facilitate such consultations through traditional

and modern conflict resolution mechanisms. Committees at Kebele level should address conflicts

and benefit sharing issues, using a tool box that describes mechanisms for arbitration and

compensations. Conflict matters must be incorporated in sub-project planning guidelines and

screening criteria.

Addressing Land Rent Issues

A large % of male and female youth is landless, which may indirectly exclude them from AGP. A

‘resurrection’ of the once planned but later discarded AGP land component may have to be

considered to ‘bundle’ all land-related activities that undoubtedly will merge during AGP

implementation. Information that includes messages directly aiming at women, youth and other

VSGs on existing legislation/directives on land contractual arrangements must be part of strategic

AGP information dissemination activities and yet reflect regional differences in legislation.


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Facilitating Women and Girls Participation in AGP

Women can not be a productive force unless they have enough time for income generating

activities, participatory planning exercises, training or forming of associations. Using existing

regional strategies on gender mainstreaming, AGP initiatives should actively reduce work load of

women and girls and make sure that an introduction of labor intensive production, processing,

transporting, marketing or infrastructure maintenance activities does not create additional work

load for them. Sub-project screening criteria must take up this issue. AGP should create access to

appropriate technology for women in production, processing and transport as well as access to

alternative energy sources to free time for AGP income generating activities.

Mitigating Effects of Polygamy, Customary Practices and HIV/AIDS

Polygamy, early marriage and HIV/AIDS cause labor shortage in resource poor HHs preventing them

from diversifying income generating activities. AGP should support specific land titling to women,

strengthen Child Right Committees, mainstream activities for countering HIV/AIDS in AGP and build

required institutional capacity in AGP implementing units.

Broaden Access to Business Development Services

Many farmers remain in a pre-entrepreneurial stage, which is compounded by the absence of

properly tailored Business Development Support Services. Particularly youth and women have the

least exposure and experience for becoming competitive actors in commodity chains. The SA team

recommends BDS to become a separate sub-component in AGP with specific interventions under a

demand-driven value chain support cluster that relies on private and public BDS facilitators and

trained agricultural subject matter specialists. Women, youth and VSGs should receive tailor-made

training based on existing ‘best practices’ from Ethiopia for developing business initiatives.

Broaden Access to Financial Services

Access to appropriate financial services is crucial throughout a value chain. Existing microfinance

institutions have limited outreach with small enough loans to youth and women clients, while

growth-oriented entrepreneurs cannot obtain sufficiently large loans. Appropriate financial services

should be available to all farmers wishing to engage in income generating activities. Commercial

banks and MFIs are main entry points for AGP. The introduction of Credit Guarantee Arrangements

or Warehouse Receipts Systems is proposed. Both are generally applicable, but can be used for

creating tailor made loan products specifically targeting women, youth and other VSGs.

Recognizing Social-Environmental Linkages

Social well being and environment are closely interlinked and already vulnerable groups are most

likely to suffer from further environmental degradation. AGP cannot aggravate stress on already

overused natural resources. Productivity gains must not only be achieved by using costly externally

supplied inputs that resource poor HHs can not afford. The limited ability of vulnerable groups to

adopt new crops/new technology must be considered. Mitigation measures against increasingly

erratic weather patterns must be included in the program.

Protecting Physical Cultural Resources

The ESMF includes procedures for protection of PCRs. The PIM must detail mandatory measures

once a PCR safeguard is triggered during a sub project screening process. ‘PCR Interest Groups’

representing tribal and customary leaders, women and youths can act as ‘whistle blowers’ for

protecting PCRs. They should be able to formulate bye-laws with specific measures for safeguarding


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PCRs. The Ministry of Culture and Tourism should receive capacity building and its regional and

Woreda offices must be represented in all AGP structures.

AGP Sub-Project Appraisal and Screening

The SA team proposes a range of additional criteria for screening of sub-projects that need to be

reflected in the PIM. Sub-project appraisal processes through Kebele or sub-Kebele development

committees must focus on effects and level of inclusion of women, youth and VSGs. Sector offices

will be trained in application of social screening criteria. External experts will assess social impact of

bigger dams, irrigation canal and feeder road construction.

Review of Guiding AGP Documents

The definition of AGP target groups still is inconsistent and proposed program activities can not be

clearly enough linked to women, youth or other VSGs. The ‘Guidelines for Environmental and Social

Impacts of Subprojects of AGP’ must guarantee that the planning processes reflects interests of

vulnerable groups identified by the SA and that compliance mechanisms to agreed social standards

during sub-project implementation are in place.

M&E of Vulnerable Social Groups and PCRs

AGP must ensure that relevant government institutions (e.g. Women and Youth Affairs as well as

Labour and Social Affairs) and NGOs/CSOs working with VSGs are part of technical and steering

committees at all levels. They need capacity for undertaking baseline studies in their specific

location, for defining M&E indicators and for analysis of changes in livelihood patterns.

Training and Information Needs at Woreda and Kebele Levels

The AGP Institutional Capacity Assessment must assess existing capacities in regard to gender and

vulnerability issues.

Staff from sector offices that are trained in social and gender analysis and mainstreaming should

train existing Kebele level DAs to ensure integration of social issues in AGP implementation.

Alternatively, specific Social Development Agents could be trained and put in place to ensure

systematic work with VSGs at Kebele level.

After a TNA, AGP should provide capacity building support and implement an information

dissemination strategy social, gender, minority, and vulnerability issues but also insist that

institutions crucial for AGP are staffed by people with relevant skills.

Coordination between various actors working with VSG issues should be institutionalized within

AGP.


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2 Assessment Scope and Methodology The Social Assessment assesses if the AGP and its components will trigger the World Bank policies on

Indigenous Peoples (OP 4.10), Physical Cultural Resources (OP 4.11) and other social issues outside

social safeguards.

Inception Period meetings with AGP Task Force members and the World Bank responsible officers

clarified the final scope of work. Additional meetings with the WB were held during study

implementation and reporting. The SA team also met with the consultants drafting the ESMF for

coordination purposes.

This report presents findings from a desk review and field visits to 4 AGP regions (Oromia, SNNPR,

Amhara and Tigray) and a total of 8 Woredas (Diga, Ambo and Dodola in Oromia; Wondogenet and

Yem Special in SNNPR; Taqussa and Achefer in Amhara and Endamhoni in Tigray). At least one

Kebele from each visited Woreda was deeply assessed.

Pre-designed checklists prepared during the SA Inception Period were used to collect socio-

economic data and draft the different Woreda profiles.

Half day consultation workshops were conducted at every visited Woreda with diverse sector office

representatives (see Annex for participants). Here briefings about AGP took place and anticipated

positive impacts and social risks were identified, consolidated and discussed.

Similar consultation workshops with representatives from Kebele cabinets, DAs and women and

youth representatives were held at Kebele level. Critical issues identified during Woreda and Kebele

level consultation workshops were further assessed by using both pre-designed guide questions and

triangulation methods. At this level, two key informant interviews (male and female) and focus

group discussion with youth and women groups (with 5 – 7 participants) and occupational minority

and tribal groups (in some Kebeles) took place.

A total of 467 individuals have participated in the consultative meetings at central, regional, Woreda

and Kebele level.

The study was carried out between January and March 2010 by Zelalem Anteneh (Team Leader and

Social Scientist), Wubitu Abere (Gender Specialist) and Debebe Habtewold (Institutional Specialist).

They were assisted by field facilitators in each of the 4 regions. Regional Focal persons provided

valuable inputs. Jan Bargheer from ORGUT HQ provided technical backstopping during two missions

to Addis Ababa. The ORGUT Ethiopia office gave logistical and administrative support. The team

would like to thank all the other contributors not mentioned here.

2.1 Selection of Woredas, Kebeles and Target Groups The SA used a set of criteria modeled on WB safeguard policies to select sample Woredas and

Kebeles (see annex). To ensure representativeness, the SA covered about 10% of the total 83 AGP

Woredas. As the number of Kebele and population size of sampled Woredas varies, care was taken

to include sample Kebeles that reflect most of the typical as well as critical social features of a

Woreda. Final sample selection weighted different criteria and computed composite indices of four

indicators:

presence of highly vulnerable social groups, occupational minorities, new settlers and

landless populations,


15

presence of large numbers of FHHs and pressing gender and youth issues,

presence of AGP related and other development initiatives, and

identified physical cultural resources and different religious beliefs.

A similar selection of SA study groups was applied. The selection was made in a manner that FGD

participants and Key informants represent the views of vulnerable social groups. The number of

consulted groups and individuals were as follows (for full details see Annex):

Table 1: Summary of Consulted Groups and Individuals at Region, Woreda and Kebele Levels

Consultation Type Consultation Level Total

SA Regions (Oromia, Amhara, Tigray & SNNPR)

Woredas (8) Kebeles (9)

Contacts made for Secondary Sources of socio-economic data

20 35 8 63

Consultation W/Shop 0 140 133 273

Key Informants 0 0 15 15

FGD with youth groups 0 0 45 45

FGD with women groups 0 0 48 48

FGD with occupational /tribal minorities

0 0 23 23

Total 20 175 272 467

2.2 Applied Definition of Vulnerable Social Groups Field reality shows the difficulty of directly applying the definitions of indigenous people according

to World Bank Safeguard Policies (OP 4.10):

1. Self identification as members of distinct indigenous cultural group and recognition of this

identity by others,

2. Collective attachment to geographically distinct habitats or ancestral territories in the

project area and to the natural resources in these habitats and territories,

3. Customary cultural, economic, social, or political institutions that are separate from those of

the dominant society and culture; and

4. An indigenous language, often different from the official language of the country of origin.

The team found that in every visited Woredas, the vast majority of people are mixed social and

cultural groups, broadly sharing similar values and norms. It was generally difficult to single out any

indigenous groups that meet all the above criteria.

In line with the ToR, the SA team therefore focused on ‘vulnerable social and cultural groups’. It has

considered vulnerability as a concept broadly encompassing all disadvantaged social groups in

respect to their socio-cultural status as well as their sharing of benefits or negative effects of

mainstream development activities and in this case AGP.

Ideally, economic growth –in the AGP case within the agriculture sector- is expected to be

inclusive and broad based, creating equitable access to development resources and

livelihood choices to all vulnerable social groups.

The SA identified major vulnerable social groups in all 4 Woredas: landless and/or unemployed

youth, different categories of female and child headed households, women victims of polygamous


16

marriage, orphans, several occupational and migrant minorities and elders without adequate means

of social security. As some AGP Woredas host both voluntary and involuntary settlers (OP 4.12), the

SA has made some investigations in Diga Woreda in Oromia.

3 Review of Data from Secondary Sources

3.1 Socio-Economic Profiles of the AGP Regions The current population size of Ethiopia is estimated to be about 73.9 million of which the four

regional states constitute nearly 86% 1. The number of women and men is almost the same. The

2005 CSA household survey indicates that more than 80% of rural households are male headed2. The

proportion of female headed households is higher in urban centers (38%).

The youth population is high when compared to other age categories. The current census shows that

about 28% of Ethiopia’s total population comprises youths aged 15 - 29 (the AGP definition of youth

is similar). A similar range of 27-28% was recorded in the AGP regions researched.

In absolute figures, the youth population in the four regions varies from 1.1 million in Tigray National

Regional State to 7.4 million in Oromia. The distribution of youth population in all AGP Woredas

follows similar patterns with significant differences according to the physical size of each Woreda.

Table 2: Size of Population and % of Men, Women and Youth by Region

Region Total Population Youth Population

Male Female Total Pop size Population Prop (%)

Tigray 2,124,853 2,189,603 4,314,456 1,144,739 27

Amhara 8,636,875 8,577,181 17,214,056 4,854,892 28

Oromia 13,676,159 13,482,312 27,158,471 7,387,256 27

SNNP 7,482,051 7,560,480 15,042,531 4,069,916 27

Four Regions 31,919,938 31,809,576 63,729,514 17,456,803 27

Total Country 37,296,657 36,621,848 73,918,505 20,893,473 28

Source: CSA,2008

Some studies indicate that more than 68% of youths are unpaid family workers3. They have fewer

formal employment opportunities as other social groups possess. Unemployed youth, compared to

the total unemployed population between the age of 15 and 64, is more than 67% of the total4.

According to the Youth Policy document (2005), the majority of the unemployed youth are females

at about 71% of the total unemployed youth. Most unemployed youths are landless and often

migrate to urban centers in search of labor. Nearly a third of them are married and most are

illiterates5. Specific data on AGP Regions is presented below.

1 CSA, 2008, ‘Summary and Statistical Report of the 2007 population and Housing Census’, Addis Ababa

2 CSA, 2006, ‘2005 Demographic and Health Survey’, Addis Ababa

3 Klugman, J, 2005,’Youth employment in Ethiopia: Stocktaking and Policy Questions’, Addis Ababa

4 FDRE, 2004, ‘National Youth Policy’, Ministry of Youth, Sports and Culture, Addis Ababa

5 Berhanu D., Abraham, T. and Hannah, V.D., 2005, ‘Characteristics and determinants of youth unemployment,

underemployment and inadequate employment in Ethiopia’, Employment Policies Unit.


17

Oromia’s youth population is

close to 7.5 million and 47% of

population is below age 14

3.1.1 Oromia National Regional State

Oromia has the largest population size in the country at about 27.2 million (CSA, 2008). As the age

structure depicts, about 47.6% of the total population is below the age of 14 and nearly 3.2% is

above the age of 64. Youth population comprises about 27% while the economically active

population (age 15 - 64) takes a proportion of 49.2%. The youth population, in total terms, is above

7.4 million. The dependent population, compared to the economically active population, is around

103 per 100 active persons.

The region has good agricultural potential and recently attracted

investment in the agriculture sector. There are 316 operational

projects registered that relate to agriculture and agro-processing,

most of which are located in AGP zones (Arsi, Bale, East Wellega,

East Shoa, and West Shoa). There are at least 19 agricultural projects in their planning stages.

Parts of Oromia still have a significant forest cover. The demarcated forest area is about 922,208 ha

of which 68% is located in AGP zones of Arsi, East Shoa, West Shoa, Jimma and West Wellega. The

total coverage for un-demarcated forest is about 1,124,504 ha including an area of 706,184 ha

located in AGP zones of Arsi, Bale, North Shoa and East Shoa.

The Awash National Park and the Bale Mountains are also found in or close to AGP zones including

East Shoa and Bale.

3.1.2 Southern Nations, Nationalities and People’s Regional State

SNNPR has an area of 110,931.9 square kilometer accounting for 10% of the total area of the country

(BoFED/SNNPR, 2007).

Population size is estimated to be about 15 million. The age structure is characterized by a high

number of children below the age of 15 reaching nearly 47.6% of the total. Youth constitutes about

27.2%, roughly equivalent to national average. The current absolute size of youth population is

about 4.0 million.

89 persons are dependent on 100 economically active persons, though this varies among the

different ethnic groups. The highest dependence burden is exhibited in Burji, at 128 per 100 active

persons. Konso and Sidama have a dependent population of 105 and 99, respectively. The least is

recorded in Alaba with a rate of 80 - 100 per 100 active persons.

The Region has conducted land registration and issuance of certificates since 2005. Almost

1,490,000 households (50% of total HHs) have received land certificates. The green book is issued

with two photos, designating joint rights of husbands and wives over the land. Such titling practice is

similar to that of Amhara National Regional State, but quite different from Tigray and Oromia.

A settlement programme was implemented in the region between 2004 and 2008 and about 46,000

people were settled in different rural areas of the region. Currently, there are significant numbers of

settlers in four AGP Woredas including Decha, Esera, Basketo and Konta. The total number of people

settled in these Woredas is about 3,271. The highest number of settlers is found in Esera and Decha

followed by Konta.

Private investment in agriculture and agricultural based industries has recently increased in the

region. The number of licensed projects is 912 of which agricultural projects are 266. The investment

in the agriculture sector has created employment opportunities for almost 90,000 people which are


18

about 51% of the total employment created by all other sector projects. There are about 20

agricultural and agro industry projects in six AGP Woredas engaging more than 38,000 employees.

3.1.3 Tigray National Regional State

Tigray has an area of 53,000 square kilometer of which cultivated areas and grassland constitute

28% and 23%, respectively6. Bush and shrub land covers nearly 36% of the total. Its population is

estimated to be about 4.3 million. Youth population makes up more than 25% of the total. In

absolute terms, the size of youth population is about 1.1 million.

About 43.7% of the total population is below the age of 14 and nearly 4.4% is above 64. The

dependent population compared to the economically active population (age 15 - 64) is about 93

individuals per 100 active persons. This figure is lower than in other regions.

The Region has conducted land registration and issuance of certificates in each Woreda since 1999.

Between 2005 and 2009, about 623,000 HHs (98%) received certificates. The second level certificate

(including 13,000 new HHs) will be undertaken after a survey is completed. The first level certificate

is light green, with no photo but with name of household head and the size of land in local unit.

The number of projects licensed and implemented has significantly increased since 2006. The

average number of agricultural projects implemented per year was nine. In 2009, investment in the

agricultural sector alone created employment for almost 7,000 people which is about 40% of the

total employment created by all other sector projects.

Agricultural marketing in the region is supported by Tigray Agricultural Marketing Promotion Agency

(TAMPA) which promotes national and international marketing of key commodities. It supports

farmers and cooperatives with access to market information, encourages them to play an active role

in marketing and processing, and provides training to develop entrepreneurship skills. It

disseminates retail and wholesale price information through local radio and market leaflets (‘Market

Link Tigray’) every week. The agency’s training has already benefited 4,800 farmers and other

market actors. Trainings in leadership for 12,000 cooperative members are planned for in

collaboration with the region’s Cooperative Promotion Agency.

3.1.4 Amhara National Regional State

Amhara National Regional State has an annual population growth rate of 2.67%, with a total

estimated population of 17.6 million, accounting for roughly 25.5 % of the total population of

Ethiopia (Statistical Abstract of BoFED, 2009); while in terms of geographical size the region covers

only around 15% of the country. The overwhelming majority of the population i.e. nearly 88.6%

resides in rural areas and is engaged mainly in subsistence agriculture.

ANRS is divided into 10 administrative zones, which are further divided into 106 rural Woredas and

12 urban administrations, 2,896 rural and 341 urban Kebeles. Yet, the population distribution is

uneven among zones and Woredas. North Gondar stands first in terms of population size while Wag

Himra hosts the smallest number of people. In terms of population density, West Gojjam is very

densely populated while Wag Himra is not. Generally, the highlands of the region are considerably

more densely populated than the lowlands.

6 G. Tesfaye, 2006, Agriculture, Resource Management and Institutions: A Socioeconomic Analysis of Households in Tigray,

Ethiopia, Ph.D Thesis, Wageningen University.


19

The age structure of the population is characterized by a high number of children. Child population

at age 14 and under is nearly 43.45% of the total, while the proportion of youth (15 -29) constitutes

about 28.4% (in total numbers about 5.4 million) of the total population (CSA, 2004).

HIV/AIDS has had a major impact on the region. In 2008 the region reportedly

accounts for 32% of the country’s total population living with the virus and

37% of the total orphans. There were 1, 551,5277 orphans recorded of which

1,349,370 are found in rural areas.

A significant proportion of youth i.e. 47 % is landless. With the support of the SARDP program, the

Region has conducted land registration and issuance of first level certificates since 2003. About

1,205,940 households (84%) have received land certificates. The green book is issued with two

photos designating joint rights of husbands and wives over the land. According to the regional

Environmental Protection and Land Administration Authority, informal land rental arrangements are

widely practiced which has forced the regional government to issue directive 55/99 to resolve

conflicts arising out of rental and user right disputes.

Large parts of the region have lost much of their productive capacity due to land degradation and

high population pressure. As a result, in the past seven years the regional government has

voluntarily resettled a total of 145,907 people (73,295 households) in six agriculture potential

Woredas of Laye Armachiho, Tach Armachiho, Tsegede, Metema and Quara of N/Gondar zone, and

Jawi Woreda of the Awi zone. According to data obtained from BoFED’s Development Indicators of

the Region (2008), the plan for 2007/’08 was to increase the population of settlers by 65,000 and to

enable 450,000 people meet their food security needs. However, performance was as low as 14.1%

and 12.54%, respectively. Data from the region’s food security bureau show that, at present there

are 64,648 settlers (25,242 households) in three AGP Woredas of Metema, Qura and Jawi that raises

the total present number of settlers to 94,356 (39,141 households).

Private investment has increased in the region particularly in agriculture and agricultural based

industries. The number of agricultural projects licensed in 2009 alone was 519. With 2.2 Billion birr

investment capital they have a potential of creating employment for up to 145,000 residents. From

those licensed projects some 53% have started operation allowing 8,057 residents to gain

permanent and 109, 902 individuals casual employment.

Ongoing projects in Rib, Megech and Koga rivers will serve for irrigation based farming in Fogera,

Dembia as well as north and south Achefer Woredas. The hydropower and irrigation project of Tana

Beles will directly enhance agricultural growth for Bahirdar Zuria and Jawi AGP Woredas.

The other important development of the region in relation to AGP is the six-year strategic plan

(2010 – 2015) that covers all the regions 128 rural and 38 urban Woredas and towns. These are

divided into six clusters of ‘growth corridors’. Among them, all the AGP Woredas in West and East

Gojjam, Awi, North and South Gondar and North Shewa zones are included.

3.2 Socio-Economic Profiles of Visited AGP Woredas and Kebeles The population size of the visited Woredas ranges from a low of 77,873 in Diga to 210,129 in Dodola.

The number of women in all sample Woreda is between 48% and 50% which is more or less similar

to that of the regional and national averages (CSA, 2008). The share of female headed households in

7 ANRS, Social Development Indicators (BoFED, 2008)

ANRS recorded

almost 1.6 million

orphans in 2008


20

the total farm households varies more widely and makes up between 9% (Yem) and 33%

(Endemahoni).

The youth population (age 15-29) in the visited Woredas follows similar patterns to the national and

regional averages. The proportion in all visited Woredas varies between 27% and 28% of the total

population.

3.2.1 Oromia Region

3.2.1.1 Diga Woreda

The Woreda has a total of 23 Kebeles divided into 21 rural and 2 town Kebeles. The total population

of the Woreda is 77,873 where more than 79% reside in rural areas. The Woreda accommodates

more than 10 ethnic groups with diverse religious beliefs such as Protestants (38%), Orthodox (20%),

Muslims (8%), and Catholics (2%) with non-believers and pagans constituting more than 32%.

Some 27% of the population are youth and half of them are estimated to be landless. Information

gathered from different sector offices of the Woreda show that there are at least 1,415 FHHs, 725

orphan children and 2,031 unemployed and landless people recorded.

The Woreda hosts some 1,198 settler households from Eastern Harrarigie. These are voluntary

settlers in the former two big state farms of the Derg era. The state farms have attracted diverse

ethnic groups such as Amhara, Tigrie, Gurage, Wolayita and others, while earlier inhabitants are

Oromo and Gumez. These ethnic groups have lived harmoniously until a bloody conflict took place

some two years ago between Oromo and Gumez. These groups are increasingly competing for the

Woredas natural resources (mainly water and forest land).

3.2.1.2 Ambo Zuria Woreda

Ambo Zuria Woreda is located 114 Kms to the West of the Capital- Addis Ababa. It accommodates 35

Kebeles with a total population of 110,800. All Kebeles but one are rural. Some 27 % of the

population are youth aged 15 – 29. FHHs constitute about 29% of the total population. The landless

population in the Woreda is estimated to be 35% of total population.

In view of the size of the landless population, the pressure on land is felt to be very high. However,

foreign private investors have received big areas of farm land.

The groups that sector offices considered most vulnerable are landless and unemployed youth,

female victims of teenage marriage, FHHs with shortage of labour, orphans and the elderly without

family support networks.

3.2.1.3 Dodola Woreda

The Woreda is divided into 23 rural and 4 urban Kebeles with a population of 201,129. Some 85 % of

the population are Muslim and the remaining are Orthodox and protestant Christians. Out of the

Woreda’s 23,631 households some 3,811 (16%) are FHHs.

Youth population aged 15 -29 is estimated at 27%. Woreda officials estimate that more than 32% of

the youth is landless and without permanent employment. Polygamous marriage creates fertile

ground for promiscuous behaviour and prevalence of HIV/AIDS is very high resulting in many women

to be widowed and many children to be orphaned. Customary practices have contributed to high

fertility rate resulting in the average household size to be as high as 8.5 persons.


21

Mutually identified vulnerable social groups by different sector offices in the Woreda are women

victims of polygamous marriage, landless youth, FHHs with small land and with big family size, child

orphans, the elderly and those with disabilities and without social support means.

3.2.2 SNNPR

3.2.2.1 Wondo Genet Woreda

The Woreda is divided into 12 rural and 2 urban Kebeles with a total population of 122,000. The

Woreda accommodates three major ethnic groups – Sidama, Amhara and Guji-Oromo. Some 75% of

the population are Protestants followed by Muslims (20%) and Orthodox Christians (5%).

Wondogenet is endowed with rich natural resources such as water and forest. Cash crops like Khat,

Enset, Coffee and fruits grow in the area. There are positive recent developments in dairy and

poultry farms. The area is so fertile that farmers can harvest two to three times a year involving

considerable cash transactions.

The land administration of the Woreda is supported by USAID’s Ethiopia Land Tenure Appraisal

Program (ELTAP). Achievements regarding land registration and issuance of the green book to

households are reported as low with only 346 households out of 13,162 expected households having

received a green book. One of the explanations given for this is the ethnic-based territorial conflict

between the Guji Oromo and neighbouring Kebeles of Sidama.

As polygamous marriage is widely practiced, there is an ever increasing shortage of land. The

existing land holdings by farmers can no longer fully engage all family members. Youth population of

the Woreda constitute nearly 28% of the total population and most of them are unemployed and

landless. They find casual employment only during peak harvest seasons. The other major vulnerable

social group are the estimated 618 FHHs. In polygamous systems, women’s subordination is very

deeply rooted. Other vulnerable groups are large numbers of orphans and those families who are

victims of the Guji-Sidama conflict.

3.2.2.2 Yem Special Woreda

Yem Special Woreda covers an area of 665 Square Kilometers. The dominant local language is

Yemisa. During the study period, a Yemisa language study team was working in the Woreda. The

Woreda has 34 Kebeles of which 31 are rural and 3 small towns. There are a total of 165 villages in

the Woreda and 8 registered cooperatives.

The majority Muslim communities reside in 9 Kebeles (Shasho, Gessi, Asser, Konner, Ash, Saja, Tigri,

Dori qeepho, Doritegu and Kalchi Got in Bolta area). Mosques are found at these Kebeles (SPW

strategic plan 2008-2012).

Total population stands at 94,573 in 17,892 HHs (16,350 MHH and 1,542 FHH). Average family size

per household is 5.29.8 The population structure shows very high numbers of youth and children,

which is an indication that fertility rate is high. Youth population comprises a total of 6,942, which is

virtually landless.

According to data from Woreda Agriculture and Rural Development, there are three major agro-

climatic zones; Dega (16%), Woina dega (73%) and Kolla (11%). Total arable land area occupied by

households and which is already measured and certified is 19,520 ha. In addition to these, 1,021 ha

8 Yem Special Woreda Agriculture and Rural Development Office.


22

are leased to agricultural investment by individuals. Furthermore, a total of 1,723 ha are prepared

for a subsequent lease agreement for agricultural investment. Communal land is not yet measured.

There are diverse crops and trees growing in the Woreda. Major crops are cereals, pulses, oil crops,

perennial crops, vegetables and fruits. Apples were introduced recently and harvesting is already

started. Spices and root crops are other agricultural products.

3.2.3 Amhara Region

3.2.3.1 South Achefer Woreda

The Woreda is administratively divided into 18 rural and 2 town Kebeles with a total population of

167,533 of which only 12% live in towns and semi-towns of the Woreda. Some 98% of the

population are orthodox Christians, while some 1.53% and only 0.07% are Muslim and Protestants.

Even though region level data on FHHs was not available, the land administration office of the

Woreda puts the number of total households at 38,235. Some 11,470 of these are FHHs or about

30% of the total households, often headed by young women.

The Woreda was able to provide 24,550 male headed and 2,473

female headed households with first level land certification

(green book). However, the Woreda’s achievement in land certification of 70.67% is lower than the

aggregated regional coverage (84%).

The Woreda administration estimates that out of the total registered 50,916 youth, 8,847 (17.4%)

are unemployed and landless after a recent open land re-distribution.

Even though reliable data was not available, the Woreda’s HIV/AIDS secretariat indicated that there

are more orphans found in the Woreda than in other Woredas of Amhara.

Unlike Oromia and SNNPR regions, the female children’s early

marriage, commonly taking place below age 15, is a most

prevalent problem. As a result, divorce and child neglect is very

common. As there is a high rate of divorce, there is a

concomitant prevalence of HIV/IDS infection, leading to a

steadily growing number of orphans and female headed

households. Furthermore, females who end up in divorce often

choose commercial sex work as their only means of living.

3.2.3.2 Taqussa Woreda

The Woreda is divided into 24 rural and 1 town Kebeles with total population of 137,284 of which

only 10% live in the town of the Woreda’s centre. Some 98% of the population are orthodox

Christians, while some 2% represent Muslims. Woieto tribal group members are predominantly

Muslim. Total youth population (15-29) is 12,604 of which 42.5% are landless. Most landless youth

migrate to commercial farm areas in Metema, Humera and even to Sudan for casual employment.

Lack of health care facilities reportedly causes a high premature death rate among migrating youth.

The land administration and women and children affairs office put the number of FHHs at 5,233 out

of the total 31,926 households, or about 16%. The Woreda was able to provide 5,880 male headed

and 3,819 female headed households with first level certification (green book). However, the overall

Woreda’s achievement in land certification i.e. 50.67% is considerably lower than the aggregated

regional coverage (84%).

Youth in the Woreda has exerted

extreme pressure on the

administration to be given farm

land. In response, the Woreda

distributed open grazing lands to

2,940 male and 433 female youths,

which has resulted in resentment

by the communal land users.

Almost 30% of households in the

Woreda are headed by females


23

Early marriage starting from age 10 is still practiced in the Woreda although it has active Anti-

Harmful Traditional Practices and Child Rights Committees. In relation to this, divorce and its

associated consequences such as prostitution are reportedly high. The Woreda records 105 male

and 119 female orphans below age 18. One important support mechanism practiced in most of the

region’s Woredas is the social fund contribution of civil servants for orphans. Every government

employee contributes 3 to 10 Birr (based on salary level) to the fund which is managed by finance

and economic development offices.

3.2.4 Tigray Region

3.2.4.1 Endamehoni Woreda

Endamehoni is located in the south of the Tigray region with a total area of 63,860 ha. The Woreda is

divided into 18 Kebeles and further divided into 70 ‘Kushets’ (villages). It has two agro-ecological

zones with nearly 65% of the land mass in Woina-Dega climate zone and the remaining 35% in Dega.

Main crops grown in the Woreda include wheat, barley, horse bean and peas. It has also a good

potential for livestock husbandry and bee keeping. More than 65% of the farm community engages

in mixed farming, 32% in crop agriculture alone and the remaining 2% in livestock husbandry.

The land use estimate indicates that about 28% of the area

is cultivated (including irrigated land of 1,192 ha) while the

rest is covered with forest, grazing land or used otherwise.

Forest area (community and state owned forests) is about

17% while grazing land makes up only 3% of the total area.

Land registration and certification has been conducted since 1999. Most farm households, about 16,

255 or 79%, have first level land certificates. Though not recorded by sex category, it is estimated

that FHHs holding land certificate is between 25% and 30%.

Endamohni has an estimated population of 89,015 with a density of 140 per sq. km, which is much

higher than the region average of 86 people per sq.km. The number of youths (aged 15-29) is about

10,903. About 43% of them are landless.

Vulnerable social groups, as identified by the sector offices and community at Kebele level, include

FHHs (33% of total HHs), unemployed and landless rural youths, orphans, elderly people and

disabled. Particularly, FHHs with a large number of children and/or those who lack access to

agricultural family labor are the most severely affected social groups. These HHs comprise about

56% of the total number of FHHs. They often do not have access to land and depend on various

informal economic activities (petty trading, charcoal making and selling, fuel wood collecting,

traditional hair-braiding, etc). In some Kebeles, there are also returnees from previous settlement

areas who still have not found adequate means of livelihood.

The number of elders and disabled are about 2,296 and 1,204. Orphan population is estimated to be

about 634, assisted either by their immediate relatives or the community. Child headed households

are about 240.

In most Kebeles, there are newly established ‘Community Care Coalitions’ (CCC) which mobilize

resources, both in kind and cash, and provide support to such vulnerable groups. The members of

the coalitions include elders, religious leaders and NGOs working in the Kebeles. These coalitions

have been recently initiated by the Youth, Sport and Social Affairs Offices.

The average size of cultivated land

plots is very small particularly in Dega

area, with a per capita size of roughly

0.2 ha, which is way below even the

already low regional average of 0.4 ha.


24

Table 3: Major Population Characteristics of SA Woredas

Region Woreda Total Population

Social Characteristics

Total HHs FHHs Youth (15-29)

Oromia Diga 77,873 13,320 1,415 15,152

Ambo 110,796 18,690 4,860 29,915

Dodola 201,129 23,631 3,811 54,304

SNNPR Wondogenet 127,568 26,472 618 35,483

Yem Special 94,573 17,892 1,542 6,942

Amhara S/Achefer 167,533 38,235 11,470 50,916

Taqussa 142,989 31,926 5,233 12,604

Tigray Endamhone 89,015 20,480 6,820 10,903

3.3 National Policies and Litterature Related to Vulnerable Groups Women’s Rights Policy: The policy aims at enabling women play constructive roles in political, social

and economic spheres and there by share equal benefit with the rest of the citizens. It is learnt that

the existing women’s policy excludes the male counterpart, suggesting policy revision to encompass

Gender policy items, as gender relations are key for democratic power relations. Article 35 sub

article 7 of the Ethiopian Constitution states that women have the right to acquire administer,

control, use, and transfer property, and have equal right with respect to use, transfer and control of

land. However, studies show that (CSA 2003), Ethiopian women lack productive assets particularly

land, and are underserved with agricultural extension services, credit, oxen and farm inputs.

The land registration and co-certification is part of the response to above problems. As part of a

policy measure, the government of Ethiopia has established Ministry of Women Affairs (MoWA) in

2006 for representing women issues in the Council of Ministers. National Action Plan on Gender

Equality was developed as part of PASDEP. A study was undertaken by MoWA to understand the

status of gender mainstreaming and review of the 1993 National Women’s Policy and this has led to

development of draft gender mainstreaming guideline at Federal level. Some regions have

developed own gender mainstreaming guideline. These guidelines can serve as positive leverages to

implement AGP

The Ethiopian Youth Policy: The youth policy, which was ratified in 2004 aims at creating skilled

youth with opportunities in self-employment through MSEs. The policy indicates that unemployed

youth makes up more than 67% of the total unemployed between the age of 15 and 64 (FDRE,

2004). The majority of the unemployed of the youth constitutes females and this is about 71% of the

total unemployed youth. The rate of employment is higher as job opportunities are very scarce in

both rural and urban centers. Most of the unemployed youth are landless and often migrate to

urban centers in search of labor. As a strategy, it is also indicated in PASDEP document that job

creation for the youth should be pursued through private sector growth and strengthening

investment climate (MoFED, 2006). AGP is well-positioned to make youth part of agriculture value

chain based growth processes only if sub component activities are designed appropriately as a

comprehensive inclusion of youth is unlikely to simply happen on its own.

Land Use Right: The 1995 constitution (Article 40.3) clearly states that the ownership of urban and

rural lands as well as of all natural resources is vested in the state and the people of Ethiopia, which

shall not subject to sale or other means of exchange. The constitution also bestows every Ethiopian

to have the right of using and acquiring land. The Federal Proclamation No. 455/2005 devolved

responsibility for land policy to the regions, leading to considerable diversity among them. For


25

example, all regions except Amhara have legal provisions limiting the amount of land to be rented

out to 50% of holding size and setting a maximum duration for rental contracts (Deininger, et al,

2007). It was also noted (ibid) that given the different times at which the process of land registration

and certification started, marked differences were found in the share of households with certificates

across regions – from 93% in Tigray and 84% in Amhara to 54% in the south and 39% in Oromia.

Facts in the field indicate that demarcation and land size was not properly measured mostly with

tape and rope, neither was availability open land properly inventoried.

Agriculture Development and Marketing Strategy: The strategy aims at boosting agricultural

production, markets and infrastructures including Productive Safety Nets programs. The strategies

count on the government to continue as sole-supplier of agricultural inputs (e.g. synthetic fertilizers)

and technologies.

It doesn’t encourage the private sector to supply on competitive basis. Moreover, the two linked

strategies have not addressed the issue of landlessness and unchecked population pressure which

might affect the intended agriculture growth programs.

Business Development Services: Facts in the field as well as existing studies (Hochschwender et al.

2001 and Wolday 2004) showed a grim situation in entrepreneurship development in the country.

Firstly, most of the non-farm and semi formal training and other BDS provided (either on subsidized

cost or free of charge) by different bureaus and NGOs have been based on what the institutions

perceived as the needs of the operators rather than on the real needs of the market for MSEs

products. Hence, they were generally not demand-driven. Secondly, various forms of training

currently provided to micro entrepreneurs have limited or no relationship with the market for those

skills. Thirdly, the micro enterprise sector in Ethiopia is constrained by poor generation and adoption

of appropriate technologies relevant to the sector coupled with ineffective dissemination of existing

technologies. Fourthly, there is little access or appropriate linkages to markets and other

infrastructures.

PASDEP: As an overall pro-poor development, PASDEP encompasses mechanisms for accelerated

development in all the sectors. However, it lacks focused plans to trigger changes on non-farm rural

enterprises. None of the responsible agencies’ sectoral plans have clearly identified nor designed

rural entrepreneurship development programs. It means there is a need to thoroughly assess the

characteristics and their specific needs of existing non-farm enterprises so that they can become key

actors in the AGP implementation.

Industrial Development Strategy: There is good intention in the strategy that considers micro and

small enterprises (MSEs) as seed-beds for the growth of medium and large-scale industries. But, in

reality, there is a tendency of giving preferential treatment to bigger establishments, with

substantial incentives provided to them (e.g. tax exemptions and holidays, matching grants, faster

infrastructural support services, etc). On the other hand, MSEs are deprived of such services, which

call for the need to consider providing demand-driven appropriate incentives and Business

Development Services with subsidized cost.

Proclamation on Supervision and Licensing of MFIs: ‘Banking the un-bankable’, using specialized

financial service providers is only a relatively recent phenomenon in Ethiopia. Following the 1970s

drought and associated famines in the country, NGOs had initiated subsidized credit schemes as part

of their food security and poverty reduction programs. As the micro credit activities gradually


26

expanded, the need for operational and financial sustainability became an apparent issue. The much

debated subsidized credit and undifferentiated social and economic objectives of NGO credit

programs were ultimately resolved by microfinance Proclamation No. 40/1996. A separate

proclamation No.147/98 is in place for registration and establishment of saving and credit

cooperative societies. Data from the Association of Ethiopian Microfinance Institutions (AEMFI)

show that in 2008, there were 27 MFIs throughout the country serving close to 1.7 million clients,

(largely the rural poor) with a loan portfolio of Birr 2.6 billion (USD 195, 488, 720). Similarly, in 2006

there were 5,437 SACCOs with a total membership of 381,212 and close to 1 billion Birr (USD

75,187,969) in the form of savings and contributions.

The National Bank of Ethiopia being the regulator and licensing authority outlines the requirements

for MFIs licensing allowing them to mobilize public savings and provide the rural and urban poor

with short-term loans with due attention given to women. However, it was learnt that short-term

loans limit the long-term investments and growth of the borrowers.


27

In Ambo Woreda of Oromia,

35% of the population is

landless and 29% belong to

female headed households

4 Main Findings

4.1 Introduction AGP aims at increasing farmers’ agricultural productivity and incomes. The project targets women

and youth in particular. Within the overall ESMF, this SA investigated if a) activities under the

proposed AGP components will have a potentially negative impact on vulnerable groups identified in

AGP target locations and b) if physical cultural resources may be negatively affected by the project.

The research helps decide if WB safeguards OP 4.10 and OP 4.11 will be triggered.

There SA team found that the currently proposed AGP components and activities are generally

compatible with the needs of vulnerable social groups in the target locations researched. AGP will

provide considerable opportunities for significant parts of rural communities that are directly

engaged or otherwise related to agricultural production and value chains.

It is believed that an AGP facilitated increase in agricultural production which is coupled with an

increase in trade, can help to transfer surplus food more easily from high-potential areas to food

insecure parts of the country.

However, the SA team has identified a number of specific risks linked

to several AGP components that need to be mitigated. The objective

of AGP has singled out women and youth as a focal target groups. As

an example, in Ambo Woreda of Oromia, 35% of population is

landless and 29% belong to female headed households.

The SA team finds that many of the obstacles that prevent particularly women, youth and other

vulnerable social groups relevant for agricultural sector development are not explicitly enough dealt

with by the proposed AGP component and sub-component activities.

At this stage, the definition of AGP target groups still seems somewhat inconsistent in the

reviewed documents and proposed program activities can not be clearly enough linked to

women or youth.

The understanding of specific needs of specific target groups which are often summarized as

‘farmers’ within units entrusted with implementing AGP at local level is still limited. AGP targets

farmers with an entrepreneurial spirit in high-potential areas, but the SA team believes that with

smaller design and approach adjustments, it will be possible to include a broader range of vulnerable

social groups in the project.

The SA team therefore proposes a range of measures to make AGP more inclusive, broad-based and

sensitive towards the specific needs of specific target groups. These measures would be applied in a

flexible manner to reflect the unique situations found in a specific locality. This would ensure that

income generated through AGP support is:

a) evenly distributed and that

b) activities will not create additional work load or other burden for vulnerable groups,

including women and youth.

While the overall AGP design and activities do not trigger major social safeguards as such, certain

issues will have to be resolved before AGP activities can commence. For example, in some AGP

Woredas, tribal and administrative boundary conflicts need to be resolved in a ‘process of free, prior,


28

and informed consultations’ (OP 4.10) by involving all stakeholders. Some possible mechanisms for

this are shown in the ‘recommendations’ chapter of this report.

The AS team expects that implementing the different AGP sub-components related to rural

infrastructure (i.e. small scale irrigation schemes, construction of canals, reservoirs, dams and rural

road development, etc) will have potentially negative impacts on physical cultural resources

necessitating OP 4.11 to be triggered.

The suggestions of this SA will be fed into the overall ESMF that was prepared in parallel to this

study. The findings of several other studies related to social, environmental and physical cultural

resources, particularly the Rapid Baseline and Institutional Assessment, need to be harmonized as

well to determine the most relevant revisions or additions to the current AGP design. The Rapid

Baseline should take into account the indicators set by SA for vulnerable social groups and PCRs. The

SA team therefore provided a list of comments based on its field findings to the Rapid baseline

exercise.

Any revisions to the AGP design in terms of social inclusion must be:

a) comprehensive enough to ‘make a difference’ for vulnerable groups and yet

b) simple enough for practitioners to apply without overburdening already lengthy participatory

sub-project planning and screening processes.

4.2 Major Vulnerable Social Groups Identified The SA team understands vulnerability as a concept broadly encompassing all disadvantaged social

groups in respect to their socio-cultural status as well as their sharing of benefits or negative effects

of mainstream development activities. Theoretically, economic growth in the AGP case within the

agriculture sector- should be broad based and holistic, creating equitable access and choices to

vulnerable social groups.

The SA team identified several social groups in AGP Woredas that are in a clearly disadvantaged

position. They can be categorized as follows:

a) Women and female headed households; categorically those women without access to farm

land, female heads of households with little land and big family size including those with

enough land but with shortage of labor and those women in polygamous/early marriage

with insecure property rights,

b) Youth who are unemployed and landless,

c) Orphaned children and children who become child family heads whose inheritance right are

abused by their custodians, and

d) Elderly people who may have enough land but lack any social support network and can not

access labor.

In few AGP Woredas researched, additional location specific AGP risk groups were identified:

a) Farmers whose communal land is given out to foreign investors in a situation where an

extreme land shortage exists,

b) Small Occupational minorities that still experience forms of discrimination,

c) Small Tribal minorities that still experience forms of discrimination,


29

d) Conflict-prone farming households who are victims of administrative boundary conflicts or

conflicts with migrants over natural resources.

4.3 Presence of Specific Vulnerable Social Groups in AGP Woredas In summary, in all visited Woredas vulnerable social groups, put together roughly, constitute more

than half the total population.

AGP is expected to open up opportunities indiscriminately. However,

unless the very existence of such groups and the situation they live in is

properly taken into account, there will be a danger of exclusion with

potential impact of perpetuating poverty.

The fast spread of HIV/AIDS causes extended and costly periods of illness and premature death. This

creates widows, widowers and orphans, and sustained economic stress which prevents resource-

poor households from gainful engagement in AGP activities since cash for inputs, hiring of farm labor

or marketing of produce is missing.

Youth, children, orphans or elderly may have to be further gender disaggregated as specific

proposed AGP activities may cause particularly negative impacts to either male or female

community members.

Particularly youth is likely to engage in AGP value chains and the program has to ensure that

activities don’t create a situation where male youth engages in cash income generation, whereas

female youth is restricted to carrying out poorly rewarded labor in primary production.

4.3.1 Women and Girls

Women’s time poverty

In a predominantly agricultural society like Ethiopia, women play a significant role in agricultural

production, household work and income generating activities. Although men do most of the ox

ploughing, women are involved in multiple tasks including land leveling, weeding, harvesting,

threshing or storing in addition to their regular household duties. They particularly engage in

‘backyard’ agricultural activities, including vegetable production, poultry raising and feeding and

watering calves and shoats. In field work, women are particularly active in weeding during the

growing season protection and winnowing during threshing operations. They are actually also ox

ploughing in some AGP Woredas, (e.g. Diga and Dodola in Oromia). Furthermore, in Malaria prone

and HIV/AIDS affected areas, women are responsible for taking care of the sick, elderly and orphan

children.

Women are normally also responsible for much of the marketing activities to earn extra income for

meeting basic household needs. In Amhara region for instance, women work an estimated 16 hours

per day while men are able to find at least a small amount of leisure time. Women time poverty and

toil is usually a result of their gender role in productive, reproductive and community activities.

Although they carry much of the burden, their role is not adequately recognized by the household

and the community at large. The level of women drudgery is also linked with the overall economic

status of the community. The more pervasive poverty is the higher workload women experience.

Rural women particularly are tasked with carrying cereals for flour milling and fetching water and

collecting fuel wood for ever increasing distances due to high environmental degradation.

In all AGP woredas visited,

vulnerable social groups

make up at least half of

the total population


30

Particularly the fuel wood issue is a growing concern in the country as most Ethiopians live on

biomass burning for cooking and warming. There are no focused interventions relieving fuel wood

shortages yet. Even the fuel wood saving stoves introduction has not reached to the needy rural

communities due to various factors. In areas where fuel wood is depleted women prepare and pile

dung as source of fuel. A study by Sustainable Land Use Management Association in Wuchale Jida

Woreda in North Shoa Zone in Oromia (2009) described that women are responsible for fetching

water, collecting crop residue and dung and then prepare dung pats that will serve at least for a

year, normally piled around homestead. Such dung piles were observed by the SA team in Oromia

and Amhara Region AGP Woredas.

In enset growing areas, enset processing is another chore causing time poverty as it is an exclusive

role of women. Appropriate technologies are not yet made available to relieve this work burden

either. Even sub-standard appropriate technology around enset processing devices has not reached

rural women.

The widespread lack of access for women to appropriate technology-based means of transport that

is crucial for more advanced marketing activities adds to time poverty affecting their overall

productivity and welfare.

These and several other factors not elaborated here lead to a situation where rural women have too

little spare time to rest properly, to feed their children, to maintain household hygiene, address

family matters and to focus on their personal health care that is directly related to their physical and

mental strength.

Female Headed Households

Even though data on female headed households is limited, estimated figures at visited Woredas and

Kebeles show that highest numbers are found in South Achefer, Endamehoni, Taqussa, Ambo and

YSW with 11,470, 6,820, 5,233, 4,860 and 1,542, respectively. The lowest number of FHHs, which is

618, is found in W/Genet Woreda. A significant proportion of FHHs is made up by widows in

childbearing age. Like them, FHHs with smaller family size but access to land face a shortage of labor.

In both cases, they depend on external labor, either through renting or share cropping farming

arrangements, leaving them only with partial benefits from their farm lands.

Women from poorest households as well as resource poor FHHs and the elderly women are stuck in

poverty, their main livelihood being charcoal and fire wood collection and sale. It is hard to imagine

how such women will benefit from agriculture value chains unless specific interventions ensure their

participation.

Even women in better-off households suffer from customary practices as their spouses marry more

than one wife. In such cases, land and property disputes are usually customarily resolved through

‘Kalichas’ (spiritual clan leaders) whose existence is based on kinship counts and inheritance. If

women prefer to follow official legal procedures, it is usually too expensive for them. It is not

uncommon that the Kalichas’ arbitration mechanism favors men.

In summary, vulnerability is felt considerably more by those women without access to farm

land, female heads of households with little land and big family size including those with

enough land but with shortage of labor and those women in polygamous marriage.


31

4.3.2 Youth

In all studied Woredas landless youth population is at a record high, ranging from 17% to 43% where

the least reported landless youth was in S/Achefer and the highest in Endamehoni. Most of the male

youths are engaged in agricultural related activities such as casual labor works, contract farming and

trading of agricultural produce. Female youths are engaged in homestead income generation

activities like poultry, livestock rearing and vegetable production.

Female and male youths who are either school leavers or drop-outs also secure incomes through

MSE supported organized groups activities like livestock fattening, tree planting, irrigation canal and

roof catchment construction or sand and stone collection for construction purposes.

4.3.3 Children and Orphans

Although their exact numbers are not always known, all consulted people at Woreda and Kebele

levels have a commonly shared concern on child vulnerabilities in general and the deprivation of

orphans in particular. In most places, the estimated numbers of known orphans at Kebele level are

definitely higher than the official records kept at Women and Child Affairs and Labour and Social

Affairs offices.

It was learnt that in tribal conflict-prone Woredas, the number of orphans is proportionately higher.

Estimated figures show that there are 1,612 and 725 orphans in conflict prone W/genet and Diga

Woredas respectively. As a comparison, the number of orphaned children in Endamehone, Ambo,

Taqussa, Dodola and YSW are estimated to be ‘only’ 634, 340, 224, 117 and 108.

Even though complete data is not available, the Woreda’s HIV/AIDS secretariat in S/Achefer of

Amhara region indicated a number of orphans that is considerably higher as compared to other

Woredas of the region. Recent studies by BoLSA estimate that the average number of orphans per

rural Kebele is 79. In Amhara region, in general and in S/Achefer in particular, it was learnt that early

marriage starting already at the age of 9 is still prevalent. This practice can be related to high rates

of maternal death, divorce and prostitution. Coupled with high prevalence of malaria and the spread

of HIV/AIDS in rural communities, the number of orphans and child family heads is likely to increase

further. This situation has forced some Woredas to form CRC and Anti Harmful Traditional Practices

Committees at Kebele levels.

There is a substantial number of child family heads where the highest numbers 240, 224 and 129

was reported in Endamehoni, Dodola and Diga Woredas, respectively. The well-being and social

protection of these orphans depends on their kin who serve as custodians. In some instances,

orphans inheritance rights are abused by their own relatives and as a result, their benefit from

inherited land is controlled by others.

In relation to the spread of HIV/AIDS, the stress experienced by women also has obvious

repercussions on children. In FHHs as well as in others, children (starting from age 7) are

overwhelmingly engaged in family labor at the expense of their education. There are also children

from poor households that are involved in paid works mostly in a type of bonded intra-household

arrangements.

4.3.4 Elderly

The national level population of the elderly above 65 years of age stands at 3.2% of the total

population. AGP Woredas record similar figures. The elderly are often endowed with access to


32

resources and land, especially those with extended families that gained bigger areas of farm land

during land redistribution in the Derg regime. In some visited Kebeles, these people possess 2 to 10

hectares of farmland or more that could gainfully employ 10 to 15 landless youths during farm peak

seasons in ploughing, weeding and harvesting.

However, in many places visited, there are elders who have completely lost their extended family

ties and therefore lack the ability to fully utilize their land, thereby endangering their social security.

Unless this group of elderly land holders receives special recognition through AGP supported

activities, they will definitively be excluded and the valuable land they hold will remain largely idle.

4.3.5 Occupational Minorities

SA field visits show that craft makers are no longer considered as clearly distinct ‘occupational

minorities’. The SA team interviewed potters, smiths, weavers, tanners and carpenters who used to

be marginalized groups living at the mercy of big land owners before land redistribution during the

Derg regime. Today, some of them have completely abandoned their skills and become farmers with

land use right while others have become town residents engaging in trade and other occupations. In

some visited Kebeles, it was learnt that weaving and carpentry are now understood as acquired

skills, while pottery and tannery are still treated as ‘inherited skills’ attributed to minority groups.

In all cases, however, occupation holders interviewed did not express feelings of serious

exclusion or discrimination.

Occupational groups such as tanners, weavers, smiths, potters and traditional carpenters exist in SA

researched Woredas of Amhara region. As dominant social groups consider marriage with

occupational minorities as a taboo, hereditary tanners usually intermarry with potters. There is no

restriction among predominantly Muslim weavers and among smiths and carpenters. Most members

of occupational minorities that do have access to farm land completely abandoned their crafts-

making. However, weavers were often found to have been replaced by their landless sons. Most

potters, whose hereditary trait is claimed to be Jewish (felashas), have now migrated to Israel and

their pottery works were acquired by non-felashas.

The Yem occupational minorities are much engaged in pottery work. According to FGDs the level of

occupational minority’s segregation has reduced over time after the spreading of Orthodox and

Evangelical Christianity in Yem Special Woreda. However, the SA team found that there is still weak

social integration with other community members. Their average land holding is mostly small and

this could easily exclude them from participation in AGP Component 1 (Agriculture production).

There was a story related where students of minority background who had completed grade 1-4 and

were now promoted to grade 5 at another location were marginalized to the extent that other

students refused to share bench in class with them. This seems to be a typical occurrence and as a

result of such discrimination, there is actually only one student in the location that by today has

managed to reach grade 9. This long term discrimination has systematically denied children of the

occupational minorities’ access to better education. Recently, the school-based discrimination has

been addressed by initiating joint consultations among parents of the occupationally marginalized

children and others. However, adults of minority background can be found as part of ‘their’ Kebeles

leadership team.


33

There were cattle fattening initiatives introduced for occupational minorities in Meleka and Oya

Keepho Kebele but without much success. Reasons include low awareness on income diversification,

lack of time to attend livestock management because of extensive engagement in pottery

production and marketing. The minority also suffers from lack of grazing areas, water competition

between human and livestock and lack of veterinary services needed to contain trypanosomiasis

(livestock disease) caused by the tsetse fly.

Pottery work is extremely labor intensive preventing women’s from getting information about other

initiatives in the villages (see also chapter 4.3.1). Moreover, pottery work has not been supported by

appropriate technologies to alleviate work load of women. As part of the pottery process, burning

of the raw pots consumes large volumes of fire wood and potters cut huge amounts of wood. In

addition, shuttling pots 3 times per week to market points before and after market days at Deri and

at Fofa town keeps them busy leaving little time to attend livestock, child care and even self care.

More heavy shuttling services are born by women which is a cause for poor health among adult

women. There is no appropriate technology to ease the transport burden either. The foot track is

narrow following the gullies created as a result of excavation works for securing clay soil.

A graph describing the situation of women in occupational pottery communities is included in the

annex.

Even the available appropriate technologies are expensive to these women or are unavailable in

their area. The study team saw some ten pieces of an Enset processing device which had arrived

recently. Woreda office of women Affairs now sets criteria to disburse it as an award to good

performing association members.

In Amhara Region, the different occupational groups provide farmers with much appreciated

essential services. There is still no substitute for their products, particularly, the services of the black

smiths in products related to farmers daily life (plough equipments). This has indeed created a

reciprocal type of relationship in that the farmers provide labor or share harvests to the smiths so

that their service is readily available as they work on fulltime basis. Contrary to carpenters and

potters, the activities of smiths were found to have little environmental impact. Since tanners use

nearby rivers and springs to soak and soften raw leather in drinking water sources, the smell and

pollution is felt by community members. This has created stigma against tanners. Similarly, potters

contribute to deforestation and gully formation and land degradation when they dig to find good

quality clay.

Land holding within Yem Fuga communities is highly fragmented. Children of occupational minority

groups usually do not leave parental homes for schooling or change of occupation but rather remain

in the village and share land from parents.

The SA team also recorded a limited participation of women from minority background in organized

economic development activities. Membership in microfinance associations was dominated by men

and particularly resource poor women found that rules and regulations were not tailored towards

their needs.

4.3.6 Tribal Minorities

Although there are no official figures that can show the exact number of the Woieto tribal groups

that live surrounding Lake Tana’s shores, Woreda officials estimate their numbers to be 500 – 1000

households or a total population of 5,000 to 10,000. Adults and elders of these groups have equal


34

access to land and some of them are converted to Islam or Christianity. However, their cultural

practice of eating wild animals such as Hippos and their leather and papyrus basketry works

distinguishes them from dominant groups. They still live in isolated villages and are still

endogamous. Their involvement in development activities is low and according to Woieto Key

Informants, there is a subtle process of exclusion.

For example, as they have little access to information, they are hardly involved in youth and women

associations. Some group members also complain that their business performance, for example in

village tea rooms and restaurants, has faced bankruptcy as non-Woieto groups are ashamed of

buying food and beverages from them.

Similarly, in Yem Special Woreda there is no ‘official’ or systematic marginalization of either the Fuga

or the Yirfo in economic and political terms. There is no law that hinders them from having access to

land, participating in beneficial labor arrangements, raising livestock, trading or participating in

election and to become member of farmers associations or cooperatives. Yet, there are covert socio-

cultural rather than economic or political marginalization practices described. Fuga are still

somewhat confined in separate villages, and are isolated in some aspects of social life associated

with burial, credit and social festivities. Even though the introduction of Orthodox Christianity to

Fuga has reduced their socio-cultural marginalization, Fuga with more land, oxen and income whose

living standard may actually be better than that of other Yem are still looked down upon.

This signals the need for AGP to be more actively inclusive to these distinct groups of people.

4.3.7 Conflict-prone Households and Competition for Natural Resources

In the opinion of the SA team, households living in conflict-prone areas need particular attention

according to the WBs safeguard policies (OP 4.10). Three types of affected households are identified:

a) households who are victims of administrative boundary conflict,

b) permanent residents and local groups whose land, trees, and natural resources are at stake

due to high influx of migrants, and

c) farmers whose communal land is given out to large scale private investors in a situation

where an extreme land shortage exists.

A high influx of migrants in Oromia Diga Woreda which are now illegally controlling farm land causes

considerable grievances to landless youth and indigenous residents. Since most of the settlers from

Harrar lack any sense of security over the land they currently use, they are not interested in

investing in slow-growing crops such as Mango which is traditionally widely planted in the area.

Instead their extensive agricultural farming of seasonal crops has led them to enter into contract

farming arrangements with neighboring Gumez tribes. These ethnic groups have lived harmoniously

and cooperatively until a serious bloody conflict took place some two years ago between Oromos

and Gumez. These groups are now competing for the Woreda’s water, forest and of course land.

Both make historical claims as indigenous peoples. This has a potential risk of frustrating local

residents further who already engage in a tit-for-tat type of conflict, making the area to be highly

volatile and not suitable for long-term investments in sustainable agriculture as proposed by AGP.

In Yem Special Woreda, intermittent conflicts between Kebeles from bordering Woredas were

reported that were then addressed by the House of Federation through a referendum. However,


35

there are still conflicts flaring up around the bordering Kebeles that are now addressed by joint

committees from both sides.

The recent allocation of land to private commercial farm investors (e.g. In Dodola and Ambo

Woredas) has created much resentment among residents, in particular youth. On the other hand,

informants from different sector offices argue that the claimed land shortage would not be as severe

as it is normally heard, had land resources been properly inventoried and measured using modern

technology. Key informants argued further that proper and transparent land allocation is essential to

resolve youth claims on open land.

If AGP will invest in water-intensive agricultural production or processing, there is a high risk

for causing or aggravating existing conflicts between up stream and downstream water

users. For instance, there are various rivers likely to be tapped for SSI in lowland areas.

Close participatory planning and joint identification of potential issues that may cause

disputes in relation to borders, land allocation or water use rights must therefore be

mandatory for AGP sub-projects.

4.4 Summary Statement on Triggering World Bank Safeguard OP 4.10 The SA team identified marginalized occupational and tribal minorities of the Fuga tribe in Yem

Special Woreda of SNNPR and the Woieto tribe of Taqussa Woreda of Amhara region. Rather than

facing visible and open exclusion, these groups are subtly distanced by the dominant cultures thus

limiting their participation in community affairs. As a result, they resort to developing their sub-

cultures domiciled in isolated villages. This means that some aspects of OP 4.10 of the Bank’s

definition of safeguard policy on “indigenous people”, i.e. “ … customary cultural, economic, social or

political institutions that are separate from those of the dominant society and culture…” applies to

these groups.

However, compared to the magnitude of other vulnerable social groups, these tribal minorities

represent an insignificant number of people.

The SA team proposes that a case by case application of the Bank’s safeguard policy OP 4.10 in the

process of AGP implementation as well as during sub-project screening will be applied in these two

cases.

Similarly, conflict prone households as well as in those communities whose open grazing land is

taken by private commercial farm investors may require partial application of the Bank’s safeguard

policy that states that the access to and use of commons or natural resources needs to be

safeguarded in a process of “free, prior and informed consultation” (OP 4.10).

Consultations must take place between all those traditionally inhabiting an area with those external

people who made agricultural investments in the area. It is possible that AGP will cause an increase

of instances, where ‘outsiders’ enter productive areas without fully consulting with its traditional

users. Aim is to plan and agree on joint projects, their management and share of benefits. AGP Task

Forces and PCU at various levels need to consider traditional conflict resolution mechanisms backed

by tested national/international experiences and training through peace and conflict management

specialists.

AGP should develop a tool box that describes mechanisms through which Kebele-based arbitrations

and compensations are implemented. At Kebele level, committees on grievance redressing and


36

benefit monitoring are established to handle complaints and issues related to the implementation of

sub-components that affect private and community properties. Such issues should be incorporated

in participatory sub-project planning guidelines and screening criteria.

World Bank safeguards according to OP 4.10 will not be triggered with exception of Woieto

along Laka Tana shore in Amhara and the Fuga of Yem Woreda in SNNPR and possibly

groups with similar characteristics not yet identified in other AGP Woredas.

4.5 Enabling Environment and Positive AGP Impacts on Vulnerable Groups There are ample opportunities for the success of AGP as the designed components are generally

compatible even with vulnerable social groups. The continuing effort by Woreda level institutions in

organizing different social groups in economic undertakings creates a fertile ground to the program.

With increasing demand for agricultural products and improved market prices for agricultural

products, most male and female farmers feel encouraged to use improved agricultural technologies

like modern farm equipments, improved seeds and fertilizers. Similarly, the youth is struggling to

grab opportunities by entering in contract farming arrangements. Furthermore, customary practices

have started to be questioned by women who are increasingly moving towards securing legally

binding land titles and settlement of disputes arising from land and properties to be resolved by

legal means.

In Amhara, ongoing large and medium scale irrigation projects will create favorable conditions for

growth in AGP Woredas. Dams in Rib, Megech and Koga rivers will serve for irrigation based farming

in Fogera, Dembia as well as north and south Achefer Woredas. The hydropower and irrigation

project of Tana Beles is expected to speed up regional development activities which will directly

enhance agricultural growth for Bahirdar Zuria and Jawi AGP Woredas. Another important

development of the region in relation to AGP is the six-year strategic plan (2010 – 2015) that covers

all the regions 128 rural and 38 urban Woredas and towns. These are divided into six clusters of

‘growth corridors’. All AGP Woredas in West and East Gojjam, Awi, North and South Gondar and

North Shewa zones are included here.

In Tigray, the Tigray Agricultural Marketing Promotion Agency (TAMPA) plays a significant role in

promoting agricultural commodities both at national and international markets. It creates marketing

efficiency through disseminating price information, and provision of trainings to farmers as well as to

all market actors. The current activity of the agency in the marketing system is a good starting point

for the AGP to make linkage with some marketing projects. The system laid down by the marketing

agency vigorously facilitates the implementation of marketing aspects and value chains development

envisaged particularly under AGP component 2.

In Tigray, saving and credit establishments at Kebele level are the other potential entities that

accelerate the implementation of AGP. Though they do not target all segments of the population,

they have been serving the community for at last six years. It was found that the schemes do serve

farmers with less stress and minimum bureaucratic procedures for depositing savings and taking

loans. Most members take loans during planting and harvesting times. Almost all Kebeles in

Endamehoni Woreda have saving and credit associations established with a revolving fund obtained

from the World Bank. Again, this is a good opportunity for the AGP to effectively introduce improved

techniques to boost agricultural productivity. It also facilitates implementing value chains

development in the selected Woredas.


37

The other opportunity for the success of AGP are the efforts made so far in organizing vulnerable

social groups in different economic activities. Unemployed and landless youths have been given

attention and some feasible actions have been made to alleviate their problems. Depending on the

available resources, youths are being organized and engaged in different agricultural related

production including poultry and dairy production, sheep and goat raising, fattening, and apiculture.

There are also a number of youth groups involved in vegetable production under irrigation schemes

and cooperative marketing. The more successful of these initiatives are good starting points for the

AGP to exploit, for example by providing resources for scaling up the already started activities.

The newly established community care coalition (CCC) in Tigray is one of the most promising

conditions to stand with the recurrent economic and social shocks facing vulnerable groups in each

Kebele. The CCC supports orphans, elders and disabled groups by mobilizing resources from

different organizations in the Kebele and the community at large. It has recently started to manage

helping orphans to get access to education, supporting selected elders and disabled people with

necessary basic needs. As this is linked with the productive capacity of the community, the trickle

down effect works better as the agricultural growth programme is successfully implemented and

resulted in increased agricultural productivity and production. The increased resources would easily

be channeled towards the well-being and development of highly vulnerable social groups. This will,

in the long run, enhance the productive capacity of some vulnerable groups, particularly of orphans.

Ethiopia is a signatory on both the International Convention of Child Rights and the African Chapter

on Child Rights. Existing conventions dictate the formation of CRCs at all levels. In Amhara and Tigray

Regions, the SA team found strong child rights committees (CRC) at all levels (including schools)

through which the rights of children are monitored and protected. CRCs at regional and Woreda

levels are composed of various sector office staff (health, education, women affairs, and justice)

chaired by Woreda or region YSSAs. The CRCs have further been structured under three sub-

committees (protection, fund raising and advocacy) by which they create awareness on child rights

convention and related issues, protect and rehabilitate affected children, and raise funds for

protection and rehabilitation.

In some places (e.g. W/Genet), access to market information is enhanced and mobile phones are

widely used. Some farmers demand for credit and the amount of cash they need has gone beyond

the capacity of existing financial service providers, which is then met by using informal saving and

credit groups (Equibs)

With the right type of implementation support, AGP will be able to build on existing self-initiated

and organized groups, which already created a demand for support to bottom-up development

processes. There is a fair chance that self employment and employment for both male and female

youth within value chains will be created. As AGP supports skill and technology transfer, agricultural

production and productivity certainly has the potential to increase the income of participating

households. There is a realistic chance that some of this income, either through direct employment

or through kick-starting of local economic cycles, will improve livelihoods particularly for vulnerable

social groups.


38

Table 4: Expected Implementation of AGP Components and Positive Impacts

Designed AGP Project Components Potential Positive Impacts

C1. Agricultural Production/Commercialization

1.1. Strengthening of Farmers Organizations

1.2. Strengthening of Advisory services and support for

farmers investment sub-projects

1.3. Marketing and agribusiness development

• Existence of self-initiated and organized women and youth groups - leverage on existing social capital

• Existing situations are enabling to promotes self-employment and employment opportunities for women/youth

• Boosts high demand for financial and non-financial services and thereby high skill and technology transfer

• Increased income trickling down to the livelihood betterment of vulnerable social groups,

• Preventive measures on HIV/AIDS integrated

• Investment in human capital, particularly on women’s health and children’s education enhanced

C2. Rural Infrastructure Development

2.1. Market Infrastructure Development

2.2. Construction of Rural Feeder Roads

2.3. Small Irrigation Scheme Development

• Multi-stakeholder involvement will help the voices for vulnerable social groups reflected

• Women’s work burden reduced • Overall changes and impacts on vulnerable

social groups monitored • Informed decisions by households and

exploitation by mid-men reduced

4.6 Anticipated Social Risks The SA team has identified a number of specific risks linked to several AGP components that need to

be mitigated for achieving a broad participation of women, youth and other VSGs.

4.6.1 Labor and Rural Employment Opportunities

In cereal surplus producing Woredas (e.g. Dodola), it was observed that farmers’ response to

unpredictable rains has led them to use rented farm machineries such as combine harvesters and

tractors during harvest and plough time. This tendency has actually limited absorption of the huge

surplus labor, even on casual basis. It has also led the unemployed and landless youth to

aggressively exploit the closed forest areas for immediate income needs.

If promotion of capital intensive farming under AGP proves to actually reduce numbers of

employment, the program definitely will have to address this issue.

In almost all Woredas, it was learnt that better-off households and those who made decisions to

diversify agriculture related economic activities are usually faced with shortage of family labor. In

some Woredas (e.g. Diga and Dodola in Oromia) these households do not have positive attitudes

towards the use of employed workers. In such cases, most of these households are compelled to use

child labor of their own and their close relatives. Child labor is cheap and a widely preferred option,


39

leading better-off and poor households to enter into intra-household bonded labor arrangements

using children to serve as herders, housemaids, livestock dung cleaners, fire wood collectors etc..

Be it due to customary practices or otherwise, there is very high fertility rate in the Woredas. In

most cases significant proportion of female headed households with big number of children to

support are overburdened. Other female headed households, with smaller family size, are also faced

with shortage of labor thus resort to use their children’s labor at the expense of their education.

There is a risk that AGP actually encourages an increase in utilizing child labor in agricultural

activities.

4.6.2 Access to Farm Land

The SA team findings confirm other studies that suggest that many critical social issues can be

directly or indirectly linked to unresolved land issues. For AGP one cannot think of sustained

agricultural growth without strengthening its users' security over it. The original design of AGP

considered this when discussing the inclusion of a lands component. AGP will definitely have to

devise strategies dealing with these land and youth issues.

Access to farm land by the youth will be the most important barrier to fully utilize the rural

workforce. There are broadly two categories of youth in the studied Woredas. First, there are youth

farmers with little or no education, but, without access to land user right of their own. The second

category is youth school leavers and drop outs that usually tend to look for formal employments in

rural towns. The former are mostly engaged in contract farming arrangements with households, in

most cases the elderly and female headed households, who face shortage of labor.

Existing informal land contracting (share cropping) arrangements in the visited AGP Woredas are

found to function somewhat well without parallel backing from land policies. Although there are

variations from one region to the other, lack of information and awareness on the legal provision on

land use and contracting remains common. Vulnerable groups are often those with the least access

to such information. This, coupled with the reliance on only verbal agreements made within the

villages, has resulted in uncertainties and sometimes conflicts arise among those farmers who lease-

in and those who lease-out land. It is common that such conflicts cause a decrease in productivity

thereby aggravating the underutilization of surplus labor in rural areas.

With the aim of resolving conflicts arising out of informal land contracts, Amhara region has devised

community-based mechanisms that involve both elderly men and women which could be emulated

by other regions. Kebele level committees with representatives from sub-Kebeles (Goths) have

demonstrated to be effective in handling land disputes arising from breaches of trust in rental

arrangements, inheritance claims by orphaned children and farm land boundary conflicts.

All visited rural Woredas have little employment opportunities to absorb the landless youth. In

response, most youths are obliged to enter into informal land use arrangements. Three types of

arrangements become apparent:

a) Youth readily avail their labour for those households with shortage of family labour. They

earn income usually on piece rate basis.

b) Youth who have secured savings resort to look for contract farming (sharecropping) usually

for one harvest season. In this arrangement the contractor (the youth) need to provide oxen

power, seeds and agricultural inputs to receive an equal share of the harvest.


40

c) The third modality is leasing land from households in need of cash, and it is usually done for

more than one harvest season. This, however, requires a good sum of money for advance

payments and the costs of developing the farm land and other needed farm inputs. In this

arrangement, the leasing party collects the harvest and the leaser gets land rental income.

In summary, as long as land disputes are peacefully handled by customary means, the interest of all

involved actors is normally safeguarded. However, conflicts arising from disputes related to land use

must be carefully considered within the existing land use legislation and AGP must have a tool box at

its disposal to deal with such issues in a simple, transparent and well communicated manner.

In some places the elders posses up to ten hectare and even more farm land. Two groups of elderly

people are observed: those elders without extended family members with enough land but with

shortage of labor and social support mechanism; and those elders with enough land and extended

family members. In the case of the former, their weak negotiation positions have left them with little

benefit when they enter in contract farming arrangements; sometimes they leave their farm to be

idle. In the case of the later, some of these elders are confronted with intergenerational conflict with

young family members who always claim shares of farm land to utilize.

In areas where polygamous marriage is rampant (e.g. Dodola, W/Genet and Diga Settlers),

customary practices discourage female land holding. Whenever the husband marries new wives, the

share of land and property of the first and second wives is much reduced and mostly debated.

Within the ESMF, the issue of land ownership should therefore be taken up as a potential

barrier for the involvement of both women and youths in AGP supported value chains.

4.6.3 Conflict Prone Households

Households living in conflict-prone localities (e.g.Diga in Oromia and W/Genet in SNNPR) and in

capital intensive private commercial farm areas (e.g. Ambo and Dodola) may require specific

attention to be able to participate in AGP.

Suddenly restricted access to grazing land, water and forest resources have resulted in stiff

competition among communities that is not always resolved peacefully.

If AGP aggravates such conflicts directly or indirectly, the program must also offers solutions

for conflict prevention and mitigation.

4.6.4 Social-Environmental Linkages

Social well being and environment is closely interlinked. Reversing environmental degradation and

poverty eradication are mutually reinforcing imperatives and have to be implemented together in

Ethiopia's development initiatives (PASDEP 2006). The World Bank has been encouraged to provide

greater attention to environmental sustainability9.

Of relevance from the SA perspective is the fact that effects of environmental degradation are likely

to hit those hardest that are already disadvantaged. Traditionally, specific natural resources are

utilised primarily by specific groups and according to gender and age in a rural community for either

domestic or productive use. If AGP Component 1 and 2 activities change such existing patterns in

accessing, allocating and utilising natural resources, already vulnerable parts of society may suffer

most.

9 The World Bank Group Environmental Strategy Concept Note 2009.


41

To reach the objectives of AGP activities, current and

anticipated climate change impacts must be considered.

Both Amhara Kebeles confirmed change in precipitation

during the past decade, with more unpredictable rainy

seasons and more intense rainfall. This will directly impact

on the outcome of irrigation scheme investments and

other infrastructural projects.

Climate change must also be considered for choice of

crops and production systems, training modules, size and

allocation of infrastructure projects etc.10. Seed banks of traditional crops and other measures have

proven to increase resilience to future environmental change in Tigray11.

Not considering climate change could increase the costs of interventions, as well as the vulnerability

of these Kebeles to erratic weather patterns affecting e.g. food security. Low productivity could in

turn lead to migration and increased demand for child labour12. Climate change is not considered in

the ESMF, despite the fact that Ethiopian government has developed a NAPA identifying climate

change as a major threat to development, and the World Bank has fully embraced the fact that

climate change has a serious risk impact on development gains13.

AGP Component 1 aims at increasing agriculture productivity. For this an increased use of fertilizer

is required. If resource poor HHs are to become part of AGP, the use of cheap and locally available

compost is a preferable choice, as it increases resilience in years when HHs do not have access to

cash for purchase of synthetic fertilizers. Moreover, using composts encourages recycling of organic

material. So far, little is mentioned in the ESMF about fertilizer application.

If new crops and technologies are introduced, they should be combined with traditional agricultural

methods and there needs to be a social protection measure, e.g. farmer insurance related to crop

productivity.

4.6.5 Social Capital and Informal Access to Finance

In reference to AGP sub-component 1.1., particular attention is given to support for women and

youth groups. There are two major types of such organized groups in the study Woredas. Some of

them are culturally based and usually self-initiated organized groups. Others are organized and

supported by government offices such as Youth and Sports, Women and Child Affairs and MSE

Offices. In AGP locations visited, there are also some NGOs supporting organized youth and women

groups in agro-forestry and handicraft activities (e.g. GTZ and International Friendship Association –

IFA in Dodola). Many of these donor-supported activities have already been documented in the AGP

preparatory actor analysis.

Self-initiated social organizations, with various local names such as ‘Jige’, ‘Shene’, ‘Equib’ or ‘Debo’

and ‘Shengo’ or commonly known as ‘Idir’ are the basis for social capital formation. These are real

10

See Ethiopia National Adaptation Plan for Action (NAPA) and World Bank Strategic Framework for Development and Climate Change, 2008, for guidance on climate change resilient development. 11

Seed banks are one of the key adaptation needs for Amhara, Oromia, SNNPRS and Tigray, identified by the NAPA –

National Adaptation Plan of Action for Ethiopia. 12

Observed in Tigray; The Development Fund, 2008. Climate change risks, Vulnerability and Adaptation measures in Tigray Communities, Ethiopia. 13

The World Bank Group Environmental Strategy Concept Note 2009.

In Amhara, one of the identified VSG –

tanners –use cow urine for processing

animal hides. One reason for their

exclusion is the subsequent pollution of

the kebeles’ drinking water. If

alternatives our found for processing of

hides, this might benefit the social

status of tanners, as well as improve

drinking water quality.


42

solidarity groups whose cohesiveness goes beyond serving the economic needs of members, as they

are also serving members’ social security needs during crisis situations in a sustainable manner.

However, in Amhara and Tigray SA Woredas, Equib and Idir are less important compared to Oromia

and SNNPR. Instead, Mahiber and Wobera (in Amhara) are found to be strong religious associations

and labor cooperation groups, respectively. Both forms of community organizations serve as mutual

support mechanisms for the elderly and other households in a crisis situation. On the other hand,

rural saving and credit cooperatives are emerging as strong financial intermediaries that also

include women. For example, in two visited Kebeles of S/Achefer and Taqussa Woredas, more than

375 women are actively participating in RuSaCCOs.

There are self-help groups, which are largely organized by some local women in both rural and

urban Kebele associations. These groups are in most cases composed of 10 to 15 women that reside

closely in a village. Members make contributions regularly (on weekly, bi-weekly or monthly basis) as

per their established rule using group elected chair women, secretaries and treasurers. The saving

continues until it reaches a level that it accommodates members’ credit needs and the lending

process. Eventually, members exchange experiences and advise on the type of activities members

undertake. Sometimes, these women assume group activities such as traditional clothes made of

hides, ornaments and wooden kitchen materials. Every member can borrow for any purpose at a

fixed rate for a certain period. Self-help groups are considered financial intermediaries between

informal financial markets (private lenders) and formal financial actors such as MFIs. Such systems

are more advantageous over the informal and formal financial institutions as they do not require

collateral and do not incur transaction costs.

Such self-initiated groups, though limited in number and with small capital base, are found

to be the main sources of finance for the poor social groups in most rural areas.

The Jige is formed by involving 10 - 20 members with modest cash contribution, mostly by youths

for a reciprocal type of labor exchange during harvest, house construction as well as during

weddings. Female youth are also involved in such arrangements to share labor and in village saving

groups to exchange mutual support among them. Strong Jige groups were found to have a better

chance of attracting land owners and better negotiating power to make conducive verbal

agreements. The other community based organization, mostly formed by involving different Jiges is

‘Shengo/Idir’. It serves three major purposes: (i) to ensure decent funeral services, (ii) to serve

members as social security during hard times, and (iii) it further serves as social court to resolve

disputes and conflicts usually arising from issues related to multiple marriage and land contracting.

Polygamous households must feed many dependents. As a result, male household heads are usually

economically stressed in slack seasons. To cope with this situation, borrowing in kind (in exchange of

cash for cereals) from private lenders is common. However, the payback is sometimes double than

the amount of money borrowed. One of the reasons is the amount of harvest collected, particularly,

during bumper production season, has inverse relation with the market price.

In some cash crop areas (e.g. Wondogenet), high cash transaction in the area requires bigger

amounts of money that is usually held by village level savings groups or can be provided by the

microfinance institution. In this cereal producing area a high level social support network and

cooperation is the dominant feature.


43

Government established and supported groups often have a relatively large membership. These

groups are mobilized and formed mostly by Youth Affairs office and sometimes by Women and Child

Affairs office. Once they are formed, they are linked to MSE promotion offices for organizational and

income earning activity support. Finally, having established clear business activity plans they are

referred to Woreda MSE Steering Committees and then are recommended for financial support from

government-backed microfinance institutions.

Exceptionally, in SNNPR (e.g. W/Genet), Youth Affairs office works directly with Woreda Agriculture

and Rural Development office to link organized youth groups with agriculture related activities. The

most frequent group activities are in the area of sand and stone collection, livestock fattening, grain

marketing, forest development, sheep husbandry and small scale irrigation. Frequently encountered

challenges include that such organization lack cohesiveness, organizational discipline and depend on

outside facilitation. There are conflicting ideas on the optimum number of members that would

ensure tangible income growth for participants. General management weaknesses and lack of

business skills make members worried about their capital.

Many people interviewed in all four regions agreed that these ‘organized’ groups often lack

truly motivated members and are more easily disbanded than traditional groups.

4.6.6 Formal Access to Finance

Access to credit is found to be one critical factor for AGP to successfully achieve its objectives. In all

visited Kebeles, there is at least one micro finance institution (MFI), and in some cases, there is more

than one Saving and Credit Cooperative (SaCCs). With the exception of women-only SaCCs, women

representation in mixed types of cooperatives is not more than 10%. Even worse, their

representation in cooperative leadership positions is less than 2%. In the Woredas researched, some

MFI’s actually are more focused on serving women, while others are serving organized youth groups

screened by Youth Offices and MSE Desks.

However, women, youth and other farming households face two major barriers to access the MFIs

services. One of the barriers is the group guarantee loan system which is the dominant lending

modality in the absence of material collateral. This system is less preferred by borrowers, besides

the loan size is too small to expand or diversify economic activities in a larger scale. The other barrier

felt especially by growth-oriented farmers and youths is that existing loan products are rigid and

small. Farmers therefore continue to become the prey of individual money lenders, who largely take

the form of cash-for-in kind exchange.

ACSI in Amhara region is the dominant MFI that serves both urban and rural Kebeles. However,

unlike other regions, the MSE office in Amhara region has limited services in rural Kebeles. As a

result, ACSI can not provide loans to rural youth who should be backed and recommended by the

MSE office. Since unemployed and landless youths are generally labeled to be risk groups, they are

always screened by Kebele credit committees to be excluded in the normal credit operations of ACSI.

4.6.7 Non-Financial Services

One of AGP’s sub-components is agribusiness development that considers building technical and

entrepreneurial capacity of agri-business participants and demand-driven farmers projects. It was

learnt that market uncertainties are extremely important sources of risks affecting households and

micro entrepreneurs, suggesting that working with non-financial services is probably just as

important as providing rural credit.


44

First, unfavorable price changes that mostly follow seasonal variations are reportedly the common

type of market risk for the farmers across the SA Woredas. Significant increases in input prices or

decreases in output prices can reduce or eliminate micro enterprise profits. In addition, an

enterprise can be adversely affected by disruptions in vital business services such as marketing

channels, and transport. Losses from market risks lower the return to the household's investment in

the micro enterprise.

Secondly, the commonly shared features of the visited Woredas are: (i) wastefulness and

extravagant behaviours associated to customary practices, (ii) low saving habit in any form either

cash or material, (iii) very low enterprising culture which is limited to a pre-entrepreneurial stage,

and (iv) absence of properly tailored Business Development Services (BDS).

Strong, ‘bottom-up’ participation of women and youth is assumed in AGP. To say the least, youth

and women have least exposure and experience to be competitive in the market. They are therefore

unlikely to become fully engaged in the more profitable AGP activities, for example in agribusiness

and in market-oriented agricultural commercialization, unless tailor-made interventions are

designed to ‘bring them onboard’. Here, considerable experience from other programs is available to

inform AGP.

4.7 Institutional Capacity at Woreda and Kebele Level Strong institutions significantly encourage trust, promote property rights and avoid the exclusion of

the different sections of the population14. Particularly grass root level institutions play an important

role in maintaining the interest of the local people, safeguarding their physical cultural resources,

facilitating development initiatives, as well as mitigating unexpected adverse effects.

Currently, lower level government institutions in Ethiopia are increasingly involved in communities

development efforts. These institutions include the different government and non-government

organizations at Woreda and Kebele level. The structure of Woreda level administration is more or

less similar in all regional states (MCB, 2007). Almost all sector ministries and bureaus at federal and

regional levels are represented at Woreda level.

In each visited Kebele, agriculture development agents for crop, livestock, natural resources and

irrigation are found. AGP Kebeles with Farmer Training Centres can benefit from their extension

capacity. However, regardless of presence of FTCs, development agents that monitor VSGs are not

available. No specific entity at this level, besides NGOs and ad-hoc committees works systematically

with social and vulnerability issues. AGP could help put in place such social development agents that

are equipped with the necessary skills and implements to facilitate the inclusion of VSGs in AGP.

In the AGP-SA context, the Women and Child Affairs, Micro and Small Enterprise, Labour and Social

Affairs, and Youth and Sport are among the more important offices that have direct mandates and

roles for organizing and supporting different social and vulnerable groups at Woreda level. All of

these organizations, however, are in different states of institutional maturity. Many of them cannot

yet achieve their objectives because of understaffing and lack of professional skills, planning and

management capacity.

14

Laiglesia, 2006


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4.7.1 Gender Aspects of Kebele Level Institutional Capacities

There is a concern that good policies / strategies are written but the process of translating provisions

into operational practice is still wanting. For instance, ‘women change package’ implementation was

designed in a way that main committee and technical committee should handle the matter. Studies

by ENDA in SNNPR (2009) indicated that the two major committees were not found functional

according to design because of a variety of systemic problems and capacity gaps in understanding

the real essence of gender mainstreaming. This shows the importance of building capacity of

institutions at various levels to ensure the ‘specific focus on women and youth’ as stated in the AGP

overall development objective.

Anecdotal evidence shows that qualified staff and better resources are based at higher levels of

government institutions, for example the Regions. The lower level such as Kebeles where the brunt

of the responsibility lies do neither have the necessary human resources and supplies (Office

facilities and motor bicycles/cycles) for community work nor experienced staff for operation and

monitoring purposes.

Staff from concerned sector offices that are trained in gender analysis and mainstreaming to

spearhead /oversee the planning process, monitoring and support in applying criteria for proper

evaluation of AGP implementation in relation to women, youth and other VSGs should train and

assist Kebele level DAs to ensure that social issues are integrated in AGP implementation.

This obvious capacity gap can be addressed by the AGP Institutional Capacity Assessment that must

include assessing existing capacities in regard to vulnerability issues.

The problem is even bigger for staff Women and Social Affair and Youth Affairs offices working with

vulnerable social groups as they do not even have a Kebele level representation. The Kebele level

situation is indicated below:

Identified Strengths by ICA Implications for AGP- SA

Horizontal communication between Kebele management committee, agriculture, health, education, women and youth groups, and political leaders is relatively strong.

The women affairs offices in Ambo, Diga, and Dodola Woredas reported that their sector is marginalized and decision making on pertinent matters affecting the lives of women is still an outstanding problem.

Other anecdotal evidences shows that level of women focusedness depends on the personal goodwill of the political leader/administrator.

Development groups are being established in the Kebeles with each group having about 25-30 members who are led by a model farmer.

There are limited women model farmers in each area.

The possibility to be snatched by others is likely unless there is a lead person/contact DA for vulnerable social groups

4.7.2 Gap filling and Missing Skills

In all Woredas visited during the SA, a considerable staff shortage was recorded in those

institutions, which closely monitor and follow the social, environmental and economic activities of

the different social groups.

In some Woredas, the number of available staff in each sector

offices reaches only between 54% and 71% of a full staffing

situation. On average, the visited Woredas offices working

with VSGs had an average gap of 41% in human resource capacity. Another recurring observation is

Woreda offices working with VSGs

had an average staffing gap of 41%


46

that staff members are busy with ‘gap filling’ and do not work in their intended technical fields of

expertise although they lack specific knowledge for the position they try to fill.

The women and child affairs office in most SA Woredas, which are supposed to play a significant role

in promoting gender mainstreaming, are not well staffed. Besides numerical shortages, many staff

are also under/unqualified for their positions.

On top of staff shortages and skills issues, the office environment as such is not enabling the

available staff to work competently. Staffs lack access to modern and efficient IT equipment that

facilitate its activities and meet its institutional objectives and mission.

The findings from the visited Woredas suggest that a gender and VSG baseline should become part

of bottom up planning processes. This has to be done by sector staff sensitive to both vulnerable

women and men’s needs together with gender and VSG specialists.

Gender mainstreaming skills and proven competencies need to be part of AGP

implementation package so that relevant technical sectors work in tandem through

adequate joint preparations for ensuring gender concerns are fully recognized and

incorporated.

4.7.3 VSG Sensitive Cross-Sectoral Coordination

In some studied Woredas, Agriculture and Rural Development offices are split up into separate

Cooperatives Promotion, Land Use, and Livestock desks where the coordinated use of DAs among

them suffers from weak coordination and lack of line management.

A lack of cross-sector planning is likely to impact negatively on AGP when it comes to applying

socially inclusive approaches. Staff of several social institutions in the visited Woredas was not aware

of the program at all. Experts in these offices, after the consultation meeting, became much

interested in making their contribution to the program and facilitate the implementation of each

component and sub-component.

AGP or another intervention, must assist in increasing staff skills in general project cycle

management, especially in planning and analysis, monitoring and evaluation, but also

specifically in the techniques of planning & budgeting, O&M and monitoring and evaluation

that is sensitive to the needs of vulnerable community members.

The comprehensive training of DAs will play a crucial role here.

4.7.4 Access to Information for All

AGP implementation will have to consider the issue of equitable access to information. Experience

from similar programs shows that crucial information about upcoming development initiatives like

AGP first of all reaches local elites that may monopolize this knowledge for a considerable amount

of time. For example, there is a risk that land is leased from unaware farmers at a very low price and

that poor and vulnerable male or female farmers will be excluded from access to information.

AGP design, budget allocation and implementation of investments and trainings must include

awareness campaigns that reach even those that often are not participating in ‘regular’ meetings at

community levels.


47

4.7.5 Monitoring Capacity

Some experts in some of the Woredas, though few in number, have good knowledge and familiarity

with economic and social condition of the Woreda. They do possess in-depth knowledge of the area,

particularly gained during the establishment of state-owned farms and other project interventions.

However, as mentioned above, such experts are very few and have limited experience from

participation in programs like AGP.

In this regard, the number of experts and their capacity to implement and undertake M&E of the

components and sub-components is questionable. It may require adequate number of qualified

staffs to effectively implement the programme.

Particularly, their capacity in collecting, storing and monitoring of data is very weak. There is severe

dearth of reliable baseline data on vulnerable social groups at all levels. Such baseline data for M&E

purposes at Woreda level could then be aggregated at regional and federal levels for more informed

decision making on AGP (and other development interventions) in terms of reaching the intended

target groups.

A monitoring system with simple indicators should be put in place that captures exactly who

benefited from program investments to prevent that AGP benefits are reaching only already better-

off local elites. Collection of data should at least include some of the indicators outlined in table 7.

4.7.6 Local Level Actor Coordination and AGP Task Forces

As stated earlier, the implementation of AGP requires coordinated efforts among the different

sectors. The active participation of these stakeholders in a) decision making and b) continuous

provision of advice is crucial. Their participation is also essential to monitor the progress of the

program at each step and speed up implementation when needed. Though a general readiness was

observed to form AGP task forces, the process has not yet completed. Inclusion of officers from

relevant departments in the highest policy body (Woreda steering committee) would definitely

strengthen the safeguard processes for the different social groups and physical cultural resources. It

also ensures the integration of socio-economic activities into Woreda as well as at local level

development initiatives.

Non-state actors are often having their focus on poor and marginalized groups of society. They also

possess a lot of experience on ‘what works and what doesn’t. AGP committees should definitely use

the opportunity to tap into these experiences for making the program more responsive to needs of

vulnerable groups in an efficient and effective manner.

The structure and composition of members in the Kebele cabinets is similar in all Woredas.

Secretaries, who are mostly diploma graduates and are known as Kebele managers, are employees

of the government and serve the cabinet. Kebele associations are the other government

organizations, which are the lowest units that administer and facilitate development activities. These

associations are actively involved in various tasks including mobilizing the community in

development activities, organizing and supporting women and youth self-help groups, addressing

disputes, and monitoring the different social activities within the Kebele. They are potential

organizations, which can, together with Woreda sector office and DAs, play a significant role in

implementing, monitoring and evaluating of AGP.


48

The SA team assumes that the AGPs ‘Institutional Assessment’ will provide deeper insights into the

selection of the most suitable local AGP counterpart units, their staffing and skills shortages and the

strategies to build capacity before and during AGP implementation.

What should be stressed here is the importance of including in that assessment an analysis

not only of the more ‘technical’ skills requirements emerging from AGP components, but

also of the social and environmental parameters.

Table 4: Expected Social Risks under Proposed AGP Components

Designed AGP Project Components Potential Risks

C1. Agricultural Production/Commercialization

1.4. Strengthening of Farmers Organizations

1.5. Strengthening of Advisory services and support for farmers investment sub-projects

1.6. Marketing and agribusiness development

• Disadvantaged and vulnerable social groups (women, children and elders) could be potentially excluded.

• In some Woredas, women’s rights over land and other properties is at stake due to polygamous marriage.

• HIV/AIDS has left women to be widowed and men to be widowers, children to be orphaned with extreme effects on the rural workforce.

• Smooth implementation of AGP cannot be possible without solving existing tribal and administrative boundary conflicts seen in some Woredas.

• Informal land markets are potential sources of conflict plus unclear legal land contracting procedures would be an obstacle for the youth’s participation in AGP.

• Low savings and enterprising culture will hinder AGP implementation.

• Limited coverage of financial services coupled with rigid lending system will be another limiting factor.

• Adaptation measures to anticipated climate change impact on farming systems are not considered.

C2. Rural Infrastructure Development

2.1. Market Infrastructure Development

2.2. Construction of Rural Feeder Roads

2.3. Small Irrigation Scheme Development

• The magnitude and situation of vulnerable

social groups is not given proper attention

so that there will be a danger of exclusion

from AGP as a whole.

• AGP has a potential negative impact on

community-based sacred trees and ritual

sites of religious and cultural importance.

• Disputes and downstream water shortages

arising in small scale irrigation schemes.

• Proofing measures against anticipated

climate change impact on infrastructure

are not considered


49

5 Presence of Physical Cultural Resources Good information sources on larger historical, cultural and tourist attraction sites are well organized

both at regional and federal levels. However, at community level, the SA team found considerable

numbers of sacred and ritual sites of religious and cultural importance, which also need due

consideration.

Sites containing indigenous trees, forests, rivers or springs are revered in traditional spiritual beliefs

and can also be important in terms of ecosystem services and biodiversity on which the people

depend.

If AGP further increases pressure on already limited land

resources for agricultural production, the encroachment on

communal lands and forests surrounding sites of religious or

cultural importance will be accelerated.

Other sites are open lands kept for important ritual ceremonies, social ruling and sanctions.

Particularly AGP Component 2 has a potential for causing negative impact on physical cultural

resources. Potential negative impacts would be caused by construction and operations of small scale

irrigation schemes, water canals, reservoirs, dams and rural road, market and storage building,

increased traffic, etc. but also by indirectly encouraging farmers to encroach on unused land

surrounding such sites.

Studied Woredas contain many worship places for the two dominant religions, primarily Christian

churches and Muslim mosques. Moreover, the ‘Geda System’ in Oromia Woredas and the Gudumale

system of the Sidama culture in South uses various sites to practice their traditional beliefs. In both

systems a certain clan is believed to be spiritually endowed to lead others. Every 5-8 years, elders

give blessings to a leader who in turn, nominates jury members to form the systems’ temporary

social ruling group. Social status and prestige is gained through this system, however, only men are

privileged to be involved. These two systems traditionally use sacred trees to conduct ritual

ceremonies. Particularly, indigenous trees such as Warka, Wanza, Kerero, Tikur Enchet and Dokma

are highly precious. Open common spaces are used for their judicial processes and social sanctions.

There are several ritual and religious places in Yem Special Woreda. There are steles in Meleka and

Zofkar, the Angeri palace, man-made and natural caves and worshipped indigenous trees and

forests. In addition, there are Orthodox Churches in 23 out of 31 rural Kebele administrations. Trees

around Angeri Palace are sacred and respected by the local community. There is fear among the

community that let alone cutting these trees even pointing fingers at the indigenous trees around

the palace is believed to be a taboo leading to ‘meqsefit’.

Table 5: Identified Physical and Cultural Resources in visited Woredas (OP 4.11)

Type of PCRs

Assessment Level

Woreda Kebele

Mountainous sites Diga Bekiltu Jirmi and Byiete

Yem Sor and Gon, Shosher and Almama

Natural Caves Yem, Endamehione Angeri, Sor and Gon, Weira, Tiger, Azgi Zemda, Meleka, Jemma, Mihibae

In such a situation, subsistence

farmers belonging to vulnerable

social groups may end up being those

that pose the largest threat to PCRs!


50

Hileselassie Washa

Man made caves Yem Semu Awasho

Stelles / Melisa and Zofkar Yem Idiya,

Hot Springs (Wema ) Yem, W/Genet, S/Achefer Sor and Gon

Springs Yem Meleka

Water falls Diga, Wondogenet Abaye

Yem Shosher and Almama, Kerzidoyo, Idiya, Angeri, Shemo and Metello, Ashe

Indigenous, historical and sacred trees: Warka, Wanza (cordial abysinica), Kerero (amionguria altussima), Tikur Enchet (pygeum africanum) and Dokma (syzygium guineense), Zigba (podocarpus gracilior)

Diga, Dodola, Yem, Taqussa All assessed Kebeles

Zigba ( podocarpus gracilior), Korch (erythrina brucei), Wanza (cordia Africana), tid (juniperous procera), Koso (hagenya abyssinica), Kirkeha (arundiara alpine), sesa (albizia guminifera), bisana (croton macrostacyus), Doqma (syzigium guincense)

Yem, S/Achefer, Taqussa

Most kebelles

Natural Forests Yem, W/Genet Samu Awsaho,Azgi zemda, Gessi, Saa’imafo, Karawa and Oya Iretto, Oya Qepho, Meleka,

Mosques, Churches, ruins and Cemeteries All Assessed Woredas All assessed kebeles

Palace Yem Angeri

Sites for cultural ceremonies (ritual places) Dodola, Diga, Ambo, Taqussa, S/Achefer

Abaye, Deneba, Amaro

Sites of public celebration ‘Challo’ All Assessed Woredas In all kebeles

Sites serving as customary social courts Wondogenet, Yem and all the above Woredas

Deneba, Amaro

Gilgal Ghibe II HEP Yem Meleka

5.1 Summary Statement on Triggering World Bank Safeguard OP 4.11 Substantial numbers of community-based sacred and ritual sites of religious and cultural importance

have been identified by SA in all target locations, thereby necessitating OP 4.11 to be triggered.

Implementation of AGP’s Sub-components in the area of small irrigation schemes, water reservoir

and dam excavation and rural roads construction is likely to affect these PCRs. These should be

treated under the Bank’s Procedures that ‘... the borrower informs the bank of its procedures for

identifying and mitigating potential impacts on PCRs including provisions for monitoring such

impacts and for mitigating chance finds’.

World Bank safeguards according to OP 4.11 will be triggered


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6 Summary of Major Regional Variations and Similarities

Level of risk associated with an issue:

3 = high 2 = medium 1 = low 0 = no risk associated

Social Risks & Constraints Areas with significance for AGP implementation

Oro

mia

Am

har

a

SNN

PR

Tigr

ay

1. Vulnerable Social Groups

Landless Youth 3 3 3 3

Female victims of polygamy 3 0 3 0

Female victims of early marriage 1 3 1 2

Orphan children 2 3 2 3

Child family heads 2 2 1 2

Child-bonded labour 3 3 2 2

Resource poor FHHs with labor shortage 2 3 2 3

Elderly HH with labour shortage 3 3 3 3

Conflict prone HHs 3 0 3 0

2. Tribal & Occupational Minorities

Socially excluded groups 1 1 1 1

Discriminated tribal minorities 1 2 3 1

3. PCRs

Sacred springs, trees, caves, religious sites and historical monuments 3 3 3 3

4. AGP Institutional Capacity

Physical availability of staff (subject matter specialists suitable for women, youth and other VSGs)

3 2 3 2

Qualification of staff for M & E of women, youth and other VSGs issues 3 3 3 3

Infrastructure at institutions dealing with gender, social and vulnerability issues 3 2 2 2

5. AGP Enabling Environment

Cooperatives, CBOs & local development initiatives accessible to women, youth and other VSGs

1 1 2 2

Land registration/certification for VSGs 2 1 2 1

Land dispute handling at community level 1 3 3 3

Large development programs similar/related to AGP 1 1 2 2


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7 Recommendations: Risk Mitigation Measures and Strategies The SA team understands vulnerability as a concept broadly encompassing all disadvantaged social

groups in respect to their socio-cultural status as well as their sharing of benefits or negative effects

of mainstream development activities.

The SA team advises AGP to consider identified social risks and proposed mitigation

measures in the area of safeguard policies for specific locations, informal land rent,

polygamy and customary practices, business development services, financial services and on

physical and natural resources and the institutional capacity to monitor AGP according to

these parameters.

The documentation of mitigating measures in the PIM and other manuals applied at

operational level is essential.

There are several highly relevant policies and strategies at federal and regional level

specifically promoting VSGs that can be translated into concrete action on the ground.

7.1 Conflict Resolution in Specific Locations Many AGP Woredas experience administrative boundary conflicts (e.g.Diga, Ambo and

Wondogenet).There is a stiff and not always peaceful competition for remaining natural resources

between long-term inhabitants and settlers. There is massive resentment where communal land is

given to large scale commercial farms, particularly where an extreme land shortage already exists

(e.g. Dodola and Diga).

Leaving such issues unaddressed may affect implementation of AGP Component 2 (PIM 5.2. Rural

Infrastructure Development and Management) as well some aspects of Component 1 (PIM 5.1.) to

support farmers’ sub-projects in activities related to livestock.

It is possible that AGP will cause an increase of instances, where ‘outsiders’ enter productive areas

without fully consulting with traditional users. Aim is to plan and agree on joint projects, their

management and share of benefits. Access to and use of commons and natural resources needs to

be safeguarded in a process of ‘free, prior and informed consultation’.

Measures

Insist that consultations take place between those traditionally inhabiting an area and

external people who made agricultural investments.

AGP Task Forces and PCU at various levels must consider traditional conflict resolution

mechanisms backed by tested national/international experiences and training through

peace and conflict management specialists.

Establish committees at Kebele level with all conflicting parties represented to address

conflicts and benefit sharing related to the implementation of sub-components that affect

private and community properties.

Develop a tool box that describes mechanisms through which Kebele-based arbitrations and

compensations are implemented.

Incorporate such matters in participatory sub-project planning guidelines and screening

criteria.


53

7.2 Addressing Land Rent Issues Unless informal land markets are enabling youth to become active players, there will be a danger of

excluding youth contrary to the intended aims of AGP. In most of the SA Woredas visited, verbal

agreements and traditional means have become sources of conflict among the contracting parties.

A ‘resurrection’ of the once planned but later discarded AGP land component may have to be

considered to ‘bundle’ all land-related activities that undoubtedly will merge during AGP

implementation.

Measures

Include information on existing legislation/directives on land contractual arrangements in

general strategic AGP information dissemination activities

Use ‘best practises’ from Amhara Region on community based land arbitration

Design specific modules that include messages directly aiming at women, youth and other

vulnerable groups in addition to a generally applicable ‘base package’ on land related

information.

Aggressively disseminate information on region-specific land contracting legislations by

Woreda and Kebele level Steering Committees with the aim of allowing parties to choose

among customary/informal agreements and formal and legally binding agreements.

7.3 Facilitating Women and Girls Participation in AGP If AGP wishes to succeed in increasing women’s active participation in the program, the various

proposed activities must consider the element of female time poverty.

Most rural women in AGP Woredas can not be considered a productive force per se unless they are

given the means to free time for income generating activities. They also need spare time to attend

participatory planning exercises, training sessions, for forming of associations and for taking part in

project monitoring.

As long as ‘traditional’ duties prevent them from doing so, it is likely that women will not participate

in AGP as expected.

Measures

‘Roll out’ the existing regional gender mainstreaming guidelines.

Consider initiatives that can actively reduce work load of women and girls.

Ensure that the introduction of new labor intensive production, processing, transporting,

marketing or rural infrastructure maintenance activities in the AGP value chains do not

create additional work load on women and girls.

Include the issue of sharing of expected work load between men and women in sub-project

screening criteria.

Insist on inclusion of women in entire sub-project cycle.

Consider women’s role in the agricultural calendar when timing sub-project

implementation.

Create access to appropriate technology for women in production, processing and

transport.


54

Create access to alternative energy sources to free time for income generating activities.

7.4 Mitigating Effects of Customary Practices and HIV/AIDS In polygamous and early marriage areas, the fast spread of HIV/AIDS has resulted in an increase in

numbers of widows/widowers and orphaned children, leading to severe stress and burden on both

groups.

In AGP locations, a common pattern is likely to emerge: when rural households start to diversify

income generating activities, they will face a shortage of family labor. This results in the use of child

labour for both domestic and paid work. Consulted women groups in Dodola were bitter about

polygamy and the resulting prevalence of HIV/AIDS. They explained the situation in their own words

“...there is no idea in talking about access to labor and agricultural growth before tackling HIV/AIDS”.

Measures

Support specific land titling to women

Support and strengthen Child Right Committees (CRCs)

Consider mainstreaming of activities countering HIV/AIDS in AGP components.

Build institutional capacity in AGP implementing entities in HIV/AIDS.

7.5 Broaden Access to Business Development Services Commonly shared features of the visited Woredas are lavish spending during times of plenty and

very low saving rates. This is usually coupled to a low enterprising culture at pre-entrepreneurial

stage, and compounded by the absence of properly tailored Business Development Support Services.

The above applies to male and female headed households alike, but particularly youth and women

have the least exposure and experience for becoming competitive actors in the agriculture

commodity market.

AGP Sub-component 1.3. Marketing and Agribusiness Development outlines a range of capacity

building for agricultural value chain stakeholders and service providers with a 15% cost share of the

AGP budget.

Measures

The SA team recommends Business Development Services to be considered as a separate sub-

component in AGP with the following specific interventions:

a) Training:

Include demand-driven, aggressive business skills training for women and youth using

existing good practices, for example, by ILO, Women in Self Employment (WISE) and GTZ.

Assign facilitation role to MoTI and its MSE Desks at Woreda level and build their capacity

through ToT courses of various training packages (e.g. SIYB by ILO and CEFE by GTZ) as well

as visits to places where BDS successfully facilitates agricultural growth.

Provide support for private sector BDS providers.

Design a gender and youth specific package to address issues of cost-sharing.

Include a one time subsidy to the different training actors and BDS providers in AGP budgets.

(b) Value Chain Support:


55

Identify and sub-contract BDS providers from private and public sector.

BDS facilitators provide business training for existing self-initiated and organized women and

youth groups resulting in concrete business plan and value chain development by the

operator.

Involve agricultural subject matter specialists and other professionals for training and on-

the-spot advice according to specific value chain needs.

Use BDS facilitators to link the business operators’ projects with AGP steering committees

for support.

7.6 Broaden Access to Financial Services AGP Component 1 and 2 support commodities that are marketable, generate income and create

employment. Access to appropriate financial services is crucial throughout the value chain. Existing

financial services by rural cooperatives are underdeveloped. Existing Microfinance institutions have

limitations to reach out with small enough loans to youth and women clients, while growth-oriented

entrepreneurs cannot obtain sufficiently large loans.

Poor people interviewed in the SA areas reportedly sell crops/cereals in ‘advance’. The advance may

be spent on financing the inputs required to produce that crop but may just as likely be used for

other needs particularly by households that are vulnerable to external shocks.

Measures

Appropriate Financial services should be available to all farmers that wish to engage in income

generating and growth enhancing activities. The proposed options are generally applicable, but can

also be used for creating tailor made loan products specifically targeting women, youth and other

marginalized or vulnerable groups of rural society. Commercial banks and MFIs are main entry points

for AGP. Two options emerge:

(a) Credit Guarantee Arrangements

Introduce “matching grants scheme” through commercial banks that have the capacity to

use own resources. Lessons from existing experiences from USAID-VOCA Ethiopia for coffee

producers and unions and SIDA-Amhara’s rural development programs can be drawn.

Provide ‘seed capital’ through soft loans to rural MFIs that have a better reach to women

and youth.

Support MFIs in designing tailor-made loans for particularly marginalized groups of society.

(b) Warehouse Receipts System

Introduce a Warehouse Receipts System, also known as inventory credits, offering credit for

inventory of products held in storage. Stored agricultural commodities can serve as

collateral, be sold, traded or used for delivery against financial instruments including future

contracts.

Provide technical and capacity support to existing cooperatives and unions in the area of

crop fumigation, stock control, management and warehouse construction.


56

7.7 Recognizing Social-Environmental Linkages Social well being and environment are closely interlinked and already vulnerable groups are most

likely to suffer from further environmental degradation. AGP cannot be allowed to aggravate stress

on already overused natural resources. Increases in productivity must not only be achieved by using

costly externally supplied inputs that resource poor HHs can not afford. Mitigation measures against

increasingly erratic weather patterns must be included in the program.

Measures

In the sub project screening assess potential negative (and cumulative) impacts of small

scale irrigation schemes and dams on water access, especially for downstream communities

Consider the limited ability of vulnerable groups to adopt new crops/new technology

Promote application of low-input soil improvement techniques affordable for resource poor

HHs

Identify mitigation measures for climate change effects on resource poor farming HHs with

labor shortage and/or those on already marginal lands

7.8 Physical Cultural Resources Substantial numbers of community-based sacred and ritual sites of religious and cultural importance

have been identified by SA in all target locations.

Measures

Include procedures for ensuring that PCRs are considered in the designing process of AGP

sub-projects in the ESMF.

Include in the PIM a detailed description of mandatory measures once a PCR safeguard is

triggered during a sub project screening process.

Assist in formation of ‘PCR Interest Groups’ representing tribal and customary leaders,

women and youths to act as ‘whistle blowers’ for protecting sacred religious sites or

landscape features with attached social functions.

Enable such interest groups to formulate bye-laws (similar to water users management

committee) with specific measures (including sanctions) to safeguard PCRs.

Actively involve Ministry of Culture and Tourism and its offices at regional and Woreda level

in all AGP structures.

Provide limited capacity building support to Culture and Tourism personnel.

7.9 AGP Sub-Project Appraisal and Screening AGP sub-project planning, implementation and monitoring is an obvious entry point for ensuring

that interests of vulnerable group and the preservation of PCRs are duly considered.

The SA team proposes the following additional criteria for screening of sub-projects. They require

further detailing once the final menu of AGP interventions is agreed upon and need to be reflected

in the PIM:


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Table 6: Tentative Checklist for Sub-Project Screening

Potentially Negative Effects Degree of Adverse Effects

No

ne

Low

Med

ium

Hig

h

1. Existing irrigation users disrupted

2. Tension over irrigation water use

3. Lack of capacity to manage irrigation structures

4. Disruption of down streams users

5. Sub-project pollutes environment and water sources

6. Loss of grazing lands due to road construction

7. Loss of productive land due to canal construction

8. Sub-project aggravates natural resources degradation

9. Use of child labor for paid works

10. Potential conflict on land use contracts

11. Potential discrimination and stigma on HIV/AIDS affected HHs

12. Potential effect over the land use rights of the elders

13. Potential effects on un-equal terms of women’s property rights

14. Potential effects on the benefits of FHHs

15. Sub-project discriminates minority tribal groups or occupational minorities

16. Sub-project adds to women’s or girls work load

17. Sub-project excludes resource poor farmers from participation

18. Religious sites disturbed due to large scale farming

19. Ritual sites/cultural places affected due to construction of roads or irrigation

Measures

Start sub-project appraisal processes at Kebele or sub-Kebele level focusing on sub-project

effects and level of inclusion of women, youth and vulnerable social groups in the proposed

project.

Screen each sub-project to assess impact on overall livelihood of the local people, culture,

and its physical resources before approval of the project.

Include Kebele development and sub-Kebele development committee (as outlined in the

community PPM).

Include external experts for assessing social impact of bigger dams, irrigation canal and

feeder road construction.

Train relevant sector offices that carry out an in-depth evaluation are able in application of

social indicators and criteria detailed in the final ESMF.

7.10 Review of Guiding AGP Documents The definition of AGP target groups still seems somewhat inconsistent and proposed program

activities can not be clearly enough linked to women, youth or other VSGs.

The ESMF, into which the SA fits, will indicate which AGP guiding documents may have to be revised

to incorporate social and environmental safeguard issue at operational level.


58

Environmental Management Plans will be prepared for sub-projects once they have been identified.

The ESMF has already identified the ‘Guidelines for Environmental and Social Impacts of Subprojects

of AGP’. The ESMF details the steps and provides templates for a screening process.

Measures

Review planning processes to ensure full consideration of interests of vulnerable groups

identified by the SA

Put in place compliance mechanisms that ensure adherence to agreed social standards

during sub-project implementation and follow-up.

Include Labor and Social Affairs and EPLUA representatives as members of AGP

Steering/Technical committees.

7.11 M&E of Vulnerable Social Groups and PCRs Woreda level Government institutions working with VSGs and PCRs have very weak capacity in

collecting, storing and monitoring and evaluation of data. They are understaffed or work with non

subject matter specialists. Vulnerable groups are neglected in most of conventional studies in

Ethiopia and specific change monitoring indicators in relation to such groups or sub-groups are often

missing. Reliable data on vulnerable social groups in AGP Woredas is missing or incomplete, which

makes AGP social impact monitoring difficult.

Measures

Ensure that relevant government institutions (e.g. Women and Youth Affairs as well as

Labour and Social Affairs) and NGOs/CSOs working with VSGs are part of technical and

steering committees at all levels.

Build these institutions’ capacity for undertaking baseline studies on vulnerable social

groups in their specific location and for defining M&E indicators for easy livelihood change

monitoring.

Start collection of baseline data for M&E of AGP impact on vulnerable groups at Woreda

level before aggregation at regional and federal levels.

Commission national level survey data collection and analysis based on agreed indicators to

CSA.

Table 7: Proposed M&E Indicators in respect to vulnerable groups and PCRs

Subject Groups

Indicators

Data Source and Level of Responsibilities

Federal Region Woreda

Women MoWA W.Bureau Women Affairs

# of FHHs CSA BoLSA

# of landless FHHs

# of FHHs who rented out land

# of FHHs who use family labor

# of women in self-help schemes by type

# women in polygamous marriage

# women under one spouse

# of women in marital (land/property) disputes

# of women solving disputes using legal means

# of women using customary means


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Youth (15-29)

MoYS BoYS Youth Offices

# of landless/unemployed youth by sex CSA BoLSA Labor and Social Affairs

# youth in self-employment by sex and business type

MoTI MoTI MSE Desk

# youth in wage employment in agriculture

# youth in wage employment in other sectors by type of employment

# youth supported in organized group business by sex and type of business

# youth engaged in self-initiated organized group business by type and sex

# youth engaged in contract farming

Children (<15)

# of children with single parents by sex MoLSA BoLSA LSA

# of complete orphans by sex MoWA BoWA WoA

# of children with inherited land by sex CSA

# of children engaged in paid works by sex and type of work

# of child-headed households

Elderly

# of landless elders under family support by sex MoLSA BoLSA LSA

# of landless elders with no family support by sex

CSA

# of elders with land >1ha by sex

# of elders with land and without family labor

# of elders renting/contracting-out land

Occupational Minorities

# of members of occupational minorities engaged in agriculture value chains by sex

Tribal Minorities

# of members of tribal minorities engaged in agriculture value chains by sex

PCRs

# of identified community PCRs by type MoCT BoCT CT Office

# of protected community PCRs by type CSA

# of endangered PCRs by type

7.12 Training and Information Needs at Woreda and Kebele Levels AGP should provide capacity building support in a broad range of gender, minority, social and

vulnerability issues, but also insist that responsible institutions are staffed by people with relevant

skills. Only then does it make sense to invest in trainings or provision of office equipment.

The coordination between various units working with VSG issues is equally important.

Measures

Include a set of minimum criteria that have to be met before funds for sub-projects can be

released covering ‘minimum staffing requirements according to staffing plan are met’, ‘staff

positions for social, environmental and PCRs are filled’ etc.

Capture capacity gaps in regard to working with vulnerable groups and managing PCRs in

comprehensive training needs assessment.

Consider putting in place well-trained and equipped Social Development Agents at Kebele

level.

Design and implement a VSG capacity building strategy.


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Institutionalise coordination between various AGP units and offices working with VSG

issues.

Design and implement a PCR capacity building strategy.

Design an implement an initial awareness campaign and information dissemination strategy

on social, environmental and PCR issues.

Table 8: Potential Training and Information Dissemination Needs

Details Relevant Woreda sector offices/DAs

Kebele/community/Self-help group/

leaders

Social assessments, baseline data collection T ID

Relevant social and environment policies and safeguards IK IK

WB safeguard policies IK, ID ID

Impact analysis and mitigation measures T ID

Monitoring and Evaluation T ID

Legislatives/Directives on land rent/contract IK IK

Dispute management T T

Gender sensitization and mainstreaming T T

Cross-sector planning and coordination T T

HIV/AIDS mainstreaming T T

AGP Sub-Project Screening, guidelines and process follow-up T, IK, ID T, IK, ID

Need for PCRs, recording and labeling T IK

T = Training, IK = Information Kit; ID= Information Dissemination


61

Annexes

AGP Results Framework

Development Objective PDO Indicators15

Use of Outcome

Information

The development objective of

the proposed AGP is to

increase productivity in a

sustainable manner,

strengthen marketing and

facilitate value addition of

selected livestock and crop

products in targeted areas

with particular emphasis on

the role of women and youth.

Increase in (men / women; youth-

disaggregated) productivity / intensity:

% increase in crop productivity

% increase in cropping intensity

% increase in fodder production

Assess AGP effectiveness in

increasing agricultural

productivity of

economically important

crops and livestock.

Increase in area under sustainable land

management practices.

Assess AGP impact on

improve agricultural

sustainability and the

environment

Increase market proportion and value

in crop, livestock and fishery products

(men / women; youth-disaggregated):

% of crops marketed

% of livestock marketed

Assess AGP effectiveness

at improving marketing

and access to market at

national and international

level.

Increased value addition

share of (men / women; youth-

disaggregated.) farmers engaging in

on-farm post-harvest value-addition

activities

increase in the number of agri-

business enterprises operating in AGP

Woredas

Assess AGP effectiveness

at increasing value addition

of selected agricultural

supply chains.

Intermediate Outcome for

each Component.

Outcome Indicators for Components Use of Outcome

Monitoring

Component 1 Community-level Production and Marketing Support

Input supply increased Demand/Supply gap for the main

inputs;

Seeds (tons)

Fertilizer (tons)

Animal/fish ( number of breeding

materials)

Water (# of irrigated ha)

15

By the end of the implementation, increase is relative to the baseline in selected intervention areas.


62

Yield enhancing technologies

adopted by farmers.

Number of farmers adopting new

practices or technologies

(disaggregated by gender, youth)

Local16

institutional capacity

improved.

Number of Woreda level agriculture

growth plans finalized, appraised and

financed.

Assess the capacity of local

institutions and partners to

support AGP

implementation.

Strengthening of cooperatives

toward market orientation

Number of cooperatives with new

market linkages.

Number of cooperatives with a

business plan; increased revenue from

sales; commercially viable17

.

Number of cooperatives engaged in

new businesses.

Assess AGP effectiveness in

strengthening

cooperatives.

Supply and quality of

agricultural services to

farmers increased.

Number of farmers adopted improved

production techniques (disaggregated

by gender and youth).

Number of livestock farmers adopted

improved livestock management

practices (gender/youth des.).

Percent of farmers are satisfied with

frequency / access to and quality of

extension services (gender/youth des.)

Percent “Model Farmers and/

Livestock Farmers” are providing

extension services and/or knowledge

sharing (gender/youth des.).

Monitor the effective use

of resources to enhance

quality extension services

supply and enhance

knowledge sharing.

Component 2: Rural Infrastructure Development

Productivity and marketing

enhancing investments in

infrastructure realized and

sustainably managed.

Percent of productivity and marketing

enhancing investments on

infrastructure realized are technically

sound and cost effectively produced.

One year after the sub-project was

completed, x percent of infrastructure

financed are maintained and still

operational.

One year after the sub-project was

completed x percent of beneficiaries

are satisfied with the investment

(disaggregated by gender and youth).

Assess sub-projects

relevance, the

effectiveness of advisory

services and

implementation capacity of

beneficiaries.

16

DAs, Woredas and local NGOs. 17

Having balance sheet indicating positive turnover trend.


63

Component 3: Agri-business Development

Value Chains Strengthened Number of value-addition steps in key

supply chains

Enterprise innovation fund

realized and sustainably

managed.

Number of farmers (disaggregated by

gender and youth) accessing new

marketing channels, including forward

contracts.

Number of innovative initiatives

identified, approved and financed.

Monitor the effectiveness

use of resources to

enhance enterprise

innovation.


64

Examples of Main Activities by Components Examples of Activities under Sub-Component 1.1

Sub-sector Possible Interventions

Production Related Technical Support (activities could be in support of existing extension activities and/or to

support development of identified value chains in conjunction with the Agri-business and Market Support

component discussed below)

Livestock Pasture and forage development and forage

reproductive material development

Animal health posts and facilities

Improvement of local breeds for meat and milk

production

Poultry production

Milk production

Bee keeping and honey production

Homestead feeding and fattening

Fisheries/aquaculture Aquaculture ponds constructed

Fingerling production

Cold storage

Crops Participatory testing and demonstrations of (a)

improved/new varieties and/or crops; and (b) improved

cropping practices/systems

Improved soil management and carbon sequestration

Integrated nutrient management

Integrated pest management

Improved on-farm water management practices

Agro-forestry Tree nurseries

Tree planting

Demand-based Location Specific Technology

Validation and Adaptation

Farmer managed on-farm technology validation

Research/Extension managed technology adaptation

trials (could be financed using the competitive research

funds mechanism

Technology shopping (could apply for introduction of

high value crops varieties suing the methodology

agreed under RCBP)

Farmer-to-farmer extension program operational

Capacity Building

Empowerment/Training/skill development for

Participating Communities, Government

Functionaries at various levels, especially at

Kebeles and Woredas, and other partners

Training on process related and technical subjects

through classroom courses, on the job-training ,

exposure visits, study tours, workshops etc.

Knowledge sharing Documentation and dissemination of success stories

and other experiences through electronic and print

media aimed at different stakeholders

Experience sharing visits

Physical facilities for FTCs, Woreda and Zonal

offices

Office furniture, equipment, computers, motorcycles/cycles,

others


65

AGP Monitoring Maps Field visit schedule Minutes from meetings with WB and AGP Task Force Polygamy: Aggravating Poverty

Program Component

Agriculture and Rural

Development

AGP

Program Results

M&E Outcome

• Productivity growth • Improved food &

supplies • Increased value

addition • Sustainable land

management • More efficient

market • Improved irrigation

infrastructure

• etc…

M&E Impact

• Economic • Environmental • Social • Working Cultural

Base line survey

M&E Inputs

Financial resources

Facilities Knowledge

transfer

M&E Interventions

Technological Progress

Market development

Promotion of agri-business

Small scale irrigation development

Capacity building

etc…

Process Monitoring

• Sub Project identification • Design and cost estimation • Project proposal approval • Project implementation • Project termination • Formal handover • Project scale up/expansion

Development

Objective Strategy/

Approach


66

Consequences of Polygamy

Decrease

child care

Decrease

income

Increased

poverty burden

POLYGAMY

High child

population

Inc. number of

HIV/AIDS carriers

Land

fragmentation Increases

marital dispute

THE QUADRIPLE CONSEQUENCE OF POLYGAMY: POVERTY AGGRAVATING CHAIN

Decrease

Customary Practice

Decrease child

care

Increased

gender based

violence

Spousal

battering/property

grabbing

Women forced to see

woreda court for

securing land

entitlement & physical

security

Give up court cases when

could not succeed

Emotional & psycho -

logical stress Income

deprivation

Women devt.

Opportunity

aborted

Women aspiration

for strategic needs

diminished

Increase women

pressure to feed

children

Decreased

prodn. Per HH

Increased

vulnerability to

shocks

Fragile HH

Youth crisis/

unemployment Decreased

labour

productivity

Increased

Number of

orphans

Increased

poverty

Abandon claim

over property

Increased

mortality/

morbidity


67

Women of Occupational Minorities: Double Marginalization and

Cyclical Poverty Trap

The Case of Potters in Yem Special Woreda


68

Lists of People interviewed

Region: Oromia Woreda: E/Wollega & Diga Type of consultation: Consultation W/Shop Participants

Full Name Sector Office Responsibility

1. Ato Biratu Emanel W/Administration Administrator

2. Ato Israel Getachew WARD AGP Focal Person

3. Ato Amsalu Amanuel Culture & Tourism Office Head

4. Ato Shibiru Gurmesa WARD Team Leader

5. Ato Diressa Lemessa Cooperatives Office Head

6. Ato Fetene Amensisa Youth & Sports Affairs Office Head

7. Ato Zelalem Desta Land Administration D/Office Head

8. Ato Elias Tessema Livestock Agency Plan & Program

9. Ato Alemu Biratu WARD D/Office Head

10. W/o Zenebech Kassaye Women & Children Affairs D/Office Head

11. Ato Alemu Oljera Natural Resources Office Head

12. Ato Takele Gobenna Labour & Social Affairs Office Head

13. Ato Fille Bikere MSE Dev’t Agency Office Head

14. Ato Temesgen Berkessa Mines & Energy Office Head

15. Ato Tsegaye Negera Woreda Security Office Office Head

16. Ato Dereje Kitila Woreda Security Office Staff

Woreda: Diga Kebele: Bikiltu Gudina & Melka Beitte Type of consultation: Consultation W/Shop Participants


1. Ato Lekro Harun Bikiltu Gudina Kebele Chair Person

2. Ato Abdella Mohamed Kebele Administration Security Rep

3. Ato Mohamed Yesuf Kebele Administration Social Mobilization

4. W/o Chaltu Abdulaye Kebele Administration Women Association

5. Ato Mohamed Nur Kebele Administration Youth Association

6. Ato Samuel Tamene Kebele Administration DA

7. Ato Simor Abdella Kebele Administration DA

8. W/t Marta Watkani Kebele Administration HEW

9. Ato Temesgen Assefa Kebele Administration Kebele Manager

10. Ato Tekalegne Tadesse Melka Bette Kebele Admin Rep

11. Ato Abiu Chefe Kebele Administration DA

12. Ato Dula Tadesse Kebele Administration DA

13. Ato Bejiga Aga Kebele Administration Executive Member

14. Ato Ollana Amera Kebele Administration Executive Member

15. Ato Matiwos Mekonen Kebele Administration Executive Member

16. Ato Saketa Tassisa Kebele Administration Kebele V/Chair

17. W/o Elifnesh Geneti Kebele Administration Women Association

18. W/o Birnesh Saketa Kebele Administration Kebele Secretary

19. Ashenafi Misganu Kebele Administration Resident

20. Mengistu Chelchessa Kebele Administration Resident

21. W/o Ebisse Bekana Kebele Administration Women Group Rep

22. Beressa Emiru Kebele Administration Youth Rep

Woreda: Diga Type of consultation: Women FGD

Name Women FGD Function


69

Chaltu Abdalla Federation president Women rep

Mitikie Shibru Cashier Women Asson Women rep

Senait Ummata Member Women Asson Women rep

Tsehainesh Woyessa Member Women Asson Women rep

Belainesh Ummata Member Women Asson Women rep

Etenesh Amsalu Member Women Asson Women rep

Weqette Debella Member Women Asson Women rep

Jamila Adame Women Association Chairperson - Biqiltu Jirmi

Woreda: Ambo Zuria Type of consultation: Consultation W/Shop Participants


1. Ato Mulissa Daba W/Administration Administrator

2. Ato Ejigu Sefere WARD AGP Focal Person

3. Ato Habtamu Hundie Culture & Tourism Office Head

4. Ato Alemayehu Equba WARD – Plan & Program Expert

5. Ato Teshale Atomsa WARD – Agricultural Inputs Expert

6. Ato Gezahagn Natural Resources Office Head

7. Ato Formissa Gudeta Natural Resources Expert

8. Ato Endebu Deressa Youth and Sports Affairs Office Head

9. Ato Birhanu Ayele WoFED Office Head

10. Ato Abdeta Bedada WoFED Team Leader

11. Ato Ato Delilew Midecssa WARD Extension Dept

12. Ato Abriham Seifu WARD Extension Dept

13. Ato Bulto Hatew Rural Roads Office Head

14. Jifera Simme Labour & Social Affairs Office Head

15. Ato Yuhannes Tolessa Labour & Social Affairs Expert

16. W/o Zinash Kassaye Children & Women Affairs Office Head

17. Ato Takelle Gudissa Livestock Agency Office Head

18. Ato Mulugeta Gonfa Cooperatives Agency Office Head

19. Ato Bikolle Achalu Irrigation Office Expert

20. W/ro Achelu Gemechu Youth and Sports Affairs Staff

Woreda: Ambo Zuria Kebele: Amaro Type of consultation: Consultation W/Shop Participants


1. W/t Mulu Terfassa Livestock DA

2. Derartu Terefe Natural Resources DA

3. Mekonen Dandenna Agricultural Production DA

4. W/t Birtukan Gutema Health Office HEW

5. W/o Mulunesh Fiyessa Health Office HEW

6. Ato Abebe Yemaneh Kebele Administration Kebele Manager

7. Ato ABeji Huleka Kebele Administration Chair Person

8. Ato Chalchis G/Mikael Kebele Administration V/Chair

9. W/o Tatae Wolde Women Association Chair Person

10. Ato Kuma Chalchessa Sub-Kebele Administration Chair Person

11. Ato Tolcha Diguma Sub-Kebele Administration Chair Person

FGD Members

12. W/ro Tate Wolde Kebele Member - MHH Kebele member

13. Ayantu Gudata Kebele Member - FHH Kebele member

14. Dandane Tujeo Kebele Member - MHH Kebele member

15. Tejitu Nuru Kebele Member - FHH Kebele member


70

Woreda: Dodola Type of consultation: Consultation W/Shop Participants


1. Ato Jemal Burka MSE Office Process Owner

2. W/o Atsede Asfaw Women & Children Affairs Process Owner

3. Ato Abu Mengiste Labour & Social Affairs Process Owner

4. Ato Abdulkerim Tuke Youth & Sports Office Head

5. Ato Eshetu Kassa Natural Resources Team Leader

6. Ato Arebe Ibrahim Culture & Tourism Librarian

7. Ato Yilma Zeleke Natural Resources Expert

8. Ato Negesso Aba WARD Office Rep

9. Ato Tegene Mulugeta WARD Agronomist

10. Ato Kedir Ismail Water Resources Office Rep

11. Ato Osman Sultan WARD Extension Head, Extension Dept

12. Ato Nafiad Megerssa Cooperatives Office Plan & Budget Dept

13. Ato Walelgne Getahun Cooperatives Office Team Leader

14. Ato Hussien Barso Livestock Office Office Head

15. Ato Kedir Dekebo Mines & Energy Office Expert

16. Ato Debebe Mekonen WARD Expert (AGP Focal)

17. Ato Kore Hebo Water Resources Office Head

Woreda: Dodola Kebele: Deneba Type of consultation: Consultation W/Shop Participants


1. Ato Sharo Shinkule K/Administration Chairperson

2. Ato Hussien Guye K/Administration V/Chair

3. Ato Tolla Bedasso K/Administration Orginizer

4. Ato Wako Bedasso K/Administration K/Security

5. Ato Gebyu Sime Cooperative Rep

6. W/o Legesse Adere WARD DA

7. Ato Hassen Ajaro K/Administration K/Manager

8. Ato Gemeda Wino K/Administration Party Rep

9. Ato Mitika Tolla K/Administration Party Member

10. Ato Aman Antuate K/Administration K/Admin Member

11. W/o Ansha A/Mikhel K/Administration K/Admin Member

12. W/o Mintwab Tasso K/Administration Women Rep

13. W/o Almaz Seboka K/Administration Women Rep

14. W/t Jemila Mengistu WARD DA

Woreda: Dodola Type of consultation: Women FGD

Name Position Responsibility

1. Emayu Ayalew Kebele Member -FHH Women Rep

2. Warite waqayo Kebele Member -FHH Women Rep

3. Sure Qabata Kebele Member -MHH Women Rep

4. Yeshi Yami Kebele Member - FHH Women Rep

5. Almaz Saboqa Kebele Member -FHH Women Rep

6. Mintwab tassew Kebele Member -FHH Women Rep

Region: SNNPR Woreda: Yem Special Type of consultation: AGP Consultation Participants


71

Name of Participants Organization Position Remarks

1. Ato Nigatu W/Geiorgis Agricultural Office Experts 0912704071

2. Ato Dinku Assefa (Dr) >> >> Doctor 0917015933

3. Ato Fikadu Beza >> >> Experts 0917002436

4. Ato W/Mariam Wari >> >> Extension Experts 0913220683

5. Ato Gosaye Kibiret >> >> Crop expert 0917127414

6. Ato Endalew W/Mariam >> >> Soft Water Experts

7. Ato Bizuayehu Tizazu >> >> Road Desk 0910060768

8. Ato Tadesse beyen Administration Office Head 0912049137

9. Ato Mesfin Tesfaye >> >> 0911021964

10. Ato Wondimagegn Mulu Agriculture Office Head 0910160389

11. Ato Mamaye Ayele Youth and sport Office Head 0911945864

12. Ato Gebeyehu Gashe Yem Dev’t Association Manager 0912840372

13. Ato Aregaw Shiferaw Cooperative Office Head 0917005831

14. Wy/Genet Tadese Women Affairs Head 0913238657

15. Ato Maereg Mekonon Trade Industry Head 0916867561

16. Wy/ Zinash Desalegne Women Association Chair Person 0913552887

17. Wy/ Serkalem Abebe Finance and economic Head 0911033716

18. Ato Hailu Rago Agriculture. Office Dev’t Planning 0917056183

Woreda: Yem Special Type of consultation: AGP Key Informants Interviewees: Woreda Sector Offices

Name of Participants Sector Offices Position Remarks

1. Ato Wondmagenh Mulu WOARD Head 0910160369

2. Ato Haylu Rago WOARD Dev/t Planner 0917056183

3. W/ro Genet Tadesse Women and Child Affairs Head 0913288657

4. Ato Mamuye Ayele Youths and Sport Office Head 0911945804

5. Ato Alemayhu Rago MSSE office Head

6. Ato Worku Kabtu Culture and Tourism Expert 0910335350

7. Ato Maereg Mekonen Trade and Industry Office Head 0916867561

8. Ato Getahun Kasahun Land Administration Expert 0910181245

Woreda: Yem special Type of consultation: AGP Key Informants Interviewees: CSOs/NGOs

Name of Participants Association Position Remarks

CSOs

1. W/ro Zinash Desalegn Women Association, Chairperson 0913552887

2. Alemayehu Dega Youth Association Chair person 0913767462

3. Ato Gebeyehu Gash Yem Dev’t Association Manager 0912840372

NGOs

4. Ato Yemataye Tesema Action Aid Southern Branch Coordinator 0911363353

Woreda: Yem Special Kebele: Meleka Type of consultation: AGP Consultation Participants

Name of Participants Organization Position

1. Ato Fikre Kelbi Meleka Kebele Administrator

2. Ato G/Medihin G/Mariam >> >> Deputy Admin.

3. Ato Seyfe Gesa >> >> Coordinator

4. Ato Habtamu Raya >> >> Manager

5. Ato Teferi Hailu >> >> DA

6. W/rit Aster Adamu >> >> DA

7. Ynazu W/Mariam >> >> Health Extension


72

8. Ato W/Senbet Degu >> >> Kebele Elder Man

9. Ato G/Marim Lama >> >> Kebele Elder Man

10. Ato Mohamed Fikrei >> >> Kebele Council Member

11. Ato W/Mmichael Endal >> >> >> >>

12. Ato Abayneh Dago >> >> >> >>

13. Ato H/Giorgis Zerfu >> >> Youth Representative

14. Ato Birhanu W/Michael >> >> >> >>

15. Ato Adissie Haylu >> >> >> >>

16. Ato Melese Molto >> >> >> >>

17. Ato Tagesu Mersha >> >> Kebele Council Member

18. W/ro Mebrat Kidan >> >> >> >>

19. W/ro Asamench Abiyu >> >> Women Representative

20. W/ro Kebebush Gisa >> >> Kebel Elder Women

21. W/ro Bizunesh Lema >> >> >> >>

22. W/ro Tigist Endale >> >> Women Representative

23. Ato W/Meskl Roba >> >> Kebele Council Member

24. Ato W/Yesus Dajo >> >> Kebele Council Member

25. Ato Zemedu Diga >> >> Occupational Minorities

26. Ato Desu Gebrie >> >> Occupational Minorities

Woreda: Yem Special Kebele: Meleka Type of consultation: AGP Key Informants Interviewees

Name of Participants Position Remarks

1. W/ro Kebebush Gisa Kebele Elder Woman

2. W/ro Bizunesh Lema >> >>

3. Ato W/Senbet Degu Kebele Elder Man

4. Ato G/Marim Lama >> >>

5. H/Giorgis Zerfu Youth representative

6. Melesu Molto >> >>

7. Addisu Hailu >> >>

8. Birhanu W/Michael >> >>

9. Abaynie Diga >> >>

10. Ato Zemedu Diga Occupational Minorities

11. Ato Desu Gebrie >> >>

Woreda: Yem Special Kebele: Fofa Type of consultation: MSSEs Operators in Fofa Urban

Types of MSSEs Focus Area Remarks

Women Mats Works Production and sales house

Youth Metal works Production and sales house

Youth Wood Works Production and sales house

Woreda: Yem Special Type of consultation: Tourist Sites

Types of sites Location/Kebel Remarks

Stelles Zofkar Reserved

Steles Meleka Kebele Reserved

Angeri Palace Angeri Reserved

Region: SNNPR Sidama Zone


73

Woreda: Wondogenet Type of consultation: Woreda Participants


1. Ato Seifu Atnafe WARD AGP Focal Person

2. Ato Kibru Enbicha WoFED Process Owner

3. W/o Tirufat Mamuye Water Resources Expert

4. Ato Samuel Sedamo Woreda Administration Office Manager

5. Ato Tadesse Kawiso Water Resources Office Head

6. Ato Habib Lantamo WoFED Taxation Dep Head

7. Ato Tamirat Shita Town Administration Manager

8. Ato Eshetu Adenu Women & Children Affairs Office Rep

9. Ato Hyiso Hassen Irrigation Office Coordinator

10. W/o Leterufael Kiros WARD Agronomist

11. Ato Mesafint Tilahun Land Administration Expert

12. Ato Sato Yishak Irrigation Office Expert

13. Ato Adugna G/Giorgis Livestock Office Expert

14. Ato Abas Bediru WARD Agronomist

15. Ato Yared Dendena WARD Agronomist

16. Ato Mussie Mude Livestock Office Expert

17. Ato Adane Anato Water Resources Extension Expert

18. Ato Abebe Arma WARD Agronomist

19. Ato Abebe Didimse Rural Roads Office Head

20. Ato Andualem Yilma Health Offoce Expert

21. W/o Tsige ketema Agricultural Marketing Rep

22. W/o Asoga Tilahun Cooperatives Office Rep

23. Ato Yared Tamene Food Security Office Rep

24. Ato Bizuneh Abera Natural Resources Coordinator

25. Ato Amenu Tiruneh WARD Extension Coordinator

26. Ato Getenet Simegne Land Administration Expert

27. W/t Desta Temesgen Wild Life Expert

Woreda: Sidama Zone – Wondogenet Kebele: Abaye Type of consultation: Kebele Participants


1. Ato Matewaba Chebo K/Administration Chairperson

2. Ato Tesfaye Finche WARD DA

3. W/o Lema Ledamo K/Administration V/Chair

4. Ato Gelgelu Gedacho K/Administration Security Unit Head

5. Ato Zerihun Sanbaye K/Administration V/Chair

6. Ato Amare Ashena K/Administration Manager

7. Ato Lema Nafimo K/Administration K/Admin/Member

8. Ato Matiwos Cheru K/Administration K/Admin/Member

9. Ato Fura Seta K/Resident Elder Resident

10. W/o Birtukan Tefo K/Resident Women Rep

11. W/o Etenesh Keyamo K/Administration Women Affairs

12. W/o Birtukan Feleke K/Resident FHH

13. Ato Yohannes Badele K/Resident Youth Rep

14. Ato Ermias Shebire K/Administration Youth Rep

15. Ato Tamiru Jenberu WARD DA

16. W/o Firenesh Habu Kebele Resident Housewife

17. W/o Tayech Teklu WARD DA

18. Ato Tesfaye Betella K/Administration K/Admin/Member

19. Ato Tadesse Worasho K/Administration K/Admin/Member

20. W/o Bizuayehu Meuria K/Resident FHH

21. W/o Melewi Deba K/Resident Housewife


74

Woreda: Wondogenet, S/Achefer, Taqussa Type of consultation: Women FGD Participants

Name and M/Status Woreda Kebele

1. Bizuayehu Mekuria (FHH) W/Genet Abaye

2. Martha Doba (HW) W/Genet Abaye

3. Firenesh Zerihun (HW) W/Genet Abaye

4. Birtukan Taffo (HW) W/Genet Abaye

5. Etenesh Kaimo (HW) W/Genet Abaye

6. Aleminesh worke (FHH) S/Achefer Kath Dekuli

7. Yetbe Admasu (FHH) S/Achefer Kath Dekuli

8. Habtam Shemeka (FHH) S/Achefer Kath Dekuli

9. Alemtsehay Sewnet (HW) S/Achefer Kath Dekuli

10. Tiruayeniet Fente (Single) S/Achefer Kath Dekuli

11. Wolela Mekonen (FHH) S/Achefer Kath Dekuli

12. Almaz Tadesse (Single) S/Achefer Kath Dekuli

13. Aleminesh worke (HW) S/Achefer Kath Dekuli

14. Takile Wole (FHH) Taqussa Chach-ina Alua

15. Betiha Muhamed (FHH) Taqussa Chach-ina Alua

16. Alesiraw Tafere (Single) Taqussa Chach-ina Alua

17. Zemet Agedew (FHH) Taqussa Chach-ina Alua

18. Salil Tafere (HW) Taqussa Chach-ina Alua

19. Tena Feleke (HW) Taqussa Chach-ina Alua

20. Fenta Gedamu (FHH) Taqussa Chach-ina Alua

Woreda: Diga, Dodola, Ambo-Zuria, Wondogenet, S/Achefer, Taqussa Type of consultation: FGD Participants with Youth Group

Name Age Woreda Kebele

1. Matiwos Mekonen 23 Diga Bikiltu Gudina

2. Mohamed Yesuf 28 Diga Bikiltu Gudina

3. Mengistu Chalchisa 22 Diga Bikiltu Gudina

4. Ashenafi Misganaw 23 Diga Melka Beiete

5. Abiyu Chefe 20 Diga Melka Beiete

6. Mitiku Tolla 25 Dodola Deneba

7. Beyene Godana 24 Dodola Deneba

8. Beyene Mokonen 27 Dodola Deneba

9. Hussien Guye 26 Dodola Deneba

10. Addisu Abera Ambo-zuria Amaro

11. Kumsa Kejela Ambo-zuria Amaro

12. Gemeda Gurmesssa Ambo-zuria Amaro

13. Tejitu Negera Ambo-zuria Amaro

14. Dechasa Kumsa Ambo-zuria Amaro

15. Erimias Shibre Wendogenet Abaye

16. Yohanesse Badelle Wendogenet Abaye

17. Fekadu Ayal 23 S/Achefer Kat Dikule

18. Mekuanent Simachew 24 S/Achefer Kat Dikule

19. Mesefatadel A 28 S/Achefer Kat Dikule

20. Bewuket Mitiku 25 S/Achefer Kat Dikule

21. Zewudu Yenealem 27 S/Achefer Kat Dikule

22. Gashu Teshone 21 Taqussa Chacina Alua

23. Asmamaw Melese 22 Taqussa Chacina Alua

24. Abeje Biset 23 Taqussa Chacina Alua

25. Balew Gize Atrsaw 21 Taqussa Chacina Alua

26. Melkamu Kenaw 24 Taqussa Chacina Alua

27. Addis Wagnew 19 Taqussa Chacina Alua

28. Semahegne Hulubelegn 25 Taqussa Chacina Alua


75

Woreda: Ambo, S/Achefer, Taqussa Type of consultation: Key Informant Interviewees

Name Age Woreda Kebele

1. Ato Gudeta Muleta 71 Ambo Amaro

2. Ato Diticha Godana 67 Ambo Amaro

3. Ato Gelgello Gedacho 65 Wondogenet Abaye

4. Ato Degu Mekonen 73 S/Achefer Kat Dikule

5. Ato Kes Girma Mesele 68 S/Achefer Kat Dikule

6. Ato Gibte Asres 79 Takussa Chachina Alua

7. Ato Tasse Mekonen 63 Takussa Chachina Alua

Woreda: Dodola, S/Achefer Type of consultation: FGD with Occupational Minorities – Dodola

Name Occupation Woreda Kebele

1. Ato Jeldo Ageyu Weaver Dodola Deneba

2. Ato Hussien Tussa Potter Dodola Deneba

3. W/o Almaz Birhane Carpenter Dodola Deneba

4. Ato Degsera Mamaw Tanner S/Achefer Kat Dikule

5. W/o Felekech Tsega Potter S/Achefer Kat Dikule

Woreda: Taqussa Type of consultation: FGD With Tribal Minorities

No. Name Tribe Woreda Kebele

1. Ato Yaye Hassen Woieto Taqussa Chacina Alua

2. Ato Endalhut Ayalkibet Woieto Taqussa Chacina Alua

3. Ato Gibriel Sisaye Woieto Taqussa Chacina Alua

4. Ato Aschalew Alemu Woieto Taqussa Chacina Alua

5. W/o Fikre Arage Woieto Taqussa Chacina Alua

6. W/t Momina Netor Woieto Taqussa Chacina Alua

7. Ato Desta Ayalkibet Woieto Taqussa Chacina Alua

8. W/o Kassanesh Yesuf Woieto Taqussa Chacina Alua

9. W/t Banchialem Endalew Woieto Taqussa Chacina Alua

10. W/o Zufan Endalamaw Woieto Taqussa Chacina Alua

11. W/o Yemiker Bimerew Woieto Taqussa Chacina Alua

12. W/t Genzeb Endalamaw Woieto Taqussa Chacina Alua

13. Ato Amaru Ayalkibet Woieto Taqussa Chacina Alua

Woreda: Diga, Ambo, Dodola, Wondogenet Type of consultation: Interviewed Individuals from Women Self-Help Groups

No. Name Woreda Kebele

1. W/o Egigayehu Adugna Diga Melka-Beiti

2. W/o Tsegaye Nase Ambo Amaro

3. W/o Almaz Seboka Dodola Deneba

4. W/o Emayu Ayalew Dodola Denaba

5. W/o Birtukan Feleke Wondogenet Abaye

Region: Amhara Woreda: S/Achefer, Type of consultation: Consultation W/Shop Participants

No. Full Name Sector Office Responsibility

1. Ato Lawayew Ayal WARD Irrigation, head


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2. Ato Abebe Tiruneh WARD Natural resources, head

3. Dr Shemsia Mohamed WARD Livestock specialist

4. W/o Tiszita Nega WoFED D/Office Head

5. Ato Fantahun Fekad Rural Roads Expert

6. Ato Dires Alemu MSE Office Head

7. Ato Sisay Delele TVET Expert

8. W/o Emawayish Kefele Women & Children Affairs D/Office Head

9. Ato Belete Kebede WARD Office Head

10. Ato Minwagn Lidagnew Youth and Sports Affairs Office Head

11. Ato Lamesgen Tebeje WARD Extension Head

12. Ato Mengaw Adamu Culture and Tourism Cultural resources, head

13. Ato Tewoderos Gashaw Cooperatives Agency Expert

Woreda: Taqussa. Type of consultation: Consultation W/Shop Participants, Jan 8, 2010


1. Ato Zewdu Malede W/Administration Administrator

2. Ato Desse Abegaz W/Administration Office manager

3. Ato Atakilt Takele Natural Resources Protection Office Head

4. Ato Adisu Takele W/Administration Public Affairs Expert

5. Ato Terra Sitotaw Woreda Justice Office Head

6. Ato Abraraw Mengesha WARD Office Head

7. Ato Said Jibril Youth and Sports Affairs Office Head

8. Ato Habtamu Berihun WARD Extension, head

9. Ato Mulugeta Kassa Information Office D/Office Head

10. Ato Belete Fente Women & Children Affairs D/Office Head

11. Ato Alemu Oljera Health Office Office Head

12. W/o Alemnesh Mandefro Women & Children Affairs D/Office Head

13. Ato Yihun Damtie MSE Dev’t Agency Office Head

14. Ato Alemayehu Terefe Water Resources Office Head

15. Ato Habtamu Tayachew WoFED Office Head

Woreda: S/Achefer Kebele: Kat Dikule Type of consultation: Consultation W/Shop Participants


1. Kes Tekeste Birhan K/Administration Chair Person

2. Ato Aynenew Moges K/Administration V/Chair

3. W/o Hule Telake K/Administration Cabinet Member

4. Ato Muluken Alem K/Administration Cabinet Member

5. Ato Gejabe Tayachew Youth Association Chairman

6. Ato Getenet Telake WARD DA

7. Ato Demeke Bitew K/Administration Cabinet Member

8. Ato Leikun Wasse K/Administration Cabinet Member

9. Ato Dege Admassu K/Administration Cabinet Member

10. Ato Tsehaye Abaye Kebele Committee Land use arbitration

11. Ato Degu Mekonen Kebele Committee Land use arbitration

12. Kes Abe Haile Kebele Committee Land use arbitration

13. Ato Deresse Zeleke Kebele Committee Land use arbitration

14. Ato Dagnenet Amare Youth Association Member

15. Ato Wondemagne Aysheshim Youth Association Member

16. Kes Alem Wondimagne K/Administration Resident

Woreda: Taqussa Kebele: Chachina Alua Type of consultation: Consultation W/Shop Participants


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1. Ato Getalem Mekonen K/Administration Chair Person

2. Ato Amare Atinkut K/Administration V/Chair

3. W/t Rehemet Mohamed Health HEW

4. Ato Afera Kiros WARD DA

5. W/o Achashman Endeshaw WARD DA

6. Ato Belete Keskis WARD Livestock expert

7. Ato DemozTamene K/Administration Cabinet Member

8. Ato Abaye Tamene K/Administration Cabinet Member

9. Ato Abuhaye Takele K/Administration Cabinet Member

10. Ato Engidaw Yirku Kebele Committee Land use arbitration

11. Ato Tibebu Amare Kebele Committee Land use arbitration

12. W/o Emuye Abuhaye Kebele Committee Land use arbitration

13. W/o Kelebe Asres Kebele Committee Land use arbitration

14. Ato Fekadu Mesfin Youth Association Coordinator

15. Ato Setegne Asmamaw K/Administration Resident

16. W/o Zeineb Muche K/Administration Women Association

Region: Tigray Woreda: Endamehoni Type of consultation: Woreda Consultation W/Shop Participants


1. Ato Atakilit Tekeste WARD Head

2. Ato G/Egizabher Haregawi WARD Team Leader

3. Ato Amanuel Teklay WFED Representative

4. Ato Tigabu Tadesse WARD Land Administration

5. W/o Tsehai G/Egizabher Women Affairs V/Office Head

6. Ato Kina Tibebu Youth & Sports Affairs Head

7. Ato Yared Tezera WARD Agronomy section

8. Ato Hailay Hailis Road & Transport Representative

9. Ato Tadesse Gebere WARD Land Administration

10. Ato Hagos Bahiru Water & Energy Representative

11. Ato Tazez Tsidik Dedebit MFI Head

12. Ato Kibreab G/Medhin Woreda Administration V/Head

13. Ato GebreKirstos Alemayehu MSE Dev’t V/Head

Woreda: Edamehoni Kebele: Simrete Type of consultation: Kebelle Consultation W/Shop Participants


1. Ato Tekuar Alemu Kebele Administration Chair Person

2. Ato Haftamu Hagos Kebele Administration DA

3. W/o Meselu Desta WARD DA

4. Ato Hyelom Meresa Kebele Administration Kebele Security

5. Ato Birhanu Reda Kebele Administration Youth Association

6. Ato Tiumay Adihana Kebele Administration

7. Ato Getachew Abebe WARD DA

8. W/t Tsehayinesh Kassaye Kebele Administration DA

9. Ato Berha Shemiye Kebele Administration Youth Association

10. Ato Hayelom Hibu Kebele Administration Information

11. Ato Getachew Kiros WARD DA

12. Ato Mehari Hailu Kebele Administration Justice/Attorney

13. Ato Hafitu Hagos Kebele Administration V/chair person

14. Ato Hadis chekol Kebele Administration

15. Ato Hiluf Berhe Safety-Net Reprsentative


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16. Ato kelelew Berhe Kebele Administration Chairman PA

17. Ato Kahisaye Meresa WARD DA

18. Ato Hafitu Beyene TDA Reprsentative

19. Ato Fitsum Kebede Kebele Administration Education Affairs

Woreda: Endamehoni Type of consultation: FGD with Youth Group

Name Woreda Kebele

1. Degu Mesele Endamehoni Simret

2. Guben Abrha Endamehoni Simret

3. Haftu Kiros Endamehoni Simret

4. Gidey Debesay Endamehoni Simret

5. Hagos Tsegaye Endamehoni Simret

Woreda:Endamehoni Type of consultation: Key Informant Interviewees

Name Woreda Kebele

1. W/o Desta Keshin Endamehoni Simret

Woreda: Endamehoni Type of consultation: FGD with women

Name Woreda Kebele

1. W/o Birhan G/Egiziabher Endamehoni Simret

2. W/o Asegedech Nayom Endamehoni Simret

3. W/o Desta Keshin Endamehoni Simret


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Field Sample Selection Criteria and Scores

Criteria, WB Safeguard and AGP Component Relevance and Sources of Information

No Criteria WB Safeguard

AGP Component/

Sub-component relevance

Source of data/ information/ verification

Cluster Level

1 High % of landless of total population OP 10 C 1 AGP RFP Desk review

2 High % of youth among landless OP 10 C 1 AGP RFP Desk review

3 Identified vulnerable groups or other social ‘hot spots’

OP 10 AGP RFP Desk review

4 Availability of sex and age disaggregated data AGP RFP Desk review

Woreda Level

1 Indication of Vulnerable Groups in the Woreda

2 High % landless of total population OP 10 C 1 Desk review

3 High % of youth among landless OP 10 C 1 Desk review

4 High % of FHHs C 1 Desk review

5 Identified vulnerable groups or other social issues

6 Prevalence of Gender and youth Sensitive Issues

7 % of land titles for FHH C 1 Desk review

8 Risk of AGP threatening customary rights (land use, natural resources, inheritance etc)

OP 10 C 1, C 2 Desk review

9 Availability of sex and age disaggregated data WRAD,Woreda admin. Desk review

10 Presence of women-only associations/cooperatives/groups

C 1, C 2, C 3 MSE Offices, Woreda women affaires Desk review, AGP RFPs

11 Presence of mixed groups (men/women) and their leadership

C 1, C 2, C 3 MSE Offices, Desk review, AGP RFPs

12 Presence of functioning structures for gender mainstreaming

Woreda admin.

13 Presence of functioning structures for youth friendly programmes/services

C 2 Woreda admin.

14 % of women/youth engaged in agri-processing associations/cooperatives

C 2 MSE Offices, Desk review, AGP RFPs

15 Presence of AGP related and other Development Initiatives

16 Presence of NGOs/CSOs supporting agricultural development

C 1 WRAD Desk review

17 Presence of NGOs/CSOs supporting social development

Woreda admin. Woreda women affaires DPP Woreda Desk review

18 Experience from demand driven agricultural planning (i.e. ‘Community Based Participatory Watershed Approach’ (PSNP, SLM))

C 1, C 3 WRAD Desk review, Woreda women affaires

19 Experience with farmer-driven extension services (Practicing full 4-component extension package (health, livestock, crop, NR management))

C 1, C 2, C 3 WRAD, Woreda Admin. Desk review

20 Presence of functioning structures to promote social welfare

Woreda admin.

21 Presence of self-initiated associations of vulnerable groups

C 1, C 2, C 3 MSE Offices, Woreda admin.


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Desk review

22 Presence of Cultural Heritages (PCRs)

23 Identified physical cultural resources and strategies/activities to protect them

OP 11 C 1, C 2 Desk review

24 Risk of chance find PCRs OP 11 C 1, C 2 Desk review

Kebele Level

1 Indication of Hot-Spot Kebeles

2 Presence of identified vulnerable groups or other social ‘hot spots’ (migrant minorities, occupational minorities etc)

OP 10 C 1 Woreda admin. Desk review

3 Risk of AGP threatening customary rights (land use, natural resource utilisation, inheritance etc)

OP 10 C1 , C 2 Woreda admin. Desk review

4 High % landless of total population OP 10 C 1 Woreda admin. Desk review

5 High % of youth among landless OP 10 C 1 Woreda admin. Desk review

6 High % of FHHs C 1 Woreda admin. Woreda Women affaires, Desk review

7 High % of child HHs and orphans C 1 Woreda admin, Woreda HAPCO, Desk review

8 Prevalence of Gender Sensitive Issues

9 % land titles for FHH C 1 Woreda admin.

10 Capacity of FTCs in addressing gender/youth issues

C 1, C 3 WRAD

11 Presence of well-organized/self managed women groups

C 1, C 2 WRAD Woreda Women Affaires

12 Access to and application of women and youth friendly agricultural implements and appropriate technology

C 1, C 2 WRAD, TEVET

13 % of women/youth members in farmers associations/cooperatives

C 2 WRAD

14 Access to women and youth friendly micro finance services

C 1, C 2 MFIs/SACCOS Woreda Women affaires

15 Existence of gender sensitive decentralised marketing infrastructure (distance, information access)

C 2 WRAD, Woreda Women affaires Private sector

16 Presence of AGP related and other Development Initiatives

17 Presence of NGOs/CSOs supporting agricultural development

C 1 WRAD/DPP office

18 Presence of NGOs/CSOs supporting social development

WRAD/DPP office

19 Experience from commercial farming/out grower schemes

C 1, C 2 WRAD office MSE office

20 Good practise in post-harvest management (cleaning, grading, packing, storage, transport etc)

C 2 WRAD office

21 Experience from demand/participatory planning approaches

C 1, C 2, C 3 WRAD office Woreda admin NGOs/CSOs

22 Availability of qualified service providers for women/men/youth/disadvantaged group

C 1, C 3 Woreda Women Affaires, NGOs/CSOs, Desk review

23 Presence of well-organized/self managed youth groups

Woreda admin MSE

24 Presence of self-help associations of vulnerable groups

CSOs

25 Involvement of women and youth in non-farm ‘adding value’ activities (fruit drying, pickling etc)

C 2 WRAD Woreda admin MSE


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Private Sector

26 ‘Success stories’ in gender and youth sensitive commodity production and marketing

C 1, C 2 WRAD, MSE, Woreda Women Affaires

27 Community experience with participatory M&E of community managed schemes (eg. Managing community funds)

C 1, C 3 WRAD CSOs

28 Exposure to market facilitation agents (TAMPA, EGTE, unions, chambers of commerce, women entrepreneur associations etc)

C 2, C 3 WRAD Cooperative Agency MSE

29 Community experience from gender sensitive planning, operation and maintenance of rural infrastructure (water, storage, roads, irrigation, land use etc)

C 2 WRAD,NGOs

30 Presence of Cultural Heritages (PCRs)

31 Presence of different religious groups C 1 Woreda admin.

32 Perceived norms and values discouraging women and youth to participate in commercial agriculture

C 1, C 2 WRAD office Woreda Women Affaires

33 Identified physical cultural resources and strategies/activities to protect them

OP 11 C 1, C 2 Woreda admin.

34 Risk of chance find PCRs OP 11 C 1, C 2 Woreda admin.

Selection of Clusters/Zones

Region Selected Cluster/Zone

Oromia Not yet decided

Amhara N/Gondar and W/Gojjam

SNNP Kefa and Sidama

Tigray S/Tigray

The agro ecological representation of Woredas is addressed by selecting more than cluster/zone

from each AGP region.

Selection of Woredas

Region

Prioritized/Ranked Woredas

1 2 3

Oromia Ambo Diga Limu

Amhara S/Achefer Taqusa

SNNP Yem Special Decha

Tigray Ofla or Endamhonie

In order to maintain fairness in the representativeness of Woredas proportion to size, at least 3

Woredas for oromia, 2 Woredas each for Amhara and SNNP and 1 Woreda for Tigray are ranked for

selection representing about 10% of AGP Woredas. Furthermore, 5 – 7 % of the Kebeles from each

Woreda will be considered.

Weighted Score Criteria for Woreda Selection

Major Criteria Weighted Score

1. Indication of Social Issues (eg. landless population, vulnerable social groups, occupational minorities, migrant settlers etc);

35

2. Prevalence of gender sensitive and youth issues and high percentage of FHHs; 25

3. Presence of AGP related and other development initiatives; 20

4. Identified PCRs and different religious beliefs 20


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ORGUT Consulting, Svartmangatan 9, 111 29 Stockholm, Sweden

tel + 46 8 406 7620, fax + 46 8 21 02 69, e-mail: [email protected], www.orgut.se