agri rev
TRANSCRIPT
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THE AGRICULTURAL
REVOLUTION
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The Agricultural Revolution
From:
• Lots of farmers• Most people farm• Poorly used land• Hand tools• Not much food
To:
• Very few farmers• Many work in factories• Better used land• Machines• Plenty of food
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Farming in the Middle Ages• Manual labour (basic tools)• Shared labour• Common land / Open fields• Three field system• Gleaning by the poor
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CHANGES IN AGRICULTUREDURING THE
AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION1. Bigger Farms
a. Enclosuresb. Land Reclamation
2. Better Equipment a. Machines
3. Better Techniquesa. Crop Rotationb. Selective Breeding
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1. BIGGER FARMSa. ENCLOSURES
• Enclosing land meant put hedges, fences, or stone walls around farms to claim the land and keep people and animals out.
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1a. ENCLOSURES• Small, individually
owned farms were bought or taken away from poorer farmers and turned into large enclosed farms owned by a richer farmer.
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AFTER• Each landowner
received a single piece of property• No common lands
Before• Each person got some
good and some bad land.
• There was common land.
1a. ENCLOSURES
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Small FarmersWere Forced off Their Land
• Had to pay for :Fences/Walls to surround their farmsA team of oxen
• Could no longer glean or gather wood• Often had to sell plots to large
landowners:Forced to Rent orWork for someone else
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Map of Land
Enclosed by Parliament
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Example: the Highland Clearances in Scotland
• Sometimes land was just taken from people because they could not prove ownership.
• This increased the number of people looking for work.
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Enclosures BenefitedLarge Land Owners
• They had the political strength to pass the enclosure law
• They owned large unified farms under this system which meant:Farming was more efficientDidn’t need consent of the village to
experiment with new crop methodsCould obtain cheap labour
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1b. LAND RECLAMATION
• In addition to enclosures, farms also increased in size because of land reclamation:– Marshlands were drained– Forests were cleared– Poor soil was enriched and used more
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2. BETTER EQUIPMENT: MACHINES OF THE
AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION
• Labour on farms had always been done by hand. This was harder to do now with bigger farms.
• Farmers with large farms were earning more money, and now they were more interested in investing in machines
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• Invented by Jethro Tull• Planted seed in neat
rows• Improved germination
by making furrows, dropping seed into them, and covering them
• Reduced amount of seed used in planting
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Examples of Additional Machines
Horse-drawn cultivator – Jethro Tull
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Examples of Additional Machines
Cast-iron plow (1797) – American Charles Newbold
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Examples of Additional Machines
Reaper – Englishman Joseph Boyce (1799) and American Cyrus McCormick (1834)
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3. BETTER TECHNIQUES:a. CROP ROTATION
• People learned that crops could be rotated to improve the nitrogen in the soil instead of just leaving land fallow.
Wheat
Clover
Barley
Turnips
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CROP ROTATION
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CROP ROTATION
• Use of Clover and Turnips fixed nitrogen in the soil while also providing food for animals
• Yields of Wheat and Barley proved to be better than Rye, especially with the improved nitrogen levels in the soil
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3. BETTER TECHNIQUES:b. SELECTIVE BREEDING
• Farmers began the selective breeding of animals such as sheep and cattle
• Produced better animals with better offspring
• Produced more milk, meat, and wool
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Summary:Agricultural Revolutions Need
Bigger Farms• Enclosures• Land Reclamation
Better Equipment• Machines
Better Techniques• Crop Rotation• Selective Breeding
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THE SPREAD OF THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION
• The Agricultural Revolution began in Britain, in the early 1700s.
• It soon spread to other countries. In Northern Europe, it took place in the mid-1700s.
• In America, the A.R. took place in the second half of the 1700s.
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1. Agricultural production increased.2. Cost of food dropped.3. Increased production of food helped
create a rapid growth of population.4. Large farms, using machines and scientific
methods, began to dominate agriculture. Farming became big business.
Of the Agricultural Revolution
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5. The number of small farms began to decline.
6. The number of farmers decreased sharply.7. Many farmers moved to the cities.8. The population of cities increased rapidly.
Of the Agricultural Revolution