Without racism, I wonder if we would Without racism, I wonder if we would have known Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.have known Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

Everyone thinks of changing the world, but no Everyone thinks of changing the world, but no one thinks of changing himself. one thinks of changing himself. - Tolstoy - Tolstoy

Soundtrack: Soundtrack: “Luqman,” “Luqman,” Me’shell Ndegeocello Presents The Spirit Music Jamia: Dance of The InfidelSoundtrack: Soundtrack: “Luqman,” “Luqman,” Me’shell Ndegeocello Presents The Spirit Music Jamia: Dance of The Infidel

““Agree to be Offended”™Agree to be Offended”™

Curious Connections Curious Connections in Conversations of Racein Conversations of Race

Assoc. Professor Kyra D. Gaunt, Ph.D.Assoc. Professor Kyra D. Gaunt, Ph.D. Cultural Anthropologist/EthnomusicologistCultural Anthropologist/Ethnomusicologist

http://kyraocity.comhttp://kyraocity.com © 2008 2008

This workshop was first presented at 2008 Conference for Global This workshop was first presented at 2008 Conference for Global Transformation, San Francisco, May 18, 2008Transformation, San Francisco, May 18, 2008

with with 53 participants from U.S., Canada and Europe. 53 participants from U.S., Canada and Europe. Second highest rating of any conference session (4.71 out of 5.00).Second highest rating of any conference session (4.71 out of 5.00).

IntroductionIntroduction

““Agree to be Offended”Agree to be Offended”™ is a strategy ™ is a strategy for facing any kind of difference for facing any kind of difference

but particularly racism - a distraction but particularly racism - a distraction that keeps people from a future that keeps people from a future

that works for all.that works for all.

Race may be Race may be "a pigment of our imagination""a pigment of our imagination", but in , but in conversations of race conversations of race we often end up stuck we often end up stuck

being offendedbeing offended (Gaunt 2006). (Gaunt 2006).

This is what we think a “racist” looks like.This is what we think a “racist” looks like.This is what we think a “racist” looks like.This is what we think a “racist” looks like.

But this is about you and the racism in your life.But this is about you and the racism in your life.But this is about you and the racism in your life.But this is about you and the racism in your life.

Once Upon a Time, I Was Offended…Once Upon a Time, I Was Offended…The “Black Ring” in The “Black Ring” in Pretty Pretty PrincessPretty Pretty Princess

If you get the black ring, you can playIf you get the black ring, you can playbut you can never win.but you can never win.

……While visitingWhile visitinga fellow studenta fellow studentof color, I played of color, I played Pretty, Pretty Pretty, Pretty PrincessPrincess with a with a 5 and 7 year-old 5 and 7 year-old black girl and black girl and boy, respectively.boy, respectively.Would you believe…Would you believe…

It was aroundIt was around1992 and I was1992 and I was in grad school in grad schoolat U of Michigan. at U of Michigan. I was on a I was on a minority student minority student fellowship…fellowship…

““Don’t Take Things Personally”Don’t Take Things Personally”

Throughout school, we are told to Throughout school, we are told to notnot take take things personally. things personally. Use “I” statements, Use “I” statements, they say. they say.

In a hip-hop class at NYU in June of 2005, my In a hip-hop class at NYU in June of 2005, my students and I saw that no matter what we say, students and I saw that no matter what we say, people people alwaysalways take things personally take things personally. .

A rather disinterested Korean woman in class A rather disinterested Korean woman in class proposed an alternative: proposed an alternative: ”Why don’t we agree to ”Why don’t we agree to be offended?"be offended?" This was the start of a journey to This was the start of a journey to transform how we resist being offended about transform how we resist being offended about race and racism.race and racism.

We Say We Say “Don’t Take Things “Don’t Take Things Personally”Personally” but in reality we are… but in reality we are…

Racial myths Racial myths bear no relationship tobear no relationship to the reality the reality of human capabilities or behaviorof human capabilities or behavior (AAA Statement (AAA Statement on Race, 1998).on Race, 1998).

""[Racism] [Racism] is not about how you look, it's aboutis not about how you look, it's about how people assign meaning how people assign meaning to how you look."to how you look." – Robin Kelley– Robin Kelley

How to Define “Offend”How to Define “Offend”from from Merriam Webster OnlineMerriam Webster Online

Pronunciation: \ə-ˈfend\ Function: verb

intransitive verb 1 a: to transgress the moral or divine law : sin < if it be a sin to covet honor, I am the most offending soul alive — Shakespeare > b: to violate a law or rule : do wrong <offend against the law>.

2 a: to cause difficulty, discomfort, or injury < took off his shoe and removed the offending pebble >. b: to cause dislike, anger, or vexation < thoughtless words that offend needlessly >

transitive verb 1 a: violate, transgress b: to cause pain to : hurt …

3: to cause to feel vexation or resentment usually by violation of what is proper or fitting < was offended by their language > — of·fend·er noun

We are vexed about: Hip-hop, terrorism, youth, parents, crime, the wrong neighbors/friends, education, racists, sexists, & homosexuals’

kissing.

You You ARE NOTARE NOT racist (like an object) racist (like an object) In Javanese, the word “is” does not exist unlike in English. In Javanese, the word “is” does not exist unlike in English.

Without this verb, you can only speak of someone Without this verb, you can only speak of someone beingbeing racist. racist.

That allows us explore how we are That allows us explore how we are being, doing or havingbeing, doing or having racial racial or racist thoughts, feelings, and actions without being objectified.or racist thoughts, feelings, and actions without being objectified.

Useful Working Definitions of RacismUseful Working Definitions of Racism

The The learned belieflearned belief that one that one “racial group” is inferior or “racial group” is inferior or superior to another.superior to another.

The learned practices, The learned practices, attitudes, thoughts, attitudes, thoughts, expressions, suspicions, and expressions, suspicions, and representations that representations that maintain maintain anan inferior viewinferior view of the of the dominated group.dominated group.

The The stigmatizing of differencestigmatizing of difference along lines of ‘racial’ or along lines of ‘racial’ or physical characteristics physical characteristics real or imagined.real or imagined.

The The learned belieflearned belief that one that one “racial group” is inferior or “racial group” is inferior or superior to another.superior to another.

The learned practices, The learned practices, attitudes, thoughts, attitudes, thoughts, expressions, suspicions, and expressions, suspicions, and representations that representations that maintain maintain anan inferior viewinferior view of the of the dominated group.dominated group.

The The stigmatizing of differencestigmatizing of difference along lines of ‘racial’ or along lines of ‘racial’ or physical characteristics physical characteristics real or imagined.real or imagined.

Often a “rational” response to Often a “rational” response to our fear of others; our fear of others; xenophobia xenophobia & self-hate & self-hate (i.e., the black dolls (i.e., the black dolls are dirty).are dirty).

Making others different in Making others different in order to order to justify an advantage/ justify an advantage/ invalidate a disadvantage.invalidate a disadvantage.

Race is a Race is a social constructsocial construct - - a learned concept or practice a learned concept or practice which may which may appear to be appear to be natural and obvious natural and obvious to those to those who accept it, but in reality is who accept it, but in reality is an an inventioninvention of a particular of a particular culture or society. culture or society.

Often a “rational” response to Often a “rational” response to our fear of others; our fear of others; xenophobia xenophobia & self-hate & self-hate (i.e., the black dolls (i.e., the black dolls are dirty).are dirty).

Making others different in Making others different in order to order to justify an advantage/ justify an advantage/ invalidate a disadvantage.invalidate a disadvantage.

Race is a Race is a social constructsocial construct - - a learned concept or practice a learned concept or practice which may which may appear to be appear to be natural and obvious natural and obvious to those to those who accept it, but in reality is who accept it, but in reality is an an inventioninvention of a particular of a particular culture or society. culture or society.

Notice it’s not simply about skin-color privilege.Notice it’s not simply about skin-color privilege.When did When did youyou first experience one of these definitions? first experience one of these definitions?

Notice it’s not simply about skin-color privilege.Notice it’s not simply about skin-color privilege.When did When did youyou first experience one of these definitions? first experience one of these definitions?

How did we learn to be How did we learn to be racial/racist in the U.S.?racial/racist in the U.S.?

RaceRace and and freedomfreedom evolved about same time evolved about same time

1) “We hold these truths to be 1) “We hold these truths to be self-evident… self-evident…all men are all men are created equal created equal” (1776). ” (1776).

2) 2) Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson denied rights and denied rights and freedom to African slaves and Native freedom to African slaves and Native Americans in Americans in Notes on the State of Notes on the State of Virginia Virginia (1781).(1781).

US slaveryUS slavery was first system where slaves shared the same stigmatizing was first system where slaves shared the same stigmatizing physical trait - black/dark skin, African origin. physical trait - black/dark skin, African origin.

This was a “This was a “caste system” ascribed at birthcaste system” ascribed at birth to people of African descent to people of African descent living a nation defined by its living a nation defined by its achieved statusachieved status (American dream) but only for (American dream) but only for whites and immigrants given white privilege. whites and immigrants given white privilege.

How did we learn to be racial/racist How did we learn to be racial/racist in the U.S. in 20th Century?in the U.S. in 20th Century?

White superiority becameWhite superiority became “common sense,”“common sense,” a widely held view often a widely held view often under-examined but accepted as true.under-examined but accepted as true.

Racial practices wereRacial practices were institutionalizedinstitutionalized – i.e., Jim Crow laws, “separate – i.e., Jim Crow laws, “separate but equal” schooling and housing, redlining, etc.but equal” schooling and housing, redlining, etc.

Anti-miscegenationAnti-miscegenation: In : In 19671967, 17 Southern states -- all the former , 17 Southern states -- all the former slave slave statesstates plus Oklahoma -- still enforced laws prohibiting marriage plus Oklahoma -- still enforced laws prohibiting marriage between whites and non-whites.between whites and non-whites.

It took It took South CarolinaSouth Carolina untiluntil 19981998 and and AlabamaAlabama untiluntil 20002000 to remove to remove defunct anti-miscegenation laws in a referendum vote. defunct anti-miscegenation laws in a referendum vote.

NOTE: NOTE: 48% of voters48% of voters in South Carolina and in South Carolina and 41% of voters41% of voters in in Alabama voted to keep these laws intact. Alabama voted to keep these laws intact.

Pictured above: Who were Richard and Mildred Loving (1967)?Pictured above: Who were Richard and Mildred Loving (1967)?

White superiority becameWhite superiority became “common sense,”“common sense,” a widely held view often a widely held view often under-examined but accepted as true.under-examined but accepted as true.

Racial practices wereRacial practices were institutionalizedinstitutionalized – i.e., Jim Crow laws, “separate – i.e., Jim Crow laws, “separate but equal” schooling and housing, redlining, etc.but equal” schooling and housing, redlining, etc.

Anti-miscegenationAnti-miscegenation: In : In 19671967, 17 Southern states -- all the former , 17 Southern states -- all the former slave slave statesstates plus Oklahoma -- still enforced laws prohibiting marriage plus Oklahoma -- still enforced laws prohibiting marriage between whites and non-whites.between whites and non-whites.

It took It took South CarolinaSouth Carolina untiluntil 19981998 and and AlabamaAlabama untiluntil 20002000 to remove to remove defunct anti-miscegenation laws in a referendum vote. defunct anti-miscegenation laws in a referendum vote.

NOTE: NOTE: 48% of voters48% of voters in South Carolina and in South Carolina and 41% of voters41% of voters in in Alabama voted to keep these laws intact. Alabama voted to keep these laws intact.

Pictured above: Who were Richard and Mildred Loving (1967)?Pictured above: Who were Richard and Mildred Loving (1967)?

““Race” Race” ≠ Difference≠ Difference

The global conversation of racial The global conversation of racial difference is a superstition. difference is a superstition.

It distracts us from being with the It distracts us from being with the remarkable oneness of humanity.remarkable oneness of humanity.

Us / Them … They / WeUs / Them … They / WeHutu and TutsiHutu and Tutsi Palestinian and IsraeliPalestinian and Israeli

Skinheads and Racial OthersSkinheads and Racial Others

Muslim, Jew, Christian, Buddhist, BahaiMuslim, Jew, Christian, Buddhist, Bahai

The Roma, Forest People, and DalitsThe Roma, Forest People, and Dalits

Immigrant, Illegal Alien, AüslanderImmigrant, Illegal Alien, Aüslander

When we remove “race”, When we remove “race”, we find out that we find out that humans are just plain afraid of each other. humans are just plain afraid of each other.

When we remove “race”, When we remove “race”, we find out that we find out that humans are just plain afraid of each other. humans are just plain afraid of each other.

1972 NYC Subway Experiment1972 NYC Subway Experiment (M. Luo, NYTimes 9.14.04)(M. Luo, NYTimes 9.14.04)

Experiment: Experiment: “Excuse me, may I have your seat?”“Excuse me, may I have your seat?” Most researchers got sick before they asked. Most researchers got sick before they asked. If they did ask, the answer was always…Yes!If they did ask, the answer was always…Yes!

1972 NYC Subway Experiment1972 NYC Subway Experiment (M. Luo, NYTimes 9.14.04)(M. Luo, NYTimes 9.14.04)

Experiment: Experiment: “Excuse me, may I have your seat?”“Excuse me, may I have your seat?” Most researchers got sick before they asked. Most researchers got sick before they asked. If they did ask, the answer was always…Yes!If they did ask, the answer was always…Yes!

We resist being We resist being offended about Raceoffended about Race

How do you get How do you get stuck with racism?stuck with racism?

You hide what you really think and stop communicatingYou hide what you really think and stop communicating

Avoid who and/or what got under your skinAvoid who and/or what got under your skin

You make them different: You make them different: You get to be “better” and they are “wrong”You get to be “better” and they are “wrong”

You gossip about it as you’re the victim (invalidating their You gossip about it as you’re the victim (invalidating their disadvantage): “You won’t believe what he/she said!…” disadvantage): “You won’t believe what he/she said!…”

How do you get How do you get stuck with racism?stuck with racism?

You hide what you really think and stop communicatingYou hide what you really think and stop communicating

Avoid who and/or what got under your skinAvoid who and/or what got under your skin

You make them different: You make them different: You get to be “better” and they are “wrong”You get to be “better” and they are “wrong”

You gossip about it as you’re the victim (invalidating their You gossip about it as you’re the victim (invalidating their disadvantage): “You won’t believe what he/she said!…” disadvantage): “You won’t believe what he/she said!…”

The Banlieue riots in France suburbs, 2006The Banlieue riots in France suburbs, 2006

Fear of others underlies racismFear of others underlies racism

Not unlike fear, Not unlike fear, everyoneeveryone is affectedis affected (not infected) by (not infected) by race, whether you aware of it, like it, or are from U.S. or race, whether you aware of it, like it, or are from U.S. or not -- it’s there. not -- it’s there.

Race isn’t biological, but Race isn’t biological, but racism and white-skin privilege racism and white-skin privilege are real … as a conversation are real … as a conversation (on speed dial). (on speed dial).

Race/Ethnicity are also aRace/Ethnicity are also a global conversationglobal conversation (in India, (in India, Japan, Brazil, Trinidad, and Russia, for exampleJapan, Brazil, Trinidad, and Russia, for example..).).

Group Exercise:Group Exercise: Revisit a Useful FailureRevisit a Useful Failure

1. Take a minute or two - Recall your earliest memory around being offended about race and racism?

2. Pair Share - Pick a partner (3 minutes each) How old you were? Who was there? What happened? What was actually said/done? What did it mean about you, others, or life?

3. Sharing with the larger group: What would have been available if you had had Agreed to be Offended™Agreed to be Offended™ and stayed in the conversation? What could you say?

1. Take a minute or two - Recall your earliest memory around being offended about race and racism?

2. Pair Share - Pick a partner (3 minutes each) How old you were? Who was there? What happened? What was actually said/done? What did it mean about you, others, or life?

3. Sharing with the larger group: What would have been available if you had had Agreed to be Offended™Agreed to be Offended™ and stayed in the conversation? What could you say?

Jane Elliot’s ClassJane Elliot’s Class

Agree to be OffendedAgree to be Offended™ ™ and stay in the conversation!and stay in the conversation!

What does it What does it make available… make available…

Facing useful failures with Facing useful failures with courage, compassion & even humor courage, compassion & even humor The freedom to be offended and make a differenceThe freedom to be offended and make a difference The impossible becomes possible in one conversationThe impossible becomes possible in one conversation Transform the illusion of difference with velocity.Transform the illusion of difference with velocity.

Kyra D. Gaunt, Ph.D. Kyra D. Gaunt, Ph.D. © 2008 2008

Questions for YouTube commentsQuestions for YouTube commentsQuestions for YouTube commentsQuestions for YouTube comments

Did you get value from Did you get value from Agree to be Offended™Agree to be Offended™ and and stay in the conversation anyhow? Is it useful? stay in the conversation anyhow? Is it useful?

How might it impact How might it impact your commitmentsyour commitments at work, at work, at home, in your community or in the world? at home, in your community or in the world?

If those commitments were If those commitments were fulfilled right nowfulfilled right now given your given your response, what would become available for you response, what would become available for you and your life? and your life?

Share this with Share this with three people. Book a workshopthree people. Book a workshop for your for your organization and join my mailing list at… organization and join my mailing list at…

KnowlKnowledgeedgeCrush.comCrush.com

Did you get value from Did you get value from Agree to be Offended™Agree to be Offended™ and and stay in the conversation anyhow? Is it useful? stay in the conversation anyhow? Is it useful?

How might it impact How might it impact your commitmentsyour commitments at work, at work, at home, in your community or in the world? at home, in your community or in the world?

If those commitments were If those commitments were fulfilled right nowfulfilled right now given your given your response, what would become available for you response, what would become available for you and your life? and your life?

Share this with Share this with three people. Book a workshopthree people. Book a workshop for your for your organization and join my mailing list at… organization and join my mailing list at…

KnowlKnowledgeedgeCrush.comCrush.com

RACISM IS A RESOURCE FOR MIRACLESRACISM IS A RESOURCE FOR MIRACLESRACISM IS A RESOURCE FOR MIRACLESRACISM IS A RESOURCE FOR MIRACLES

Curious Connections for Opposable Thumbs™Curious Connections for Opposable Thumbs™

The adaptation of The adaptation of opposable thumbsopposable thumbs made made precision gripping possible followed by a series of precision gripping possible followed by a series of complex adaptations -- complex adaptations -- the development of tools the development of tools which probably led to our ability to walk uprightwhich probably led to our ability to walk upright. .

SimilarlySimilarly, , by revisiting how we learned to be racistby revisiting how we learned to be racist,, we we refine our grasp on racerefine our grasp on race fostering a series of fostering a series of complex adaptations -- complex adaptations -- the capacity to empower the capacity to empower diversity/difference and fulfill on “all [humans] are diversity/difference and fulfill on “all [humans] are created equal” in our lifetimecreated equal” in our lifetime..

Curious Connections for Opposable Thumbs™Curious Connections for Opposable Thumbs™

The adaptation of The adaptation of opposable thumbsopposable thumbs made made precision gripping possible followed by a series of precision gripping possible followed by a series of complex adaptations -- complex adaptations -- the development of tools the development of tools which probably led to our ability to walk uprightwhich probably led to our ability to walk upright. .

SimilarlySimilarly, , by revisiting how we learned to be racistby revisiting how we learned to be racist,, we we refine our grasp on racerefine our grasp on race fostering a series of fostering a series of complex adaptations -- complex adaptations -- the capacity to empower the capacity to empower diversity/difference and fulfill on “all [humans] are diversity/difference and fulfill on “all [humans] are created equal” in our lifetimecreated equal” in our lifetime..

GAUNT’S PROMISEGAUNT’S PROMISEGAUNT’S PROMISEGAUNT’S PROMISE

““I promise a world by 2036 where all people I promise a world by 2036 where all people embrace and empower embrace and empower anyany communication, eye communication, eye to eye with the remarkable oneness of humanity.to eye with the remarkable oneness of humanity.

How will I know this is so? How will I know this is so? The illusion of difference will be a superstition of The illusion of difference will be a superstition of

the past”the past” (Gaunt 2007). (Gaunt 2007).

Help us fulfill on this promise!Help us fulfill on this promise! BOOK A WORKSHOP at BOOK A WORKSHOP at kyraocity@gmail.comkyraocity@gmail.com

or visit or visit http://KnowledgeCrush.comhttp://KnowledgeCrush.com

““I promise a world by 2036 where all people I promise a world by 2036 where all people embrace and empower embrace and empower anyany communication, eye communication, eye to eye with the remarkable oneness of humanity.to eye with the remarkable oneness of humanity.

How will I know this is so? How will I know this is so? The illusion of difference will be a superstition of The illusion of difference will be a superstition of

the past”the past” (Gaunt 2007). (Gaunt 2007).

Help us fulfill on this promise!Help us fulfill on this promise! BOOK A WORKSHOP at BOOK A WORKSHOP at kyraocity@gmail.comkyraocity@gmail.com

or visit or visit http://KnowledgeCrush.comhttp://KnowledgeCrush.com

RESOURCESRESOURCES

AAA Statement on RaceAAA Statement on Race. May 17, 1998. American Anthropological . May 17, 1998. American Anthropological Association. Association. http://dev.http://dev.aaanetaaanet.org/issues/policy-advocacy/AAA-Statement-on-Race.cfm.org/issues/policy-advocacy/AAA-Statement-on-Race.cfm

Gaunt, Kyra D. 2006. Gaunt, Kyra D. 2006. The Games Black Girls Play: Learning the Ropes from The Games Black Girls Play: Learning the Ropes from Double-Dutch to Hip-hop (Double-Dutch to Hip-hop (New York: NYU Press). New York: NYU Press). Co-Winner of 2007 Merriam Prize for most outstanding book fromCo-Winner of 2007 Merriam Prize for most outstanding book fromthe the Society for Ethnomusicology Society for Ethnomusicology and Finalist in the and Finalist in the 2007 PEN/Beyond Margins Book Award2007 PEN/Beyond Margins Book Award..

RACE Are We So Different?RACE Are We So Different? (A Project of the American Anthropological (A Project of the American Anthropological

Association) Association) http://www.http://www.understandingraceunderstandingrace.org/.org/..

AAA Statement on RaceAAA Statement on Race. May 17, 1998. American Anthropological . May 17, 1998. American Anthropological Association. Association. http://dev.http://dev.aaanetaaanet.org/issues/policy-advocacy/AAA-Statement-on-Race.cfm.org/issues/policy-advocacy/AAA-Statement-on-Race.cfm

Gaunt, Kyra D. 2006. Gaunt, Kyra D. 2006. The Games Black Girls Play: Learning the Ropes from The Games Black Girls Play: Learning the Ropes from Double-Dutch to Hip-hop (Double-Dutch to Hip-hop (New York: NYU Press). New York: NYU Press). Co-Winner of 2007 Merriam Prize for most outstanding book fromCo-Winner of 2007 Merriam Prize for most outstanding book fromthe the Society for Ethnomusicology Society for Ethnomusicology and Finalist in the and Finalist in the 2007 PEN/Beyond Margins Book Award2007 PEN/Beyond Margins Book Award..

RACE Are We So Different?RACE Are We So Different? (A Project of the American Anthropological (A Project of the American Anthropological

Association) Association) http://www.http://www.understandingraceunderstandingrace.org/.org/..

BOOK A WORKSHOP TODAY! Join my mailing listBOOK A WORKSHOP TODAY! Join my mailing list

KnowledgeCrush.comKnowledgeCrush.com for tele-classes & podcasts.for tele-classes & podcasts.

BOOK A WORKSHOP TODAY! Join my mailing listBOOK A WORKSHOP TODAY! Join my mailing list

KnowledgeCrush.comKnowledgeCrush.com for tele-classes & podcasts.for tele-classes & podcasts.

THANK YOU!THANK YOU! This workshop was made possible This workshop was made possible

by…by…

THANK YOU!THANK YOU! This workshop was made possible This workshop was made possible

by…by…

My participation in Landmark Education, the Wisdom My participation in Landmark Education, the Wisdom Division, the Discourse Calls, the Conference for Division, the Discourse Calls, the Conference for

Global Transformation, and esp. my fellow graduates Global Transformation, and esp. my fellow graduates Laurie and Emil Rufolo and Debbie Baker. Laurie and Emil Rufolo and Debbie Baker.

My students (over 700) esp. the 2005 summer hip-My students (over 700) esp. the 2005 summer hip-hop course at NYU and my colleagues at the hop course at NYU and my colleagues at the

Univ. of Michigan, Univ. of Virginia, NYU, and Baruch Univ. of Michigan, Univ. of Virginia, NYU, and Baruch College-CUNY. Thanks to Chrysalis Interactive, too.College-CUNY. Thanks to Chrysalis Interactive, too.

Students and teachers cannot create what’s possible Students and teachers cannot create what’s possible for the world without one another.for the world without one another.

My participation in Landmark Education, the Wisdom My participation in Landmark Education, the Wisdom Division, the Discourse Calls, the Conference for Division, the Discourse Calls, the Conference for

Global Transformation, and esp. my fellow graduates Global Transformation, and esp. my fellow graduates Laurie and Emil Rufolo and Debbie Baker. Laurie and Emil Rufolo and Debbie Baker.

My students (over 700) esp. the 2005 summer hip-My students (over 700) esp. the 2005 summer hip-hop course at NYU and my colleagues at the hop course at NYU and my colleagues at the

Univ. of Michigan, Univ. of Virginia, NYU, and Baruch Univ. of Michigan, Univ. of Virginia, NYU, and Baruch College-CUNY. Thanks to Chrysalis Interactive, too.College-CUNY. Thanks to Chrysalis Interactive, too.

Students and teachers cannot create what’s possible Students and teachers cannot create what’s possible for the world without one another.for the world without one another.Kyra D. Gaunt, Ph.D.Kyra D. Gaunt, Ph.D.Kyra D. Gaunt, Ph.D.Kyra D. Gaunt, Ph.D.

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