Agrarian RevolutionAgrarian Revolution

Three Field System?Three Field System? Rotation of three fields & keeping Rotation of three fields & keeping

one field fallow replenishes soil one field fallow replenishes soil This system became obsolete This system became obsolete

(outdated)(outdated) Why?Why?

The Three Field SystemThe Three Field System

Agrarian RevolutionAgrarian Revolution

Farmers plant crops replenish nitrogen in Farmers plant crops replenish nitrogen in soil soil Turnips, beans, & potatoesTurnips, beans, & potatoes

Crops are rotatedCrops are rotated Result: Result:

No wasted land, more crop yieldNo wasted land, more crop yield

Agrarian RevolutionAgrarian Revolution

Medieval period, peasants farmed on Medieval period, peasants farmed on Common Lands (CL)Common Lands (CL).. Collectively share & farm togetherCollectively share & farm together Practice 3 field systemPractice 3 field system

But,But, C.L. C.L. owned by landowners, & owned by landowners, & rented out to Peasantsrented out to Peasants

Agrarian Revolution Agrarian Revolution

Problems w/ Common lands?Problems w/ Common lands? Inefficient – why? Inefficient – why? Why donWhy don’’t people want to make t people want to make

improvements to the land? improvements to the land? Tragedy of Commons Tragedy of Commons Grow enough for families Grow enough for families No improvements No improvements Poor efficiencyPoor efficiency

Agrarian RevolutionAgrarian Revolution

In Britain, landowners seize C.L.In Britain, landowners seize C.L. Parliament passed laws which fenced off Parliament passed laws which fenced off

common landscommon lands Called Called enclosureenclosure L.O. consolidate land L.O. consolidate land

Agrarian RevolutionAgrarian Revolution

ConCon’’s of s of EnclosureEnclosure

C.L. disappear C.L. disappear Poor peasants lose Poor peasants lose

lands lands Wealthy benefit Wealthy benefit

more more

ProPro’’s of Enclosures of Enclosure More land usedMore land used More food produced More food produced Crops healthier Crops healthier More output feeds More output feeds

growing pop.growing pop.

Revolution in Agriculture Revolution in Agriculture 1700s1700s

1. Rotating crops: vary the type of crop 1. Rotating crops: vary the type of crop that is planted - Turnips, beans, & that is planted - Turnips, beans, & potatoespotatoes (replenish nitrogen in soil) (replenish nitrogen in soil)

2. 2. Enclosure movementEnclosure movement: larger & more : larger & more productive farms means more food! productive farms means more food! Both will help to facilitate a rise in Both will help to facilitate a rise in

populationpopulation EffectEffect - Population increased - Population increased

dramatically from 1700 to 1850sdramatically from 1700 to 1850s 1800 – 187 million by 1850 – 250 million 1800 – 187 million by 1850 – 250 million

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution Began in 1600s, but rapidly expanded in Began in 1600s, but rapidly expanded in

1800s 1800s 1. Production of goods shifted from hand 1. Production of goods shifted from hand

tools to complex machinery.tools to complex machinery. 2. Human & animal labor were replaced 2. Human & animal labor were replaced

by steam & coal power. by steam & coal power. 3. Goods were mass produced by 3. Goods were mass produced by

machines! machines!

ThemesThemes of Industrial of Industrial RevolutionRevolution

1. Inventions improved production, save 1. Inventions improved production, save time, & cost time, & cost

2. Labor became less skilled as machine 2. Labor became less skilled as machine technology improvedtechnology improved

3. 3. Factory lifeFactory life – people – people ““went to workwent to work”” instead of doing work in their homeinstead of doing work in their home

4. Migrations from countryside to cities 4. Migrations from countryside to cities as people searched for jobsas people searched for jobs

5. Society became more urban – cities 5. Society became more urban – cities grewgrew

Thomas MalthusThomas Malthus (1766- (1766-1834) 1834)

Demographer who studied affects of population Demographer who studied affects of population growthgrowth Essay on Principles of Population Essay on Principles of Population (1798)(1798)

Checks on man become less significant Checks on man become less significant disease, famine, war, infant mortality decreasedisease, famine, war, infant mortality decrease

Pop. growth expands geometrically (2,4,6,8 ...) Pop. growth expands geometrically (2,4,6,8 ...) Food production would expand arithmetically Food production would expand arithmetically

(1,2,3,4,5...) (1,2,3,4,5...) Pop. Growth will eventually outstrip food Pop. Growth will eventually outstrip food

#1 England – center of #1 England – center of Ind. Rev.Ind. Rev.

Why …?Why …? 1. Stable Gov.1. Stable Gov.’’t that supported t that supported

Industrialism Industrialism 2. Good harbors/roads for exporting goods 2. Good harbors/roads for exporting goods 3. Blessed w/ natural resources: 3. Blessed w/ natural resources:

coal & iron orecoal & iron ore 4. Entrepreneurship - inventions4. Entrepreneurship - inventions

Laissez Faire EconomicsLaissez Faire Economics 1. Economic theory in 1. Economic theory in

which govwhich gov’’ts did little to ts did little to regulate businessregulate business

No …No … Taxes or tariffs on Taxes or tariffs on

businessbusiness Health & Health &

unemployment unemployment insurance, insurance,

A minimum wage or A minimum wage or Child Labor LawsChild Labor Laws

2. Laws of supply & 2. Laws of supply & demand would demand would determine price of determine price of goods goods

Division of LaborDivision of Labor Labor became divided & more specialized Labor became divided & more specialized Thus, workers did not require much Thus, workers did not require much

training or skill to perform a task training or skill to perform a task As a result, payment of laborers was very As a result, payment of laborers was very

small small Unskilled laborUnskilled labor grew – labor that grew – labor that

required little skill & paid very little required little skill & paid very little

Child labor in coal mineChild labor in coal mine

Chained to the coal basket

Social & Environmental Social & Environmental ProblemsProblems

Poverty & growth of slums Poverty & growth of slums Poor sanitation Poor sanitation Crime increased Crime increased Family breakdown – many children born Family breakdown – many children born

out of wedlock out of wedlock

Garbage was dumped in rivers polluting drinking water

Development of ClassesDevelopment of Classes

Working Class – unskilled laboring class who worked low wage jobs

Upper Middle Class – owners of businesses, doctors, lawyers, professionals

Development ofDevelopment of Socialism Socialism

However, there were many that However, there were many that believed the I.R. was destroying the believed the I.R. was destroying the fabric of society. fabric of society.

SocialistsSocialists were appalled at the living were appalled at the living & working conditions the working class & working conditions the working class faced – they wanted major faced – they wanted major CHANGECHANGE

Beliefs:Beliefs: Private property should be owned by Private property should be owned by

community of individuals & shared community of individuals & shared cooperatively. cooperatively.

Karl MarxKarl Marx (1818-1883) (1818-1883)

German philosopher who attempted to German philosopher who attempted to explain the stages of economic explain the stages of economic development development

Highly critical of laissez faire capitalism & Highly critical of laissez faire capitalism & the I.R. the I.R.

Believed he could predict historical events Believed he could predict historical events based on his formula sort of like a based on his formula sort of like a ScienceScience

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution

Marx listed his beliefs in Marx listed his beliefs in The The Communist ManifestoCommunist Manifesto (1848) (1848) It It stated… stated…

These groups emerged during I.R. … These groups emerged during I.R. … BourgeoisieBourgeoisie - Owners of means of - Owners of means of

production (factories) – production (factories) – minority minority ProletariatProletariat – unskilled laborers who – unskilled laborers who

worked for bourgeoisieworked for bourgeoisie – – majority majority

MarxMarx’’s Theorys Theory

Prol. would revolt against Prol. would revolt against bourgeoisie & take over factories bourgeoisie & take over factories

Capitalism would die, & Prol. would Capitalism would die, & Prol. would live communally & share ownership live communally & share ownership

This would create a This would create a classlessclassless society, wealth & property would be society, wealth & property would be shared shared communallycommunally

CommunismCommunism based on these ideals based on these ideals

This is a Revolution

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution Big Points Big Points Communist ManifestoCommunist Manifesto 1. History a class struggle 1. History a class struggle

Rich vs. Poor w/ Rich winning Rich vs. Poor w/ Rich winning 2. Revolution needed to rid of inequality2. Revolution needed to rid of inequality

Pro. defeat Bourgeoisie Pro. defeat Bourgeoisie 3. Proletariat dominant, 3. Proletariat dominant,

ends private propertyends private property No Class conflictNo Class conflict Everyone equal Everyone equal

Mass Consumption Mass Consumption Supply SideSupply Side Factories grow Factories grow New goods made New goods made

Tea & Sugar Tea & Sugar Soaps, wines, Soaps, wines,

glassware, glassware, watches, jewelrywatches, jewelry

Toys, utensils, Toys, utensils, glassware glassware

Demand SideDemand Side People demand People demand

goods goods Fashion grows Fashion grows Consumer society Consumer society

takes off takes off

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution

1769, Richard 1769, Richard Arkwright Arkwright

Water FrameWater Frame Harnessed power Harnessed power

of water! of water! Labor moves Labor moves

outside homeoutside home Cotton industry Cotton industry

growsgrows

Water Frame

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution David RicardoDavid Ricardo (1772-1823). (1772-1823). Iron Laws of Wages Iron Laws of Wages Because of population growth, wages would Because of population growth, wages would

always sink to subsistence (or barely surviving).always sink to subsistence (or barely surviving). If wages rose = More births, more people enter If wages rose = More births, more people enter

job market, expand labor market, cause wages to job market, expand labor market, cause wages to drop again drop again

Wages drop = People have less kids, causes Wages drop = People have less kids, causes wages to rise again. Restart processwages to rise again. Restart process

Wages minimumWages minimum

Robert Owen Robert Owen ((1771-18581771-1858)) Factory owner who was aFactory owner who was a Utopian Socialist Utopian Socialist Wanted to improve the conditions of the working Wanted to improve the conditions of the working

class class Built own factories Built own factories Encouragement not punishment Encouragement not punishment

Benign supervisionBenign supervision Clean Housing Clean Housing Education for workers Education for workers No child labor under 14No child labor under 14

Robert Owen