aggressive behavior neuroendocrinology kevin kelliher
TRANSCRIPT
Aggressive Behavior
Neuroendocrinology Kevin Kelliher
Aggression
• Aggressive Behavior - An Overt behavior with the intention of inflicting damage or other unpleasantness on an other individual (Moyer 1971) (Brain 1979)– Self defense (defensive rage and fear mediated attack)– Maternal Aggression– Predatory aggression– Pup Killing– Social Aggression
Aggression
• Agonistic Behaviors - interrelated behaviors related to physical conflict between adult members of the same species (social aggression)– Fighting – Escape – Defensive postures– Dominance and Subordination– Patrol and marking behaviors
Aggression and Testosterone
• In a number of species increases in aggression have been correlated with rises in testosterone– Seasonal changes– Puberty
Testosterone levels don’t always correlate with aggression
• High T and aggression in females are not correlated
• Male hamsters that are no longer in breeding condition will not increase aggressive bouts when injected with T
• Changes in(or the presence of) Androgen receptors are required for aggression
Organization and Activation of Aggression in Mice
• In mice T is required both during development and in adulthood for the display of aggressive behavior.
• Females treated with T shortly after birth will display high levels of aggression in adulthood
The 5-HT Hypothesis
• In general reduced levels of 5-HT are correlated with increased aggression
– 5-HT or its metabolites collected from CSF are found to be lower in more aggressive males
– Microdialysis can measure changes in 5-HT in specific brain areas at specific times surrounding aggressive episodes
5-HT and Fighting
• 5-HT is decreased in the Prefrontal cortex after fighting– Correlates with
decreases in 5-HT in the CSF in more aggressive individuals
• 5-HT increases slightly in the NA after fighting – In some instances when
5-HT agonists increase or antagonists decease instances of aggression this is believed to take place in the striatum
• 5-HT
Caveat to Pharmacology
• Most drugs are not as specific as we would like (act on various receptors)
• Effects may be secondary to other effects (sedation, motor control)
5-HT1B
• Most direct link between 5-HT and Aggression– Agonists with a high affinity for anpirtoline 5-
HT1B (anpirtoline, CP-94,253 and zomitritan) reduce aggression.
– 5-HT1B Knockout mice have an aggressive phenotype
Dopamine
• By contrast dopamine exerts permissive effects on aggressive behavior– Changes in mesocorticolimbic can
DA occurs before during and after aggressive episodes
– Changes in dopamine may reflect motivational aspects
• Acts via mesocorticolimbic pathway but not striatal– Changes in DA are not found in
striatum in response to aggressive episodes
GABA• GABA is believed to tonically inhibit aggressive behavior
– Acting via the GABAA receptor complex – GABA levels are inversely correlated with levels of aggression
• However GABA agonists have bitionic effects on aggression– Low doses increase aggression – High doses decease aggression
• GABA likely mediates alcohol induced aggression– Alcohol at low concentrations appears to specifically effect
GABAA receptors– Alcohols effects on aggression mimic the effects of
benzodiazepines– Low doses tend to increase aggressive behavior whereas high
doses decrease aggression (and have sedative effects
GABAs Bitonic Effects
Vasopressin and Social Aggression
• Vasopressin has been implicated in a number of agonistic behaviors– Scent-marking– Patrolling – Social fighting
• There are three known types of vasopressin receptors– V2R - in the periphery– V1aR and V1bR - Brain receptors (also located in the
periphery as well)
V1bR and Social Aggression • Male V1bR-KO
mice have significantly reduced instances of aggressive behavior
• Both Latency and number of attacks during a resident intruder test are decreased
Aggression in V1bR-KO and WT mice
QuickTime™ and aCinepak decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Social Recognition
Social Preferences in V1bR-KOs• Social preferences
are also altered in V1bRKO mice– Male KOs fail to
exhibit normal social preferences
– KOs appear to have reduced motivation for social interaction
Olfactory Discrimination in V1bRKOs
• Decreased aggression in V1bRKOs is not due to a deficit in Olfactory Discrimination– Mice have no apparent
olfactory defects– KOs can still
discriminate between male and female urine
Olfactory influences on Aggression
• In general an intact olfactory system is needed for full expression of social aggression
• One caveat about bulbectomy studies is that removal of olfactory bulbs have many non olfactory related consequences
• Is social aggression mediated by the VNO?– Lets check….
Aggressive encounters in male TRPc2-KO mice
Number of male-male mount attempts in male TRPc-KO mice
Vomeronasal influences on aggression
• It appears that aggressive behavior is inhibited in TRPc2-KO mice based on number of fighting episodes vs number of mounting episodes
• Things to think about – Fighting is not eliminated (if intruder is not submissive
fighting occurs)– Is mounting behavior always sexual?– If sex discrimination is not altered what other agonistic
behaviors may overall mediate so social aggression in these mice.?
Maternal Aggression
Endocrine Patterns of Pregnancy in Rodents
5 10 15 211 18 22
Progest erone
Placental Lactogens
Est radiolProlact in Surges
adapt ed f rom Bridges 1996 and Grat t an 2001
Day of Pregnancy
Ovarian hormones and Maternal aggression
• Ovarian hormones can modulate Maternal Aggression
• Can differ depending on the species– Rats E Increases maternal aggression both before and
especially after parturition– Mice E delays maternal aggression withdrawal
facilitates it. – P increases aggression prior to parturition no effect
after.
• It is possible that the primary actions of these hormones are in the periphery facilitating sensory mechanisms
Sensory input
• Olfactory– Pup odors are facilitory to maternal aggression– Intruder odors are required for maternal aggression
• Somatosensory– Nipple stimulation is critical for the display of maternal
aggression
• Auditory– Questionable role however ultrasounds from male rats
intruders can inhibit aggression (and facilitate mating)
Neural Correlates
• Markers for neuronal activity label familiar neural circuits during maternal aggression
OlfactoryBulb
BNST
MePD
VMH
mPOA
PPN
PVN
VentrolateralSeptum
cFos pCreb
CoA
Neural Correlates
• Lesions of various neural circuits alter the expression of maternal aggression
OlfactoryBulb
Insularprefrontalcortex
Mediodorsalthalamicnucleus
MePD
VMH
mPOA
PPNPVN
Septalnucleus
Lesions decrease maternal aggression
Lesions increase maternal aggression
Neural Circuitry
• Olfactory bulb -- Sensory (olfactory) cues from both pups and intruder
• Amygdala -- Integration of sensory cues from both pups and intruder and central responses
• Peripeduncular nucleus (PPN) -- Somatosensory cues from pups
• Septum-- Maternal responsiveness in general (Motivation?) in decreased
• mPOA-- Unknown exact extent but is known to decrease aggression in general
• VMH-- thought to be critical site for critical site for transmitting to motor output regions
• PAG-- Tonical inhibits maternal aggression however not part of output since lesions after removal of pups is not effective
Neurochemical Correlates• 5-HT - jury is still out hypothesized to
decrease maternal aggression based on effects in males on general aggression– Some studies found this some did not – Equally interesting correlation between low 5-
HT in CSF and aggression may be a male phenomena
– Likely acting at PAG, Raphe Nuclei or Amygdala to inhibit aggression
– Actions in the septum increase aggression
5-HT and Maternal Aggression
• In general 5-HT reduces maternal aggression in rats
• In mice results of 5-HT agonists and antagonists have been mixed
• And while 5-HT decreases aggresssion in male praire voles (those that are highly paternal) it doesn’t effect maternal aggression
Neurochemical Correlates• GABA -
– GABA receptor activity suppresses maternal aggression – Actions are likely in the VMH and MeA– Interestingly PAG activity inhibits maternal aggression
but GABA not involved– Maternal Aggression could involve an inhibition of
GABA transmission in the amygdala and VMH
• Dopamine -– DA tonically inhibits Maternal aggression– Lesions of Dopamine Neurons in VTA results in
increased maternal aggression – 6-OH-DA injected into striatum is unaffected thus
likely not involved (in context of DA)– Site of action would thus be MH and VMH
Neurochemical Correlates• Oxytocin
– Hypothesized that OT from PVN inhibits aggression but no real evidence.
– By contrast OT in Central amygdala increases maternal aggression in hamsters
– OTs importance for social recognition (olfactory) is most crucial factor
• Vasopressin– Although no specific studies on maternal aggression
believed to have similar functions as with male aggression
– Vasopressin in lateral septum therefore should increase aggressive behavior
– Unpublished data reports V1bR-KO mice have reduced maternal aggression (but reduced aggression in general)
Neurochemical Correlates
• CRH – Peripheral infusions of ATCH or ICV injection of CRH
reduce maternal aggression– Since CRH elevates fear and anxiety it is thought that
decreases would be needed to express maternal aggression
• Opioids– Opioids generally decrease maternal aggression – Likely mechanism is indirect altering animals general
activity/pain sensation or olfactory ability
Neurochemical Correlates
• Nitric Oxide – Male nNOS-KO mice are highly aggressive – By contrast knocking out nNOS in females
eliminates attacks– Increases in citulline (the byproduct of NO
synthesis is observed in the mPOA, SCN and subparaventricular zone in association with maternal aggression
– How NO is acting is unknown (5-HT ? CRH? AVP?)
Neurochemical CorrelatesDrug Function Effect on Maternal Behavior when given via
5-HTP 5-HT precurser Reduces Aggression Systemicfluprazine 5-HT1 receptor agonist Reduces Aggression Systemicfluvoxamine 5-HT reuptake inhibitor Reduces Aggression Systemicfluoxetine 5-HT reuptake inhibitor Reduces Aggression SystemicRU24969 nonspecific 5-HT1 agonist Reduces Aggression Systemiceltoprazine nonspecific 5-HT1 agonist Reduces Aggression SystemicTFMPP nonspecific 5-HT1 agonist Reduces Aggression/no effect Systemic
8-OH-DPAT 5-HT1A receptor agonistReduces Aggression/no effect/increases aggression
Systemic, ICV, cPAG,septum
isapirone 5-HT1A receptor agonist Reduces Aggression Systemic, ICVbuspirone 5-HT1A receptor agonist Reduces Aggression SystemicDOI 5-HT2A/C receptor agonist Reduces Aggression SystemicPCPA 5-HT Synthesis Inhibitor Reduces Aggression Systemicmianserin 5-HT receptor antagonist Reduces Aggression Systemicmethysergide 5-HT receptor antagonist Reduces Aggression Systemicmethiothepin 5-HT receptor antagonist Reduces Aggression Systemicrianserine 5-HT2A/C receptor antagonist no effect Systemicondansetron 5-HT3 receptor antagonist no effect SystemicMDL72222 5-HT3 receptor antagonist no effect Systemic
benzodiazepines (CDP, diazepam, oxazepam and alprazolam) GABA receptor agonists Increase Aggression SystemicCaffeine, FG7142, Pentylenetrazol benzodiazepine antagonists Reduces Aggression Systemic
Bicuculline GABA receptor antagonist Reduces AggressionInjected into VMH or MeA
Bicuculline GABA receptor antagonist no effect PAGmuscimol GABAA receptor agonists no effect PAG6-OH-DA Excititory lesion of DA system Increase Aggression ICV or VTA
NO and Male Aggression• Male nNOS-KO mice are highly aggressive• There is a link between nNOS and 5-HT turnover • This may be related to a hypo functioning of the 5-HT1A
and 5-HT1B receptors– 5-HT agonists can decrease aggression in nNOS mice but
significantly higher doses are required– Reducing 5-HT turnover in the brain of WT mice mimics
aggressive phenotype found in KO mice
Predatory Aggression
QuickTime™ and aCinepak decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Predatory Aggression
• A simplified model of the neural circuitry the mediates predatory aggression in the cat
• Electrophysiological studies suggest monosynaptic projections from the LH to the midbrain tegmentum are responsible for attack behavior
• Projections from tegmentum connect to motor pathways, trigeminal and facial nerves
Modulatory Pathways
• A number of sites modulate attack behavior – Amygdala (annoyingly abbreviated ME here)– BNST - often thought to be part of the “extended
amygdala”– PAG feeds back to the lateral hypothalamus– Also Hippocampus, septum and just about any other
limbic area you can think of
Defensive rage • The Medial Hypothalamus is
the critical site for the initiation of defensive rage in cats
• The primary circuit being MH to the PAG
• PAG excites brain stem and spinal neurons causing autonomic and motor cascade resulting in behavior
• Amygdala modulates activity but is not critical for initiation of behavior
VMH and AMH
• Interestingly while the VMH has historically been the site for initiation of defensive rage the source of efferents is the AMH
• The VMH stimulates the PAG via the AMH
Neuroanatomical aspects of aggression in cats
Neuroanatomical aspects of aggression in cats
Neuroanatomical aspects of aggression in cats
Neurochemical aspects of Defensive rage
Neurochemical aspects of Defensive rage
Neurochemical aspects of Defensive rage