A STUDY OF AGGRESSION, LOCUS OF CONTROL AND

PERSONALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF SENIOR AND JUNIOR

MALE COMBAT SPORTS PERSONS

A SYNOPSISSUBMITTED TO THE

SHRI JAGDISHPRASAD JHABARMAL TIBREWALA UNIVERSITYFOR THE AWARD OF DEGREE

OFDOCTORE OF PHILOSOPHY

INPHYSICAL EDUCATION

by

K.R. Steven Registration. No. 20114220

Under the Supervision ofDr. Bhaskar D. Salvi

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION

Shri Jagdishprasad Jhabarmal Tibrewala University, Vidyanagari, Chudela, Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan-333001

2012

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IN TRODUCTION

A combat sport also known as a Combative Sports, is a competitive contact

sport where two combatants fight each other using certain rules of engagement

(usually significantly different from the rules is simulated combats meant for practice

or challenge in Martial Arts). Typically with the aim of simulating parts of real hand

to had combat. Boxing, Kick Boxing Amateur wrestling, mixed and martial arts are

example of Combat Sports.

HISTROY:

Sports related to combat skills have been a part of human culture for

thousands of years. Some form of wrestling exists in almost every culture. The

ancient Olympic Games were largely composed of sports that tested skills related to

combat, such as armored foot races, boxing, wresting and chariot racing amongst

others. The tradition of Combat Sports was taken even further by the Roman with

gladiator’s who would fight with weapons, some times to the death. Combat Sports

are first recorded during Olympic Games of 648 B.C. with Pankration. Pankration

allowed competitors to use all striking techniques. The only rules for this sport in its

origin were no biting and no eye gouging. A winner was decided by submission,

unconsciousness, or even death of an opponent. It is a common occurrence for

matches to last for hours. Pankration grew in popularity during the Hellenic period.

Matches were in small square arena to promote engagement While the tournament

was popular amongst aristocrats, combative sports where practiced by all levels of

society. Folk wrestling exists in many forms and in most culture.

MODERN SPORTS:

Today Athletes usually fight one on one but may still use various skill set such

as strikes in boxing that only allows punching, taekwondo where kicks are the focus

or MUYATHAI and Burmese Boxing that also allow the use of elbows and knees.

There are also grappling based sports that may concentrate on obtaining a superior

position as in pre style or collegiate wrestling using throws such as in JUDO and

Greco-Roman wrestling the use of submissions as in Brazilian JIU-JITSU. Modern

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mixed martial art competitions are similar to the historic Greek Olympic Sport of

Pankration and allow a wide range of both striking and grappling techniques.

BOXING:

Boxing is a combat sport in which two fighters battle each other with their

fists. The boxers were heavily padded gloves and fight in a square rope of area called

a ring. A good bout between two well matched fighters is a fast violent display of

strength and skills. The Boxers through powerful punches as such tries to win the bout

on points. Good Boxer must be strong, quick, skillful and in excellent physical

condition. They also should have the courage and determination to fight in spite of

pain and exhaustion. In all amateur tournaments there shall be 3 rounds of 3 minutes

each, a full one minute rest period shall be given between the Rounds.

WRESTING:

Wresting is a combat sport, one of the oldest sport in the world.

International disciplines (non folk styles).

(1) Greco – Roman Style (2) Freestyle Wresting, (3) Grappling, (4) Combat

grappling, (5) Beach wrestling, & (6) Sambo. Wrestling that grappling type of

techniques such as clinch fight throws and put Opponent on the ground. That too

tackling the opponent back side of his shoulders is called by fall and takes down joint

locks, pins, and other grappling holds. A wrestling boat is a physical competitors or

sparring partner who attempt to gain and maintain superior position. They are wide

range of styles with varying rules with both traditional, historic and modern styles.

Wrestling techniques have been incorporated in too other martial arts as well as

Military hand to hand combat systems.

TEAKWONDO:

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I would like to define what it means, I read the definition from many books and

the one that I liked the best one that comes from the Book Comprehensive Asian

Fight Arts, written by BONN F. DRAEGER and ROBERT W. SMITH. Taekwondo

is an empty hand combat form that entails the use of the whole body. TEA means the

kick or smash with the feet. KWON implies punching, destroying with the hand or

fist and DO means WAY OR METHOD, Taekwondo this is the techniques of

unarmed combat for self defiance that involves the skillful application of techniques

that include punching, jumping kicks, blocks, dodges, parrying actions with hand and

feet. It is more than a mere physical fighting skill resenting as it does a way thinking

and a pattern of life requiring strict discipline. It is a system of training both the

mind and the body in which great emphasis is placed on the development of the

trainees moral character. Taekwondo is a martial art that is today form of self defense

has evolved by combining many different styles of martial arts that existed in Korea

over the last 2000 years and some martial arts styles from countries that surround

Korea. Taekwondo incorporates the abrupt linear movements of Karate and the

flowing circular patterns of recognized by the Korean Government as an International

regulating body for taekwondo. The World Taekwondo Federation has since made a

major effort to standardize tournament rules and organize World Class Competitions.

Since Modern day Taekwondo Official Birth on April 11, 1955. Its development as a

sport has been rapid over 30million people practice taekwondo in more than 156

countries.

JUDO HISTORY:

Judo developed from JUJUTSU an ancient form of self defense practiced by

the Japanese Warrior class called SUMURAI. In 1882, a Japanese educator named

JIGORO KANO transformed JUJUTSU from a method of combat in to a sport we

called Judo. Judo grew in popularity and in the early 1900’s because a required

subject in Japanese schools. After World War Ii ended in 1945, Judo became its

greatest period of growth outside in 1954, when it became part of the Olympic

Games.

Judo is a Combat Sport in which a person uses balance, leverage and timing to

pin or throw an opponent. Judo developed from an ancient Japanese method of

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unarmed combat called JUJUTSU also spelled JUJITSU. Judo ranks as a major sport

in Europe, Japan and the United States. The Sport is taught at Colleges, Schools and

Clubs. The Japanese word Judo means the gentle way. Many Judo technique depend

on a contestants yielding to an opponents, attack until the right moment to stick back

for example a contestant does not resist if shoed by an opponent. The shower leans

forward and goes off balance at least a title and so can easily be thrown down with

such gentle methods, a skilled person can offer defeat a heavier, stronger opponent.

AGGRESSION IN SPORT:

Aggression is “any form of behaviour directed toward the goal of harming or

injuring another living being who motivated to avoid such treatment.” (Baron and

Richardson, 1994). It has to be a behaviour, either physical or verbal. It involves

psychological or physical harm or injury. It is directed toward a living organism, and

it involves intent. There are four main theories of aggression. The instinct theory, the

frustration-aggression hypothesis, the revised frustration-aggression hypothesis, and

the social learning theory.

The Instinct theory of aggression is based on works by Sigmund Freud and

Konard Lorenz. According to Freud, aggression is an inborn drive similar to sex or

hunger. It is a natural, innate characteristic which has developed through evolution

and is a major part of our existence. Aggression can be expressed by directly

attacking another living being or being released through catharsis. Catharsis is when

aggression is released through socially acceptable means. According to Lorenz,

competitive games and sports are one example of a safe and socially acceptable outlet

for pent up aggression.

Sigmund Freud claimed that our “death instincts”, which are destructive are

subconsciously in conflict with our “life instincts”, which are positive and creative,

and this confliction is the origin of all desires to be aggressive. According to this

theory, aggression was the main representative of the death instinct. This theory

however, has a crucial flaw in that having defined the general aim of the death

instinct, Freud failed to determine it’s source. The frustration-aggression theory was

proposed by Dollard et al (1939). He argued that aggression is a innate response

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which only occurs in frustrating situations. Frustration of not meeting goals and

satisfying personal needs can make a person angry and aggressive. This is the basis of

the frustration-aggression hypothesis.

LOCUS OF CONTROL:

Locus of control is a theory in personality psychology referring to the extent to

which individuals believe that they can control events that affect them. Understanding

of the concept was developed by Julian B. Rotter in 1954, and has since become an

aspect of personality studies. A person's "locus" (Latin for "place" or "location") is

conceptualised as either internal (the person believes they can control their life) or

external (meaning they believe that their decisions and life are controlled by

environmental factors which they cannot influence).

Individuals with a high internal locus of control believe that events in their life

derive primarily from their own actions; for example, if a person with an internal

locus of control does not perform as well as they wanted to on a test, they would

blame it on lack of preparedness on their part. If they performed well on a test, they

would attribute this to ability to study. In the test-performance example, if a person

with a high external locus of control does poorly on a test, they might attribute this to

the difficulty of the test questions. If they performed well on a test, they might think

the teacher was lenient or that they were lucky.

Locus of control has also been included as one of four dimensions of core self-

evaluations – one's fundamental appraisal of oneself – along with neuroticism, self-

efficacy, and self-esteem. The concept of core self-evaluations was first examined by

Judge, Locke, and Durham (1997), and since has proven to have the ability to predict

several work outcomes, specifically, job satisfaction and job performance.

THE FIV E-FACTOR MODEL OF PERSONALITY:

Arguably, the most popular trait theory in contemporary personality

psychology is the five-factor model, developed by Costa & McCrae (1985); however,

sport psychologists have been fairly slow to recog- nise its importance, and there are

few published studies making use of it. The five factors in this model include

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extroversion and neuroticism (similar to Eysenck’s traits). In addition, the trait of

openness describes the individual’s ability to appreciate new experiences and tolerate

the unfamiliar. Open people are curious and imaginative. Individuals low in

openness is conventional and narrow in their interests. Agreeableness (what we

would call niceness in everyday speech) describes the extent to which one is

compassionate and trust- ing, or hostile and ruthless. The final trait is

conscientiousness, closely related to Cattell’s trait of ego strength. Conscientiousness

describes the extent of our organization and persistence. Highly conscientious

individuals are disciplined, punctual and ambitious.

PERSONALITY AND CHOICE OF SPORT:

Personality and sport has proved a rather more fruitful area of study, and some

important differences between the personalities of success- full athletes in different

sports have emerged. This is perhaps unsurprising when we consider the varying

demands of different sports. In the Schurr et al (1977) study, although relatively few

differences emerged between athletes and non-athletes, considerable differences were

found between team and individual players. Team players emerged as more anxious

and extrovert than individual competitors.

Another important distinction has emerged between the personalities of those

taking part in high- and low-risk sports. Breivik (1996) administered the 16PF to 38

elite Norwegian climbers and found a distinctive profile characterized by very high

levels of stability, extra- version and adventure seeking. In another study, Freixanet

(1999) administrated the EPQ to a range of high-risk sports participants, including

72 mountaineers, and a control group of low-risk athletes. The mountaineers and

other high-risk athletes were characterized by significantly higher levels of

extraversion and low levels of neuroticism. Other high-risk sports have also attracted

attention. Using the NEO-PI, Diehm & Armatas (2004) compared the personality of

44 golfers (low-risk) and 41 surfers (high-risk). Surfers emerged as significantly

higher on the openness scale, meaning that they were more open to new experiences

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BIG FIVE PERSONALITY TRAITS:

In contemporary psychology, the "Big Five" factors (or Five Factor

Model; FFM) of personality are five broad domains or dimensions

of personality which are used to describe human personality. The Big five factors are

openers , conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism(common

acronyms are OCEAN, NEOAC, or CANOE). The neuroticism factor is sometimes

referred by its low pole – "emotional stability". Some disagreement remains about

how to interpret the openness factor, which is sometimes called "intellect" rather than

openness to experience. Beneath each factor, a cluster of correlated specific traits are

found; For example, extraversion includes such related qualities as gregariousness,

assertiveness, excitement seeking, warmth, activity and positive emotions.

The Five Factor Model is a descriptive model of personality, psychologists

have developed a number oftheories to account for the Big Five.

THE FIVE FACTORS:

The Big Five factors and their constituent traits can be summarized as:

Openness – (inventive/curious vs. consistent/cautious). Appreciation

for art, emotion, adventure, unusual ideas, curiosity, and variety of experience.

Conscientiousness – (efficient/organized vs. easy-going/careless). A tendency to

show self-discipline, act dutifully, and aim forachievement; planned rather than

spontaneous behaviour.

Extraversion – (outgoing/energetic vs. solitary/reserved). Energy, positive

emotions, surgency, and the tendency to seek stimulationin the company of others.

Agreeableness – (friendly/compassionate vs. cold/unkind). A tendency to

be compassionate and cooperative rather than suspiciousand antagonistic towards

others.

Neuroticism – (sensitive/nervous vs. secure/confident). A tendency to experience

unpleasant emotions easily, such as anger,anxiety, depression, or vulnerability.

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STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM:

A Study of Aggression, Locus of Control and Personality Characteristics

of Senior and Junior Male Combat Sports Persons.

VARIABLE:

Independent variable-:

Level of Combat Sports a) Senior b) Junior

Area of Residence a) Urban b) Rural

Dependent Variable:

1) Aggression:

2) Locus of Control:

3) Personality Characteristics:

I. Openness

II. Conscientiousness

III. Extraversion

IV. Agreeableness

V. Neuroticism

Objective of The Study:

1) To find out the effect of level of combat sports on aggression of male combat

sports person.

2) To find out the effect of level of combat sports on locus of control of male combat

sports person.

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3) To find out the effect of level of combat sports on personality characteristics

(openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism) of

male combat sports person.

4) To find out the effect of area of residence on aggression of male combat sports

person.

5) To find out the effect of area of residence on locus of control of male combat

sports person.

6) To find out the effect of area of residence on personality characteristics (openness,

conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism) of male combat

sports person.

7) To find out the interaction effect of level of combat sports and area of residence on

aggression.

8) To find out the interaction effect of level of combat sports and area of residence on

locus of control.

9) To find out the interaction effect of level of combat sports and area of residence on

personality characteristics (openness, conscientiousness, extraversion,

agreeableness and neuroticism).

HYPOTHESES:

1) There will be significant difference between senior and junior combat sports

person with respect to dimension of aggression.

2) There will be significant difference between urban and rural combat sports person

with respect to dimension of aggression.

3) There will be significant difference between senior and junior combat sports

person with respect to dimension of locus of control.

4) There will be significant difference between urban and rural combat sports person

with respect to dimension of locus of control.

5) There will be significant difference between senior and junior combat sports

person with respect to dimension of personality characteristics (openness,

conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism).

6) There will be significant difference between urban and rural combat sports person

with respect to dimension of personality characteristics (openness,

conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism).9

7) There will be difference of level of combat sports and area of residence on

aggression.

8) There will be difference of level of combat sports and area of residence on locus of

control.

9) There will be difference of level of combat sports and area of residence on

personality characteristics (openness, conscientiousness, extraversion,

agreeableness and neuroticism).

Operational Definition:

1) Aggression:

An aggressive incident consists of the following behaviors: taking something

from another child, hitting, kicking, or shoving an adult, making fun of

another child, throwing an object at someone, refusing to share something,

refusing to follow teacher's instructions, forcing another child to do something

he or she did not want to do, hitting, kicking, or shoving a child, arguing in an

angry way, cursing, or destroying someone else's property (pp. 595-596).

2) Allport's Definition of Personality:

"Personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those

psychophysical systems that determine his unique adjustments to the

environment."

3) Locus of Control:

Operational Definition for the factors of Locus of Control:

Internal Locus of Control: Individuals with a high internal locus of control

believe that events result primarily from their own behavior and actions.

External Locus of Control: Individuals with high external locus of control

(chance or others) believe that powerful others, fate, or chance primarily determine

events.

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Significance of the study

1 This research will be helpful to bring on record the Characteristics of senior and

junior male combat sports players

2 This study will help to increase the interest of students in combative sports

through their participation.

3 This will also be helpful to find out the effect of aggression, locus of control and

personality on performance of combative sport players.

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REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Aluja (2003) examine the relationships among Extraversion,

Openness to Experience (and their facets), measured through the NEO-

PI-R, and the Sensation Seeking construct and its sub-scales, measured

through the Sensation Seeking Scale, form V (SSS-V).The sample

comprised 1006 non-psychology undergraduates doing di erentff

degrees.In general, relationships among the SSS total scale and the four

sub-scales (TAS, ES, Dis, BS) are mainly accounted for by the E5-

Excitement Seeking facet of the NEOPI-R.The other Extraversion facets

as well as those of Openness, except O4-Actions, explain little variance.

Taking together E5, O4 and O1, 85% of the higher and lower scorers on

SSS-V are classified properly.

Eagleton et al. (2007) studied scores on Extraversion and on

Neuroticism as measured by the Eysenck Personality Inventory were

compared for 90 undergraduate team sport participants, individual sport

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participants, and nonparticipants (43 men, 47 women, M age = 20.3 yr.).

From past research and Eysenck's biological theory of personality, it was

hypothesized that sport participants would score higher on Extraversion

and lower on Neuroticism than nonparticipants, and that team participants

would score higher on Extraversion and perhaps higher on Neuroticism

than individual sport participants. By comparing scores for students in

first year and final year, it was also investigated whether pre-existing

personality differences drew people to sport (the gravitational hypothesis)

or whether personality changed as a function of sport participation (the

developmental hypothesis). The main findings were that team participants

scored higher on Extraversion than both individual sport participants and

nonparticipants, and that test scores did not change over time, supporting

the gravitational hypothesis for Extraversion.

Ingledew et al. (2004) studied personality traits are associated with

health-related behaviours, but less evidence regarding the underlying

mechanisms. In this study, we examined the relationships between

personality and self-determination of exercise behaviour. Users of a

sports centre completed personality scales (the NEO Five Factor

Inventory supplemented with the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire

Psychoticism scale) and exercise self-determination scales (Behavioural

Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire which measures extrinsic,

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introjected, identified and intrinsic forms of regulation). Analyses were

restricted to 182 individuals in the maintenance stage of exercise

participation. Partial correlation analysis was used to examine the

relationships between each personality scale and the self-determination

scales, controlling for other personality scales, gender and age.

Neuroticism was associated with more introjected regulation,

extraversion with more identified and intrinsic regulation, openness with

less external regulation, conscientiousness with less external regulation

and more intrinsic regulation, and psychoticism with more external

regulation. Relating these findings to self-determination theory (Deci &

Ryan, 2000), it is speculated that extraverted individuals are able to feel

self-determined because exercise can satisfy the need for relatedness,

conscientious individuals because exercise can satisfy the need for

competence. Furthermore, conscientious individuals may have greater

wherewithal to advance along the continuum of behavioural regulation.

Rhodes and Smith (2006) this review aimed to combine the

literature on major personality traits and physical activity alongside

providing some meta-analytic summaries of the findings. Overall, 33

studies containing 35 independent samples, ranging from 1969 to 2006,

met the inclusion criteria. Extraversion (r=0.23), neuroticism (r=0.11) and

conscientiousness (r=0.20) were identified as correlates of physical

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activity using random effects meta-analytic procedures correcting for

sampling bias and attenuation of measurement error. The five-factor

model trait of openness to experience/intellect and agreeableness, as well

as Eysenck’s psychoticism trait, were not associated with physical

activity. Potential moderators of personality and physical activity

relationship such as sex, age, culture/country, design and instrumentation

were inconclusive given the small number of studies. Still, the existing

evidence was suggestive that personality and physical activity

relationships are relatively invariant to these factors. Studies examining

personality and different physical activity modes suggested differences by

taits such as extraversion, but more research is needed to make any

conclusions. Future research using multivariate analyses, personality-

channelled physical activity interventions, longitudinal designs and

objective physical activity measurement is recommended.

McKelvie et al. (2003) Two groups (n = 86) of university athletes

(contact, no contact) and two matched groups (n = 86) of non-athletes

completed the Eysenck Personality Inventory (Eysenck & Eysenck,

1968). Extraversion did not vary significantly between athletes and non-

athletes or between contact and no contact athletes, but it was higher for

athletes compared to American college norms. For neuroticism, athletes

scored significantly lower than non-athletes. Because neither extraversion

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or neuroticism changed over time (four years of study), these results are

consistent with the gravitational hypothesis that people higher in

extraversion and lower in neuroticism are attracted to university sports.

Slabbert and Ukpere (2010) Rugby and football (soccer) are both

international sports, and economic entities in their own right, as

evidenced by the growth in attendance and television viewership at the

respective World Cups. The issue of sport as catharsis, or conversely, as

aggression-generating event, has always been controversial. In order to

assess the orientation of rugby and football spectators towards violence,

404 spectators were surveyed. Results indicate significant differences

between rugby and football spectators, with football spectators exhibiting

higher levels of aggression towards the referee and opposing players. It

emerged that the concept of sport as catharsis is not a reality when the

spectators’ side loses a match. A call is made for extensive education of

all role players in football if the sport is not to be negatively affected.

Khan et al. (2011) compare the psychological variable upon health

beliefs (Health Locus of Control) among female University level athletes.

A total numbers of 100 athletes (50 track athletes and 50 field athletes)

were selected from all India University athletics championship completed

the Multidimensional health locus of control questionnaire containing

measures of study variables, validated inside the country. After

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distributing and collecting the questionnaires among the athletes,

independent sample t-test was used to find out the significance of

difference among the high and low performers female athletes on above

mentioned psychological variables. The findings of the statistical analysis

revealed that high and low performance female athletes show significance

difference (P< 0.05) on internal health locus of control. It has been

observed that there was no difference between powerful health locus of

control and chance health locus of control among high and low

performers’ female athletes.

Kaliba et al. (2011) High external locus of control and readiness to

conjure and believe in mystical powers has a potential in disrupting the

growing small and medium enterprises in Uganda. If small business

operators abdicate their responsibilities to mystical powers, it will worsen

the current low survival rate of start-up businesses. In this study, we use a

multilevel Rasch Rating Scale models to estimate a latent scale for locus

of control and a composite scale that combine three domains: altitude

towards wealth acquisition; paranormal beliefs; and readiness to seek

wealth from mystical powers. Correlation analysis was also conducted to

determine the association between the two latent scales. The data was

collected from a random sample of 60 business operators in Entebbe,

Uganda. Results indicate that low education and religion affiliations were

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determining factor for high external locus of control and readiness to

conjure and believe in mystical powers. Public education through

religious organization is therefore important in addressing these negative

issues that may affect immerging entrepreneurship in

Uganda.

Wolfe (2011) Past studies have shown that internal locus of control

is closely linked to positive outcomes in life, such as sport performance,

job performance, happiness, and socio-economic status. To understand

the relationship between locus of control and academic success at the

college level, freshmen psychology students at the University of

Minnesota Duluth (UMD) were first tested using Rotter’s Locus of

Control Inventory Scale, then performed a task, and finally completed a

follow-up survey. The hypothesis for this study was that locus of control

orientation will change over time from pre-test locus of control scores to

post-test locus of control scores depending on the quality of feedback

received on the post-test. Reactions to the feedback quality (positive,

negative, or neutral) will be distinguished to determine whether positive

and negative feedback has differential effects on locus of control. Results

indicate that locus of control orientation did not change based on the

quality of post-test feedback.

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Ramirez (2008) reviews the results of two decades of research on

moral approval of aggressive acts conducted in several countries with

different religious and cultural backgrounds. A nationally-adapted version

of the Lagerspetz and Westman questionnaire was administered to

university students in Finland, Poland, Spain, Japan, Iran and India.

Respondents had to indicate levels of justification of several aggressive

acts of different quality and intensity in the context of different social

justifications. Although slight method variations preclude the possibility

of direct comparison, the pattern of effects in the different countries leads

to interesting conclusions. In all countries: more drastic forms of

aggression (e.g., killing, torture) are less accepted than non-dangerous

forms of such behavior (e.g., hindering, being ironic); and aggressive acts

that are socially justified (in terms of protection of self or other) are

clearly more accepted than ones with no such justification (problems of

communication). However, there are also some striking differences

among the samples studied. Thus, patterns of moral approval of various

kinds of aggressive acts are only to some extent common to most

cultures, while there are some culturally bound differences in these

attitudes.

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METHODOLOGY

SAMPLE:

For the present study 200 Sample will be selected from Andhra Pradesh State

in Boxing, Wrestling, Taekwondo and Judo. The effective sample consisted of 200

subjects, out of whom 100 subjects will be Senior and 100 subjects will be Junior

which also includes Urban and Rural Combat Sports Persons.

The age range of subjects will be juniors less than 19 Years and seniors are Above 19

Years. And Non- probability accidental and purposive sampling will be used.

TOOLS:

Aggression Scale. (A scale):

This test is developed and standardized by Km Roma Pal and Mrs. Tasneem

Naqvi. The test consisted of 30 Items and Five Alternatives. The reliability coefficient

of the test was found 0.82.

NEO Personality Scale:

This test is developed and standardized by Costa and McCrea (1989) the 60

items are rated on a five point scale. The NEO-FFI has a grade six reading level. The

subjects were required to respond to each item in terms of “Strongly disagree” ,

“Disagree”, “Neutral”, “Agree”, “strongly agree”. Reliability and Validity Internal

consistency coefficients range from .86 to .95 for domain scales, and from .56 to .90

for facet scales. Stability coefficients ranging from .51 to .83 have been found in

three-year, six-year, and seven-year longitudinal studies of the original NEO-PI

factors. The NEO PI-R has been validated against other personality inventories and

projective techniques. 20

Rotters Locus of Control Scale:

This test is constructed and standardized by Dr.Anand Kumar and Dr.

S.N.Srivastava. Internal Vs external locus of control scales was used this scale the

test consist of 29 questions. This highly reliable and valid tool, for measuring Locus

of Control.

PROCEDURES OF DATA COLLECTION:

For data collection first permission has been taken from respective sources,

each of the three instruments will be administered individuals as well as a small

group. While collecting the data for the study the later approaches will be adopted.

The subjects will be called in a small group of 20 to 25 subjects and there seating

arrangements will be made in a classroom. Prior to administration of test, through

informal talk appropriate rapport form. Following the instructions and procedure

suggested by the author of the tests. The tests will be administered and a field copy of

each test will be collected. Following the same procedure, the whole data will be

collected. And the information is used for research purpose only.

RESEARCH DESIGN: 2x2 Factorial Designs will be used.

400 Combat Sports Persons

Senior (100) Junior (100)

Urban Rural Urban Rural (50) (50) (50) (50)

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Combat Sports Persons

Senior (A1) Junior (A2)

Urban (B1) Rural (B2) Urban (B1) Rural (B2)

50 50 50 50

A1B1 = Combat sports persons being urban A2B1 = Junior Combat sports persons

being urban

A1B2 = Senior Combat sports persons being rural A2B2 = Junior Combat sports

persons being rural

STATISTICAL TREATMENT:

Post statistical analysis 1) descriptive statistic will be used. 2) Inferential

State will be used for studying the differences among groups. Two Way ANOVA s

Factorial Design will be used.

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ReferencesEagleton, J.R.; McKelvie, S.J.; and De, Man A. (2007). Extraversion and

neuroticism in team sport participants, individual sport participants,

and nonparticipants. Percept Mot Skills. 105(1):265-75.

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Mr. K. R. Steven Dr. Bhaskar D. Salvi

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Research Scholar Research Guide

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