agenda – 2/5 · agenda – 2/5 author: pool, emily created date: 2/13/2020 3:16:02 pm
TRANSCRIPT
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Agenda – 2/13
•Questions about the research paper?
•The Enlightenment!
•HW: research paper is due TOMORROW!
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Political change
• A lot of things are changing in Europe from the 1400s to the 1700s. What factors – tangible or intangible - will contribute to political change?
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Political change
• A lot of things are changing in Europe from the 1400s to the 1700s. What factors – tangible or intangible - will contribute to political change?
– Humanism! Individualism! Printing press! New ideas in general! Truth and logic! The general trend of calling out corruption!
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Early Modern Europeans challenged power in all areas.
Art! (The
Renaissance)
Religion! (The
Protestant Reformation)
Government! (The
Enlightenment)
Science! (The Scientific
Revolution)
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Enlightenment Philosophers!
New ideas in government!
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“Age of Reason,” aka The Enlightenment
• The Enlightenment philosophes agreed that new truths can be discovered by using logic and reason. This happened because….– Renaissance rise of humanism and
education
– Protestant Reformation questioned Church and explored new ideas and teaching; literacy
– Exploration new lands, new trade routes, “new things”
– Absolutism kings were only concerned with themselves; lavish spending; neglect of nation’s people
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“State of Nature”
• The state of nature is the hypothetical condition of what the lives of people might have been like before societies came into existence.– How do you think people would behave?
• *hey! These philosophies might sound similar to things we’ve talked about in the past! Get ready to synthesize!
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Thomas Hobbes
• Leviathan
• State of nature: humans are terrible
• “Life is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.”
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Thomas Hobbes
• Absolute power to maintain order
– (influenced by blood and chaos from English Civil War)
• Surrender your rights and power to a king who will provide law and order
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John Locke
• State of nature: humans are reasonable
• Natural rights (life, liberty, property)
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John Locke
• Natural rights (life, liberty, property)
• People can overthrow governments that don’t protect natural rights
• Supported limited or constitutional monarchy
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Quick discussion: Whom do you agree with?
Hobbes
• People are naturally selfish and act out of self-interest
• Without strong government control, society would be chaotic
• People are like children and need a strong “father” to keep them in line
Locke
• People are reasonable and make decisions
• Freedom and liberty are more important than order and safety
• People should be able to overthrow kings who abuse their power
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Voltaire
• Called out corruption in the Catholic Church and in the government
– Was jailed many times
– Wrote under a pen name
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Voltaire
• Freedom of speech and religion
– Criticized intolerance, prejudice, and oppression
• “I may disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.”
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Quick discussion:When, if ever, should freedom
of speech be restricted?
• Consider:
– school
– TV/radio
– wartime
– etc.
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Baron de Montesquieu
• Separation of powers
– Too much power leads to tyranny
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Baron de Montesquieu
• Three branches of government
• Checks and balances
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau
• Individual freedom
• State of nature: humans are good
– Society, power, etccorrupts them
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau
• “Man is born free, but everywhere he is in chains.”
• In order for people to live their best lives, they should retreat to a place without corruption
• Gov: direct democracy
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Which form of government is better? Support your answer with evidence.
Separation of powers?
• Take power from one king and divide it among 3 branches of government
Direct democracy?
• Let the people make decisions directly to ensure that the majority gets what they want
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Which form of government is better for a large, heterogeneous nation?
Separation of powers?
• Take power from one king and divide it among 3 branches of government
Direct democracy?
• Let the people make decisions directly to ensure that the majority gets what they want
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Cesare Beccaria
• Italian criminologist
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Cesare Beccaria
• “On Crime and Punishments” (1764), published anonymously
• Laws should preserve justice, not be vengeful
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Cesare Beccaria
• Anti torture
• Degree of punishment should fit the crime
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Quick discussion
• What would Beccaria think about Hammurabi’s Code?
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Mary Wollstonecraft
• Hey! Women are important, too!
• Strong advocate for women’s rights
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Mary Wollstonecraft
• A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792)
• Women are not naturally inferior to men, but appear to be only because they lack education
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Enlightenment closure• Choose a current issue faced by the
United States. How would one (or two!) specific Enlightenment philosophers feel about that issue? Why? – This can be shown and completed in
multiple ways: • A comic strip
• A storyboard
• A political cartoon
• A couple of body paragraphs