soxumis saxelmwifo universiteti humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti

zaza wurwumia

afxazeTi ruseT-osmaleTis urTierTobebSi

(XVs. II nax. – XXs. I meoTxedi)

sakvalifikacio naSromi istoriis doqtoris /Ph.D/

akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad

samecniero xelmZRvanelebi:

istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori,

profesori mixeil svaniZe

istoriis doqtori, asocirebuli profesori

beJan xorava

T b i l i s i _ 2 0 0 9

2

S i n a a r s i

Sesavali ......................................................................................................................................................................... 3

T a v i I. osmaleTis politika afxazeTSi. XVs. II naxevari – XVIIIs. ........ 12

§1. osmaleTis eqspansia afxazeTSi. XVs. II naxevari _ XVIIs. ...................... 12 §2. osmaleTis politikuri gabatoneba afxazeTSi XVIII saukuneSi ......... 29

T a v i II. ruseT-osmaleTis brZola afxazeTisaTvis XIXs. I naxevarSi da yirimis omi ............................................................................................................... 46

§1. afxazeTis Sesvla ruseTis imperiis mfarvelobaSi ........................................ 46 §2. osmalofiluri jgufis brZola xelisuflebisaTvis afxazeTSi XIXs. I mesamedSi ...................................................................................................................................... 63

§3. afxazeTi yirimis omis periodSi (1853-1856ww.) ........................................................ 91

T a v i III. ruseT-osmaleTis brZola afxazeTisaTvis XIXs. II naxevarsa da XXs. I meoTxedSi .......................................................................................................122 §1. afxazeTis samTavros gauqmeba da afxazTa 1867 wlis muhajiroba ...................................................................................................................................................... 122 §2. ruseT-osmaleTis 1877-1878 wlebis omi da afxazeTi ..................................... 136 §3. afxazeTi osmaleTis imperiis sagareo politikaSi (XXs. I meoTxedi) ...................................................................................................................................... 148

d a s k v n a ......................................................................................................................................................... 165 damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura .................................................................................... 168 Semoklebani .................................................................................................................................................. 181

3

Sesavali

saqarTvelos uZvelesi da ganuyofeli kuTxis – afxazeTis istoria,

erTiani saqarTvelos samefos daSlidan saqarTvelos demokratiuli res-

publikis SemadgenlobaSi avtonomiuri erTeulis saxiT Sesvlamde, dakav-

Sirebulia saqarTvelos ori didi da agresiuli mezoblis _ ruseTisa

da osmaleTis imperiebis afxazeTSi, iseve rogorc mTlianad saqarTvelo-

Si, damkvidrebisa da kavkasiaSi gabatonebis miswrafebebTan.

naSromis qronologiuri CarCoebis gansazRvrisas gaTvaliswinebulia

periodi XVs. meore naxevridan, roca daiSala saqarTvelos erTiani sa-

mefo da imave xanebSi Camoyalibda osmaleTis imperia, XXs. pirvel me-

oTxedamde, roca daiSalnen ruseTisa da osmaleTis imperiebi, xolo

afxazeTi saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis SemadgenlobaSi Se-

vida, rogorc misi avtonomiuri erTeuli. XVs. meore naxevridan daiwyo

osmaleTis eqspansia afxazeTSi, rac XVIII saukuneSi misi samxedro-

politikuri gabatonebiT dasrulda. ruseTis mfarvelobaSi afxazeTis

Sesvlis Semdeg, XIX saukuneSi, osmaleTi cdilobda Zveli gavlenis

dabrunebas da ebrZoda ruseTs afxazeTSi, rogorc osmalofiluri daj-

gufebebis saSualebiT aseve, pirdapiri samxedro intervenciebis gziT. sa-

qarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdeg, 1918w. afxazeTSi osma-

luri samxedro intervenciisa da rusuli bolSevikuri reJimis

damyarebis mcdelobebi ganxorcielda, rac saqarTvelos demokratiulma

respublikam samxedro Zalis gamoyenebiT aRkveTa.

XVs. meore naxevarSi, erTiani saqarTvelos samefos daSlis pro-

cesTan erTad ukiduresad damZimda qveynis sagareo-politikuri viTareba.

1453w. qristianuli bizantiis imperia daemxo da misi adgili daikava

osmaleTis muslimanurma saxelmwifom.

saqarTvelos mefe-mTavrebma, miuxedavad qveyanaSi mimdinare mZafri

Sida ganxeTqilebisa, SeZles gaerTianebuliyvnen da monawileoba mieRoT

antiosmalur koaliciaSi, romelic romis papis iniciativiT, evropisa da

axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebis gaerTianebas isaxavda miznad. evropis qve-

ynebis meTaurTa uaris gamo, antiosmaluri koalicia ver Sedga. saqarTve-

los mefe-mTavrebis antiosmaluri koaliciis SeqmnaSi aqtiuri monawile-

4

oba ganpirobebuli iyo im safrTxiT, rasac axali da agresiuli mezobe-

li osmaleTi warmoadgenda. es safrTxe naTlad gamoCnda konstantinopo-

lis aRebidan meore welsve, rodesac osmalTa floti Tavs daesxa saqa-

rTvelos Savi zRvis sanapiroze q. cxums, (soxumi), aaoxra da gaZarcva qa-

laqi da afxazeTis sanapiro zoli. amrigad, saqarTvelos es kuTxe pirve-

li gaxda osmalTa agresiis msxverpli.

Savi zRvis afxazeTis sanapiroze gabatonebas osmaleTi ukavSirebda

Tavis politikas, romlis Semadgenel nawilad ganixileboda am zRvis

`osmaleTis Sida tbad‘‘ gadaqceva. soxumze Tavdasxmis, yirimis saxanos

damorCilebisa da Savi zRvis regionidan genuelebis gaZevebis Sedegad

osmaleTma saqarTvelos evropasTan damakavSirebeli es gza mouspo. swo-

red am periodSi, XVs. 70-iani wlebisaTvis, pirvelad gamoCnda qarTuli

samyarosagan `afxazTa gaucxoebis‘‘ kvali, rac Semdegnairad aris

aRwerili `mcnebaÁ sasjuloSi‘‘ : `afxazeTi qristeanobisagan sruliad mi-

drekil iyunes‘‘ [22, 222].

afxazeTSi politikuri, socialuri da eTnikuri viTarebis Secvlis

dasawyisi gamowveuli iyo qarTuli, qristianuli centraluri xelisu-

flebis moSliT, riTac sargeblobda osmaleTis imperia da xels uwyo-

bda, aqezebda da warmarTavda afxazeTis mezobeli mTis tomebis agresias

saqarTveloze. afxazTa erisTavi SarvaSiZe, antiosmaluri koaliciis Se-

qmnis procesSi gverdiT edga erTiani saqarTvelos mefe giorgi VIII. anti-

osmaluri koaliciis warumateblobisa da erTiani qveynis daSlis Semdeg,

afxazTa erisTavi da misi sagamgeblo, mezobeli mTielebis_jiqebis Semo-

sevebs ver umklavdeba da maTi samxedro-politikuri da eTnikur-

kulturuli gavlenis qveS eqceva.

osmalTa waqezebiT mTielTa Semosevebis dasawyisSi, Tanamedrove

afxazeTis teritoriis udidesi nawili odiSis samTavros Semadgenloba-

Si Sedioda. XVIs. odiSis samTavro Zlier politikur erTeuls war-

moadgenda, romlis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda q. cxumi da CrdiloeTiT sa-

zRvari md. fsircxaze gadioda. SarvaSiZeTa qarTuli feodaluri saxlis

mflobelobaSi myofi afxazeTis saerisTavo, romlis teritoria md.

fsircxidan gagris viwroebamde vrceldeboda, odiSis mTavar dadianTan

vasalur damokidebulebaSi imyofeboda. osmalTa saqarTveloze agresiis

5

mniSvnelovan mimarTulebas warmoadgenda afxazeTisa da odiSis winaaR-

mdeg, Crdilo-dasavleTidan jiqebis marbieli laSqrobebis waqezeba da

organizeba. osmaleTma yirimis saxanoSi gabatonebasTan erTad anapa dai-

kava da amgvarad dasavleT kavkasiaSi eqspansiisaTvis mniSvnelovani baza

Seiqmna. kavkasieli mTielebis dasavleT saqarTveloze Tavdasxmebis mi-

zani mxolod Zarcva da nadavli tyveebis gayidva ar iyo. osmalTa mxar-

daWeriT iwyeba dasavleT kavkasiis mTis tomebis Camowola afxazeTSi da

brZola aq teritoriebis dasakuTrebisaTvis. osmaleTi cdilobda myari

samxedro-politikuri baza Seeqmna dasavleT saqarTveloSi. am mizniT da-

arsda 1578w. soxumSi osmaluri samxedro-politikuri erTeuli _soxumis

sabeglarbego. 1579w. osmalebma foTSi qvis cixe aages. [180, 41].

osmalTagan afxazeTisa da odiSis dacvas dadianTa samTavro saxli

meTaurobda. osmalebisgan waqezebuli jiqebis Semotevebis sapasuxod,

qarTvelebi osmaleTis mosazRvre provinciebs arbevdnen [188, 11-12]. jiqe-

bis Semotevebi afxazeTsa da odiSze imdenad Zlieri iyo, rom odiSis

mTavrebi iZulebulni Seiqnen, osmaleTisaTvis eTxovaT daxmareba da sa-

bolood jiqebis Semosevebis SeCerebis sanacvlod, osmaleTisagan mfarve-

loba mieRoT da sulTnis uzenaesoba eRiarebinaT [94, 46].

XVIIs. 10-ian wlebSi, afxazebma isargebles odiSis samTavroSi

rTuli Sidapolitikuri viTarebiT da gaTavisufldnen dadianTagan va-

saluri damokidebulebisagan. Aamgvarad Camoayalibda calke afxazeTis

samTavro centriT zufuSi (lixni). afxazeTi, rogorc vasalur damokide-

bulebaSi myofi qveyana, osmaleTs suladobriv gadasaxads ,,xarajas‘‘ ux-

dida [120, 273]. afxazeTi, rogorc damoukidebeli erTeuli uxdida xarks

osmaleTis sulTans, es niSnavda, rom afxazeTs osmaleTi ukve calke

qveynad aRiarebda.

XVII saukunis ganmavlobaSi, afxazTa samTavro odiSis xarjze afar-

Toebs Tavis teritorias. dasavleT saqarTveloSi gabatonebulma anar-

qiam, mudmivma Sinaomebma da masSi osmaleTis CarTvam, odiSis dasustebam,

afxazeTis samTavros SesaZlebloba misca odiSis xarjze gaefarToebina

sakuTari teritoria. XVIIs. miwurulisaTvis afxazeTis samTavros sazRva-

ri md. engurze gadioda. dasavleT saqarTveloSi XVIIs. damlevs mimdina-

re feodaluri SinaomebiT isargebla osmaleTma da foTisa da soxumis

6

cixeebi gaaZliera. 1701w. osmaleTis imperiis umniSvnelovanes samxedro-

sazRvao bazebs Soris moixsenieba foTisa da soxumis cixeebi [123, 62].

XVIIIs. osmaleTi aRwevs Tavis mizans _ qmnis afxazeTSi mZlavr da-

sayrdens, samxedro bazas soxumis cixis (soxum-kale) saxiT da afxazeTis

samTavro saxlze Tavis politikur batonobas amyarebs [193, 129].

XVIIIs. 80-iani wlebidan kavkasia da gansakuTrebiT, saqarTvelo os-

maleTis imperiis sagareo politikaSi umniSvnelovanes adgils ikavebs,

rac gamowveuli iyo ruseTis mier yirimis saxanos dapyrobisa da aRmo-

savleT saqarTvelos (qarTl-kaxeTis samefos) ruseTis imperiis mfarve-

lobaSi SesvliT. ruseTis Semosvlam saqarTveloSi safrTxe Seuqmna os-

maleTis interesebs afxazeTSic. osmaleTma afxazeTSi mtkice placdar-

mis Sesaqmnelad Tavis vasal qeleS-beis soxumis osmaleTis samxedro-

sazRvao bazad gadaqceva daavala. osmaleTis sulTnis selim III brZane-

biT soxumSi daarsda gemTsaSeni, sadac qeleS-beis xelmZRvanelobiT os-

maluri flotisaTvis samxedro gemebis mSenebloba daiwyo [185, 7-9].

dasavleT saqarTveloSi ruseTis damkvidrebis kvaldakval, afxaze-

Tis samTavro saxlSi osmaluri da rusuli orientaciis dajgufebebs

Soris Sidadapirispireba gamwvavda. qeleS-bei, romelic cdilobda Seec-

vala Tavisi politika da ruseTis mfarveloba mieRo, Svilma, osmaleTis

momxre muslimanma aslan-beim mokla da gamTavrebas Seecada. ruseTis xe-

lisuflebam amis sapirispirod afxazeTSi qeleS-beis qristiani Svili gi-

orgi SarvaSiZe (safar-bei) gaamTavra da afxazeTis samTavro Tavis mfar-

velobaSi miiRo. 1810w. ivlisSi ruseTis samxedro nawilma soxumis cixe

SturmiT aiRo, agvistoSi ki giorgi SarvaSiZem ruseTis imperiisadmi erT-

gulebis ficis teqsts xeli moawera. es faqti afxazeTis samTavros ru-

seTis imperiis mfarvelobaSi Sesvlas niSnavda [30, 425].

osmaleTi ar cnobda afxazeTis ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi Sesvlas da

mxareSi sakuTari batonobis aRsadgenad aiaraRebda, fuliTa da politi-

kuri mxardaWeriT warmarTavda Tavisi agentis, aslan-beis brZolas ruse-

Tis winaaRmdeg. osmaleTis momxre dajgufebis brZola xelisuflebisa-

Tvis afxazeTSi XIXs. pirvel mesamedSi marcxiT damTavrda, rasac ganapi-

robebda ruseTis gamarjveba osmaleTTan omebSi. 1829w. dadebuli adria-

nopolis zavis Tanaxmad, osmaleTma afxazeTi da masTan erTad dasavleT

7

kavkasia ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi cno [88, 282-283]. ruseTis Semadgenlo-

baSi formaluri cnobis miuxedavad, osmaleTs afxazeTze xeli ar auRia.

osmaleTis pretenziebs afxazeTze da dasavleT kavkasiaze xels uwyobda

inglisi. stambolSi inglisis saelCo dasavleT kavkasiasa da afxazeTSi

antirusuli gamosvlebis organizebas eweoda. inglisel diplomatTa da

mzveravTa TaosnobiT, 1830w. stambolSi Camoyalibda ,,Cerqezuli politi-

kuri centri‘‘, romelsac rusebTan mebrZoli kavkasiis mTielebisaTvis sa-

erTo politikuri da samxedro xelmZRvaneloba unda gaewia [181, 93].

XIXs. meore naxevarSi, ruseT-osmaleTis ori omis dros, sabrZolo

moqmedebebi afxazeTis teritoriazec mimdinareobda. soxumi yirimis omis

dros (1853-1856ww.) osmalTa saeqspedicio korpusis bazad iqca, sadac os-

maleTis armiis mTavarsardali, omer faSa, ,,Cerqezuli politikuri cen-

tris‘‘ warmomadgeneli, zanuyo sefer bei da Samilis naibi, muhamed emini,

dasavleT kavkasiis mTielTa Sekrebasa da erToblivi ZalebiT Tbilisi-

saken galaSqrebas gegmavdnen. kavkasiis omis damTavrebis Semdeg, 1864w.

ruseTma afxazeTis samTavro gaauqma da mTavari ruseTSi gadaasaxla.

1867w. muhajirobis Sedegad, rac antirusuli ajanyebis damarcxebas

mohyva, samSoblo 20 aTasamde afxazma datova [111, 72-73].

afxazTa meore masobrivi gadasaxleba ganxorcielda 1877w. rodesac

afxazi mosaxleobis didma nawilma mxari dauWira ruseT-osmaleTis omis

dros afxazeTSi gadmomsxdar osmalur desants. 1877w. gadasaxlda 30

aTasze meti afxazi [137, 396].

pirveli msoflio omis (1914-1918ww.) dros, osmaleTis xelisufleba

gegmavda afxazeTSi samxedro SeWras aq placdarmis Seqmnis mizniT. osma-

leTi miznad isaxavda afxazeTis, CrdiloeT kavkasiasTan erTad, osmale-

Tis proteqtoratis qveS CrdiloeT kavkasiis islamur saxelmwifoSi ga-

erTianebas, romelic ruseTis winaaRmdeg iqneboda mimarTuli [57, 6]. afxa-

zeTSi arsebuli osmaluri orientaciis gavleniani dajgufeba kavSirSi

iyo rus bolSevikebTan. es ori dajgufeba, rogorc damoukideblad, aseve

koordinirebulad, ibrZoda Tbilisis centraluri xelisuflebis

winaaRmdeg. saqarTvelos demokratiulma respublikam 1918w. afxazeTSi

samxedro ZaliT CaSala rogorc Turqofili, aseve bolSeviki sepa-

ratistebis gegmebi. afxazeTi saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis

8

SemadgenlobaSi Sevida avtonomiuri erTeulis saxiT [2, 36]. 1920w. 7 maiss

sabWoTa ruseTma cno saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika. 1921w. 8 Te-

bervals saqarTvelo cno TurqeTis didi erovnuli krebis mTavrobam da

masTan diplomatiuri urTierToba daamyara. [88, 396]

afxazeTis, rogorc saqarTvelos Semadgeneli nawilis, adgili ru-

seT_osmaleTis urTierTobebSi, calke kvlevis sagani ar yofila. Aam ga-

remoebam da afxazeTis sakiTxis arsebulma aqtualobam ganapiroba aRniS-

nuli Temis arCeva. saistorio mecnierebis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove eta-

pma da ucxour wyaroebze muSaobam SesaZlebloba mogca, axleburad gag-

veazrebina afxazeTis adgili ruseT_osmaleTis urTierTobebSi.

winamdebare naSromSi gamoyenebulia dokumenturi masalebi saqarTve-

los xelnawerTa erovnuli centrisa [27. 1_27. 3] da centraluri saxel-

mwifo saistorio arqividan [18. 1_18. 9]. qarTuli dokumenturi wyaroebis

nawili gamoqveynebulia i. doliZis [21; 22]. S. burjanaZis [16], j. gamaxa-

rias [26] mier. CvenTvis saintereso masalebi gamoqveynebulia kavkasiis ar-

qeografiuli komisiis mier [28; 29; 30; 31; 32; 33; 34; 35; 36; 37; 38; 39].

qarTuli naratiuli wyaroebidan aRsaniSnavia ,,cxovreba saqarTve-

loisa‘‘ (parizis qronika) [25], vaxuSti batoniSvilis ,,aRwera samefosa

saqarTvelosa~ [3] da niko dadianis ,,qarTvelT cxovreba~ [6].

aRsaniSnavia osmaluri dokumenturi da naratiuli wyaroebi. Cvens mi-

er mikvleul iqna TurqeTis republikis premier_ministris saxelmwifo

arqivebis departamentis osmalur arqivSi daculi dokumentebi, romlebic

mniSvnelovan da manamde ucnob cnobebs Seicaven afxazeTSi osmaleTis

politikuri gavlenis, afxazeTis samTavro saxlSi osmaluri da rusuli

orientaciis dajgufebebis brZolis, ruseT-osmaleTis omebis dros afxa-

zeTSi ganviTarebuli movlenebisa da afxazeTSi osmaluri samxedro in-

tervenciebis mzadebis periodebis Sesaxeb [58. 1 - 58. 17].

CvenTvis saintereso periodis Sesaxeb osmaluri wyaroebi Seswavlili

da gamoqveynebulia s. jiqias [117], n. Sengelias [14; 99; 100; 169], c. abula-

Zis [8], g. alasanias [19] mier. aRsaniSnavia Sua saukuneebis osmalo avto-

rebi, romelTa SromebSi mniSvnelovani masalaa daculi afxazeTis Sesa-

xeb. XVIIs. osmaluri naratiuli wyaroebidan aRsaniSnavia evlia Celebisa

(XVIIs. Suaxanebi) [7] da mehmed raSidis (XVIIIs. dasawyisi) [13] Txzulebebi,

9

romlebic mniSvnelovan cnobebs Seicaven afxazeT_osmaleTis urTierTo-

bebis, afxazeTSi muslimanuri religiis gavrcelebis, osmaluri samxedro

garnizonebis winaaRmdeg afxazTa brZolis Sesaxeb.

CvenTvis saintereso periodis afxazeTze da mTlianad saqarTveloSi

mimdinare procesebze cnobebs gvawvdian bizantieli da evropeli elCebi,

mogzaurebi da misionerebi: giorgi sfranZesi (XVs. Suaxanebi) [17], a. lam-

berti (XVIIs. I nax.) [10], J. Sardeni (1672w.) [24], J. f. gamba [5], diubua de

monpere (XIXs. 20-30-iani wlebi) [42], eduard aixvaldi [1] da j. s. beli

(XIXs. I mesamedi) [56].

aRniSnuli periodis evropuli da Turquli wyaroebi afxazeTis Se-

saxeb ganxilulia m. TamaraSvilis [73], i. tabaRuas [91; 92; 93; 94], l. tar-

dis [95], e. mamisTvaliSvilis [80], T. beraZis [123], m. svaniZis [88; 89] d. pai-

WaZis naSromebSi [83]. 1917-1920ww. afxazeTSi mimdinare sazogadoebriv-po-

litikuri procesebis, osmaluri da rusuli orientaciis politikuri da-

jgufebebis saqmianobis Sesaxeb mniSvnelovani cnobebi mocemulia a. Wo-

Wuas [53], m. tarnavas [50], e. eSbas [171], n. lakobas [152] memuarebsa da naS-

romebSi. saqarTvelo_osmaleTis urTierTobebis sakiTxebi mocemulia g.

mazniaSvilisa [11] da S. maRlakeliZis [12] mogonebebSi. aRsaniSnavia afxa-

zuri warmoSobis Turqi sazogado moRvawis, mustafa butbais ,,mogonebebi

kavkasiaze‘‘, romelSic daculia mniSvnelovani cnobebi stambolSi moqmed

Cerqez da afxaz muhajirTa politikuri sazogadoebebis kavSirebze afxa-

zeTTan [57]. osmaleTis afxazeTSi gatarebuli politikis Taobaze mniSv-

nelovan cnobebs gvawvdian Turqi istorikosebi ahmed jevdeT faSa [178],

enver zia karali [185], fahreTin kirzioRlu [188], ismail hami daniSmendi

[180], ismail hakki uzunCarSili [193], jemal gokCe [182], ismail berkoki

[175], ahmed janbeki [179], m. sadik bilge [174], hairi ersoi, aisun kamaji

[181], hanefi bostani [177] da halil inaljiki [184]. maT naSromebSi moyvani-

lia osmaluri dokumentebi TurqeTis respublikis arqivebidan, romelTa

nawili Cvens mier aris Semotanili qarTul istoriografiaSi. Turqi is-

torikosebis naSromebi did interess warmoadgenen afxazeTis istoriis

kvlevisaTvis.

mniSvnelovan cnobebs Seicavs XIXs. afxazeTsa da dasavleT kav-

kasiaSi ruseT-osmaleTis urTierTobebis, maTSi evropis qveynebisa da

10

gansakuTrebiT inglisis monawileobis Sesaxeb v. e. d. alenis, p. murato-

vis [173] da b. habiCoRlus [183] naSromebi.

aqamde specialuri kvlevis sagani ar gamxdara afxazeTis roli da

adgili kavkasiaSi mimdinare ruseT-osmaleTis dapirispirebaSi. amasTan

aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTveli da afxazi istorikosebis, n. berZeniSvilis

[63; 64; 65], ir. anTelavas [119], z. anCabaZisa [120; 121] da g. ZiZarias [134; 135;

136; 138; 139] SromebSi mravlad aris CvenTvis saintereso cnobebi afxazeT-

Si osmaluri da rusuli gavlenebisa da politikuri brZolis Sesaxeb.

yirimis omis periodSi (1853-1856ww.) afxazeTis samTavroSi mimdinare

procesebis, afxazeTSi osmaluri samxedro okupaciis sakiTxebi ganxilu-

lia k. borozdinis [4], d. afanasievis [122], e. tarles [164], e. burWulaZis

[66; 127], x. ibragimbeilis [145], s. buSuevis [129; 130], n. kiniapinas [150], n. ki-

niapina, m. blievi, m. degoevis [151], m. bogdanoviCis [126], n. TakalanZis [72]

naSromebSi. afxazeTSi mTavris xelisuflebis gauqmebis, antirusuli

gamosvlebisa da Sedegad afxazeTis mosaxleobis muhajirobis sakiTxebi

ganxilulia, g. ZiZarias [133; 137], b. xoravas [111], a. zisermanis [143, 144], s.

esaZis [170], s. janaSias [116], ad. berJes [125], a. saidamis [192], n. smirnovis

[163], o. alpaslanis [172] naSromebSi.

1877-1878 ww. ruseT_osmaleTis omis dros, afxazeTSi momxdari mov-

lenebi ganxiluli aqvT Tavis naSromebSi S. megreliZes [82; 155], b. axvle-

dians [60], a. diaCkov-tarasovs [141], a. vereSagins [131], a. kurats [189], qe-

mal h. karpats [196]. es Tema ganxilulia rusul samxedro literaturaSi,

qarTul da rusul periodul gamocemebSi ,,droeba” [197. 1_197. 5], ,,Кавказ‘‘

[198. 1_198. 3], ,,Тифлисский Вестник‘‘ [199], ,,Голос‘‘ [201].

pirveli msoflio omis dasawyisSi, 1914w. osmaleTis mxridan afxa-

zeTSi samxedro desantis gadasxmis mzadebis, 1918w. afxazeTSi osmaluri

desantis gadmosxmis, osmaleTis xelisuflebis afxazeTTan dakavSire-

buli samxedro-politikuri gegmebis sakiTxebs exebian Turqi istoriko-

sebi s. beioRlu [176], v. keleSilmazi [186; 187], i. kurtjefhe [190] da ser-

pil ilmazi [194]. aRsaniSnavia, rom v. keleSilmazs mohyavs osmaluri

saarqivo dokumentebi, romlebSic naCvenebia, rogor CaSala ,,saqarTvelos

damoukideblobis komitetma‘‘ osmaluri samxedro sardlobis gegma afxa-

zeTSi 1914w. desantis gadasxmasTan dakavSirebiT. serpil ilmazis naSrom-

11

Si ki moyvanilia 1918w. ivnisis damlevs, afxazeTSi ganxorcielebuli os-

maluri desantis garSemo, osmaleTisa da misi mokavSireebis _ germaniisa

da avstria-ungreTis poziciis amsaxveli saarqivo dokumentebi. am peri-

odis CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxebs exebian TavianT naSromebSi z. batia-

Svili [61], levan uruSaZe [97], a. surgulaZe [90], a. menTeSaSvili [156; 157],

g. paiWaZe [160], d. Citaia [101].

afxazeTis, iseve rogorc dasavleT saqarTvelos sxva politikuri

erTeulebis, osmaleTTan urTierTobebis sakiTxebi gaSuqebulia s. ransi-

menis [161], f. brunis [128], q. CxataraiSvilis [103; 104], n. qorTuas [98] naS-

romebSi. afxazeTSi qristianuli da muslimanuri religiebis urTierTqme-

debis sakiTxebi mocemulia j. gamaxarias [68], j. gamaxarias, b. gogias [132]

da g. rogavas [87] naSromebSi. osmaleTis roli afxazeTSi adamianebiT va-

WrobaSi ganxilulia g. kilasonias naSromebSi [75; 76; 77].

afxazeTis politikuri da socialur_ekonomikuri istoriis saki-

Txebi mocemulia iv. javaxiSvilis [114; 115], m. dumbaZis [69], S. burjanaZis

[67], e. burWulaZis [66], v. maWaraZis [81], z. papasqiris [84; 85; 86], b. xoravas

[109; 110; 112; 113], o. ardaSelias [59], b. lominaZis [78], r. lominaZis [79], g.

vaWriZis [70], a. CxeiZis [105], S. Cxetias [106], z. cincaZis [107], z. wurwumias

[108], k. kvaSilavas [74], d. zaqaraias [71], a. tuRuSis [96], s. lakobas [153], n.

dubrovinis [140], a. ioannisianis [146], mixailovski-danilevskis [158], n.

seleznevis [162] naSromebSi.

XIXs. afxazeTSi ruseTis imperiis gabatonebisa da amis Sedegad

Seqmnili socialur_politikuri viTarebis sakiTxebi ganxilulia k. ma-

Wavarianis [154], a. fadeevis [167; 168] TxzulebebSi, rusul saistorio

wyaroebsa da samxedro literaturaSi [39; 40; 41; 43; 44; 46; 47; 48; 51; 52; 54;

55], aseve avtorTa koleqtivis mier Seqmnil ganmazogadebel naSromebSi

[2; 121; 147; 148; 149; 159; 165; 166; 191].

12

T a v i I. osmaleTis politika afxazeTSi. XVs. II naxevari – XVIIIs.

§1. osmaleTis eqspansia afxazeTSi. XVs. II naxevari _ XVIIs.

XVs. I naxevarSi, saqarTvelos samxreTiT, osmaleTis saxelmwifo

TandaTan afarToebda Tavis teritoriebs dauZlurebul bizantiis impe-

riasTan brZolaSi. bizantiis winaaRmdeg warmoebuli brZolebisa da jva-

rosnuli koaliciebis damarcxebis Sedegad, osmaleTma vrceli terito-

riebi SemoierTa rogorc anatoliaSi, ise balkaneTis naxevarkunZulze da

alyaSi moaqcia bizantiis imperiis dedaqalaqi konstantinopoli [89, 15].

bizantiis ukanaskneli keisrebi mxolod konstantinopols da mis Semo-

garens flobdnen. [161, 13].

1448w. bizantiis imperiis taxtze asulma konstantine XI, imperiis ga-

dasarCenad mokavSiris ZiebaSi saqarTvelos an trapizonis samefo karTan

damoyvreba gadawyvita. am mizniT, trapizonis imperiasa da saqarTveloSi

gamoagzavna Tavisi warmomadgeneli da megobari giorgi sfranZesi da

daavala SeerCia misTvis sacole [17, 74]. giorgi sfranZesi pirvelad sa-

qarTveloSi Camovida da saqarTvelos mefe giorgi VIII gamarTa molapa-

rakeba, ris Sedegad saqarTvelos samefo kari daTanxmda dinastiur qor-

winebaze. aRsaniSnavia, rom giorgi VIII bizantiasTan dinastiuri qorwi-

nebis politikuri da samxedro saWiroebidan gamomdinare, qorwinebis Se-

TanxmebaSi ramdenadme Seuferebeli pirobebic ki miiRo, rac sasiZos

mxridan mziTevze uaris TqmasTan iyo dakavSirebuli.GsaqarTvelos mefe

diplomatiurad sayvedurobda bizantiis imperators, samagierod Tavisi

qaliSvilisaTvis atanda mdidrul mziTevs: ,,amas vakeTebT Cven, _ ganumar-

tavda saqarTvelos mefe imperatoris despans, _ ,,rogorc samarcxvinos..

da vaZlev Cems asuls, garda tansacmlisa da WurWlisa misi saWiroebisa-

Tvis, 36 aTas flurs da eqneba kidev yovelwliurad sami aTasi” [17, 80].

bizantiasTan dinastiuri kavSiridan gamomdinare, saqarTvelo iRebda

valdebulebasac, momavalSi osmaleTis winaaRmdeg saerTaSoriso koali-

ciebSi monawileoba mieRo.

konstantinopolSi dabrunebulma sfranZesma imperators urCia, rom

saqarTvelos mefis asulze daqorwinebuliyo. imperatorma miiRo sfranZe-

sis rCeva [17, 84]. es dinastiuri qorwineba 1453w. 29 maiss konstantinopo-

13

lis dacemis gamo ar Sedga. osmalebma qalaqi daipyres da TviT impera-

toric mterTan brZolaSi daiRupa [114, 48].

konstantinopolis aRebis Semdeg osmaleTis imperiam, romelic da-

eufla Savis zRvis sruteebs, samxedro eqspansia mimarTa SavizRvispire-

Tis qveynebis_trapizonis imperiisa da saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg. am qveyne-

bTan savaWro kavSiri hqondaT genuelebs, romelTac XIIIs. ukanasknel

meoTxedSi soxumSi (sebastopolisi), daarses savaWro faqtoria. [62, 22-25].

osmaleTis sulTani mehmed II cdilobda, Savi zRva `osmaleTis tbad~

gadaeqcia, amitom mas surda xelSi Caegdo yirimis naxevarkunZulze mde-

bare q. kafa, romelic genuelTa umniSvnelovanes savaWro centrs warmo-

adgenda. aq osmaleTis sulTnisa da yirimis xanis haji gireis interesebi

erTmaneTs emTxveoda. 1454w. damdegs konstantinopolis dampyrobel sul-

Tan mehmed II da yirimis xans haji gireis Soris daido xelSekruleba,

romlis mixedviT osmalebi genuelebis winaaRmdeg kafaze ieriSs zRvidan

miitandnen, xolo yirimis xani ki maT xmeleTidan Seutevda [88, 57].

osmaleTis sulTani am miznis misaRwevad aucileblad Tvlida mol-

daveTisa da saqarTvelos damorCilebas. konstantinopolis aRebis Sem-

deg, 1454w. zafxulis bolos, mehmed II -s dedaqalaq adrianopolSi (edir-

ne) eaxlnen mezobeli qveynebis elCebi Zvirfasi saCuqrebiT da sulTans

morCileba gamoucxades. saqarTvelosa da moldaveTis warmomadgenlebi

sulTanTan ar gamocxadebulan. mehmed II am qveynebis dasja da morCil-

ebaSi moyvana gadawyvita. saqarTvelosa da moldaveTis sazRvao sanapi-

roebze ganlagebuli iyo genuelTa savaWro faqtoriebi. sulTani maTze

TavdasxmiT or mizans miaRwevda: daimorCilebda rogorc am qveynebis gam-

geblebs, aseve genuelTa savaWro faqtoriebs [88, 58]. konstantinopolis

dapyrobam osmalebs naTlad daanaxa SavizRvispireTis mTlianad damorCi-

lebis aucileblobac. Savi zRvis sruteebis floba osmaleTis xelisu-

flebas mTeli SavizRvispira regionis damorCilebisaken ubiZgebda. osma-

leTis gegmebSi Sedioda am mxareSi genuelTa vaWrobis aRkveTa da sa-

vaWro gzebis mTlianad gakontroleba. yirimis saxanos damorCileba am

gegmis pirveli is nawili iyo, rom osmalebs yirimi regionSi gabatonebi-

saTvis Tavis dasayrdenad unda eqciaT [179, 49].

14

1454w. zafxulis damdegs, 56 gemisagan Semdgari osmaleTis floti

bosforidan gamovida da monkastroze (akermani) miitana ieriSi, Semdeg

osmalebma gezi aRmosavleTisaken, saqarTvelos Savi zRvis sanapirosaken

aiRes [88, 58]. 1454w. zafxulSi, cxumze osmaleTis samxedro sazRvao-flo-

tis ieriSi iyo osmaleTis pirveli Tavdasxma saqarTveloze. osmalebma

aiRes qalaqi cxumi da aaoxres [89, 111]. vaxuSti batoniSvilis cnobiT,

osmalebma `aRaoxrnes da amoswyvidnes cxomi da afxazeTi da zRvis pir-

ni. ukun iqcnen da warvidnen‘‘ [3, 284]. osmalebma daarbies genuelTa savaW-

ro faqtoria, dawves navsadgurSi mdgari genuelTa xomaldi. genuelTa

nawili tyved Cavarda, sxvebma gaqceva SeZles [123, 105].

Turqi istorikosi f. kirzioRlu, aRniSnavs ra 1454w. osmalTa mier

soxumis aRebas, dasavleT saqarTvelos, maT Soris afxazeTis, osmaleTis

imperiis vasalitetis qveS moqcevas ukavSirebs konstantinopolis aRebis

TariRs_1453w. f. kirzioRlu eyrdnoba 1820 wliT daTariRebul dokuments

TurqeTis premier ministris arqividan, romlis Tanaxmad, imave, 1820w.

dasavleT saqarTvelos ajanyebul xalxs Tavisi winamZRolis `dadian-

solomonis‘‘ xelmoweriT gagzavnil daxmarebis TxovnaSi, rusTa dams-

jeli samxedro Zalebis winaaRmdeg saSvelad miumarTavs axalcixis fa-

SasTvis. kirzioRlus mtkicebiT, dokumentSi naTqvamia, rom dasavleT sa-

qarTvelo osmaleTis qveSevrdom qveynad miiCnevs Tavs osmalTa mier

konstantinopolis aRebis dRidan. kirzioRlu aseve aRniSnavs, rom sul-

Tan mehmed II konstantinopolis aRebis Semdeg adrianopolSi saqarTve-

los mflobelebidan “gurieli, megrelebi da afxazebi‘‘ eaxlnen da mor-

Cileba gamoucxades [188, 4-5]. `dadian-solomon~-is saxels imdroindeli

saqarTvelos arcerTi xelisufali ar atarebda, es politikuri mizniT

Sedgenil terminad Cans. f. kirzioRlus mtkiceba, rom saqarTvelos war-

momadgenlebma 1453w. sulTans morCileba gamoucxades, gasaziarebeli ar

aris. es Tundac iqidan Cans, rom saqarTvelos mefe giorgi VIII osmaluri

desantis ganadgurebis mizniT, afxazeTisken gaeSura, magram mters veRar

miuswro. mefem osmalTa Semosevis gamo gaxiznuli mosaxleoba daabruna,

soxumi da cixeebi gaamagra [3, 284]. dabrundnen qalaqidan gaqceuli genue-

lebic. jer kidev 1453w. noemberSi, genuis SavizRvispireTis faqtoriebis

mmarTveli ,,wminda giorgis bankis‘‘ gadawyvetilebiT, sebastopolisSi

15

konsulad dainiSna jerardo pineli. man kafaSi Seityo soxumze osmale-

bis Tavdasxmis Sesaxeb, miuxedavad amisa, mainc Camovida soxumSi da

Seudga Tavisi movaleobebis Sesrulebas, magram osmalTa Tavdasxmidan

erTi wlis Semdeg, 1455w. ivlisSi, genuelebi iZulebulni iyvnen isev

daetovebinaT qalaqi mtris Semosevis Sedegad. jerardo pineli, genueli

proteqtorebisadmi gagzavnil werilSi aRniSnavs, rom qalaqs Tavs da-

esxnen ,,avogazebi‘‘, romlebsac gadawyvetili hqondaT genuelTa datyveve-

ba. pineli iZulebuli Seiqna kafaSi gaxiznuliyo [123., 105-106].

,,avogazebSi‘‘ igulisxmeba ,,afxazebi‘‘ [109, 48]. am dros ,,afxazTa‘‘ to-

mi soxumidan moSorebiT mosaxleobs. qalaqSi Tbilisis centralur xe-

lisuflebas warmoadgens saqarTvelos mefis qveSevrdomi, odiSis mTava-

ri dadiani. soxumze am periodSi dadianis batonobas adastureben XVs.

italiuri wyaroebi, maT Soris sazRvao rukebi, sadac md. kelasuris Se-

sarTavTan, Tanamedrove q. soxumis SesasvlelTan, aRniSnulia samegrelos

porti (Porto Mengrello) [128, 247].

1455w. genuelTa mTavari savaWro faqtoria Sav zRvaze - kafa, osmale-

Tis moxarke gaxda. yirimis xani osmaleTis sulTnis mokavSired rCeboda.

genuelTa poziciebi am regionSi mniSvnelovnad dasustda, xolo osmale-

Tisa gaZlierda [88, 58-59]. osmalTa flotis mier soxumis aRebisa da ka-

fis daxarkvis Semdeg daiwyo afxaz_jiqebis eqspansia soxumis mimarTule-

biT. es ar iyo adgilobrivi afxazuri mosaxleobis ajanyeba genuelTa

winaaRmdeg, aramed ucxo tomis Semoseva alafisa da tyveebis mopovebis

mizniT. es Semoseva odiSis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli, radgan soxumi am

dros odiSis SemadgenlobaSia, SarvaSiZeebi ki afxazTa da jiqTa xelm-

ZRvanelebad Canan [86, 77-79].

osmalTa Semosevisa da afxazeTSi afxaz_jiqTa eqspansiis dawyebis

droisaTvis, XVs. II naxevarSi, Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoria ar war-

moadgenda erTian saxelmwifoebriv erTeuls saqarTvelos samefos Sema-

dgenlobaSi. mocemul periodSi dRevandeli afxazeTis teritoriis udi-

desi nawili qarTveluri tomebiT iyo dasaxlebuli da odiSis Semadgen-

lobaSi Sedioda. cxumi iyo qarTuli qalaqi da warmoadgenda samegre-

los mflobelis erT-erT rezidencias. sakuTriv afxazur tomebsa da

CrdiloeTiT maT mosazRvre da monaTesave jiqebs, afxazeTis saerisTavo

16

ekavaT, romlis samxreTi sazRvari anakofias (axali aToni) ar scildebo-

da. XVs. 60-ian wlebSi, afxazeTis saerisTavo, SarvaSiZeTa sagvareuloTi

saTaveSi, CarTulia saerTo_qarTul movlenebSi. SarvaSiZem mxari dauWi-

ra bagrat bagrations, romelmac Tavi imereTis mefed gamoacxada, da mis-

gan afxazTa da jiqTa mflobelobis ufleba miiRo [3, 806; 86, 79].

genuelebi, osmalTa da afxaz-jiqTa Tavdasxmebis miuxedavad, kidev

20 wlis ganmavlobaSi agrZelebdnen savaWro urTierTobebs saqarTvelos-

Tan, kerZod odiSis mflobel dadianTan, romelsac italiuri werilobi-

Ti wyaroebi ,,bendianis‘‘ saxeliT icnoben. sebastopolisSi genuelTa fa-

qtoriis funqcionirebisa da intensiur savaWro urTierTobebTan dakavSi-

rebuli sakiTxebi davis saganic xdeboda odiSsa da genuelTa Soris. ge-

nua did yuradRebas aqcevda sebastopolisis faqtoriis mesveurebsa da

adgilobriv xelisufals Soris kargi urTierTobebis damyarebas. 1460-

iani wlebis dasawyisSi, genuelTa da dadians Soris erTi aseTi davis ga-

dasawyvetad, genuidan kafaSi gaigzavna moTxovna, rom dauyonebliv mo-

egvarebinaT urTierToba odiSis mTavarTan. 1465w. es dava mogvarda, rasac

kmayofilebiT aRniSnavdnen genueli proteqtorebi. 1453-1475ww. genuelebi

ganagrZobdnen vaWrobas saqarTveloSi afxazeTis sanapirosTan, Tumca ma-

Ti usafrTxoeba ukve aRar iyo saTanadod daculi da genueli vaWrebi

xSirad Ciodnen kafaSi im zianze, rac maT qarTvelebTan vaWrobiTa da

urTierTobebiT adgebodaT. sebastopolisSi genuelebs kvlav hyavdaT

konsuli. 1473w. sebastopolisSi genuis konsuli qrostoforo de kaneva-

lea. soxumeli qarTvelebic intensiur savaWro-ekonomikur urTierTobeb-

Si imyofebodnen genuelebTan. qarTveli samxedro saqmis specialistebi,

kafis genuelebs yirimis xanisa da osmalTagan Tavdacvis organizebaSic

uwevdnen daxmarebas. genuis ,,wminda giorgis bankis‘‘ dokumentebidan

cnobilia ,,soxumeli giorgi‘‘ (Georgio di Sevastopoli), romelic wliuri 6 du-

katis gasamrjelos sanacvlod zarbaznebs amzadebda [123, 107-110]. qarT-

velebi kafaSi osmalTa mier qalaqis dapyrobisa da yirimSi genuelTa sa-

vaWro koloniis gauqmebamde imyofebodnen. 1475w. osmalebma kafa daipyres,

xolo yirimis xani sulTnis vasali gaxda [191, 512]. kafis dapyrobis Sede-

gad, genuelTa faqtoria sebastopolisSi, romelic ori saukunis ganmav-

lobaSi akavSirebda saqarTvelos evropasTan, moiSala [123, 110].

17

osmaleTis politika, romelic mimarTuli iyo Savi zRvis ,,osma-

leTis tbad‘‘ gadaqcevisaken, bizantiis damxobis Semdeg sasikvdilo sa-

frTxes warmoadgenda trapizonis imperiisTvis. trapizonis dacemis Sem-

deg ki saqarTvelos rigic dadgeboda. saqarTvelos mefe-mTavrebma, rom-

lebic SeSfoTebiT adevnebdnen Tvals osmalTa eqspansias SavizRvispir-

eTSi, miuxedavad qveyanaSi mimdinare Sinaomisa, gadawyvites gaerTianebu-

liyvnen da romis papis iniciativiT wamowyebul antiosmalur koalicias

SeerTebodnen. romis papma kaliqst III-m, Tavisi legati, maronitebis wesis

franciskaneli beri ludoviko bolonieli, 1456w. aRmosavleTis qveynebSi

gamoagzavna, raTa mas moexdina iqauri qveynebis mmarTvelebis SekavSireba

osmalebis winaaRmdeg da Tan gamoatana werilebi qristian mefe-mTav-

rebTan, maT Soris saqarTvelos xelisuflebTan [73, 51].

ludoviko bolonieli pirvelad trapizonSi Cavida. trapizonis keis-

ris karze romis papis gegmas mowonebiT Sexvdnen. trapizonis keisarma

ioanem gadawyvita antiosmalur koaliciaSi CaerTo uzun hasanis ayyo-

inlus (TeTrbatknianTa) saxelmwifo. keisarma, am mizniT, uzun hasans qa-

liSvili despine (ekaterina) miaTxova. uzun hasans osmaleTi Tavis Ziri-

Tad mowinaaRmdeged miaCnda mcire aziaSi gabatonebis gzaze, amitom anti-

osmalur koalicias mxari dauWira [88, 61-62].

saqarTveloSi Camosulma ludoviko bolonielma molaparakebebi ga-

marTa dapirispirebul qarTvel mefe-mTavrebTan, antiosmalur koalicia-

Si monawileobis miRebisa da am mizniT gaerTianebisaTvis. ludoviko bo-

lonielma Seiswavla politikuri viTareba, romelic trapizonsa da sa-

qarTveloSi sufevda da daimedebuli gaemgzavra italiaSi, darwmunebu-

li, rom aRmosavleTis qveynebi Caebmebodnen antiosmalur koaliciaSi.

1458w. gardaicvala papi kaliqst III da taxtze pius II avida. axali papi

ufro meti energiiT Seudga antiosmaluri koaliciisaTvis mzadebas, ami-

tom papma aRmosavleTis qveynebSi kidev erTxel gamoagzavna ludoviko

bolonieli, raTa mas mantuas krebaze am qveyanaTa elCebi Caeyvana [83, 88].

saqarTveloSi am dros feodaluri SinaaSliloba Zalas ikrebda. me-

fe giorgi VIII, yvaryvare aTabagi da imereTis erisTavi bagrati erTma-

neTs ebrZodnen. ludoviko bolonielis SuamavlobiT da osmalTa mxri-

dan momavali safrTxis SegnebiT, qarTvelebi gaerTiandnen. gaerTianebis

18

safuZveli mxolod romis papis mowodeba ar yofila. saqarTvelos mefe-

mTavrebi ukiduresad SeaSfoTa 1454w. soxumze osmalTa Tavdasxmam. isini

xvdebodnen, rom evropasTan da uzun hasanTan mZlavri antiosmaluri koa-

liciis Sekvra saqarTvelos osmalTagan momdinare safrTxes aaridebda,

amitom saqarTvelos politikurma mesveurebma Sinaomebi SeaCeres da lu-

doviko bolonielis mecadineobiT dazavdnen kidec. ludoviko bolo-

nielma ara marto SeaCera Sinaomi saqarTveloSi, aramed ficiT SeakavSi-

ra qarTveli mefe-mTavrebi, rom saerTo mtris_osmaleTis winaaRmdeg Za-

lebi gaeerTianebinaT [73, 57; 89, 118-119].

ivane javaxiSvilma daadgina qarTvel mefe-mTavarTa sia, romlebmac

survili gamoTqves monawileoba mieRoT antiosmalur koaliciaSi: saqar-

Tvelos mefe giorgi VIII, samcxis aTabagi yvaryvare II, samegrelos mTava-

ri bediani, guriis mTavari mamia, anakosiis (afxazeTis) mTavari rabia (fa-

bia). zogierTi dokumentis mixedviT koaliciaSi monawileobas iRebda qu-

Taisis (imereTis) mefe bagratic. antiosmalur koaliciaSi saqarTvelos

wilad mefe-mTavrebs TavianTi samxedro Zalebi gamohyavdaT. giorgi mefe

gamoiyvanda jiqebisa da alanebis daqiravebul razmebsac [115, 294-296; 73,

54-60]. afxazeTis erisTavi SarvaSiZe, Cans uzrunvelyofda qarTvelTa la-

Sqris Sevsebas afxazTa da jiqTa razmebiT, amasTan igi uSualod mefis

droSis qveS apirebda brZolas. afxazeTis erisTavi koaliciaSi Sedioda

misi mokavSire da morCili warCinebulebiT. trapizonis keisris werilSi

burgundiis hercogisadmi, antiosmaluri koaliciis wevrebad dasaxelebu-

lia bendiani samegrelos mefe, rabia misi ZmebiTa da baronebiT. aqve na-

xsenebia jiqTa da alanTa laSqari, romelnic Tanaxmani iyvnen saqarTve-

los mefis droSis qveS gamosuliyvnen [83, 130].

ludoviko bolonieli saqarTvelodan evropaSi 1460w. damdegs gab-

runda. mas Tan axldnen saqarTvelos mefis, aTabagis, trapizonis keisris,

uzun hasanisa da kilikiis somxeTis saxelmwifos elCebi. elCebma Sexve-

drebi gamarTes romis papTan da evropis qveynebis mefe-mTavrebTan, magram

antiosmaluri koaliciis Seqmna CaiSala, radgan evropelma xelisuf-

lebma masSi monawileobaze uari Tqves [191, 512; 83, 140].

antiosmaluri koaliciis CaSlam saqarTvelos Sinapolitikuri viTa-

reba ukiduresad gaamwvava da qveynis daSlac Seuqcevadi gaxada. imereTis

19

erisTavma bagratma, yvaryvare aTabagis waqezebiT imereTis mefobisaTvis

brZola gaaCaRa da dadianis, gurielis, SarvaSiZisa da gelovanis mxarda-

WeriT, romelTac gamarjvebis SemTxvevaSi ,,ganTavisuflebas‘‘ Sepirda,

1462w. Cixoris brZolaSi daamarcxa mefe giorgi VIII. quTaisSi bagrats

eaxlnen ,,dadian-guriel-afxazni da svanni‘‘ da imereTis mefed aRiares.

erisTavebma bagratisgan Sepirebuli privilegiebi miiRes da samefo xeli-

suflebis winaSe, mxolod omis SemTxvevaSi, laSqris gamoyvanisa da for-

maluri, vasaluri daqvemdebarebis valdebuleba aiRes. imereTis mefe bag-

ratma qarTlis taxti daikava da Tavi saqarTvelos mefed gamoacxada. gi-

orgi mefe kaxeTSi gadavida da kaxeTis mefobas dasjerda. damoukideblo-

bisaTvis brZolaSi gaimarjva samcxis samTavrom [78, 739-740].

1475w. osmalebma yirimis saxano daimorCiles da italielTa savaWro

koloniebis gauqmebas Seudgnen. osmalebma daikaves yirimis samxreT-aRmo-

savleTi sanapiro zoli, kafas CaTvliT, azovis zRvis sanapiro da qala-

qi azovi (tana). regionis mTeli vaWroba osmaleTis xelSi gadavida. yiri-

mis xani osmaleTis sulTanis vasali gaxda da mas uSualod sulTani

amtkicebda taxtze. yirimis xanebi, Zlevamosili osmaleTis sulTnis

mxardaWeriT, umniSvnelovanes Zalad iqcnen da momdevno sami saukunis

ganmavlobaSi, saqarTvelos mosazRvre SavizRvispireTis regionsa da

Crdilo_dasavleT kavkasiaSi, politikuri da samxedro Tanafardobis Se-

madgenel nawils warmoadgendnen.

1484w. osmalebma akermani daikaves da saqarTvelos samxreT-aRmosav-

leT evropis qveynebisaken gasasvleli sazRvao gzac gadauketes. XVs. da-

mlevisaTvis SavizRvispireTi, saqarTvelos sanapiros gamoklebiT, os-

malTa xelSi gadavida. osmalebma ucxoeTis gemebisaTvis Sav zRvaSi Se-

mosvlisTvis specialuri nebarTva, sabaJo gadasaxadi da osmaleTis dro-

Sis qveS naosnobis valdebuleba daaweses. Sav zRvaze vaWrobis mniSvne-

lovan dargad kvlav rCeboda tyveebiT vaWroba [88, 66-67].

osmaleTis qveSevrdomi yirimis xani, CrdiloeT kavkasiis tomebs sa-

qarTvelos winaaRmdeg agulianebda. ase Caeyara safuZveli qarTul wya-

roebSi `jiqebis‘‘ saxeliT cnobili abazuri tomis eqspansias afxazeTSi

[89, 38]. XVs. 70-iani wlebisaTvis, pirvelad gamoCnda qarTuli samyarosa-

gan afxazTa gaucxoebis kvali, rac ,,mcnebai sasjuloSi‘‘ Semdegnairad

20

aris aRwerili: ,,afxazeTi qristeanobisagan sruliad midrekil iyunes,

qristes mcnebaTagan ganSorebul iyunes‘‘ [22, 222].

,,afxazTa midreka qristeanobisgan‘‘ gamowveuli iyo saqarTvelos er-

Tiani feodaluri monarqiis dasustebiTa da daSliT, qveynis ukidures

Crdilo-dasavleT kuTxeSi qarTuli, qristianuli centraluri xelisuf-

lebis moSliT. afxazTa erisTavi SarvaSiZe, antiosmaluri koaliciis Se-

qmnis procesSi mxars uWerda erTiani saqarTvelos mefe giorgi VIII, mag-

ram antiosmaluri koaliciis warumateblobisa da erTiani qveynis da-

Slis Semdeg, afxazTa erisTavi da misi sagamgeblo, mezobeli mTielebis

Semosevebs ver umklavdeba da maTi samxedro_politikuri da eTni-

kur_kulturuli gavlenis qveS eqceva. afxazeTSi TandaTan qreba qris-

tianoba, radgan Camosaxlebuli mTielebi ver iTviseben qristianobas, ise-

ve rogorc feodalur meurneobasa da socialur wyobas. [63, 614].

XVIs. pirveli meoTxedis erTi osmaluri wyaros cnobiT, odiS-afxa-

zeTis sazRvari md. fsircxaze (axal aTonTan, anakofiasTan) gadis. am

wyaros cnobiT, guriis ,,iqiT soxumamde dadianis qveyanaa. igi (soxumi)

Zvel droSi navsadguri yofila. masTan eSveba ialbuzis mTis kalTa. amas

iqiT aris afxazeTis qveyana. mTebs ukan mdebareobs CerqezeTis qveyana da

lekistani darubandamde‘‘ [8, 57]. anakofiidan gagris viwroebamde ,,afxaze-

Tis qveyana‘‘_afxazeTis saerisTavo mdebareobda, romlis CrdiloeTiT da

Crdilo-dasavleTiT teritoriebi jiqTa toms ekava. osmaluri wyaroebi

adiReur da abazur tomebs ,,Cerqezebis‘‘ saxeliT ixseniebdnen.

XVIs. odiSis samTavro Zlier politikur erTeuls warmoadgenda,

romlis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda q. soxumi da CrdiloeTiT sazRvari md.

fsircxaze gadioda. mTeli am periodis ganmavlobaSi afxazeTi odiSTan

vasalur damokidebulebaSi imyofeboda [119, 27-28].

XVI saukunidan, osmalTa agresiis erT mniSvnelovan mimarTulebas

warmoadgenda afxazeTsa da odiSze jiqebis marbieli laSqrobebis waqe-

zeba da organizeba. osmaleTma yirimis saxanoSi gabatonebasTan erTad

anapa daikava da amgvarad dasavleT kavkasiaSi eqspansiisaTvis mniSvnelo-

vani baza Seiqmna. am droidan kavkasieli mTielebis dasavleT saqarTve-

loze Tavdasxmebis mizani mxolod Zarcva da nadavli tyveebis gayidva

ar iyo [89, 38]. osmalTa mxardaWeriT iwyeba dasavleT kavkasiis mTis to-

21

mebis Camowola afxazeTSi da brZola aq teritoriebis dasakuTrebisa-

Tvis. sapasuxod, qarTvelebi osmaleTis imperiis mosazRvre provinciebs

arbevdnen. f. kirzioRlus mohyavs osmaluri saarqivo dokumenti, romlis

mixedviT ,,tyveTa syidvis mimdevari, mekobre afxazebisa da dadian–megre-

lebisgan‘‘ trapizonis vilaieTis sanapiroebis dasacavad, sulTan selim I

mier, 1516w. gamoica brZaneba, riTac xofis mosaxleobas mekobreebisgan

Tavdasacavad gansakuTrebuli RonisZiebebis miReba daevala [188, 11-12].

1533w. ianvarSi, jiqebis mowolis SesaCereblad, mamia III dadianma da

mamia I gurielma, imereTis mefis bagrat III-is mxardaWeriT, jiqeTSi la-

Sqroba moawyves. jiqebTan brZolaSi pirvel dRes gaimarjves qarTveleb-

ma, magram meore dRes damarcxeba iwvnies [3, 811]. brZolaSi daiRupa mamia

dadiani. ,,omisagan daRalulni‘‘ qarTvelebi, saZebis winamZRolis, candia

inalifas veragobiT jiqebs tyved Cauvardnen. afxazeTis kaTalikosma ma-

laqia I abaSiZem, qarTveli tyveebi, maT Soris gurieli, da micvalebulTa

cxedrebi jiqTagan didi safasiT gamoixsna [25, 42].

saqarTveloSi mZvinvare SidaaSlilobis paralelurad, sul ufro

mZimdeboda qveynis sagareo viTareba. iranTan dapirispirebaSi osmaleTi

saqarTvelos CaTrevasac cdilobda. Turqi istorikosi halil inaljiki

aRniSnavs, rom 1514w. osmaleTma iranidan abreSumis Semotana akrZala,

magram nebadarTuli iyo qarTuli abreSumis Semotana, romelic osmaleT-

Si soxumidan Semodioda. [184, 282].

saqarTvelos ori didi mezoblis dapirispireba 1555w. amasiis zaviT

damTavrda. am zaviT osmaleTma da iranma saqarTvelo Suaze gaiyves. am

periodisTvis Zlierdeba jiqebis Tavdasxmebi afxazeTsa da odiSze. XVIs.

SuaxanebSi, maTi Tavdasxmebis Sedegad, afxazeTis kaTalikosis reziden-

cia biWvinTidan gelaTSi iqna gadatanili [86, 82].

levan I dadiani, 1554w. rionis SesarTavTan osmalebis odiSSi Semo-

svlas win aRudga, magram male iZulebuli gaxda, jiqTa winaaRmdeg isev

osmaleTisTvis eTxova daxmareba. 1557w. TebervalSi levan dadiani stam-

bolSi Cavida. dadiani osmaleTis sulTanTan ,,samegrelos mefis‘‘ titu-

liT iqna miRebuli. dadianis sulTnis karze yofnis miznis Sesaxeb ucxo-

eli diplomatebis mimoweraSi aRniSnulia, rom is sulTanTan samxedro

kavSiris dasamyareblad Camovida sparseTis winaaRmdeg. dadianma iTxova,

22

rom osmaleTi xomaldebiT daxmareboda jiqTa winaaRmdeg. dadianma sul-

Tnisagan jiqebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad eqvsi samxedro xomaldi – ga-

lera miiRo [95, 76-77; 80, 150].

odiSi, am vizitis Sedegad, damoukidebel saxelmwifod iqna aRiare-

buli osmaleTis mier. dadianma sulTnis uzenaesoba cno da TavisTavs

`xelmwife-dadiani‘‘ uwoda, rasac samegrelos samTavros imereTisgan sru-

li damoukideblobisaTvis unda gaesva xazi. dadians, dasavleT saqarTve-

loSi mimdinare SidadapirispirebaSi, sulTnis mxardaWera imereTis mefis

winaaRmdegac sWirdeboda. odiSis mTavarma, axali energiiT daiwyo brZo-

la mezoblebTan. dadianma gadaimtera gurieli da imereTis mefe, maTTan

brZolaSi dasustebulma ki 1560-iani wlebis bolos isev sulTans Txova

daxmareba, saidanac trapizonisa da arzrumis safaSoebis jari miiRo. gu-

rielma osmalebis Zlier jarTan SebrZoleba ver gabeda da dadianTan

morigeba arCia [3, 816].

levan I dadiani Tavisi mTavrobis miwuruls osmaleTs aumxedrda da

sazRvrispira provinciebis rbeva daiwyo. kirzioRlus mohyavs osmaluri

saarqivo masala, romlis mixedviT, 1571w. ivnisSi `dadianma da misma Svi-

lebma‘‘ 15 xomaldiT orjer daarbies baTumis sanjayi, arxavis, gonios da

aTines Temebi da tyveebi wamoasxes‘‘ [188, 13-14]. Turqi istorikosi hanefi

bostani imowmebs osmalur dokuments, romlis Tanaxmad, imave wels,

afxazTa gemebi Tavs daesxnen goniosa da mis Semogarens, aikles iqauroba

da nadavliTa da tyveebiT gabrundnen [177, 386].

osmaleTis xelisuflebam, qarTvelebis Tavdasxmebis aRsakveTad gan-

sakuTrebul samxedro RonisZiebebs mimarTa. saqarTvelos mosazRvre pro-

vinciebs sastikad aekrZalaT qarTvelebTan iaraRiT vaWroba, gaica brZa-

neba `qarTvel mekobreTa sanapiroebze‘‘ sazRvao desantis gadmosxmisa da

maTi TavSesafrebis ganadgurebis Sesaxeb. 1571w. gonios da trapizonis

sanjayebidan samegrelo-afxazeTSi, samxedro flotiT sadamsjelo eqspe-

dicia gaigzavna [188, 14].

1578w. osmaleTsa da irans Soris axali omi daiwyo. osmaleTis sul-

Tanma murad III, iranTan omis pirobebSi CrdiloeTkavkasiis mimarTulebis

dacvis mizniT, soxumSi osmaluri administraciuli erTeulis – sabeg-

larbegos Seqmna gadawyvita. afxazeTis napirebisken 5 galerisagan Semd-

23

gari osmaluri eskadra gaigzavna. soxumis beglarbegad daniSnulma hai-

dar faSam 1578w. zafxulSi qalaqi daikava [188, 14; 89, 124]. soxumis sabeg-

larbego 1578w. seqtemberSi daarsda. Turqi istorikosi m. sadik belge

aRniSnavs, rom Tumca soxumis beglarbegi haidar faSa osmalur wyaro-

ebSi Cerqezad ixsenieba, sinamdvileSi is afxazuri warmoSobisa iyo da

soxumSi daniSvnamde baTumis sanjaybegis Tanamdebobaze imyofeboda. so-

xumSi beglarbegad dawinaurebulma haidar faSam sulTnisagan gasamrje-

lod 800 aTasi akCa miiRo [174, 217]. 1578w. seqtemberSi, amierkavkasiaSi os-

maleTis armiis mTavarsardlis lala mustafa faSas mier stambols gag-

zavnil moxsenebiT baraTSi, kavkasiaSi dapyrobili qveynebisa da mxare-

ebis CamonaTvalSi, soxumis sabeglarbego rigiT meoTxea. soxumSi sabeg-

larbegos Seqmna, dasavleT saqarTvelos mimarTulebaze kontrolis gan-

mtkicebis saSualebas warmoadgenda [180, 578].

1580w. TebervalSi, sulTnis karze ganixiles haidar faSas mier so-

xumidan gamogzavnili Txovna, sadac soxumis beglarbegi, osmaleTis sa-

mxedro samsaxurSi gaweuli Rvawlis gamo, mamuls moiTxovda. gazafxu-

lisTvis haidar faSa soxumidan gamowveul iqna, magram osmaleTi

ufrTxildeboda haidar faSas gavlenas afxazebsa da jiqebze da saWiro-

ebis dros isev mas mimarTavda rCeva-daxmarebisaTvis [188, 20]. saqarTvelo-

Si osmalTa sardalma sinan faSam, soxumSi da baTumSi Tavisi beglarbe-

gebi gaamwesa. [93, 113]. sinan-faSas mondomebis miuxedavad, osmalebma 1580w.

SemodgomisTvis soxumis cixe datoves da soxumis sabeglarbegomac arse-

boba Sewyvita. misi teritoria baTumis (trapizonis) olqis gamgeblobas

miekuTvna [188, 19; 174, 217]. osmalebma dasayrden punqtad soxumis nacvlad

foTi airCies, sadac osmaleTis flotis admiralma kiliC ali faSam,

1579w. rionis SesarTavTan foTis cixe aago da foTis saadmiralo daa-

arsa [188, 20]. kiliC ali faSas werilSi mustafa lala faSasadmi aRniS-

nulia, rom cixis mSeneblobaSi mas daxmareba dadianma da gurielma

aRmouCines [180, 41].

XVIs. 80-iani wlebidan, osmalebs Sav zRvaze mrisxane metoqe gamo-

uCnda donis da zaporoJies kazakebis saxiT. isini mudmivad Tavs esxmo-

dnen, arbevdnen da sastikad uswordebodnen osmalTa sanapiro punqtebs.

amitom osmalebma gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcies foTis xis simag-

24

ris adgilze qvis cixis aSenebas. radgan adgilobriv pirobebSi qva ver

moipoves, 1581-1582 wlebSi, 50 didi xomaldiT mozides samSeneblo qvebi

foTis cixis asaSeneblad osmaleTis provinciebidan [188, 20].

XVIs. meore naxevarSi, osmaleTis xelisuflebam, odiSis samTavrosa

da Tavis vasal yirimis saxanos Soris, savaWro-ekonomikuri urTi-

erTobebis regulireba moaxdina. hijris 979 wliT (1542-1543ww.) daTari-

Rebul dokumentSi ,,suleiman I wesdeba kafis livasaTvis‘‘ romelic kafis

sabaJo wesdebas warmoadgens, dadgenilia soxumidan abreSumisa da brin-

jis Semomtani vaWrebisaTvis dadgenili sabaJo gadasaxadi. dawesebuli

iyo gadasaxadi soxumidan Semoyvanil monebze, amasTan xazinis sasargeb-

lod gadasaxads monis myidvelic ixdida [123, 125].

XVIs. dasavleT saqarTvelos politikuri erTeulebisaTvis sazRvao

vaWrobas sasicocxlo mniSvneloba hqonda. saqarTveloSi sayofacxovrebo

saqonelTan erTad osmaleTidan da misi vasali yirimis saxanodan

iaraRic Semodioda, rac osmaleTis xelisuflebas aiZulebda mkacri san-

qciebisaTvis miemarTa. osmaleTi SiSobda, rom qarTveli mefe-mTavrebi,

romlebic xSir SemTxvevaSi mxolod formalurad aRiarebdnen sulTnis

suzerenobas, osmaleTisganve miRebuli iaraRiT isargeblebdnen da am

formaluri morCilebidanac gamovidodnen. 1571w. dadianis Tavdasxmebis

Sedegad, osmalebisgan dasavleT saqarTvelos sanapiroze dawesebuli sa-

zRvao blokadisgan qarTvelebi sagrZnoblad zaraldebodnen, Tumca

axerxebdnen am blokadis garRvevasac, raSic TviT osmaluri xomaldebis

kapitnebi uwyobdnen xels. iaraRi da samxedro aRWurviloba ZiriTadad

goniodan Semodioda. 1572w. dadianma 9 xomaldi gamoyo osmaleTidan iara-

Ris Semosazidad [188, 410].

1573w. sulTnisagan specialuri nebarTvis miRebis gareSe, sastikad

aikrZala samegrelosa da afxazeTSi savaWro gemebis gagzavna. mkacri sa-

nqciebis miuxedavad, osmalebis kontrabanduli vaWroba saqarTvelosTan

mainc grZeldeboda. 1574w. maisiT aris daTariRebuli brZaneba gonios (ba-

Tumis) sanjay-begisadmi, sadac aRniSnulia, rom osmaleTis xelisuflebam

miiRo cnoba afxazeTis, samegrelosa da CerqezeTis mimarTulebiT To-

fiswamliT, TofebiT da xmlebiT (,,gorda‘‘) datvirTuli rva xomaldis

gamgzavrebis Sesaxeb. sanjay-begs ebrZana daekavebina es xomaldebi da

25

umaRlesi miTiTebis gareSe ar gaetarebina. mkacri sanqciebis pirobebSi,

yirimis xanic iZulebuli Seiqna soxumSi gemis gasagzavnad nebarTva

sulTnis karisagan gamoeTxova. yirimis xani soxumSi gems Sevardnebisa da

sxva sanadiro frinvelebis SesaZenad agzavnida. yirimis xanma 1577w. su-

lTnisagan miiRo nebarTva Seesyida afxazeTSi sanadiro frinvelebi. xans

neba eZleoda soxumSi Sevardnebze gasacvlelad marili, qsovilebi da

tyavis nawarmi Caetana [188, 14-17].

sazRvao blokadam, romelic 1578 wlamde, soxumis osmalTa mier da-

kavebisa da aq sabeglarbegos daarsebamde gastana, aramarto saqarTvelos

politikuri erTeulebi, aramed qarTvelebTan movaWre yirimis saxanoc

daazarala. 1573w. stambolidan kafis beisadmi gagzavnil brZanebaSi na-

Tqvamia: ,,miviReT Tqveni werili, rom ramdenime welia akrZaluli gaqvT

gemebis gagzavna soxumis vilaeTSi, (vilaeTi – osmaluri olqi, z.w.) sa-

idanac saTevzao badeebi SemogqondaT. did zarals naxuloben am sa-

Tevzao badeebs moklebuli mebadurebi. imis gamo, rom ar Semodis badeebi

soxumis vilaeTidan, mcirdeba xazinis Semosavali. aucilebelia badeebis

SemotanisaTvis im mxares gemebis gagzavnaze nebarTvis miReba. radgan Cven

SevismineT Tqveni Txovna, gaZlevT uflebas am brZanebis miRebisTanave ga-

agzavnoT erTi gemi im vilaeTidan badeebis Semosatanad, magram frTxi-

lad iyaviT, rom am sababiT Tqvens Soris iaraRis yidva-gayidva ar

moxdes‘‘ [188, 410]. osmaleTi saqarTvelosTan vaWrobaze embargos mimar-

Tavda, rogorc samxedro-politikuri diqtatis iaraRs.

iran-osmaleTs Soris 1603-1612ww. mimdinare omis Semdeg, osmaleTma

gadawyvita dasavleT saqarTveloze kontrolis aRdgena da amjeradac

Savi zRvis sanapiros blokadas mimarTa. blokadam, gansakuTrebiT ki

marilisa da rkinis Semozidvis akrZalvam, mosaxleoba mZime dReSi Ca-

agdo. 1614-1615ww. odiSisa da guriis mTavrebi osmaleTTan molaparakebebs

awarmoebdnen. mamia II gurielma 1614w. baTumSi xeli moawera sazavo xel-

Sekrulebas da xarkis gadaxda ikisra, levan II dadianma ki osmaleTTan

sazavo xelSekrulebas 1615w. Tavis rezidenciaSi, sof. merkulaSi (Taname-

drove oCamCiris raioni) moawera xeli [94, 46]. samegrelosa da guriis

garda, osmaleTis moxarke qveynad iTvleboda imereTi. rogorc vasalur

damokidebulebaSi myofi mxare, osmaleTs suladobriv gadasaxads ,,xara-

26

jas‘‘ uxdida afxazeTic [120, 273]. am droisaTvis afxazeTi, xarks uxdis

osmaleTis sulTans, rogorc damoukidebeli erTeuli, radgan afxazeTs

osmaleTi calke qveynad aRiarebda.Aaxali politikuri viTareba

afxazeTSi XVIIs. 10-ian wlebSi Seiqmna, rodesac afxazebma isargebles

odiSis samTavroSi Seqmnili rTuli Sidapolitikuri viTarebiTa da

mTavris mcirewlovnebiT, gaTavisufldnen dadianisadmi vasaluri damoki-

debulebisagan da afxazeTis samTavro Camoayalibes centriT zufuSi

(lixni) [119, 28; 64, 288].

levan II dadiani, Tavisi moRvaweobis pirvel etapze, afxazeTis mTa-

varTan mokavSireobas aRrmavebda. am mizniT afxazTa mTavris seteman Sar-

vaSiZis asuli darejani SeirTo. levan dadians es dinastiuri qorwineba

afxaz-jiqTa laSqriT sargeblobisaTvis sWirdeboda, magram 1622w. es kav-

Siri dairRva. dadianma SarvaSiZis asuls colqmrul RalatSi dasdo

brali, sastikad dasaja, ris Semdegac afxazTa mxares Seesia, coli iq

datova, moarbia afxazeTi da odiSSi gamobrunda [10, 16-19]. XVIIs. 50-ian

wlebSi, sazRvari odiSsa da afxazeTis samTavros Soris ukve md. kela-

surze gadioda, sadac levan dadianis brZanebiT aigo simagreTa sistema

da gaivlo sazRvari afxazeTTan [124, 209].

afxazeTis mosaxleoba XVs. meore naxevridan ganicdida mTis tome-

bis Camowolas, ramac gansakuTrebiT mZime xasiaTi miiRo osmaleTis impe-

riis mier yirimis saxanos dapyrobisa da afxazeTSi jiqebis, abazuri da

Cerqezuli tomebis Semosevebis waqezebisa da mxardaWeris Sedegad. mTi-

elTa laSqrobebs Tan axlda maTi Camosaxleba. adgilobrivma mosaxleo-

bam dakarga Tavisi eTnikur_kulturuli saxe, qarTvelobis nawili See-

ria momxvdurebs, nawili maTTan brZolaSi daiRupa, nawili gadaixvewa.

XVIIs. afxazeTSi mxolod warCinebulma wodebam SeinarCuna qarTveloba

da qristianoba. afxazeTSi Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiidan Camosaxlebul

tomebs qarTuli wyaroebi jiqebis, xolo ucxouri wyaroebi abazas krebi-

Ti saxeliT ixsenieben. afxazeTSi Camosaxlebul am tomebsa da maTTan

Serwymul adgilobriv mosaxleobas qarTvelebi tradiciulad isev ,,afxa-

zebad‘‘ moixseniebdnen, mosulni ki Tavis Tavs ,,afsuas‘‘ eZaxdnen.

osmalo mogzauri evlia Celebi, am toms ,,abazas‘‘ uwodebs da gana-

sxvavebs mas megrelebisagan. pirvel abazur tomad evlia Celebi samegre-

27

los mezoblad ,,CaCebis‘‘ toms asaxelebs. evlia Celebi, romelmac 1641w.

imogzaura afxazeTSi, mTaSi da zRvispirze abazebis 25 sazogadoebas

aRwers. evlias mier dasaxelebuli TiToeuli abazas tomi, adgilobrivi

feodalis mamulis an am feodalis gvareulobis dasaxelebas atarebs.

afxazeTSi abaza tomebs Soris evlia Celebi gagra-candrifSis (gan-

Tiadis) seqtorSi gamoyofs ,,Candebs‘‘ da SeniSnavs, rom ,,namdvili abazebi

eseni arian‘‘ [7, 100-106].

qaTib Celebis cnobiTac, abazebi Savi zRvis sanapiroze cxovroben,

Cerqezebis samxreTiT. maTi begebi TavianTi samflobeloebis saxelebs

atareben. qaTib Celebi asaxelebs aCvia begs, jumTa begs da ramdenime fe-

odalur samflobelos: kaRar derbents (gagra), buCindes (biWvinTa), aseve

TibiTas vilaieTs mTebSi [19, 132-133].

afxazeTSi mTis tomebis demografiuli eqspansia mimdinareobda re-

gionSi osmaleTsa da kazakebs Soris winaaRmdegobebis gamZafrebis fon-

ze. 1637w. donis kazakebma azovs alya Semoartyes. aman didi gavlena mo-

axdina SavizRvispireTis xalxebze da maT Soris qarTvelebzec. osmaleb-

ma, preventuli dartyma ganaxorcieles odiSis samTavros Crdilo-da-

savleT nawilSi (Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze) da 1637w. maisSi aq

desanti gadmosxes. osmalebma adgilobrivi mosaxleobis rbevas mihyves

xeli, magram qarTvelebis medgar winaaRmdegobas gadaawydnen. maSin

rodesac osmalebi azovis dacviT iyvnen dakavebulni, qarTvelebma foTis

cixe waarTves osmalebs da afxazeTis CaTvliT, mTeli sanapiro ga-

wmindes maTgan [123, 61].

evlia Celebis ,,mogzaurobis wignidan~ Cans, rom osmaleTis imperia

samegrelosa da afxazeTs Tavis vasalur qveynebad Tvlis, magram aq osma-

luri samxedro nawilebi ar dgas da Sesabamisad osmaleTis samxedro –

politikuri zegavlena formalur xasiaTs atarebs. saqarTvelos Savi

zRvis sanapiroze mxolod gonios sasazRvro cixeSi dgas osmaluri

garnizoni. TviTon evlia Tan axlda trapizonis faSas mier samegreloSi

saCuqrebiT gagzavnil elCobas da mas sanapiro gaCanagebuli daxvda, rac

imiT aixsneba, rom osmalebs aq advilad SeeZloT gemebidan marbielebis

gadmosxma, magram samegrelos ,,mTebSi ki baR-venaxiani dasaxlebuli da

ayvavebuli, daumorCilebeli megruli soflebia. zRvisodena jaric rom

28

iyos, maT mTebSi Sesvla Znelia. ormoc-ormocdaaTi aTasamde TofiT Seia-

raRebuli mosaxleobaa‘‘. evlia zRvispira afxazeTs damorCilebulad

Tvlis, magram aRniSnavs, rom aqac, samegrelos msgavsad, mTian adgilebSi

osmaleTis gavlena ver aRwevs. evlia afxazebs urC da meamboxe xalxs”

uwodebs. misi azriT, saWiroa anapis cixis gamagreba da ,,abazasa da

CerqezeTis qveynis damorCileba am saSualebiT gaadvildeba‘‘ [7, 109].

evlia Celebi afxazeTSi da samegreloSi tyvis syidvasac eweoda,

rac imdroindel dasavleT saqarTveloSi farTod gavrcelebuli movle-

na iyo. adgilobriv tyvis msyidvelTaTvis osmaleTTan ,,cocxali saqon-

liT‘‘ vaWroba sarfian saqmes warmoadgenda. evliam afxazeTSi ori tyve-

biWi SeiZina. saqarTvelodan yirimSi Casul evlias nayidi Tu osmalo di-

debulebisgan naCuqari 18 mona qarTveli hyavda [7, 122]. evlias sityvebiT,

adamianebiT vaWroba adgilobrivi mosaxleobis Semosavlis wyaros war-

moadgenda: ,,abazebi megrelebs itaceben, megrelebi abazebs da vaWrebs

mihyidian xolme‘‘ [7, 96]. tyvis syidva gavrcelebuli yofila afxazebSic:

,,abazebi erTmaneTs ebrZvian, bavSvebsa da qalebs itaceben, tyveebs

hyidian da amiT cxovroben‘‘ [7, 102].

XVIIs. 60-iani wlebidan dasavleT saqarTveloSi gabatonebulma fe-

odalurma anarqiam, mudmivma Sinaomebma da masSi osmaleTis Carevam, odi-

Sis samTavros dasustebam, afxazeTis samTavros SesaZlebloba misca sa-

megrelos xarjze gaefarToebina sakuTari teritoria.

1672w. axalcixis faSam quTaisSi daibara odiSis mTavari levan III

(1661-1681ww.). osmalebs surdaT mTavris gadayeneba da axalcixis faSis

karze gazrdili levan II dadianis SviliSvilis odiSSi mTavrad dasma.

samegrelos mTavarma daxmarebisaTvis afxazebs mimarTa, magram odiSSi

Semosulma afxazebma, daxmarebis nacvlad soflebi daarbies, mosaxleoba

tyved gaitaces da nadavliT datvirTulebi afxazeTSi gabrundnen. imave

wels osmalebi odiSSi SeiWrnen da saSinlad aaoxres [109, 108-109].

1672w. kafidan goniomde imogzaura Jan Sardenma. misi mowmobiT, am

droisaTvis kelasuris damcavi sasazRvro kedeli moSlilia [24, 107].

odiSis samTavros Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi afxazTa gamudmebuli Semo-

sevebi daiwyo [119, 34-35; 120, 270]. odiSSi afxazTa gamanadgurebel Semose-

vebs xelmZRvanelobda afxazTa mTavari saustan SarvaSiZe, romlis meTa-

29

urobiT 1681w. afxazebma miitaces odiSis samTavros Crdilo-dasavleTi

nawili md. kelasuridan md. RaliZgamde [109, 112]. afxazebi dapyrobil mi-

webze saxldebodnen, maTi Semosevebis Sedegad gauqmda drandisa da mo-

qvis saepiskoposoebi [3, 845]. afxazeTis mTavris zegnay SarvaSiZis memkvi-

dreebma gainawiles afxazeTis samTavro, romelic odiSisgan dapyrobili

teritoriebis xarjze gaizarda. XVIIIs. dasawyisisaTvis, md. bzifidan md.

kodoramde mdebare miwebsa da afxazeTis mTavris statuss flobs ros-

tomi, saSualo Zma jiqeSia md. kodorsa da md. RaliZgas Soris terito-

rias daeufla, xolo umcrosma yvapum miiRo md. RaliZgasa da md. engurs

Soris mdebare teritoria, romelsac mogvianebiT, yvapus memkvidris, mur-

zayan SarvaSiZis saxelis mixedviT samurzayano ewoda [119, 37-38; 120, 271].

XVII s. damlevs osmalebma daikaves foTisa da soxumis cixeebi da

ukve 1701 wlisTvis, osmaleTis imperiis umniSvnelovanes samxedro-sa-

zRvao bazebs Soris moixsenieba foTisa da soxumis cixeebi. foTis gar-

nizoni 35, xolo soxumis garnizoni 5 qvemexiT iyo aRWurvili [123, 62].

§2. osmaleTis politikuri gabatoneba afxazeTSi

XVIII saukuneSi

XVII-XVIIIss. mijnaze, dasavleT saqarTvelo osmaleTis politikuri

gavlenis sferoSi rCeboda. imereTis mefes, odiSis, guriis, afxazeTis

mTavrebs taxtze sulTani amtkicebda. maTi osmaleTze damokidebuleba,

sulTnisaTvis yovelwliuri misarTmevlis – qrTamis, gagzavnaSi gamoixa-

teboda. rac Seexeba sasuliero xelisuflebas, is osmaleTze arafriT

iyo damokidebuli da muslimanobis moZalebas ebrZoda [9, 45; 103, 43-44].

1702w. axalcixis faSas yovelwliuri misarTmevlis micema Seuwyvites ime-

reTis, guriis, odiSis mesveurebma, riTac osmaleTis morCilebaze uari

Tqves. osmalo vaWrebs Tavs esxmodnen afxazebi. osmalebma am dros dasa-

vleT saqarTveloSi ramdenime cixe dakarges [13, 25].

qarTvelebis antiosmalur gamosvlebs kavSiri hqonda ruseTis im-

droindel antiosmalur gegmebTan. petre I-is mier 1696w. osmalebisTvis

azovis cixis warTmevam da ruseTis flotis Sav zRvaze gamoCenam

dasavleT saqarTvelos mesveurebs garkveuli imedebi Causaxa.

30

1703w. zafxulSi, osmalebi dasavleT saqarTveloSi SeiWrnen. osma-

lebma guriis cixeebi daikaves, Semdeg odiSSi SeiWrnen da aaoxres, rux-

Si mecixovneebi Caayenes, zRvispiras axali dasayrdenis Seqmnis mizniT

anakliis cixe aaSenes. imavdroulad osmalebma xomaldebi gagzavnes

afxazebis winaaRmdeg, romlebmac osmaleTis sanapiro simagreebs zRvidan

Seuties [92, 63]. dasavleT saqarTvelo sruli dapyrobis safrTxis winaSe

idga, magram male viTareba Seicvala. stambolSi ajanyda saqarTveloSi

salaSqrod gamzadebuli jari, rasac osmaleTSi xelisuflebis Secvla

mohyva. osmaleTis axalma sulTanma ahmed III (1703-1730w.w.) dasavleT saqar-

Tvelodan laSqris gamowveva brZana, radgan SinaareulobiT mocul os-

maleTs laSqrobis gagrZeleba ar SeeZlo. osmalebi mxolod baTumis,

foTis, ruxis, anakliis cixeebSi darCnen. male maT winaaRmdeg qarTveleb-

ma brZola gaaCaRes. 1704w. zafxulSi, odiSis mTavarma osmalTa mier

dakavebul cixeebze miitana ieriSi. ModiSis mTavars osmalTa winaaRmdeg

brZolaSi am dros afxazebic exmarebodnen. quTaisis yadis, elhaj omeris

1704w. 1 seqtembriT daTariRebul werilSi naTqvamia, rom dadiani mor-

Cilebidan gamovida, xmeleTze ajanyebul dadians zRvaze afxazebi Se-

uerTdnen da osmalTa xelSi myofi ruxisa da anakliis cixeebi daikaves,

Tumca male es cixeebi kvlav osmalebma daibrunes [14, 21; 23-27].

odiSis laSqari afxazebTan erTad osmalTa winaaRmdeg brZolas

agrZelebda, Tavs esxmoda da anadgurebda cixeebSi gamagrebul osmalebs.

TurqeTis premier_ministris arqivSi daculi erTi cnobis Tanaxmad, 1711w.

ivnisSi, zRvidan da xmeleTidan soxumis cixis dacvis gaZlierebisaTvis

cixis oTxive koSkze damatebiTi qvemexebi da samxedro razmi gaigzavna

[58. 1]. 1714w. didi siZneleebi SeeqmnaT ruxisa da anakliis osmalo me-

cixovneebs ,,afxaz da megrel urwmuno yaCaRTa‘‘ Tavdasxmebis gamo. osma-

lebi iZulebuli gaxdnen ruxis cixe daecalaT, Tumca 1719w. miwuruls,

cixe kvlav daikaves da 65 mecixovne Caayenes [14, 90-92. 97].

20-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, aRmosavleT Aamierkavkasiis mimarTulebiT

ruseTis imperia gaaqtiurda. ruseTis imperator petre I mokavSired qarT-

lis mefe vaxtang VI gamovida. isaxeboda qarTuli da rusi samxedro Za-

lebis erToblivi moqmedebebis gegmebi. ruseTis samxedro warmatebebma da

urTierTobam saqarTvelos samefo-samTavroebTan osmaleTis mmarTveli

31

wreebis SeSfoTeba gamoiwvia. 1723w. osmaleTma, romelmac sefianTa di-

nastiis dacemis (1722w.) Semdeg iranis CrdiloeTi da centraluri olqebi

daikava (1723w.), saswrafod gadmoisrola damatebiTi Zalebi kavkasiaSi da

ruseTi aiZula Seewyvita winsvla kaspiispireTSi. 1723w. ivnisSi,

osmalebma Tbilisi aiRes, Tavidan aaSenes foTisa da soxumis cixeebi,

daarRvies ruxis cixe da misi qva-lodebiT kidev ufro gaamagres anaklia.

osmalo mecixovneebi Cadgnen cixisZirSi, anakofiasa da biWvinTaSi [104,

461-462]. 1722w. soxumis cixes flobs rostom-begis Zmiswuli giorgi [19,

134]. 1723w. sulTanma afxazeTis mTavar rostoms wyalobis niSnad xalaTi

gamougzavna, mosaxleobas ki didi raodenobiT marili. osmaleTi afxa-

zeTs Tavis vasal qveynad Tvlida, magram mTavars mainc ar endoboda [193,

129]. 1725w. osmalebma foTSi orTuRiani faSa dasves da mas Savi zRvis

aRmosavleT sanapiros gamgebloba Caabares [67, 183].

amrigad, osmaleTi daeufla Savi zRvis sanapiro punqtebs. mosaxleo-

ba osmalTa Zaladobas ar urigdeboda.Oosmalo mematianis quCuk Celebi

zades cnobiT, afxazebi zRvidan da xmeleTidan niadag Tavs esxmodnen

osmalebs, romlebic soxumSi cixes aSenebdnen [100, 116]. 1725w. gazafxul-

ze, odiSis mTavari beJan dadiani da imereTis mesveurebi osmalTa wi-

naaRmdeg gamosvlisaTvis emzadebodnen, magram es gamosvla ver Sedga.

afxazebmac uSedegod scades osmalTa gandevna soxumis cixidan [104, 467].

ruseTis despani stambolSi a. rumiancevi da rezidenti i. nepliuevi

ityobinebodnen: ,,samegrelos cnobili mTavris beJan dadianis mier dawye-

buli areuloba izrdeba da TiTqos afxazeTSi, Savi zRvis sanapiroze

axladagebuli erT-erTi cixidan Turqebi gandevnes‘‘-o. 1726w. 22 ivniss a.

rumiancevi ityobineboda samegrelosa da afxazeTSi axali areulobis

Sesaxeb. 1728w. afxazebma isev Semoartyes alya soxumis cixes. osmalebi

varaudobdnen, rom dasavleT saqarTveloSi antiosmaluri gamosvlebi

ruseTis mxardaWeriT xorcieldeboda da mas qarTlis devnili mefe

vaxtang VI (1703-1724ww.) xelmZRvanelobda. [160, 63.79]. 1728w. axalcixeli

isak faSas Svilma afxazebi Semoiriga, xolo antiosmaluri brZolis

moTave beJan dadiani RalatiT moakvlevina. miuxedavad amisa, osmalTa

agresiis winaaRmdeg brZola dasavleT saqarTveloSi ar Camcxrala.

osmalebma ver SeZles saqarTvelos, maT Soris afxazeTis, sruli damor-

32

Cileba. dampyroblebi maT mier dakavebul cixeebSic Tavs myarad ver

grZnobdnen [117, 217-223]. es iyo periodi, rodesac vaxuStis gadmocemiT,

SarvaSiZeebi, `aravis morCilebasa Sina‘‘ ar imyofebodnen‘‘ [3, 784]

1730w. gazafxulze osmalebma gadawyvites baTumidan azovamde zRvis

sanapiros sabolood dapyroba da jiqebis damorCileba. laSqrobas, ro-

melSic imereTis mefec monawileobda, foTis faSa sardlobda. osmalebma

odiSi moarbies. ,,arbevdnen osmalni da imerni da styuevnidnen, sada vis

hpovebdnen, _ wers vaxuSti batoniSvili, _ Sevidnen osmalni ilors, ara-

med xatni da juarni da saxmarni eklesiisani daexiznaT. Seudves cecxli,

mowves eklesia da aRZarcves kramiti brpenisa da mospnes daxatulebani

da Semdgomad ganvles da mividnen afxazeTs‘‘. afxazTa mTavarma wi-

naaRmdegoba gauwia maT, magram damarcxda da morCileba gamoacxada. osma-

lebma mTavari da misi axloblebi ZaliT gaamahmadianes, ris Semdegac,

jiqeTisaken daiZrnen. imereTis mefe mixvda, rom osmalTa laSqrobaSi mo-

nawileobas mxolod ubedureba mohqonda misi qveynisTvis, amitom Tavisi

laSqriT gzidan gamoipara.Mmale afxazebic ajanydnen da osmalebma veRar

gaagrZeles laSqroba. afxazebma maTi didi nawili gaJlites, nawili ga-

iqca. faSamac gaqceviT uSvela Tavs [3, 887-888]. mogvianebiT osmalebma isev

aRadgines TavianTi gavlena afxazeTze. 1730-31ww. soxumis cixeSi ali ars-

lan begis xelmZRvanelobiT osmalTa 100-mde mecixovne idga. 1731-1735ww.

osmalebis 70 kaciani garnizoni anakofiis cixeSi idga [99, 311-314; 169, 286].

afxazebi, odiSTan dapirispirebis miuxedavad, qarTvelebTan erTad

ebrZodnen dampyroblebs.Aamave dros monawileobdnen dasavleT saqarTve-

los SinaomebSi, sadac odiSis mTavars uWerdnen mxars. male anakofiidan

da biWvinTidan osmalebma mecixovneebi gaiyvanes, samagierod, osmaleTma

soxumis cixe gaaZliera. 1737w. aq orTuRiani faSa ijda, romelsac ana-

kliis cixec emorCileboda. soxumis cixis garnizoni 200 ianiCarisagan

Sedgeboda, xolo SeiaraRebaSi 60 qvemexi iyo [67, 225-226].

TurqeTis premier-ministris arqivSi arsebuli erTi dokumentis mi-

xedviT, soxumis cixe_simagreSi adgilobrivi mosaxleobisagan Semdgari

razmebi ixdidnen samxedro samsaxurs, osmaleTis xelisufleba maT ami-

saTvis jamagirs uxdida. am dokumentis mixedviT, romelic 1745w. 25 Te-

bervliT aris daTariRebuli, soxumis cixes oras oci adgilobrivi, da-

33

qiravebuli meomari icavda, romelTac wliuri anazRaurebis saxiT, osma-

leTis saxelmwifo xazinidan Tanxa eZleodaT [58. 2].

Sinaomebisa da osmalTa Semosevebisagan dasavleT saqarTvelo saSin-

lad iyo aoxrebuli. mZime mdgomareoba Seiqmna afxazeTSi, romelic Si-

naurma areulobam moicva. afxazTa mTavrebi ver akontrolebdnen viTa-

rebas. Savi zRvis sanapiroze tyvis msyidvelebi TareSobdnen. maT Soris

gansakuTrebiT afxazebi aqtiurobdnen. vaxuSti batoniSvilis cnobiT,

afxazebi ,,dauxdebian osmalTa navTa da laz-WanTa da ufrosad odiS-gu-

riasa‘‘ [3, 785] isini moulodnelad adgebodnen napirs, visac moixelTeb-

dnen, itacebdnen da osmaloebze yiddnen, an monebad asaxlebdnen afxa-

zeTSi [119, 156]. amasTan, afxazeTi xSirad ganicdida mezobeli mTis tome-

bis Tavdasxmebs, Sida raionebSi Semosevebs awyobdnen mTis Tavisufali

afxazuri Temebis _ webelis, dalis, fsxus mkvidrni [51, 45]. afxazTa me-

zobelma mTis tomebma, webelisa da dalis Temebis mkvidrTa mxardaWeriT,

mZarcveluri Tavdasxmis dros moarbies dranda, merxeuli, kvitouli,

didZali nadavli da tyve igdes xelT da CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi gadavi-

dnen. afxazTa mTavari jiqeSia am tomebis meTaurebTan mosalaparakeblad

gaemarTa. molaparakeba warmatebiT damTavrda, magram ukan dabrunebuli

mTavari, RamiT, tyeSi gadaawyda marbielTa sxva jgufs da maTTan Seta-

kebaSi daiRupa [154, 246].

afxazTa samTavro taxtze jiqeSias ufrosi vaJi manuCari avida. osma-

lebi mxars uWerdnen samTavro saxlis mowinaaRmdege Zalebs. 30-ian wleb-

Si osmalebma taxtidan Camoagdes manuCar SarvaSiZe da or umcros Zmas-

Tan_zurabTan da SirvanTan erTad, osmaleTSi gaagzavnes, sadac ZaliT

gaamahmadianes. afxazeTis gamgebloba soxumis komendantad daniSnuli ji-

qis aslan-bei geCis xelSi gadavida. am periodSi afxazeTSi didi gavlena

moipova samTavro saxlis metoqe ZafS-ifebis sagvareulom, romlis ga-

Zlierebasac mxars uWerda aslan-bei geCi. ZafS-ifebma daikaves soxumis

midamoebi, teritoria mdinareebs fsircxasa da kodors Soris da mTavris

kuTvnili mTeli rigi feodaluri Semosavlebi miiTvises [109, 131].

osmaleTi did mniSvnelobas aniWebda SarvaSiZeTa meSveobiT ganmtki-

cebas afxazeTSi. 1744w. manuCar SarvaSiZe baTumis begad ijda, zurabi –

soxumisa, xolo Sirvani faSas tituliT ganagebda rionis (foTis) cixesa

34

da WaneTs, rizes ,,amoRma‘‘ [104, 469]. osmaleTis mier afxazeTSi mTavrad

gamogzavnili zurabi pativiT miiRes afxazeTSi, magram gaqristianeba mo-

sTxoves, isic moinaTla iloris eklesiaSi da mxolod amis Semdeg da-

ikava samTavro taxti [154, 247]. aqedan Cans, rom maSin afxazeTSi jer ki-

dev cocxali iyo tradicia, romlis Tanaxmad afxazeTis mTavari qristi-

ani unda yofiliyo. zurabs vaJiSvili ar hyavda, amitom osmaleTidan Ca-

moiyvana Tavisi Zmiswuli qeleS-ahmed-bei (qeleS-bei), manuCaris Ze, rome-

lic axalgazrdobidan mZevlad iyo stambolSi da taxtis memkvidred ga-

moacxada. Semdeg, zurabma baTumidan Camoiyvana meore Zmiswuli beqir-bei

Servanis Ze, romelsac abJua uboZa. afxazTa mTavarma ZafS-ifebis Zlieri

da gavleniani sagvareulos misamxrobad maTi asuli SerTo qeleS-beis,

rasac ZafS-ifebis opoziciis Sesusteba mohyva [109, 131-132].

XVIIIs. Sua xanebSi, afxazeTis sazRvari samxreT-aRmosavleTiT md.

RaliZgaze gadioda, sadac mas odiSi esazRvreboda. Crdilo-dasavleTiT,

md. bzifs iqiT afxazeTs jiqeTi esazRvreboda [3, 783]. md. RaliZgasa da

md. engurs Soris mdebare teritoria_samurzayano, odiSis samTavros Se-

madgenlobaSi Sedioda, Tumca am mxaris mmarTvelebad afxazeTis samTav-

ro saxlis gverdiTi Stos warmomadgenlebi darCnen. Aamis gamo, samurza-

yanos aRmniSvnelad am xanis qarTul wyaroebSi Lmkvidrdeba terminebi:

,,zemo afxazeTi‘‘ da ,,samurzayano afxazeTi‘‘. es regioni kvlav qarTvele-

biT dasaxlebul, kulturulad qarTul mxared rCeboda da odiSis Sema-

dgenlobaSi imyofeboda. am TvalsazrisiT, aRsaniSnavia 1757w. samurzaya-

nos maSindeli mflobelis, xutunia SarvaSiZis monawileoba, imereTis

axalgazrda mefis solomon I-is meTaurobiT, osmalTa winaaRmdeg ga-

marTul xresilis brZolaSi, sadac SarvaSiZe afxazTa razms meTaurobda

da gmirulad daiRupa [74, 143].

XVIIIs. 60-ian wlebSi, osmaluri garnizoni soxumis cixeSi idga. ime-

reTis mefis solomon I-is elCis, mitropolit maqsime quTaTelis mier

1769w. Sedgenil imereTis aRwerilobaSi aRniSnulia, rom soxumi aris nav-

sadguri da cixe, sadac osmalTa garnizoni dgas [112, 200]. rusi ofice-

ri,Kkapitani iazikovi, 1770w. Sedgenil moxsenebaSi, Savi zRvis sanapiro

simagreTa Soris asaxelebs ayus, anu soxums, sadac idga osmalTa garni-

zoni da mcxovrebnic yvelani osmalebi iyvnen [112, 261] TurqeTis premier-

35

ministris arqivis erTi dokumentis Tanaxmad, imave 1770w. stambolidan

soxumisa da maxlobeli cixesimagreebis garnizonebisaTvis zarbaznis

Wurvebi da Tofiswamali gaigzavna [58. 3].

XVIIIs. II naxevarSi, dasavleT saqarTveloSi gaaqtiurda osmalo dam-

pyrobelTa winaaRmdeg brZola, rasac mniSvnelovanwilad Seuwyo xeli im

garemoebam, rom imereT-odiS-guriis mesveurni erTad gamodiodnen saerTo

mtris winaaRmdeg. solomon I-ma kargad icoda, rom saboloo gamarjvebis

misaRwevad sakuTari Zalebi sakmarisi ar iyo, amitom rogorc qarTl-ka-

xeTis mefe erekle II (1762-1798ww.), solomonic ruseTTan kavSirs eZiebda.

1768w. ruseT-osmaleTis axali omi (1768-1774ww.) daiwyo. omis Teatrma

amierkavkasiac moicva. erekle II da solomon I ruseTis daxmarebiT ge-

gmavdnen osmalTa gandevnas saqarTvelodan. 1769w. saqarTveloSi ruseTis

saeqspedicio korpusi Semovida, romelic 1770w. ivnisidan qarTvelebTan

erTad, TiTqmis or wels dasavleT saqarTveloSi eweoda saomar moqmede-

bebs osmalTa winaaRmdeg. mokavSireTa erT-erTi mTavari mizani saqarTve-

los SavizRvispireTidan osmalebis gandevna iyo. 1770w. oqtomberSi rus-

TaA korpusi foTisken daiZra. korpusis samegreloSi Semosvlisas osma-

lebma ruxisa da anakliis cixeebi dacales da isini odiSis mTavarma da-

ikava. amis Semdeg totlebenma dadianTan erTad foTs alya Semoartya,

romelic samTvenaxevars gagrZelda. 1771w. TebervalSi, solomon I-ma tot-

lebens acnoba, rom zurab da qeleS-bei SarvaSiZeebi apirebdnen, ruseTis

korpuss Tavs dasxmodnen, raTa aeZulebinaT totlebeni foTs gascloda.

es cnoba dadasturda, afxazebi Tavs daesxnen rusTa korpuss da cxenebi

gaitaces [81, 42-45]

1771w. zafxulSi rusTa korpusma foTs kvlav Semoartya alya, Tumca

isev uSedegod. odiSis laSqris SemadgenlobaSi foTTan ibrZoda samur-

zayanos mflobeli levan SarvaSiZec Tavisi razmiT. imavdroulad afxa-

zebi ajanydnen osmalebis winaaRmdeg. afxazTa mTavarma zurab SarvaSiZem

da samurzayanos mflobelma levan SarvaSiZem Seupovari brZolis Sede-

gad daikaves soxumis cixe da osmalebi gandevnes, magram zurab da levan

SarvaSiZeebs Soris male uTanxmoeba Camovarda da levanma fuladi ana-

zRaurebis sanacvlod cixe osmalebs daubruna [15, 110; 42, 117]. am ambebis

Semdeg osmaleTi ukve aRar endoboda zurab SarvaSiZes da yovelmxriv

36

uWerda mxars qeleS-beis, Tumca amjerad mainc ver gabeda zurabisaTvis

mTavroba CamoerTmia. 70-ian wlebSi imereTis cixeebidan osmalebi gan-

devnes. ruseTTan quCuk-kainarjis zavis (1774w. 10 ivlisi) dadebis Semdeg,

osmaleTi xedavda, rom imereTs kargavda, amitom odiSSi cdilobda pozi-

ciebis ganmtkicebas. aseT viTarebaSi, osmaleTma xeli Seuwyo afxazi

mflobelebisa da mTielTa koaliciis laSqrobas odiSze.Oosmalebi Se-

uTanxmdnen afxazebs. zurab SarvaSiZe, soxumis (ayus) cixis mflobeli qe-

leS-bei da abJuas mflobeli beqir-bei SekavSirdnen. odiSis mTavars ga-

nudga samurzayanos mflobeli levan SarvaSiZe. qeleS-bei da levan Sar-

vaSiZe osmaleTis zegavleniT SekavSirdnen. [74, 156-156]. SarvaSiZeebma Camo-

iyvanes daqiravebul mTielTa razmebi: ,,jiqni, alanni, zuxua da mazumai‘‘

[6, 180]. koalicias mTavari zurab SarvaSiZe ki ar sardlobda, aramed qe-

leS-bei. safiqrebelia, rom osmalebi uSualod qeleS-beis SeuTanxmdnen

da zurabs sardloba CamoerTva, magram rogorc afxazeTis mTavari, mainc

iZulebuli iyo monawileoba mieRo laSqrobaSi [109, 162].

kacia II dadianma daxmarebisaTvis imereTis mefes mimarTa. solomonma

Tavis laSqars sof. banZaSi ubrZana Tavmoyra, aqve daibara gurielic.

banZidan mefe Tavisi jariT maleve mivida ruxis cixemde. brZola gaimar-

Ta 1780w. martSi, sof. ruxSi. n. dadiani brZolis suraTs ase gadmogvcems:

,,Semdgomad raodenisame Jamisa moviden afxazni da mourideblad gamovid-

nen engurs da dasdgen pirispir maTsa. meoresa dResa amxedrden afxazni

da warmoemarTnen zarbazan-artileriiTa da didZaliTa mxedrebiTa mefe-

sa da dadiansa zeda. aqaT miegebnen spani mefisa da dadianisani da Seiqm-

na saSineli brZolani. maSin mefe amxedrda CveuliTa kiskasiTa guliTa

da waruZRva raodensame gundsa mxedrobasa imereT-odiSarTasa da miuxta

marjveniT kerZo mamacad da mravlisa urTierTisa ganglija razmi, da Se-

viden spani mefisa da dadianisa razmsa Sua da mxilveli amisi afxazni

ver winaaRudgen, da ivltoden afxazni da gaemarjvaT saxelovnad mefesa

da dadiansa‘‘ [6, 180]

ruxis brZolam, romelic qarTvelTa laSqris brwyinvale gamarjve-

biT damTavrda, bolo mouRo afxazebis Semotevas odiSis samTavroze.Ees

brZola qarTvelobam Tavidanve aRiqva, rogorc brZola qristianobasa da

muslimanobas Soris. qarTvelTa simamacem da mxneobam odiSi ixsna afxaz-

37

jiq_CerqezTa koaliciis mxridan walekvisagan, romelTa zurgs ukan os-

maleTi da misi vasali yirimis xani idgnen.

XVIIIs. afxazeTSi qristianuli religiis aRmsarebelTa areali

sagZnoblad Semcirda. axalma, mTis mosaxleobam Tan Camoitana warmar-

Toba, farTod vrceldeba islamic. dasavleT saqarTvelos mRvdelmTav-

rebi zrunavdnen qristianobis aRorZinebisaTvis afxazeTSi, Tumca amas

maSindel pirobebSi arsebiTi Sedegi ar mohyolia. sulxan-saba orbelia-

nis mier safrangeTis mefis lui XIV-is saxelze Sedgenil memorandumSi

(1714w.), afxazeTis kaTolikosis grigol lorTqifaniZis (1696-1742ww.)

TxovniT Sevida punqti kaTolike misionerebis gagzavnis Sesaxeb Cerqe-

zeTsa da afxazeTSi qristianobis asaRorZineblad [91, 84]. miuxedavad su-

lxan-sabas Zalisxmevisa, misionerebis Camoyvana ver moxerxda [68, 302-303].

XVIIIs. 60-iani wlebis miwuruls afxazTa mZlavrobis gamo samur-

zayanoSi bediis kaTedra gauqmda. drandis, moqvisa da bediis eparqiebis

gauqmebis Semdeg afxazeTSi mxolod iloris wm. giorgis eklesia moqme-

debda, romelic caiSis eparqiaSi Sedioda. mitropoliti grigol caiSe-

li (1777-1823ww.) aRniSnavda: ,,maxlobelobisaTvis samurzayano afxazeTsac

vmwysidi da viRvwodi, raTa sarwmunoeba ganmravlebiT mravalTa Soris

mtkiced gebul iyo‘‘ [96, 97]. mitropoliti Zalisxmevas ar iSurebda afxa-

zebSi qristianobis gavrcelebisaTvis. mravali maTgani monaTla da bevr-

jer daifara eparqia aoxrebisagan. XVIIIs. miwuruls igi Tavis anderZSi

aRniSnavda: ,,gulmodginebiT maqvnda afxazeTis erni gardaqceulni sarw-

munoebisagan, romelic xelmisawTomel iyo Cem mier, igini momeyvana sar-

wmunoebad da mravalnica moqceuli iqmnen da monaTlul. sifrTxiliTa

da RvawliTaca CemiTa davfare mravalgzis wartyvevnisagan warmarTTasa

saeklesio mamuli da saeparxioca‘‘ [96, 65]

samurzayanos qarTveloba marTlmadeblobas inarCunebda. gansxvavebu-

li viTareba iyo afxazeTSi, sadac Camosaxlebulma mTielma warmarTebma

bolo mouRes qristianobas. mTeli XVIIIs. ganmavlobaSi md. RaliZgis

Crdilo-dasavleTiT ar moqmedebda arcerTi eklesia [68, 303-309].

XVIIIs. qarTuli da afsuuri eTnosebis, Sesabamisad, qarTuli qris-

tianuli kulturisa da CrdiloeT kavkasiidan Camotanili warmarTobis

Serwymis safuZvelze mimdinareobda Tanamedrove afxazi (,,afsua‘‘) eris

38

formirebis procesi. aman ganapiroba afxazebis religiur-kulturuli

warmodgenebis gaoreba. afxazi eris Camoyalibebis aRniSnulma Tavisebu-

rebam gansazRvra qarTvelebisa da afxazebis kulturaTa da tradiciaTa

siaxlove da rig SemTxvevebSi identuroba.

miuxedavad warmarTobis damkvidrebisa, afxazeTSi qristianoba savse-

biT ar aRmofxvrila. XVIII saukunidan afxazeTSi vrceldeba islami, mag-

ram saukunis pirvel naxevarSi mas farTo masStabebisTvis ar miuRwevia.

pirvelad mxolod mosaxleobis zedafena_samTavro saxli da feodaluri

wreebi, gamahmadiandnen. Tumca, afxazi warCinebuli wodebis mxridan, is-

lamis aRiarebas ufro pragmatuli miznebi hqonda, vidre religiuri.

afxazi feodalebi islamis wesebisagan TiTqmis arafers icavdnen, magram

kargad sargeblobdnen imiT, rom musliman osmalebTan qristiani tyvis

syidvas didi gasavali hqonda. osmalebi qristiani tyveebiT vaWrobas aqe-

zebdnen da am politikidan gamomdinare ar eswrafvodnen dasavleT saqar-

Tvelos gamahmadianebas [76, 65-66]. qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi XVIIIs. I

naxevarSi, tyveTa gamosaxsnelad dawesebuli iyo specialuri gadasaxadi

,,satyveo‘‘, erekle II mefobaSi saxelmwifo biujetis mexuTedi iyo gamoyo-

fili gayidul adamianTa gamosaxsnelad. am mizniT saxelmwifo xazinaSi

specialuri fondic Seiqmna [75, 229-230]. solomon I mier 1759w. mowveul

saeklesio krebaSi, romelmac akrZala ,,tyvis syidva~, afxazeTis warmo-

madgenlebs monawileoba ar miuRiaT. XVIIs. dasavleT saqarTvelodan yo-

velwliurad gahyavdaT 4-dan 7-8 aTas kacamde. igive viTareba unda yofi-

liyo XVIIIs. I naxevarSi. adamianebiT vaWroba mosaxleobis katastroful

Semcirebas iwvevda [77, 184-185].

XVIIIs. afxazeTi gamoirCeva osmaleTis dominirebadi gavleniT. gaiza-

rda samTavros teritoria, cvlilebebi moxda afxazeTis mosaxleobis eT-

nikur SemadgenlobaSic. miuxedavad amisa, samTavros oficialuri ena ar-

is qarTuli, SarvaSiZeebi ki qarTveli warCinebuli wodebis ganuyofel

nawilad rCebian. vaxuSti batoniSvili Tavisi drois afxazebis Sesaxeb

werda ,,ena sakuTari Tvisi aqusT, aramed uwyian warCinebulTa qarTuli‘‘

[3, 786]. sulxan-saba orbeliani, romelic evropidan samSobloSi brunde-

boda, 1714w. dekemberSi, kunZul maltaze SemTxveviT qarTvelebs Sexvda.

`qarTvelnic vnaxe_zogi afxazi, zogi imereli, guruli, megreli, rom

39

TaTrisaTvis waerTmiaT. ena isev kargad icodnen. afxazma ratom icoda,

is gamikvirda, qarTuli‘‘ [20, 272]. XVIIIs. afxazebis erTiani qarTuli en-

obriv_kulturuli ojaxidan gaucxoeba mimdinareobs, rasac upirveles

yovlisa ganapirobebda osmaleTisa da misi gavlenis qveS myofi abazur-

Cerqezuli tomebis samxedro_politikuri da eTnikur_kulturuli eqspan-

sia afxazeTSi.

qarTl-kaxeTis samefos ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sesvlis, ruseTTan

yirimis saxanosa da dunaispireTis garSemo gamZafrebuli dapirispirebe-

bis fonze, osmaleTi cdilobda afxazeTSi poziciebis ganmtkicebas. 80-

iani wlebis dasawyisSi, osmaleTi Seecada Tavidan moeSorebina afxaze-

Tis mTavari zurab SarvaSiZe da mis winaaRmdeg Tavisi emisari qeleS-bei

waaqeza. ,,drosa amas, - wers n. dadiani, - SeiSurven urTierTisadmi Sar-

vaSiZe zurab, romeli flobda zufus da Zmiswuli misi qelaiS-ahmed-beg,

romeli flobda ayus da mimdgomsa missa‘‘. zurab SarvaSiZem odiSis mTa-

var kacia dadians sTxova daxmareba. dadianma saswrafod Seyara laSqari,

sardlad Tavisi Zma giorgi Cauyena da afxazeTSi gagzavna. ,,mividnen ra

afxazeTs, urCni zurabisani moswves, moswyvides da Semdgomad moadgnen

cxomis cixes‘‘. giorgi dadianis Zem cixe aiRo da urCni isev zurab Sarva-

SiZes daumorCila [6, 181].

amrigad, zurab SarvaSiZem, odiSis mTavris daxmarebiT SeinarCuna xe-

lisufleba. dadianisaTvis, ra Tqma unda, afxazeTis taxtze sasurveli

iyo proqarTuli orientaciis zurab SarvaSiZe, vidre osmaleTis erTgu-

li qeleS-bei. am periodSi, afxazTaA samTavros mxareebidan Sua sofels,

anu abJuas - teritorias md. RaliZgasa da md. kodors Soris, flobda

zurab SarvaSiZis Zmiswuli beqir-bei; soxumis cixes (ayu) da gumisTis

afxazeTs, anu teritorias md. kodorsa da md. gumisTas Soris _ qeleS-

bei; bzifis afxazeTs md. gumisTasa da md. bzifs Soris, _ zurab SarvaSi-

Ze, romelic afxazeTis danarCen mxareTa siuzerenia [6, 183-184; 49, 244].

80-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi, ruseT_osmaleTis urTierToba daiZa-

ba, rac pirvel rigSi imiT iyo gamowveuli, rom osmaleTi yirimisa da sa-

qarTvelos dakargvas ver urigdeboda. osmaleTis didi veziri, warmoSo-

biT qarTveli koja iusuf faSa, ruseTis elCs stambolSi arwmundebda,

rom yirimi da saqarTvelo osmaleTs ekuTvnoda. uTanxmoebebi diplomati-

40

uri gziT ver gadawyda da 1787w. 27 agvistos osmaleTma ruseTs omi ga-

moucxada. [88, 257]

Cveni azriT, am dros ukavSirdeba afxazeTSi qeleS-beis gamTavreba,

romelsac davalebuli hqonda ruseT-osmaleTis dapirispirebis dros da-

savleT saqarTveloSi osmaleTis interesebis dacva. qeleS-beis gamTav-

reba ruseT-osmaleTis omis dawyebis welsve unda momxdariyo. qeleS-beim,

samxedro da politikuri mosazrebiT, mTavris rezidencia lixnidan, sam-

Tavros Zveli politikur-administraciuli centridan, soxumis cixeSi

gadmoitana, sadac osmalo mecixovneebi idgnen. [119, 82; 139, 22].

qeleS-bei didi gavleniT sargeblobda dasavleT kavkasiis mTie-

lebSi. rodesac qeleS bei afxazeTis mTavari gaxda, is gaSorda cols –

ZafS-ifebis asuls, romelic politikuri garigebiT SerTes. amis Semdeg

is daqorwinda dabali warmoSobis qalze, gvarad leibaze (tomiT jiqi)

sof. muguZirxvadan. amiT qeleS-bei ZafS-ifebis gavlenian sagvareulos

daupirispirda. [49, 231. 244] qeleS-bei mtkice mmarTveli gamodga. man Ta-

vidanve daiwyo zrunva mTavris xelisuflebis ganmtkicebisa da centra-

lizaciisaTvis: daamarcxa da daimorCila Tavisi metoqe biZaSvili, abJuis

mmarTveli beqir-bei, romelsac anCabaZeTa msxvili da gavleniani feo-

daluri sagvareulo uWerda mxars, daimorCila webelis mflobeli marSa-

niebic, cdilobda Tavisi gavlena samurzayanozec gaevrcelebina. da-

qucmacebuli samTavros gaerTianebasa da centraluri xelisuflebis gan-

mtkicebisaTvis brZolaSi man maqsimalurad gamoiyena osmaleTis mxarda-

Wera, amasTan mWidro urTierToba daamyara jiqebTan da ubixebTan. amri-

gad, qeleS-beim ganamtkica Tavisi xelisufleba.

kavkasia, da gansakuTrebiT, saqarTvelo osmaleTis imperiis sagareo

politikaSi umniSvnelovanes adgils ikavebs XVIIIs. 80-iani wlebidan,

yirimis saxanos rusTa mier dapyrobisa da qarTl-kaxeTis samefos ruse-

Tis mfarvelobaSi Sesvlis garemoebebidan gamomdinare. manamde osmale-

Tis imperia gansakuTrebulad did yuradRebas ar uTmobda CrdiloeT kav-

kasiis mimarTulebas. Cerqezebi da sxva mTielebic osmaleTis sulTnis

suzerenitets samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT ar scnobdnen, mxolod

sulTnis qveSevrdom yirimis xanTan urTierTobdnen [178, 162]. ruseTis

mxridan kavkasiaze eqspansiis dawyebam osmaleTi SeaSfoTa, radgan misi

41

gavlena dasavleT kavkasiaze susti iyo. osmaleTis mxridan CerqezebTan

urTierToba, maTSi islamis gavrceleba tradiciulad yirimis xanze iyo

mindobili, magram yirimis saxanoze ruseTis mxridan ganxorcielebuli

Setevisa da ruseTis samxreTiT winsvlis aRsakveTad, osmaleTma anapis

cixis gamagreba gadawyvita. 1780-1784ww. osmalo didmoxelem, warmoSobiT

qarTvelma ferah ali faSam, mis mier gamagrebuli anapis cixe ruseTis

winaaRmdeg mebrZol Crdilo_dasavleT kavkasiis tomebis dasayrdenad da

TavSesafrad aqcia [182, 51]. ferah ali faSam anatoliidan, sivasis, sino-

pis, amasiisa da TokaTis olqebidan anapaSi 10 aTasamde jariskaci Camoa-

yvanina, romelTagan mravalma mTiel qalebTan Seqmna ojaxebi da iqve da-

saxlda. am RonisZiebebs SemdgomSi CerqezTa mZafri antirusuli gamos-

vlebisaTvis niadagi unda Seemzadebina. 1785w. gardacvlili ferah ali

faSa, imave wels, aWarelma bijanoRlu ali faSam Secvala [175, 321].

osmaleTis mizani anapidan Cerqez da afxaz warCinebulebs Soris is-

lamis gavrcelebisaTvis xelis Sewyoba da mTielebisaTvis osmaleTis im-

periis Zlierebisa da moraluri avtoritetis demonstrireba iyo. jer

mTielebi muslimanobaze unda moeqciaT, rasac maTTan mWidro samxedro

da politikuri kavSirebic mohyveboda. osmalebma TavianTi gavlena gaavr-

celes CerqezebSi, mxolod ver SeZles yabardoelebis gadmobireba, rom-

lebic XVI saukunidan ruseTTan siaxloves icavdnen [183, 99-100].

ruseT-osmaleTis gamwvavebuli dapirispirebis erT-erT mniSvnelovan

faqtorad soxumi iqca. osmaleTis xelisufleba did yuradRebas uTmobda

misTvis strategiulad mniSvnelovani soxumis cixisa da navsadguris Se-

narCunebasa da gaZlierebas. 1788w. 9 agvistoTi daTariRebul dokumentSi,

romelic TurqeTis premier-ministris arqivSia daculi, aRniSnulia, rom

aucilebelia soxumis cixis gaZliereba samxedroebiT, unda moxdes sur-

saTiT cixis garnizonis momaragebis gaumjobeseba, radgan soxumi mtre-

biT aris garemoculi. dokumentSi aseve naTqvamia: ,,saqarTvelos mflobe-

lebi moskovelebs (rusebs _ z.w.) uweven daxmarebas da qarTvelebis sawi-

naaRmdegod saWiroa sanapiros Cerqezebis amxedreba, amisaTvis Cerqezebs

Zvirfasi saCuqrebi unda gaegzavnoT‘‘ [58. 4].

soxumis mniSvneloba osmaleTisaTvis iqidanac Cans, rom aq sulTan

selim III-is brZanebiT daarsda gemTsaSeni, sadac osmaluri flotisaTvis

42

samxedro gemi aSenda. Turqi istorikosis enver zia karalis naSromSi

`selim III-is droindeli osmaleTis flotis Sesaxeb dokumentebi‘‘, dasa-

xelebulia osmaluri oficialuri dokumenti, romelic selim III-is

mmarTvelobis dros agebul gemebis aRweras Seicavs. dokumentSi, imperiis

sxva gemTsaSenebs Soris dasaxelebulia soxumis gemTsaSenic [185, 7-9].

qeleS-beis mier soxumSi 60 qvemexiani xomaldis agebisa da osmaleTis

sulTnisTvis saCuqrad gagzavnis Sesaxeb naxsenebia 1810w. 24 martiT

daTariRebul general a. tormasovis werilSi [30, 450]. osmaluri wyaro

adasturebs gemis aSenebis faqts, magram mohyavs a. tormasovis mier

dasaxelebuli gemisagan gansxvavebuli maxasiaTeblebi [108, 130-132].

soxumSi osmalebis mier gemTsaSenis ageba ganapiroba ruseTisa da

osmaleTis interesebis Sejaxebam kavkasiaSi. 1789w. sulTnis taxtze asul-

ma selim III miznad daisaxa evropuli yaidis armiisa da flotis Seqmna.

sulTnis brZanebiT mTavari gemTsaSenebis aSenebis adgilebad dadginda

stamboli, bodrumi, gemliqi, kalaisultanie, midili, kviprosi, qemeri,

kalasi, silistre da soxumi. yovel gemTsaSens Seudgines xiTa da sa-

ialqneebiT momaragebis, gemTmSenebeli specialistebisa da muSaxelis ra-

odenobisa da dasaqmebis gegma. 1791-1799ww. am navsadgurebSi aSenda da

zRvaSi gavida 45 gemi. osmaleTis flotisTvis axladaSenebuli gemebis

qvemexTa saerTo ricxvi 2329, xolo mezRvaurTa da jariskacTa raodenoba

20495 kacs Seadgenda [185, 2-3].

soxumSi aSenebuli osmaleTis samxedro flotis xomaldi, saxelwo-

debiT `kilid ul bahir‘‘, osmaluri sazRvao terminologiiT `kalioni

jediT‘‘-is tipis ialqniani sabrZolo gemi iyo. xomaldis korpusi brin-

jaos firfitebiT iyo SeWedili, rac gems sazRvao brZolebisas garkveul

upiratesobas aniWebda. `kilid ul bahir‘‘-is SeiaraReba 28 qvemexisagan

Sesdgeboda da masze 300 mezRvauri da jariskaci msaxurobda [185, 7].

TurqeTis premier-ministris arqivSi daculi dokumentebi Suqs fenen

soxumSi, osmaluri samxedro-sazRvao flotisaTvis gemTmSenlobis sa-

kiTxebs. 1793w. 26 agvistoTi daTariRebul werilSi aRniSnulia, rom so-

xumis gamgebelis, mirliva (Seesabameba osmaleTis armiis generlis samxe-

dro wodebas_z.w.) qeleS-ahmed-beis mecadineobiT gemsaSenis aSenebisaTvis

momaragebuli xis masalis safasurad, gaigzavnos soxumSi 34 aTas 600 yu-

43

ruSi‘‘ [58. 5]. am cnobis safuZvelze, 1793 weli unda CaiTvalos soxumSi

osmaleTis samxedro flotisaTvis gemTsaSenis mSeneblobis dasawyisad.

amasTan, irkveva, rom qeleS-beis, rogorc osmaleTis vasalis movaleo-

bebSi Sedioda soxumis gemTsaSenSi osmaluri samxedro-sazRvao floti-

saTvis gemebis ageba, da mis mier sulTnisaTvis xomaldis saCuqrad gag-

zavna, rogorc amas a. tormasovis werilSi vxvdebiT, gamoricxulad mi-

gvaCnia. qeleS-beis araTu saCuqrad ar miurTmevia sabrZolo xomaldi os-

maleTisaTvis, aramed piriqiT, cdilobda soxumis gemTsaSeni sakuTari

gavlenisa da simdidris gazrdis wyarod eqcia da am niadagze vaWroba da

saqmiani mimowera hqonda osmaleTis xelisuflebasTan.

soxumSi gemTsaSenis mSeneblobisa da osmaleTis samxedro-sazRvao

flotisaTvis xomaldis agebasTan dakavSirebuli finansuri sakiTxebi

sulTnis kancelariasa da afxazeTis mTavars Soris wlebis manZilze va-

Wrobisa da uTanxmoebis sagani yofila. qeleS-bei mudmivad moiTxovda

Tanxebs, rac osmaleTis xelisuflebis undoblobasa da ukmayofilebas

iwvevda. 1794w. 3 noembriT daTariRebul brZanebaSi soxumis gamgebel qe-

leS-beisadmi aRniSnulia, rom soxumSi asaSenebeli samxedro gemisaTvis

gamoiyo Zalian didi raodenobis Tanxa, ris gamoc damatebiT raime Ta-

nxis moTxovna dakmayofilebuli ar iqneba [58. 6]. ori wlis Semdeg, sul-

Tnis kancelaria isev swavlobs soxumSi gemTmSeneblobis dafinansebis

sakiTxs. qeleS-bei amjeradac did Tanxas moiTxovs da osmaleTis xeli-

sufleba, iZulebulia es dafinanseba gamoyos. 1796w. 2 seqtembriT daTari-

Rebul gankargulebaSi aRniSnulia, rom miRebulia gadawyvetileba so-

xumSi gemTmSeneblobis dasafinanseblad damatebiT 7 aTas 500 yuruSi ga-

moiyos [58. 7]. osmaleTis xelisufleba Tavisi vasalis, qeleS-beis dafi-

nansebas did yuradRebas aqcevda, magram qeleS-bei, Cans, gemTmSeneblobis

xarjebis gazrdas xelovnuradac cdilobda. osmaleTis xelisuflebam

1797-1798ww. soxumSi gemTmSeneblobis dafinanseba Sewyvita. zia karalis

mier moyvanil osmalur dokumentSi miTiTebulia am gadawyvetilebis da-

sabuTeba: soxumis gemTsaSeni imperiis centridan didi manZiliT aris da-

Sorebuli, droze ar xdeba gemis mSeneblobisaTvis aucilebeli masale-

bis miwodeba, ar aris sakmarisi raodenobiT muSaxeli da gemTmSeneblo-

bis specialistebi. [185, 9].

44

afxazeTis mTavrisaTvis osmaleTisgan mniSvnelovani dafinansebis

miReba afxazeTis osmaleTis imperiis mfarvelobaSi yofnis damadasture-

bel mtkicebasa da, dasavleT saqarTveloSi mimdinare Sidadapirispirebis

fonze, afxazeTis Seuvalobis garantias warmoadgenda. 1793w. qeleS-bei

misTvis gadacemuli anakliis cixis SekeTebisaTvis samoci aTas yuruSs

iTxovs osmaleTisagan [58. 8]. 1795w. osmaleTis xelisufleba, qeleS-beis

soxumis cixis gasamagreblad saWiro samuSaoebis Catarebas avalebs da

garkveul Tanxas ugzavnis [58. 9].

1783w. qarTl-kaxeTis samefosa da ruseTis imperias Soris georgievs-

kis traqtatis xelmoweris Semdeg osmaleTi yovelnairad cdilobda da-

savleT saqarTveloSi poziciebis gamyarebas. 1784w. solomon I-is garda-

cvalebis Semdeg, imereTis mefis taxti misma biZaSvilma daviT giorgi Zem

daikava, romelmac qarTl-kaxeTis samefos mier ruseTTan dadebuli geor-

gievskis traqtatis analogiuri traqtatis dadebis mizniT, 1784w.

peterburgSi afxazeTis kaTolikos maqsime II abaSiZe, z. wereTeli da d.

kvinixiZe gaagzavna. imereTis elCebis Sexvedram ekaterine meoresTan 1784w.

29 dekembers Sedegi ver gamoiRo. 1787 wlidan maqsime II, imereTis axal

elCTan, besarion gabaSvilTan erTad agrZelebs diplomatiur saqmia-

nobas. isini cdilobdnen afxazeTis mxridan ruseTis jarebis Semoyvanas,

afxazeTisa da mTlianad dasavleT saqarTvelos osmalebisgan gaTa-

visuflebasa da erTianad ruseTis mfarvelobaSi miRebas, magram mizans

ver miaRwies. maqsime II samSobloSi ver dabrunda. 1795w. 30 maiss is kievSi

gardaicvala da kiev-peCoris lavraSi daikrZala [68, 331-339].

XVIIIs. 90-ian wlebSi, dasavleT saqarTveloSi axali ZaliT ifeTqa

feodalurma Sinaomma, romelSic qeleS-beic Caeria. imereTis mefe solo-

mon II-m (1789-1810ww.) miznad daisaxa dasavleT saqarTvelos politikuri

gaerTianeba. amas sagareo-politikuri viTarebac xels uwyobda. osmale-

Tis imperia, romelic separatistul Zalebs uWerda mxars, am dros uwin-

del kontrols ver uwevda dasavleT saqarTveloSi mimdinare movlenebs.

amiT isargebla solomon II-m da uzenaesi xelisuflis pretenziebi gamo-

xata. igi Tavs ,,quÀmoisa iveriisa da sxuaTa mefes‘‘ uwodebda. mefis ma-

rjvena xeli, solomon lioniZe werda, rom ,,afxazeTi uZvelesi

droidanve imereTisa iyo‘‘. imereTis mefe samegrelos mTavar dadians urC

45

vasalad, ,,ymad‘‘ miiCnevda, romelsac mefisadmi urCobis ufleba ar hqonda

[69, 135]. imereTis mefis mcdelobis miuxedavad, dasavleT saqarTvelos

mTavrebs sruliad damoukideblad eWiraT TaviAda imereTis mefis uzenae-

sobas ar scnobdnen. aqac gamoirCeoda afxazeTi da misi mTavari,

romelic osmaleTis erTgul vasals warmoadgenda. am garemoebiT iyo

gamowveuli, rom qeleS-beis qarTvel mefe-mTavarTa samxedro-politikur

kavSirSi_1790w. traqtatSi monawileoba ar miuRia. [119, 87-88]

1801w. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi rusuli mmarTveloba damyarda.

qarTl_kaxeTis samefos Semdeg saqarTvelos danarCeni politikuri erTe-

ulebis ruseTTan SeerTeba drois saqme iyo. ruseTi flobda mniSvnelo-

van samxedro-strategiul placdarms da misTvis advili iyo danarCeni

saqarTvelos ZaliT dapyroba an ,,nebayoflobiT‘‘ damorCileba.

46

T a v i II. ruseT-osmaleTis brZola afxazeTisaTvis

XIXs. I naxevarSi da yirimis omi

§1. afxazeTis ruseTis imperiis mfarvelobaSi Sesvla

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos SemoerTebis Semdeg, carizmis politikis

arsi dasavleT saqarTvelos mimarT aSkarad gamoCnda ukve 1802w. roca

saqarTvelos mTavarsardalsa da astraxanis general-gubernators, fa-

qtobrivad, kavkasiis mTavarmarTebel, general p. cicianovs (1802-1806ww.)

daevala yvela Rone exmara dasavleT saqarTvelos samefo-samTavroebis

ruseTTan mierTebisa da ruseTis Savi zRvis kavkasiis sanapiroze gan-

mtkicebisaTvis. garkveuli mizezebis gamo, ruseTis xelisufleba dasav-

leT saqarTveloSi frTxilad moqmedebda da mxaris uSualo SemoerTebi-

sagan jerjerobiT Tavs ikavebda. miuxedavad amisa, p. cicianovis mecadine-

obiT moxerxda dasavleT saqarTvelos samefo-samTavroebis ruseTTan fa-

qtobrivi mierTeba. amaSi ruseTs xels uwyobda dasavleT saqarTveloSi

mimdinare SinaaSliloba [79, 127].

1802w. zafxulSi imereTis mefem daamarcxa grigol dadiani da

leCxumi daikava. odiSis mTavarma daxmarebisaTvis qeleS-bei SarvaSiZes

mimarTa, ,,romelsa epyra yoveli afxazeTi vidre RaliZgamde da

mZlavrebdaca dadianis samflobelo samurzayano afxazeTsa‘‘ [6, 190].

afxazTa mTavarma mZevali moiTxova. dadianma taxtis memkvidre levani

gaugzavna mZevlad. amis Semdeg qeleS-bei Tavisi laSqriT 20 aTasi

meomriTa da 3 zarbazniT odiSSi gadmovida da sofel abedaTSi daba-

nakda. Semodgomaze solomon II odiSSi SeiWra da mis Semomtkicebas Seud-

ga. qeleS-beim mefesTan SebrZoleba ver gabeda, dauzavda mas da afxa-

zeTSi dabrunda [28, 577]. grigol dadianisTvis cxadi Seiqna, rom saku-

Tari ZalebiT imereTis mefis Semotevebs win ver aRudgeboda, amitom ru-

seTis mfarvelobaSi Sesvla gadawyvita da Sesabamisi TxovniT aRmosav-

leT saqarTvelos rusul administracias mimarTa. 1803w. grigol dadianma

xeli moawera ,,saTxovar punqtebs‘‘ imperatorisadmi, sadac is odiSisa da

afxazeTis mTavrad warmoadgenda Tavs, riTac afxazeTze pretenzias

acxadebda. samegrelos nawilad afxazeTis warmoCenas isaxavda miznad

47

agreTve grigol dadianis mier ruseTSi despanad gagzavnil arqimandrit

pafnoti xoziaSvilisTvis moqvis episkoposis xarisxis miniWeba [68, 343].

1803w. dekemberSi, grigol dadianma xeli moawera `samfarvelo” xelSe-

krulebas da ruseTis imperatoris erTgulebaze daifica. imavdroulad

md. xobiswylis SesarTavSi gadmosxda rusuli polki, romelmac sofel

yulevis adgilas 1804w. simagre redut-yale aago. es iyo rusebis mier

dakavebuli pirveli punqti Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze. 1803

welsve, grigol dadianma p. cicianovs acnoba, rom ,,qeleS-beg SarvaSiZe,

mflobeli afxazeTisa, eZiebs mfarvelobasa ruseTisa‘‘ da TiTqos qeleS-

bei ar iyo damokidebuli osmaleTze da TviTon sTxova sameg-relos

mTavars, ruseTis xelisuflebasTan misi Suamavali yofiliyo. p. ci-

cianovma grigol dadians SesTavaza, erCia qeleS-beisTvis, sagangebo kaci

gamoegzavna TbilisSi an werilobiT ganecxadebina Tavisi survili ru-

seTis qveSevrdomobaSi Sesvlis Sesaxeb. amasTan ganecxadebina, rom foTs

Tavisi xalxiT icavda ara imitom, rom osmaleTisagan jamagirs iRebda,

aramed icavda rogorc sakuTar samflobelos, romelic mzad iyo gadae-

ca ruseTisTvis, iseve rogorc anaklia. p. cicianovi grigol dadians

pirobas aZlevda, rom yovelive es Sewynarebuli iqneboda da qeleS-bei

`mfarvelobas‘‘ miiRebda. p. cicianovi miiCnevda, rom samegrelos samTav-

ros SeerTebiT ruseTi gzas ikafavda Savi zRvis sanapirosken da SeeZlo

zewola moexdina imereTis samefozec. 1804w. 25 aprils, solomon II iZu-

lebuli gaxda, ruseTis mTavrobis mier nakarnaxevi `samfarvelo‘‘

pirobebi mieRo. 25 aprilis elaznauris `samfarvelo‘‘ xelSekruleba gu-

riis samTavrozec vrceldeboda, radgan guria imereTis samefos Semadge-

nel nawilad cxaddeboda [113, 206].

imperatorma imereTis mefesTan dadebuli xelSekruleba da dadianis

,,saTxovari punqtebi‘‘ 1804w. 4 ivliss daamtkica. male saqarTvelos mTa-

varsardalma, ,,samegrelo-imereTisa da guriis mmarTvelad‘‘ sagangebo mo-

xele - generali p. litvinovi moavlina, romlis mizani mefe-mTavrebTan

dadebuli SeTanxmebis praqtikuli xorcSesxma iyo. ruseTis xelisufle-

bas gansakuTrebiT ainteresebda Savi zRvis kavkasiis sanapiro da kerZod

afxazeTi. 1803w. 2 ianvars, imereTis mefe solomon II werda, rom afxazebi,

iseve rogorc sxva mTielebi (maT Soris svanebi, jiqebi, alanebi), ka-

48

nonebis gareSe cxovroben. p. cicianovma afxazeTis SemoerTebis isto-

riul-qristianuli safuZveli Camoayaliba. igi werda, rom afxazeTi ive-

riis (saqarTvelos) provincia iyo, sadac Turqebma gaanadgures adgilo-

brivi mosaxleoba, gadaSenebis piramde miiyvnes qristianoba. [28, 340-341].

XIXs. dasawyisSi, kavkasiaSi ruseTis poziciebis ganmtkicebis Semdeg,

qeleS-bei SarvaSiZe sagareo-politikuri orientaciis Secvlas iwyebs. va-

saluri damokidebuleba osmaleTze afxazeTis mTavars ukve ar akmayofi-

lebda. saqarTveloSi TandaTan mtkicdeboda ruseTis poziciebi, osmale-

Tis imperia ki Rrma kriziss ganicdida. imperias balkaneTis xalxTa

erovnuli moZraobebi aryevda. dasavleT saqarTveloSi ruseTis gabatone-

bis kvalobaze afxazeTis jeric dadgeboda, radgan afxazeTi saqarTve-

los organuli nawili iyo [98, 109].

afxazeTis mTavari ruseTTan daaxloebis survils ki iCenda, magram

ruseTis xelisufleba rTuli saerTaSoriso viTarebis gamo qeleS-

beisTan pirdapiri da Ria urTierTobebis damyarebisagan Tavs ikavebda.

mosalodneli iyo omi napoleonTan, amitom ruseTs osmaleTTan, romel-

sac safrangeTi mis winaaRmdeg aqezebda, urTierTobis gamwvaveba ar sur-

da. ruseTma frTxilad da farulad daiwyo qeleS-beis politikisa da

afxazeTis samTavros SemoerTebis sakiTxebis gamokvleva. qeleS-bei

eZiebda ruseTis mfarvelobas, magram, amave dros, ar wyvetda kavSirs

osmaleTTan, iTvleboda sulTnis vasalad da mis samsaxurSi imyofeboda.

Aam periodSi qeleS-bei ruseTsa da osmaleTs Soris ormagi standar-

tebis politikas atarebda. Tumca, TandaTan ikveTeba qeleS-beis dapi-

rispireba osmaleTTan. man, rogorc Cans, ukve aSkarad gadawyvita Camo-

Soreboda osmaleTs da mxolod sababs eZebda. jer kidev 1803w. grigol

dadianis rwmunebulebma, qaixosro da rostom kvinixiZeebma p. cicianovs

acnobes, rom qeleS-bei arafriT ar iyo damokidebuli osmaleTze.

ruseTis xelisuflebas ainteresebda, ramdenad gulwrfeli iyo qeleS-

beis erTguleba ruseTisadmi da ra damokidebulebaSi imyofeboda is os-

maleTTan, romelic mas qveSevrdomad Tvlida. p. cicianovma p. litvinovs

daavala, saidumlod ewarmoebina molaparakeba qeleS-beisTan ruseTis

mfarvelobaSi Sesvlis Taobaze, Tumca afxazTa mTavris survilis gul-

wrfelobaSi eWvi epareboda. p. litvinovma Seiswavla dasavleT saqarTve-

49

los xelisufalTa orientaciis sakiTxi da p.cicianovs moaxsena, rom

afxazeTis mTavris ndoba SeuZlebeli iyo [28, 536].

1804w. 23 oqtombers grigol dadiani gardaicvala. taxtis memkvidre,

12 wlis levani afxazTa mTavars hyavda mZevlad. samegrelos samTavros

mesveurebma qeleS-beis sTxoves levanis gaTavisufleba, magram man sa-

zRaurad didi Tanxa moiTxova. rodesac es cnobili gaxda p. ciciano-

visaTvis, man imereTsa da samegreloSi dislocirebuli ruseTis jarebis

sardals general-maior i. rikhofs ubrZana, Tu qeleS-bei levans ar gaa-

Tavisuflebda, ,,warvides TvisiTa rwmunebuliTa mxedrobiTa ayus da Se-

musros, raTa ara daSTes qva-qvasa zeda, romel ara dairRves, da ga-

moiyvanos leon da qmnas Tvissa samkvidrosa zeda mTavrad‘‘ [6, 194].

1805w. martSi, i. rikhofma Tavisi razmiT da samegrelos saxalxo la-

SqriT gadalaxa md. enguri, samurzayanos Tavad-aznaurebs ruseTis erT-

gulebis fici daadebina da mZevlebi aiyvana. Setevis Semdgomi gagrZeleba

ugzoobam Seaferxa, amitom generali ukan mobrunda da gezi anakliisken

aiRo. 28 marts i. rikhofma sam saaTSi aiRo kargad gamagrebuli anakliis

cixe da zRviT soxumze ieriSis misatanad emzadeboda, rodesac saomari

moqmedebebiT SeSfoTebulma qeleS-beim 2 aprils levani gaaTavisufla,

Tavisi 8 mZevalic gamogzavna da saomari moqmedebebis Sewyveta iTxova

[28, 510]. 16 aprils generali i. rikhofi p. cicianovs acnobebda, rom afxa-

zi Tavadebi, visganac mZevlebi miiRo, da aseve isinic, vinc winaT dadia-

nis morCilebaSi iyvnen md. RaliZgamde, kvlav samegrelos samTavros

mflobelobaSi Semovidnen, razec fici misces levan dadians da surT

ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sesvla [28, 514].

ruseTis gaaqtiurebas afxazeTis mimarT mZafri reaqcia moyva osma-

leTis mxridan. anakliis cixis aRebis gamo, romelsac qeleS-bei flobda,

Tumca osmaleTs ekuTvnoda da osmalo mecixovneebic idgnen, osmaleTma

ruseTis xelisuflebas protesti ganucxada. imperatorma aleqsandre I-ma

sulTan selim III-sadmi gagzavnil werilSi bodiSi moixada am incidentis

gamo da aRniSna, rom es faqti Secdomisa da gaugebrobis niadagze moxda.

ivlisSi general p. litvinovs Sexvda osmaleTis flotis meTauri reis

efendi, romelmac kategoriulad moiTxova rusebisagan Savi zRvis sanapi-

ros ,,soxumidan dawyebuli vidre baTumamde‘‘ dacla. imperatorma p. ci-

50

cianovs daavala daebrunebina osmaleTisaTvis anaklia, xolo stambolSi

ruseTis elCs italinskis daevala, daerwmunebina osmaleTi, rom es

faqti uneblie Secdomis gamo moxda. osmaleTi aRniSnuli ganmartebiT

dakmayofilda. oqtomberSi rusebma qeleS-beis anaklia daubrunes da aTa-

si maneTic gadasces miyenebuli zaralis sazRaurad. p. litvinovma gaaf-

rTxila osmalebi, SarvaSiZisTvis tyvis syidva aekrZalaT. [28, 534; 98, 111].

amrigad, osmaleTis mZafri protestis gamo, ruseTis xelisuflebam

energiuli moqmedeba afxazeTSi amjerad mizanSeuwonlad miiCnia da osma-

leTTan konfliqtis gaRrmavebisagan Tavi Seikava.

1805w. 9 ivliss sof. banZaSi samegrelos axalma mTavarma levan V da-

dianma (1805-1840ww.) ruseTis erTgulebis fici dado. fici dades agreTve

samurzayanos mflobelebma_manuCar da levan SarvaSiZeebma. samurzayanos

mflobelebi imperatoris erTgulebis ficTan erTad samegrelos mTa-

varsac ucxadeben morCilebas: ,,yovlad umowyalesi xelmwifis yma

vimyofebiT, agreTve samegrelos TviTmpyrobeli levan dadianisa, radga-

nac Cven Cvenis qveyniT vyofilvarT samegrelos TviTmpyrobelis Tavadi

dadianisa‘‘ [28, 527]. samurzayanom, sadac XVIIIs. 90-iani wlebidan qeleS-

beis gavlena vrceldeboda, samegrelos mTavris uzenaesoba aRiara.

dasavleT saqarTveloSi ruseTis poziciebis ganmtkicebis pirobebSi,

qeleS-bei sulTanTan aSkara konfrontaciisaken iRebs kurss. Mmezobeli

samegrelos samTavros gaZliereba afxazeTis mTavris SeSfoTebas

iwvevda. qeleS-bei kargad iyo informirebuli osmaleTis imperiis saSi-

nao da sagareo politikur krizisze, amitom man osmaleTTan Ria kon-

frontaciis gza irCia. qeleS-beis politikuri kursis radikaluri cvli-

leba, afxazeTSi osmaleTis politikuri da samxedro hegemonobis dasas-

rulis momaswavebeli iyo.

afxazeTis mTavarma moxerxebulad isargebla ra sulTnisagan devni-

li trapizoneli taiar faSasaTvis TavSesafris micemis sakiTxiT, devni-

li faSa osmaleTisgan CamoSorebis formalur sababad gamoiyena. 1806w.

martis bolos, osmaleTidan qeleS-beisTan Cavida trapizonis gamgebeli

taiar faSa, romelsac saxelmwifo RalatSi edeboda brali da gadaewyvi-

ta, ruseTisaTvis Seefarebina Tavi. taiar faSa cdilobda sulTan selim

III-is xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg anatoliis sxva faSebic aemxedrebina. de-

51

vnilma faSam mimowera gamarTa ruseTis xelisuflebasTan mfarvelobaSi

Sesvlis Sesaxeb da pirobas debda, rom Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiros

da mTel anatoliasac ruseTis qveSevrdomobaSi Seiyvanda. [28, 885]. ro-

gorc Cans, taiar faSam kargad icoda qeleS-beis prorusuli ganwyobis

Sesaxeb, radgan swored mas Seafara Tavi. soxumidan taiar faSam molapa-

rakebebi gamarTa ruseTis xelisuflebasTan, amasTan Tavisi samsaxuri Se-

sTavaza ruseTis mfarvelobaSi afxazeTis Sesvlis saqmeSi, rac, Savi

zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze, ruseTisaTvis uaRresad xelsayrel sam-

xedro-politikur viTarebas qmnida [28, 872].

osmaleTis sulTanma qeleS-beis mosTxova, Tavi moekveTa moRalate

faSasTvis. TurqeTis premier ministris arqivSi daculi ramodenime doku-

mentidan Cans, Tu rogor gadadis sulTnis kategoriuli moTxovna qeleS-

beisadmi sikvdiliT dasajos moRalate faSa, aSkara muqaraSi, rom brZa-

nebis Seusruleblobis gamo qeleS beic daisjeba. sulTnis pirvel miwe-

rilobaSi qeleS-ahmed-beisadmi naTqvamia: ,,vinaidan janiklis (WaneTis-z.w)

hajiali faSazade taiar faSas patieba SeuZlebelia, eZleva brZaneba

soxumis mutesellims (gamgebels_z.w.) qeleS-ahmed-beis, rom sikvdiliT

dasajos faSa da misi Tanmxlebi pirni da gamogzavnos maTi mokveTili

Tavebi‘‘ [58. 10]. qeleS beis mxridan sulTnis brZanebis Seusruleblobas

mohyva sulTnis muqaris werili, sadac qeleS-ahmed-bei moxseniebulia uk-

ve soxumis cixis mcvelad. am werilSi, romlis gagzavnis TariRad aRniS-

nulia 1806w. 6 ivlisi, naTqvamia: ,,gafrTxileba mieca soxumis muhafizs

(mcvels-z.w.) qeleS ahmed beis, ar Seifaros meamboxe da devnili trapizo-

nis vali (gubernatori-z.w.) da gamoagzavnos misi mokveTili Tavi,

winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi masze gaigzavneba damsjeli jari‘‘ [58. 11]. qeleS-

beis uari suzerenis, sulTnis brZanebis Sesrulebaze aSkara daumorCi-

leblobad Sefasda. sulTanma taiar faSas gadacemis moTxovniT mimarTa

afxaz feodalebs - ZafS-ifas, marRanias da sxvebs, SesTavaza maT gavlena

moexdinaT qeleS-beize taiar faSas sikvdiliT dasasjelad [139, 33].

1806w. maisSi, qeleS-beim TxovniT mimarTa kavkasiis rusul admini-

stracias, mieRo afxazeTi ruseTis mfarvelobaSi da osmaleTisagan da-

ecva igi. ruseTis xelisufleba masTan, rogorc osmaleTis vasalTan, Ria

urTierTobisgan Tavs ikavebda, Tumca miaCnda, rom imJamindel pirobebSi

52

qeleS-beis mimxroba sasargeblo iqneboda. ruseTs surda afxazeTis mTa-

vris dayolieba, rom mas urTierToba ar hqonoda ruseTis winaaRmdeg

amboxebul imereTis mefesTan, romelic Tu qeleS-beis Tavis mxareze ga-

daiyvanda, samegrelos mniSvnelovnad avnebda [29, 190, 194].

imavdroulad qeleS-beim megobruli urTierToba daamyara samegre-

los samTavro saxlTan. general i. rikhofis SuamavlobiT afxazeTisa da

samegrelos mTavrebi, romlebic XIXs. dasawyisSi daupirispirdnen erTma-

neTs, Serigdnen. 1806w. 20 maiss, samegrelos dedoflis nino dadianis sa-

xelze gagzavnil werilSi qeleS-bei werda: ,,Cven Seni kargis mdomi vi-

qmneT da Tqvens sazianosa da dasamdablebel saqmeSid ar Sevide da arc

SemeZlos; Seni kargis mdomi viqmne Dda Seni mtris mteri viqmne, moyvarisa

moyvare viqmne‘‘ [29, 190].

qeleS-beis vaJi, safar-bei farulad moinaTla (naTlobis saxeli -

giorgi) da samegrelos mTavris, grigol dadianis da, Tamari SeirTo [166,

541]. es dinastiuri kavSiri xels Seuwyobda afxazeTis samTavros poli-

tikur kavSirs ruseTis `mfarvelobaSi‘‘ myof samegrelosTan da qeleS-

beis politikuri orientaciis Secvlaze metyvelebda. rogorc Cans, qe-

leS-beis sabolood da mtkiced hqonda gadawyvetili ruseTis mfarvelo-

baSi Sesvla da es sakiTxi 1806w. ivnisSi gansaxilvelad gaitana saxalxo

yrilobaze, romelic lixnSi, mTavris sasaxliswina moedanze gaimarTa.

yrilobam mxari dauWira qeleS-beis politikur kurss. [29, 191-192, 574].

osmaleTi Seecada, samxedro ZaliT daemorCilebina urCi vasali.

amasTan, osmaleTi didi xania dasavleT saqarTveloSi SeWrisTvis sababs

eZebda da CaTvala, rom xelsayreli dro daudga. ruseTis aqtiurobam Sav

zRvaze da anakliis dauflebam osmaleTis SeSfoTeba gamoiwvia, romelic

dasavleT saqarTvelos dakargvas verafriT egueboda. 1806w. ivnisis da-

sawyisSi, sulTanma axalcixisa da arzrumis faSebs ubrZana, imereTsa da

samegreloSi SeWriliyvnen da Savi zRvis sanapiros dauflebodnen. xme-

leTze moqmedi jarisTvis mxari unda daeWira samxedro-sazRvao flots

[29, 517-518]. ivlisSi afxazeTis sanapirosken daiZra osmaleTis eskadra 11

xomaldis SemadgenlobiT ioruk bairaxdaris meTaurobiT. eskadris me-

Tauri cdilobda, gadaebirebina zogierTi afxazi feodali, maT Soris,

samurzayanos mflobeli manuCar SarvaSiZe, magram uSedegod. qeleS-beim

53

ruseTis xelisuflebas mimarTa daxmarebis TxovniT, magram ruseTi afxa-

zeTis sakiTxSi isev sifrTxiles iCenda. miuxedavad amisa, kavkasiis sard-

lobam miiRo brZaneba, Tu osmaleTis armia samegrelos gavliT afxa-

zeTisaken daiZreboda, misTvis gza moeWraT [29, 192; 159, 133-134].

osmaleTis agresiis mosagerieblad qeleS-beim SeZlo 25 aTasi me-

brZolis darazmva. aqedan afxazi iyo 10-12 aTasi, danarCeni ki daqiravebu-

li Cerqezebi. 25 ivliss osmaleTis eskadra soxums miadga, magram, rode-

sac osmalebi darwmundnen, rom qalaqi mtkiced iyo daculi da qeleS-

beis ganzraxuli hqonda medgari winaaRmdegobis gaweva, iZulebuli ga-

xdnen, ukan gabrunebuliyvnen. axalcixisa da arzrumis faSebmac afxazeT-

Si laSqrobas Tavi aarides [29, 192-193, 519-520]. sabolood, osmaleTis xe-

lisuflebam Tavi Seikava xmeleTiT jarebis gagzavnisagan, radgan es ru-

seTis mfarvelobis qveS myof samegreloSi SeWrasa da ruseTTan saomar

dapirispirebas gamoiwvevda.

male afxazeTSi politikuri situacia garTulda. osmaleTma gamoiye-

na afxazeTis samTavro karze arsebuli uTanxmoeba da qeleS-beis ufrosi

Svili aslan-bei daupirispira. qeleS-beim, romelmac osmaleTisgan

CamoSoreba daisaxa miznad, samTavro taxtis memkvidreobis ufleba

CamoarTva aslan-beis, romelic pirveli qorwinebidan, ZafS-ifas qalisgan

hyavda da es ufleba gadasca safar-beis, romelsac rogorc dabali war-

moSobis qalis Svils, adaTiT taxti ar ekuTvnoda. osmalofiluri

dajgufebis mier, romelSic Sediodnen eSereli ZafS-ifebi da aslan-bei,

osmaleTis mxardaWeriT momzadda SeTqmuleba afxazeTis mTavris

winaaRmdeg, magram qeleS-bei sastikad gausworda SeTqmulebs, moakvle-

vina masTan mosalaparakeblad miwveuli sami Zma ZafS-ifa. am sagvare-

ulos danarCeni warmomadgenlebi SurisZiebis SiSiT webelSi gaiqcnen. ma-

Ti sagvareulo mamuli, md. Sickvaras da md. aZafSs (dampala) Soris, qe-

leS-beim Tavis mamuls SeuerTa. [49, 231]. qeleS-beim mowinaaRmdegeni da-

Trguna da xelisufleba ganimtkica.

aseT viTarebaSi, osmaleTi ruseTTan omisaTvis mzadebas Seudga.

osmaleTi aZlierebda Savi zRvis sanapiro cixeebs _ baTums, foTs, so-

xums, sujuk-kales, anapas, raTa isini ruseTisaTvis auRebel forposte-

bad eqcia. ruseTis mTavroba ki, romelic dRe-dReze moeloda osmaleT-

54

Tan omis dawyebas, cdilobda Savi zRvis sanapiros cixe-simagreTa komen-

dantebi moesyida [98, 114]. ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa ministrma a. budbergma

1806w. 5 seqtembers, kavkasiis xazisa da saqarTvelos mTavarsardal i.

gudoviCs (1806-1809ww.) auwya imperatoris neba, osmaleTTan urTierTobis

gawyvetisTanave gamoecxadebina qeleS-beisaTvis ruseTis qveSevrdomobaSi

oficialurad miRebis Sesaxeb. aseT SemTxvevaSi moxdeboda peter-

burgidan sigelisa da investituris qeleS-beisaTvis gagzavna [29, 193]. ru-

seTis xelisufleba didad iyo dainteresebuli afxazeTis dauflebiT.

Savi zRvis sanapiro zoli, anapis cixidan md. enguris SesarTavamde da

rionis marcxena napiridan samxreTiT, osmalTa mflobelobaSi iyo, maT

Soris, soxumis, anakliis, foTis, baTumisa da gonios cixeebi. a. budbergi

1806w. 25 seqtembris werilSi i. gudoviCs swerda: ,,es cixeebi uZvelesi

droidan saqarTvelos samefos ekuTvnoda, amitom ar SeiZleba, ar

gvsurdes yvela am adgilis ruseTTan SeerTeba da mTis xalxebis, yubans

iqiT mcxovrebi tomebis damorCileba, romlebic anapasa da sxva Turqul

cixeebSi TavSesafars pouloben‘‘ [29, 525-526].

1806w. oqtomberSi, qeleS-beim taiar faSa yirims gaistumra da neba

darTo, Suamdgomloba gaewia afxazeTis ruseTis mfarvelobaSi miRebis

saqmeSi. qeleS-beim taiar faSas gaatana werili, sadac ruseTs gaacno is

moTxovnebi, ra pirobebiTac surda afxazeTs ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Ses-

vla. taiar faSam novorosiis general-gubernators e. riSelies gadasca

rva muxlisagan Semdgari qeleS-beis moTxovnebi. am moTxovnebSi aRniSnu-

li iyo, rom afxazebi mzad iqnebian, erTgulad emsaxuron imperators qve-

Sevrdomad aRiarebis SemTxvevaSi; qeleS-bei darCes afxazTa mTavrad; ebo-

Zos mas Cini da daeniSnos wodebis Sesaferisi jamagiri; misi 6 Svilidan

ufross_safar-beis eboZos aseve Sesaferisi Cini da daeniSnos jamagiri;

xolo meore Svili mzad iyo peterburgSi saswavleblad (faqtobrivad,

mZevlad) gaegzavna; amasTan iTxovda 30 afxazi aznauris dajildoebas;

osmalTa Tavdasxmis SemTxvevaSi mTavari unda yofiliyo saTanadod

momaragebuli sursaTiT; qeleS-beis simagre SeiaraRdeboda rusuli

qvemexebiT da iq gaigzavneboda kanonirebi; ruseTSi akrZaluli tyvis

syidva afxazebs ar unda SexebodaT, radgan uamisod arseboba ar See-

ZloT. amasTan, qeleS-bei pirobas debda, rom Tavisi 6 aTasi meomriT sa-

55

qarTvelos sazRvrebze da Tbilisis maxloblad gaagrZelebda ruseTis

taxtisadmi samsaxurs, xelisuflebas hpirdeboda xe-tyes gemTmSeneblobi-

saTvis, ramdenime karg adgils navmsadgomad, romlebic zamTarSi saimedo

TavSesafari iqnebodnen ruseTis flotisaTvis. [29, 191-192].

a. budbergi, 1806w. 14 noembers, e. riSeliesadmi gagzavnil werilSi

xazs usvamda afxazTa mTavris ruseTis qveSevrdomobaSi miRebis mniSvne-

lobas da rekomendacias aZlevda, xeli moewera qeleS-beisTan winaswar

SeTanxmebaze mis mier warmodgenili pirobebiT [29, 194-195].

1806w. 24 dekembers osmaleTma ruseTs omi gamoucxada. amasTan dakav-

SirebiT, 1807w. 7 ianvars, a. budbergma sagangebo miweriloba gaugzavna i.

gudoviCs da daavala kavkasiaSi arsebuli ruseTis mTeli Zalebi saqar-

Tvelos mezobeli osmaluri olqebis winaaRmdeg waremarTa, osmaleTTan

sabrZolvelad miewvia qeleS-bei, yarsis faSa, trapizonis faSa taiari da

molaparakeba daewyo anapis cixis ufrosTan ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Se-

mosvlis Taobaze [29, 531-532]. osmaleTTan axali omis (1806-1812ww.) dawyeba

xel-fexs uxsnida ruseTs afxazeTis sakiTxis mosagvareblad. omis da-

wyebisas qeleS-beim ruseTis sardlobas acnoba, rom osmalebs ganzraxu-

li hqondaT Tavs dasxmodnen yulevs. mTavari, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi,

rusTagan jaris miSvelebas iTxovda [29, 196].

osmaleTis mokavSire safrangeTis xelisufleba, 1807w. 20 ianvars sa-

frangeTis elCs osmaleTSi sebastians sagangebo instruqcias aZlevda im-

is Sesaxeb, rom aucilebeli iyo osmaleTis eskadras emoqmeda Sav zRva-

ze. ,,keTili urTierToba SeinarCuneT afxazTa mTavarTan da daarwmuneT

is, monawileoba miiRos saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg did diversiaSi. dae, am

mTavarma, arzrumis faSam, sparselebma da osmalebma erTdroulad Seu-

tion saqarTvelos, yirimsa da besarabias‘‘ [146, 145; 59, 29-30]. Cans, afxaze-

Tis mTavari angariSgasawev Zalas warmoadgenda ara marto ruseTisa da

osmaleTisTvis, aramed Zlevamosili napoleonisTvisac.

kavkasiaSi saomari moqmedebebi 1807w. 8 Tebervals, osmalebis redut-

yaleze (yulevi) TavdasxmiT daiwyo. rusebma SeZles am Setevis mogerieba.

ruseTis sardlobas gadawyvetili hqonda, xelT egdo Savi zRvis sana-

piro simagreebi_anapa, soxumi, foTi da sxva. amitom i. gudoviCs ebrZana,

ar Semofargluliyo pasiuri TavdacviT, SeteviTi moqmedeba ewarmoebina

56

osmalebis winaaRmdeg da es cixeebi daekavebina. 1807w. maisSi i. gudoviCi,

rusTa da qarTvelTa laSqriT, foTisa da axalqalaqis cixeebis aRebas

Seecada, Tumca uSedegod. SemdgomSi movlenebi ruseTis sasargeblod wa-

rimarTa_1807w. ivnisSi i. gudoviCma sastikad daamarcxa sparseTi, ivlisSi

ruseT-safrangeTs Soris daido tilzitis zavi, xolo sparseT-osmaleTis

kavSiris gaformebis mcdeloba CaiSala.

kavkasiaSi saomari moqmedebebis msvlelobisas qeleS-beis momlodine

pozicia ekava. i. gudoviCi, 1807w. 14 ivlisis werilSi qeleS-beisadmi ukma-

yofilebas gamoTqvamda imis gamo, rom is ruseTis armias daxmarebas ar

uwevda da ufro metic, eWvs aRZravda, rom mowinaaRmdeges exmareboda. i.

gudoviCi qeleS-beisagan moiTxovda ruseTisadmi erTgulebis damtkicebas

osmaleTis winaaRmdeg omSi CabmiT da aSinebda, rom Tu ar gamoiyvanda

maSvel jars yulevTan, maSin ,,did wyalobas‘‘, anu imperatoris mfarvelo-

bas ver miiRebda [29, 197-198]. qeleS-bei omSi ar Cabmula, magram man sa-

Sualeba ar misca osmalebs desanti gadmoesxaT afxazeTis sanapiroze da

es mxare saomari moqmedebebis placdarmad eqciaT [29, 199].

1807w. 12 agvistos ruseTsa da osmaleTs Soris droebiTi zavi daido

vadiT 1809 martamde. sazavo xelSekrulebiT dasavleT saqarTveloSi rCe-

boda ruseTis armia, mtkicdeboda ruseTis poziciebi Savi zRvis aRmosa-

vleT sanapiroze da osmaleTis xelidan SavizRvispira provinciebis, maT

Soris, afxazeTis gamoxsnisaTvis niadagi mzaddeboda [98, 185].

1807w. 23 agvistos redut-yaledan soxumSi Cavida gemi ,,konstantini‘‘,

romlis meTauri iyo f. skirnevski. igi soxumSi Sexvda qeleS-beis. misi

informaciiT, afxazTa mTavari mouTmenlad eloda cnobas ruseTis qveSe-

vrdomobaSi miRebis Sesaxeb. rodesac qveSevrdomobaSi miiRebdnen, igi

mzad iyo, Tavisi 16 wlis Svili peterburgSi gaegzavna samxedro samsa-

xurSi. amasTan Tanaxma iyo, ruseTis flotis xomaldebs soxumis reidisa-

Tvis Tavi SeefarebinaT. f. skirnevskim daaTvaliera cixe da qalaqi. misi

daxasiaTebiT, qeleS-bei iyo daaxloebiT 60 wlis, vaJkacuri ieris, maRa-

li, Zlieri agebulebis adamiani [39, 49-50].

1808w. 2 maisis Rames, aslan-bei, beJan SarvaSiZesTan da Tavis amalas-

Tan erTad, soxumis sasaxleSi Tavs daesxa qeleS-beis, sasikvdilod da-

Wra da Semdeg xmliT akuwa. Tavdasxmisas daiWra qeleS-beis umcrosi Svi-

57

li baTal-bei. aslan-bei daeufla soxumis cixes da Tavi afxazTa mTav-

rad da osmaleTis qveSevrdomad gamoacxada [29, 200; 6, 197]. rogorc mov-

lenaTa Semdgomma ganviTarebam AaCvena, mkvleloba mTlianad osmaleTs

aZlevda xels da mkvlelic mis interesebSi moqmedebda. am dRidan daiwyo

aslan-beis brZola osmaleTze dayrdnobiT afxazeTSi gamTavrebisaTvis.

safar-bei (giorgi), romelic qeleS-beis sicocxleSive iyo gamocxa-

debuli memkvidred, zufuSi (lixni) imyofeboda. igi Seecada sakuTari Za-

lebiT aeRo soxumis cixe, magram ver SeZlo da samegreloSi wavida [6,

197]. safar-beim werilobiT sTxova nino da levan dadianebs, eSuamdgom-

laT imperatoris winaSe ruseTis mfarvelobaSi afxazeTis miRebis Tao-

baze. Tavis mxriv, nino dadiani safar-beis Caagonebda, rom samTavro

uflebis gansamtkiceblad misTvis saukeTeso saSualeba ruseTis qve-

SevrdomobaSi Sesvla iqneboda. samegrelodan safar-bei dedofal ninos

meSveobiT daukavSirda rusul administracias, daxmareba iTxova da

acnoba Tavisi gadawyvetileba, ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sesuliyo [29, 200-

202; 6, 197]. sikvdilamde mcire xniT adre, qeleS-beim gadawyvetileba Se-

cvala da memkvidred baTal-bei daasaxela. miuxedavad amisa, rusebi

Tvlidnen, rom safar-beis kanonieri ufleba hqonda gamTavrebuliyo [71,

58]. 1808w. 19 maisis weriliT, i. gudoviCma aleqsandre I-s acnoba afxazTa

mTavris qeleS-beis mokvla Svilis, aslan-beis mier da rom igi afxazeTis

dauflebas cdilobda. taxtis kanonieri memkvidre safar-bei ki daxma-

rebas iTxovda da pirobas debda, rom ruseTis qveSevrdomobaSi Sevidoda.

i. gudoviCi aRniSnavda, rom ar SeeZlo dasaxmareblad jaris gagzavna,

radgan es sababs miscemda osmaleTs, zavi daerRvia [29, 198-199]. sameg-

relos dedofali ninoc daukavSirda ruseTis xelisuflebas da cdilob-

da afxazeTis taxtze giorgi SarvaSiZis damkvidrebisaTvis xeliASeewyo.

dedofali nino, i. gudoviCisadmi 8 ivniss gagzavnil werilSi, ruseTi-

saTvis afxazeTis strategiul mniSvnelobaze miuTiTebda. igi werda, rom

safar-bei saidumlod monaTluli iyo da Tu xelmwife mas qveSevrdo-

mobaSi miiRebda, mTel afxazeTSi qristianoba gavrceldeboda. amitom iT-

xovda, imperators, misi siZe qveSevrdomobaSi mieRo da afxazeTSi jarebi

SeeyvanaT [29, 203]. imave dRes, nino dadianma imperators gaugzavna we-

58

rili, romelSic werda, rom man safar-bei ukve daafica `erTgulebiT mo-

nebad saimperiosa taxtsa Tqvensasa‘‘ [29, 201-202].

1808w. 13 ivniss, ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa ministrma n. rumiancevma i.

gudoviCs gaugzavna miweriloba, romliTac daavala, darwmunebuliyo sa-

far-beis survilis gulwrfelobaSi da amis Semdeg daekmayofilebina misi

Txovna im pirobiT, rom ar iqneboda gamocxadebuli afxazeTis ruseTis

mfarvelobaSi Sesvlis Sesaxeb Riad, sanam osmaleTTan sazavo molapara-

keba ar dasruldeboda [29, 205-206]. safar-beim, 21 ivniss general i. rik-

hofs mimarTa weriliT da sTxova, mis qveSevrdom xalxTan erTad, ruseTs

mfarvelobaSi mieRo. [29, 206]. aslan-beim dainaxa saSiSroeba, rac mis

ZaladobiT mopovebul xelisuflebas emuqreboda da TviTon cdilobda

eTxova ruseTis mfarveloba, magram uari miiRo [71, 57-58].

i. gudoviCma brZaneba miiRo, Sedgomoda saqmianobas ruseTis imperiis

mfarvelobaSi afxazeTis Sesayvanad. i. gudoviCi ar Cqarobda, man i. rik-

hofs miswera, afxazebis dasaSineblad eCvenebina, rom ruseTi mzad iyo

safar-beisTvis daxmareba gaewia, Tumca i. rikhofi afxazeTSi jariT ar

unda Sesuliyo. amasTan, i. gudoviCma samegrelos dedofals da manuCar

SarvaSiZes daavala, safar-beis daxmarebodnen. imavdroulad man safar-

beis acnoba, rom imperatori mas qveSevrdomobaSi miiRebda [98, 261].

1808w. agvistos dasawyisSi, ruseTis armiisa da samegrelos razmebi

soxumis dakavebas Seecadnen. generalma i. rikhofma soxumisken daZra ja-

ris nawili samegrelos saxalxo laSqarTan erTad, romelsac niko da-

diani sardlobda. soxumis cixis aReba ver moxerxda, magram aslan-bei

aiZules, gaeTavisuflebina qeleS-beis meuRle (mesame coli), rebia-hanum

marSania da misi Svili baTal-bei [6, 197]. amave xanebSi, aslan-beis dasax-

mareblad soxumSi sami xomaldiT Cavida misi naTesavi, foTis cixis ko-

mendanti quCuq-bei SarvaSiZe, xolo mTidan samasamde Cerqezi Camovida. as-

lan-beisTan imyofeboda qeleS-beize Tavdasxmis monawile beJan SarvaSiZe,

romelic samurzayanos ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sesvlis droidan mTebSi

iyo gaqceuli. aslan-beis mniSvnelovani momxreebi hyavda afxaz feo-

dalTa Soris. mas mxars uWerdnen umcrosi Zma, gumis olqis mmarTveli

hasan-bei da abJuis mflobeli ali-bei SarvaSiZe. [113, 213].

59

soxumis cixis dauflebis uSedego cdam giorgi SarvaSiZe daarwmuna,

rom aucilebeli iyo ruseTTan samfarvelo xelSekrulebis, e.w. ,,saTxova-

ri punqtebis~ gaformeba. ,,saTxovari punqtebis‘‘ teqsti ruseTis sagareo

saqmeTa saministroSi Seadgines, Semdeg is qarTulad iTargmna da ro-

gorc originali, giorgi SarvaSiZes waredgina. 1808w. 12 agvistos, giorgi

SarvaSiZem da afxazeTis Tavad-aznaurTa warmomadgenlebma ,,saTxovari

punqtebis‘‘ qarTul teqsts xeli moaweres. giorgi SarvaSiZe aRniSnavda,

rom rusebTan adre gagzavnili werilebi da `saTxovari punqtebic‘‘ da-

werilia samegrelos samTavro karis moZRvris dekanoz ioane ioselianis

mier, romelic `wrfeli guliT mirCevda gavmxdariyavi saimperatoro ta-

xtis qveSevrdomi‘‘ [29, 202]. dokumenti qarTul enazea Sedgenili, rac ada-

sturebs, rom mTavris kancelariisa da samTavros oficialuri ena qar-

Tuli iyo [160, 217; 84, 128]. am dokumentiT giorgi SarvaSiZe iTxovda,

misTvis memkvidreobiT daemtkicebinaT afxazeTis mmarTveloba da Tavisi

samflobeloTi ruseTis imperiis mfarvelobaSi mieRoT. ,,saTxovari pun-

qtebis‘‘ mixedviT, giorgi SarvaSiZem ruseTis winaSe aiRo is vasaluri,

ekonomikuri xasiaTis valdebuleba, rac osmaleTis imperiisadmi mamamiss,

qeleS-beis gaaCnda: ,,mivarTmev xesa xomaldisaTvis viTar igi miirTva uwi-

nares amisa portaman aTamanman‘‘ [113, 214].

1809w. martSi, ruseTsa da osmaleTs Soris droebiTi zaviis vada

damTavrda da saomari moqmedebebic ganaxlda. am droidan ruseTis sar-

dlobam afxazeTis sakiTxis gadasaWrelad brZola gaaaqtiura. ivnisSi

axal mTavarmarTebel a. tormasovs (1809-1811ww.) peterburgidan acnobes,

rom safar-beis miReba `mfarvelobaSi‘‘ gadawyvetili iyo da investituris

niSnebic male gamoegzavneboda. imperatoris brZanebiT, giorgi SarvaSiZe

dajildovda wm. anas I xarisxis ordeniT da daeniSna pensia 2500 vercx-

lis maneTi weliwadSi, xolo mis dedinacvals, rebia-hanum marSanias –

1500 maneTi. am wyalobas gavlena unda moexdina afxaz Tavadaznaurebze

da safar-beis avtoritets aamaRlebda [29, 204; 65, 408].

afxazeTi aRiarebul iqna ruseTis `mfarvelobaSi‘‘ myof mxared. a.

tormasovi, imereT-samegreloSi ganlagebuli ruseTis jaris sardals d.

orbelians, romelic misi davalebiT urTierTobaSi Sevida afxaz mflo-

60

belebTan da maTi ndoba moipova, avalebda safar-beisaTvisEmxari daeWira

da afxazi mflobelebi miemxro misTvis [30, 206].

osmaleTi mxars uWerda mamismkvlel aslan-beis. nino dadianma d. or-

belians acnoba, rom stambolidan soxumSi Camovida aslan-beisTan Turqu-

li gemi saCuqrebiTa da fuliT. osmaleTi aslan-beis hpirdeboda daxmare-

bas samegreloSi ganlagebuli ruseTis jarebis winaaRmdeg. manuCar Sar-

vaSiZem rusebs acnoba, rom foTis komendantma quCuq-bei SarvaSiZem Savi

zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiroze mcxovreb tomebs sTxova daxmareba

meomrebiT, im mizniT, rom foTi daecva da xelSi Caegdo redut-kale da

anaklia. a. tormasovma d. orbelians ubrZana, osmalebis Tavdasxmis Sem-

TxvevaSi redut-yalesa da samegrelos dasacavad saWiro zomebi mieRo,

aseve afxazi mflobelebi aslan-beisagan CamoeSorebina [30, 202-203, 389-390].

1809w. 12 agvistos, orbeliani ruseTis jaris nawilebiT redut-yale-

dan foTisken daiZra. mas samegrelo-samurzayanos saxalxo laSqaric ax-

lda niko dadianisa da manuCar SarvaSiZis meTaurobiT. samegrelos sa-

xalxo laSqarSi imyofebodnen levan V dadiani, besarion Wyondideli da

grigol caiSeli. 15 noembers d. orbelianma foTis cixe aiRo [30, 393-394;

6, 200]. foTisaTvis brZolaSi guriisa da samegrelos saxalxo laSqarTan

erTad mxned ibrZodnen safar-beis momxre afxazebic [65, 408]. foTis cixis

aRebam mniSvnelovnad ganamtkica ruseTis poziciebi. jeri midga soxumis

dakavebaze, radgan gamoikveTa kavkasiis SavizRvispireTSi ruseTisTvis

mniSvnelovani dasayrdeni punqtis Seqmnis aucilebloba. soxumis aRebiT

arsebiTad Sesustdeboda osmaleTis kavSiri mTis xalxebTan da maTi

mtruli moqmedeba ruseTis mimarT SeizRudeboda. ruseTis xelSi iqnebo-

da anaklia da soxum-yale, amdenad samegrelo sruliad daculi iqneboda,

yirimidan momavali gemebi mSvidobianad gadacuravdnen zRvas, ruseTi da-

eufleboda gemTmSeneblobisaTvis saWiro masalas. [29, 209; 98, 257].

1810w. 17 Tebervals, imperatorma aleqsandre I-ma safar-bei (giorgi)

SarvaSiZe daamtkica afxazeTis mTavrad memkvidreobis uflebiT, ruseTis

imperiis umaRlesi xelisuflebis mfarvelobis qveS [139, 48-49; 132,50].

1 ivniss, a. tormasovma nino dadians auwya, rom imperatorma safar-

bei daamtkica afxazeTis mTavrad. safar-bei darwmunebuli unda yofi-

liyo, rom mas yovelgvari daxmareba gaeweoda aslan-beis winaaRmdeg da

61

pirvelsave xelsayrel SemTxvevaSi rusebi soxums daikavebdnen 8 ivniss,

a. tormasovma nino dadians sTxova, safar-beisaTvis gaegzavna samegrelos

saxalxo laSqari manuCar SarvaSiZis meTaurobiT, Tundac 1000 meomari,

sanam soxumis dasaufleblad jari da flotilia movidoda [30, 396-397].

ivnisis dasawyisSi, sevastopolSi Tavi mouyares sazRvao eskadras, ro-

melsac soxumi unda aeRo. operaciis xelmZRvanelad kapitan-leitenanti k.

doti dainiSna. eskadras soxumis sanapiroze unda gadmoesxa desanti –

meoTxe sazRvao polkis batalioni 600 meomriT, romelic saxmeleTo ja-

rebis mosvlamde iq unda darCeniliyo, aseve zomebi mieRo afxazebis so-

xumidan gasaxlebisTvis [30, 412; 158, 266].

1810w. 8 ivliss, diliT, ruseTis eskadra soxums miadga. dotma cixis

osmalur garnizons danebebis winadadeba misca, magram uari miiRo. imav-

droulad mowinaaRmdegem ruseTis eskadras cecxli gauxsna. meore dRes,

9 ivliss, dRis 4 saaTze rusulma eskadram soxumis dabombva daiwyo da

navsadgurSi mdgari 7 osmaluri xomaldi CaZira. 10 ivliss, rodesac ci-

xis kedlebi zRvis mxridan mniSvnelovnad daingra, desanti napirze ga-

dasxda da soxumis cixe SturmiT aiRo [170, 248-249; 139, 46]. vidre soxumi-

saTvis brZola daiwyeboda, aslan-bei rusTa winaaRmdeg mebrZoli

imereTis mefis solomon II-is dasaxmareblad gaemarTa 4-aTasiani mxedro-

biT. aslan-bei apirebda samegreloze Tavdasxmas, raTa mas imereTis wina-

aRmdeg moqmedi ruseTis jarisTvis daxmareba ver gaewia. soxumze rusebis

Tavdasxmis cnobis miRebisTanave aslan-bei ukan gamobrunda, magram cixe

ukve aRebuli daxvda da rusebs mTebSi gaeqca [30, 328; 98, 264-265].

soxumisa da misi Semogarenis mcxovrebni dotTan midiodnen, mfarve-

lobas sTxovdnen da ruseTis qveSevrdomobaSi Sesvlis survils gamo-

Tqvamdnen. mas eaxlnen safar-beis Zmebi – hasan-bei da baTal-bei [30, 425;

158, 266] osmaleTidan aslan-beisadmi gamogzavnilma samxedro daxmarebam

daigviana, soxumis cixesTan mosuli osmaluri gemi rusebma daakaves, gem-

ze sulTnis firmanebi da iaraRi aRmoaCines [30, 397; 71, 62].

soxumis aRebas ruseTSi didi rezonansi hqonda. 6 agvistos a. torma-

sovi ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa ministr, graf n. rumiancevs ulocavda ,,so-

xumis cixis SeZenas, romelic batonobs mTel afxaz xalxze‘‘ da imeds ga-

62

moTqvamda, rom soxumis floba ruseTs ,,Savi zRvis im napiris srul

mbrZaneblad‘‘ aqcevda [159, 140].

1810w. agvistos dasawyisSi, f. simonoviCi imereTis mmarTvelad dain-

iSna. oficialurad mas ewodeboda ,,imereTis, samegrelos, guriisa da

afxazeTis mmarTveli~. imavdroulad, f. simonoviCi dasavleT saqarTve-

loSi ganlagebuli jarebis sardalic iyo da emorCileboda Savi zRvis

sanapiro cixe-simagreebi da navsadgurebi. [30,312; 70, 117]. 23 agvistos

giorgi SarvaSiZem ruseTis imperatoris erTgulebis ficis teqsts xeli

moawera. [30, 425]. 19 seqtembers, a. tormasovi imereTis mmarTvels, gene-

ral-maior f. simonoviCs swerda, rom mxari daeWira sefer beisTvis misi

Zmis, aslan-beis winaaRmdeg da rodesac amisi saSualeba iqneboda, sefer-

beisTvis sigeli, samTavro niSnebi da investitura gadaeca, rom afxazebs

TvalnaTliv daenaxaT mTavarze imperatoris mfarveloba [6, 322]. oqtom-

berSi rusTa aseulma giorgi SarvaSiZe soxumSi Camoiyvana. afxazi warCi-

nebulebisa da xalxis TandaswrebiT, giorgi SarvaSiZem daifica ruseTis

imperatoris erTgulebaze. rusma oficerma giorgis gadasca samTavro ni-

Snebi da sigeli afxazeTis mTavrad damtkicebis Taobaze [6, 425].

soxumis cixis daufleba mTeli afxazeTis dauflebis winapirobas

warmoadgenda. afxazeTis samTavro taxtze qristiani mTavris dasmas sa-

qarTvelos am mxareSi politikuri gabatonebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba

hqonda. safar-beisa da aslan-beis Soris brZola rusul da osmalur gav-

lenas Soris brZolas warmoadgenda. soxum-kales aReba rusebis mier da

aslan-beis gandevna, iyo ara imdenad safar-beis gamarjveba aslan-beize,

ramdenadac ruseTis gamarjveba osmaleTze afxazeTSi [113, 213].

miuxedavad imisa, rom giorgi SarvaSiZe (safar-bei), rusebma soxumSi

samTavro taxtze dasves, axali mTavris xelisufleba myari ar iyo. ruse-

Tis xelisufleba cdilobda samTavro saxlis wevrebi da afxazi warCine-

bulebi, giorgi SarvaSiZisaTvis daemorCilebina. a. tormasovi nino da-

dians swerda, rom ruseTis xelisuflebam misi pativiscemiT da xaTriT

gauwia daxmareba giorgi SarvaSiZes da kvlavac mxars dauWerda. mTavar-

marTebeli avalebda nino dadians, daxmareboda mTavars, rom mas ,,afxazi

xalxi miemxro‘‘ da gaerkvia sWirdeboda Tu ara SarvaSiZes ruseTisgan

ufro meti samxedro daxmareba [30, 398-399].

63

ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sesvlis droisTvis afxazeTis samTavro er-

Tian politikur erTeuls ar warmoadgenda. afxazeTis mTavris xelisu-

fleba mxolod zufuze anu bzifis olqze (md. bzifsa da md. gumisTas

Soris) vrceldeboda. gumis anu afxazeTisa (md. gumisTasa da md. kodors

Soris) da abJuis (md. kodorsa da md. RaliZgas Soris) olqebs SarvaSiZe-

Ta samTavro saxlis sxva wevrebi flobdnen. marSaniebis sagvareulo ga-

nagebda md. kodoris Sua da zemo welSi mdebare webelsa da dals, aseve

fsxus md. bzifis zemo welSi. marSaniebi ar cnobdnen giorgi SarvaSiZes

mTavrad da ruseTis mfarvelobaSic ar Sesulan. [30, 425; 113, 218]. 1810w.

afxazeTis mTavris magaliTiT, jiqebis mflobeli levan canba ruseTis

mfarvelobaSi Sevida. amasTan, levanma giorgi SarvaSiZe Tavis xelisuf-

lad aRiara [30, 426, 429].

§2. osmalofiluri jgufis brZola xelisuflebisaTvis afxazeTSi

XIXs. I mesamedSi

afxazeTis samTavros ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi Sesvlis Sem-

deg, mTavris araerTgzisi Txovnis miuxedavad, ruseTs ver gadaewyvita

qveynis siRrmeSi Sesvla da urCi mTiani mxareebis_fsxus, webelis, dalis

damorCileba. am periodSi carizmi cdilobda Savi zRvis sanapiroze gan-

mtkicebuliyo da, faqtobrivad, afxazeTis marTvaSi ar ereoda. amasTan

samTavroSi arsebobda mZlavri osmalofiluri banaki, romelsac mTavris

Zma aslan-bei SarvaSiZe edga saTaveSi. am ukanasknels, mTavrisgan gansxva-

vebiT, xalxSi mniSvnelovani dasayrdeni hqonda antirusulad ganwyobili

Zalebis saxiT. ruseTis xelisuflebis poziciebi afxazeTSi jer kidev

susti iyo. soxumis daufleba sulac ar niSnavda afxazeTis damorCi-

lebas. ufro metic, aslan-beis momxreebi soxumis cixis siaxloves Tavs

esxmodnen soflebs, Zarcvavdnen, adamianebs da saqonels itacebdnen. am

uwesrigobebis aRsakveTad da qveynis dasamorCileblad giorgi SarvaSiZem

1810w. dekemberSi, general-maior f. simonoviCs sTxova, misi naTesavi, sa-

murzayanos sardal-mouravi manuCar SarvaSiZe jariT dasaxmareblad ga-

moegzavna. f. simonoviCma afxazeTis mTavris am Txovnis dakmayofilebis

mizniT nino dadians mimarTa [30, 399].

64

dedofalma ninom samegrelos saxalxo laSqari afxazeTSi gagzavna.

laSqarma osmalofiluri dajgufeba daamarcxa, ris Semdegac aslan-bei

trapizonSi gaiqca. nino dadianma giorgi SarvaSiZesTan Seariga da mas

daumorCila beqir-bei SarvaSiZis Svilebi, gavleniani afxazi

mflobelebi, soslan-bei da ali-bei, romlebic mas mtrobdnen da aslan-

beis uWerdnen mxars. ninom maTgan mZevlebi aiyvana da imperatoris

erTgulebaze daafica. misive miTiTebiT, rebia-hanum marSania

molaparakebebs awarmoebda Tavis ZmebTan, webelis mflobel

marSaniebTan, giorgi SarvaSiZis mTavrad cnobisa da ruseTis qve-

SevrdomobaSi Sesvlis Taobaze [30, 405-406]. TurqeTis premier ministris

arqivSi daculi dokumentis mixedviT, 1812w. aprilSi, aslan-beim TxovniT

mimarTa osmaleTis mTavrobas Svidasi jariskaci gamoeyoT misTvis

soxumsa da anaklias Soris mdebare sanapiroze rusTa winaaRmdeg di-

versiebis mowyobisaTvis. aslan-bei osmaleTis xelisuflebas arwmunebda,

rom afxazTa begebi mzad iyvnen mis mxareze ebrZolaT. osmaleTis

xelisuflebam aslan-beisaTvis samasi jariskacis gagzavnis Sesaxeb go-

nios cixis garnizonis ufros memiS-aRas miTiTeba misca [58. 12].

1812w. 28 maiss, didi diplomatiuri brZolis Semdeg, ruseTsa da os-

maleTs Soris buqarestSi zavi daido. sazavo xelSekrulebis VI muxlis

mixedviT, kavkasiaSi sazRvrebi omamdeli saxiT unda aRdgeniliyo. xel-

Sekrulebis saidumlo muxlis mixedviT, Savi zRvis sanapiro ori saaTis

savalze md. rionis marjvena napiridan da anakliidan oTxi saaTis saval-

ze, sadac ar iyo simagreebi, komunikaciis uzrunvelyofis mizniT, ruse-

Tis sargeblobaSi gadadioda, Tumca osmaleTis mflobelobaSi iTvlebo-

da. arcerT mxares ar SeeZlo aq simagreebis ageba. xelSekrulebis VI mu-

xli ruseTs saSualebas aZlevda, Tavis mflobelobaSi SeenarCunebina da-

savleT saqarTvelo. saidumlo muxlis Tanaxmad ki, faqtobrivad, ruse-

Tis gamgeblobaSi eqceoda saqarTvelos Savi zRvis sanapiro zoli md.

bzifidan md. Coloqamde [98, 420-421]. buqarestis sazavo xelSekrulebis

Tanaxmad, ruseTis sardlobam 1812w. 29 seqtembers axalqalaqi, xolo 7

dekembers foTi, rogorc ,,iaraRis ZaliT~ dapyrobili, osmalebs gadasca.

osmaleTi kategoriulad moiTxovda soxumis gadacemasac, magram mTavar-

65

marTebelma da saqarTvelos korpusis mTavarsardalma n. rtiSCevma am sa-

kiTxis gadawyveta 1813w. gazafxulisTvis gadado [31, 785].

1811w. SimSilobam da axalcixidan TiTqmis mTel saqarTveloSi mo-

debulma Savi Wiris epidemiam aTasobiT adamiani imsxverpla. imereTisa da

samegrelos mosaxleobis nawili samurzayanosa da afxazeTSi gaixizna,

ris Semdegac gaZlierda tyvis syidva. samurzayanos mflobelma manuCar

SarvaSiZem samegrelos mTavars, levan V dadians (1805-1840ww), wesrigis

dasamyareblad afxazeTSi galaSqreba urCia. samegrelos mTavarma laSqa-

ri Sekriba, Wyondideli da caiSeli mRvdelmTavrebi iaxla da 1812w. oq-

tomberSi afxazeTisken gaemarTa. samurzayanoSi gadasuli levan V dadia-

ni manuCar SarvaSiZis Zmis, levanis mamulSi, bediaSi gaCerda Ramis gasa-

Tevad. RamiT, levan SarvaSiZis Svilis, xutunias migzavnilma kacebma ma-

nuCar SarvaSiZe mokles. samegrelos mTavris cnobiT, mokvlas masac upi-

rebdnen, magram droze Seityo da gadarCa [16, 136]. levan V dadiani da-

uyovnebliv dabrunda zugdidSi. mas ar SeeZlo sakuTari ZalebiT aeRo

kargad gamagrebuli bediis cixe, amasTan levan SarvaSiZec sakmaod gav-

leniani kaci iyo samurzayanoSi, amitom dadianma daxmareba rusul admi-

nistracias sTxova. mTavarmarTeblis brZanebiT, dadianis dasaxmareblad

imereTisa da guriis saxalxo laSqari gaigzavna. 1812w. dekemberSi, levan

V dadiani bediisken gaemarTa. jaris miaxloebisTanave xutunia SarvaSiZe

webelSi gaiqca. levan SarvaSiZe mixvda, rom dadians winaaRmdegobas ver

gauwevda da cixe Caabara. samegrelos mTavarma gulmowyaleba gamoiCina,

levan SarvaSiZe moxucebulobis gamo ar dasaja, sacxovreblad sof. fa-

xulani miuCina da iq gagzavna, Semdeg bediis cixe gaamagra, Tavisi meci-

xovneebi Caayena da zugdidSi dabrunda [6, 204].

osmaleTi ruseTis xelisuflebisagan daJinebiT moiTxovda soxumis

misTvis dabrunebas. osmaleTi ar cnobda ruseTis mfarvelobas afxazeT-

ze da mas kvlavindeburad Tavis vasal qveyanad miiCnevda. 1813w. 3 ianvars,

kancler n. rumiancevisadmi gagzavnil werilSi n. rtiSCevi werda, rom

afxazeTze, rogorc nebayoflobiT SeerTebul mxareze, osmalTa preten-

zia ruseTs ar unda mieRo, radgan afxazebi soxumis daTmobas osmaleTi-

sadmi ruseTis mxridan afxazeTze xelis aRebad Seafasebdnen. n. rtiSCevs

miaCnda, rom afxazebi emorCilebodnen mxolod imas, vinc soxums flob-

66

da. Tu osmaleTi daeufleboda soxums, afxazebi mTavars ganudgebodnen,

qristianoba, romelic kvlav vrceldeboda am mxareSi, daviwyebas miecemo-

da, ruseTis xelSi Tu ar iqneboda soxumi da misi navsadguri, afxazebis

damorCileba gaZneldeboda da afxazeTis SenarCuneba SeuZlebeli iqnebo-

da. aqedan gamomdinare, n. rtiSCevi svamda kiTxvas, saWiro iyo Tu ara os-

malebisaTvis daebrunebinaT soxumi, im mTavris rezidencia, romelic

mTeli Tavisi xalxiT da samflobeloTi ruseTis qveSevrdomobaSi

Sevida. sabolood, n. rtiCevi mainc uSvebda soxumis gadacemis SesaZleb-

lobas, magram drois mogebis taqtikas adga. [31, 785-786].

n. rtiSCevis dasabuTeba peterburgSi mxedvelobaSi miiRes. male, man

imperatoris direqtiva miiRo, miuxedavad osmalebis moTxovnisa, soxumi

maTTvis ar gadaeca [31, 504]. peterburgis poziciis garkvevis Semdeg n.

rtiSCevma osmalebs uari ganucxada soxumis gadacemaze im motiviT, rom

afxazeTi osmaleTis sakuTrebas arasodes warmoadgenda, samSvidobo xel-

SekrulebaSic ar ixsenieboda da amitom osmaleTis moTxovnis dakmayofi-

leba ruseTs ar SeeZlo [31, 505]. osmaleTi mxolod soxum-kales gadace-

mis moTxovniT ar dakmayofilda da imereTze, guriasa da samegreloze

pretenzia wamoayena. osmalebi da maTi agentura afxazeTSi avrcelebdnen

xmebs, TiTqos ruseTma es mxare buqarestis traqtatiT osmaleTs dauTmo,

xolo soxum-kale aslan-beis gadaeca [113, 220].

kavkasiis rusuli administracia, 1812w. bolos samurzayanoSi mo-

mxdar ambebSi, osmaleTis momxre Zalebs adanaSaulebda, da miaCnda, rom

aslan-beis momxre levan SarvaSiZem, osmalebis CagonebiT mokla Tavisi

Zma, ruseTis erTguli, polkovniki manuCar SarvaSiZe. gaZlierda tyvis

syidva, marto 5 Tvis ganmavlobaSi afxazeTidan da samegrelodan osma-

lebma 300 tyve gaiyvanes [31, 789]. osmalebi sagangebod amaragebdnen foTis

cixes da jars aZlierebdnen. 1813w. 29 ivniss foTSi Cavida seraskiri

seid-suleiman faSa, romelmac 2 aTasi jariskaci Camoiyvana. mas davaleba

hqonda, daepyro dasavleT saqarTvelo. amave xanebSi, jiqeTSi myofi as-

lan-bei samxedro daxmarebisa da Tanxebis misaRebad stambolSi Cavida.

stambolidan aslan-bei foTSi Camovida, Semdeg osmalTa razmiT, zRviT

sof. gudavaSi gadavida. aslan-bei mTeli afxazeTis dasaufleblad emza-

deboda. giorgi SarvaSiZem daxmarebis TxovniT ruseTis xelisuflebas

67

mimarTa [6, 205; 98, 446]. aslan-beis afxazebis didi nawili miemxro. mis

mxareze gadavida rebia-hanum marSania or umcros SvilTan erTad. maT so-

xumi datoves da aslan-beis banakSi gadavidnen, afxazeTis didebulTa

mniSvnelovani nawilic mis mxares dadga. osmalebi aslan-beis jariT, sa-

omari saWurvliT da sursaTiT foTidan amaragebdnen. 6 ivliss seraskir-

ma foTidan aslan-beis 17 naviT jari da sursaTi, agreTve fuli gaugzav-

na, xolo jaris meore nawili soxumis asaRebad gaemarTa [31, 798; 6, 446].

ivlisis dasawyisSi, arzrumis seraskirma n. rtiSCevs moTxova, osmale-

TisTvis gadaeca imereTi, guria, samegrelo da afxazeTi yvela simagriT.

aseTive moTxovniT mas trapizonis seraskirma seid-suleiman faSamac

mimarTa [31, 790]. n. rtiSCevis mtkicebiT ki, es moTxovnebi buqarestis sa-

zavo xelSekrulebis VI muxlis pirobas ar Seesabameboda da amdenad, ar

SeeZloⁿdaekmayofilebina. n. rtiSCevma trapizonis seraskiri gaafrTxila,

rom osmalTa jaris Sesvla afxazeTSi aslan-beis meTaurobiT da im te-

ritoriebis iaraRiT dapyrobis mcdeloba, romelsac adre osmaleTi mo-

iTxovda, traqtatis darRvevad miaCnda, ris gamoc am samflobeloebis da-

sacavad saTanado gankarguleba gasca. igi seraskirs mouwodebda, afxaze-

Tidan jarebi gaeyvana, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, ruseTi adeqvatur zomebs

miiRebda [31, 796-797]. n. rtiSCevma polkovnik s. merlins ubrZana, afxaze-

Tidan osmalebi ganedevna. merlini SeuTanxmda levan V dadiansa da

giorgi SarvaSiZes, aslan-beisa da osmalTa winaaRmdeg erToblivi gamos-

vlis Sesaxeb. me-15 egerTa polkis meTaurs, maior kutievs daevala, sameg-

relos saxalxo laSqarTan erTad SeWriliyo afxazeTSi, winadadeba

mieca osmalebisTvis, daetovebinaT es mxare, xolo am moTxovnis Seusru-

leblobis SemTxvevaSi Zalis gamoyenebiT ganedevna isini [31, 798, 800].

rusTa da qarTvelTa jaris miaxloebisTanave osmalebma miatoves aslan-

bei da foTSi dabrundnen, aslan-bei ki jiqeTSi gaiqca. giorgi SarvaSiZem

iTxova, daxmarebodnen samTavros mosaxleobis damorCilebaSi, amitom

jarma winsvla ganagrZo, abJuis olqSi Tavad-aznaurebi mTavris erTgule-

baze daafica, Semdeg kodori gadalaxa, afxazeTis olqSic aiyvana mZev-

lebi da Tavad-aznaurebi mTavris erTgulebaze daafica. rodesac jari

soxumSi Cavida, rebia-hanumi da misi ori umcrosi Svilic monaniebiT ga-

mocxaddnen, soxumSi moiwvies zufueli Tavad-aznaurebic da erTgulebis

68

fici daadebines. levan V dadianis rCeviT, afxazeTis mTavarma molapara-

keba gamarTa webelis mflobel marSaniebTan da mosTxova yaCaRobasa da

yaCaRebis mfarvelobas SeSvebodnen. ukan gamobrunebulma rusTa da qarT-

velTa laSqarma levan V dadiansa da manuCar SarvaSiZis qvrivs qeTevans

samurzayano daumorCila [31, 305-506; 6, 205]. 1812w. samxedro eqspedicia

afxazeTSi osmalofiluri jgufis damarcxebiTa da mTavris xelisufle-

bis droebiTi gaZlierebiT dasrulda.

1813w. noemberSi osmaleTma kvlav moiTxova imereTis, guriis, samegre-

losa da afxazeTis, aseve cixeebis – soxum-kales, anakliis da kemxelis

dabruneba [31, 805]. osmaleTi ar apirebda afxazeTze xelis aRebas, rac

SemdgomSi misi marionetis, aslan beis SeiaraRebuli gamosvlebiT dadas-

turda. rusuli administracia Tvlida, rom aslan-beis mtruli saqmiano-

ba mTavris xelisuflebas ukiduresad asustebda [31, 480].

osmaleTs hqonda safuZveli afxazeTSi sakuTari momxreebis ga-

marjvebis imedi hqonoda. mTavars ar emorCilebodnen misi Zmebi da cal-

keul mxareTa mflobelebi. samTavros Tavs esxmodnen mezobeli tomebi

da afxazeTis mTis Temebis mkvidrni. afxazeTSi anarqia mezobel samegre-

lozec axdenda gavlenas. 1815w. Semodgomaze levan V dadianma afxazeTSi

areulobis mTavar kerasTan-webelTan urTierToba mSvidobianad moagvara.

29 noembers, samurzayanos sof. oqumSi Camovidnen webelis Temis batonebi

da levan V dadians erTgulebis fici misces. webelelma marSaniebma

qristian mTavars muslimanTa wminda wignze yuranze Sehfices. webelSi

islami gansakuTrebiT iyo gavrcelebuli da osmaleTi islams am mxareSi

Tavisi gavlenis iaraRad warmatebiT iyenebda [31, 507-508].

XIXs. dasawyisSi carizmisTvis gadaudebel strategiul da politi-

kur amocanas warmoadgenda CrdiloeT kavkasiis dapyroba. ruseTis impe-

riis axladmierTebuli teritoriebi kavkasionis qedis samxreTiT mdeba-

reobda. maTi dapyroba CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTiani zolis Semomtkice-

bamde moxda. amdenad, imperiis samxreT-kavkasiuri samflobeloebi dau-

morCilebeli CrdiloeT kavkasis gadaRma aRmoCnda. amitom aucilebeli

gaxda yuban-Tergis xazis samxreTiT mdebare miwa-wylis dapyroba. amis ga-

reSe, ruseTis batonoba amierkavkasiaSi mtkice ver iqneboda. napoleonTan

69

omis damTavrebis Semdeg, carizmi CrdiloeT kavkasiis dapyrobisaTvis

gaZlierebul mzadebas Seudga [168, 282].

1815w. kavkasiis xazze, saqarTveloSi da saerTod amierkavkasiaSi gan-

lagebuli ruseTis jaris nawilebisagan calke saqarTvelos korpusi Se-

iqmna. 1815w. damlevisaTvis afxazeTSi osmalofiluri dajgufebis brZo-

lam xelisuflebisaTvis garkveul warmatebas miaRwia. TurqeTis premier-

ministris arqivSi daculi dokumentis mixedviT, 1815w. dekembris dasawyis-

Si osmaleTis xelisuflebam miiRo informacia safar beis ,,atalik”-is

(gamzrdelis_z.w.) haji ahmedisagan, TiTqos safar-bei mzad iyo moenaniebi-

na danaSauli da kvlav osmaleTis qveSevrdomobas dabruneboda. haji

ahmedisgan osmaleTis xelisuflebam Seityo, rom mas Semdeg, rac aslan

beim moukla mama, safar bei SiSobda, rom Zma masac gamoasalmebda sico-

cxles, amitom iZulebuli gaxda rusebisaTvis eTxova mfarveloba. safar-

bei mzad iyo, danaSauli osmaleTis winaSe imiT gamoesyida, rom soxumis

cixidan rusebi gaeyara da kvlav sulTans damorCileboda [58. 13]. ro-

gorc Cans, giorgi SarvaSiZe, ormagi politikis warmoebas cdilobda. is

SiSobda, rom ruseTi sabolood afxazeTs osmaleTs dauTmobda da xeli-

suflebis SenarCunebisaTvis winaswar Tadarigs iWerda.

1816w. 12 oqtombers, kavkasiis mTavarmarTeblad general-leitenanti a.

ermolovi dainiSna. rusebi, romlebic adre kavkasiis mTielTa winaaRmdeg

calkeul sadamsjelo eqspediciebs atarebdnen, CeCneTisa da daRestnis

siRrmeSi gegmazomier Setevaze gadavidnen. rusebi anadgurebdnen mTielTa

soflebs, kafavdnen tyeebs, gahyavdaT gzebi, agebdnen cixe-simagreebs da

mTebis siRrmeSi nabij-nabij miiwevdnen [170, 32; 151, 35]. carizmi cdilobda

CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi rusuli samxedro-administraciuli mmarTvelobis

danergvas, ramac misi koloniuri politika gamoaSkarava. ruseTis samxed-

ro-biurokratiul eqspansias CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTielTa sapasuxo re-

aqcia mohyva. daiwyo ruseT_kavkasiis omi (1817-1864ww), romelSic ruseTi

miznad isaxavda mTiani daRestnisa da dasavleT kavkasiis dapyrobas, xo-

lo kavkasiel mTielTa mxridan oms antikoloniuri, erovnul-ganmaTavi-

suflebeli xasiaTi hqonda [102, 144].

omis msvlelobisas ruseTis sardloba did yuradRebas aqcevda Savi

zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiros dakavebas, radgan dasavleT kavkasi-

70

is mTielebi garesamyarosTan kavSirs aqedan amyarebdnen. inglisi da os-

maleTi mTielebs iaraRiT da tyvia-wamliT aqedan amaragebdnen. ruseTi

Savi zRvis afxazeTis sanapiroze mxolod soxums flobda, sadac 500 ja-

riskaci iyo dislocirebuli. soxumis mcirericxovani garnizoni ver

uzrunvelyofda stabilurobas am mxareSi. ruseTis poziciebis sisustes

afxazeTSi mniSvnelovanwilad ganapirobebda is garemoeba, rom mTavari

uZluri iyo sakuTari ZalebiT daecxro Sinapolitikuri brZola da osma-

leTis momxre dajgufebebis TareSi samTavroSi. afxazeTSi grZeldeboda

adamianebis gataceba, mkvlelobebi, mTavrisadmi daumorCilebloba. 1818w.

maisSi, imereTis mmarTvel, general-maior i. kurnatovskis TandaswrebiT,

afxazeTisa da samegrelos mTavrebs Soris SeTanxmeba daido. giorgi

SarvaSiZem samurzayano dadianis samflobelod cno. rogorc levan V da-

diani aRniSnavda, es aqti miznad isaxavda or samTavros Soris mSvidobi-

ani urTierTobis aRdgenas. SeTanxmebis mixedviT, samegrelosa da afxa-

zeTs Soris sazRvrad md. RaliZga dadginda. orive mxare valdebulebas

iRebda, meamboxeebisa da damnaSaveTaTvis TavSesafari ar miecaT [32, 537].

1819w. imereTSi ruseTis winaaRmdeg ajanyeba daiwyo. i. kurnatovski

saqarTvelos korpusis Stabis ufross, general-leitenant a. veliaminovs

swerda: ,,gurulebi da megrelebi mzad arian imerlebTan erTad imoqme-

don, xolo afxazi glexebi imdenad TanaugrZnoben imereTis ajanyebas,

rom imerlebs isRa darCeniaT, mxolod moiwvion afxazebi‘‘ [136, 21]. 1820w.

ivlisSi ruseTis jarma imereTis 1819-1820 ww. ajanyeba sastikad CaaxSo.

osmaleTi kvlav daJinebiT moiTxovda soxumisa da afxazeTis dabru-

nebas. ruseTis xelisufleba orWofobda da dasaSvebadac ki miaCnda osma-

leTis moTxovnis dakmayofileba. sakiTxis Seswavla kavkasiis mTavar-

marTebel a. ermolovs daevala. 1820w. 16 ivliss a. ermolovma peterburgs

vrceli moxseneba warudgina, sadac im safrTxis Taobaze miuTiTebda, ra-

sac afxazeTisa da soxumis daTmoba gamoiwvevda. misi azriT, afxazeTis

daTmoba negatiurad imoqmedebda ruseTis poziciebze amierkavkasiis sxva

samflobeloebSi, sadac osmaleTis Careva gaZlierdeboda da samomavlod

regionSi poziciebis SesanarCuneblad meti samxedro Zala iqneboda

saWiro, miT umetes, rom ruseTis gavlena Sav zRvaze Sesustdeboda,

giorgi SarvaSiZe iZulebuli gaxdeboda, qristianoba daeTmo, samTavro

71

taxtze ki qristianobis moZule misi Zma hasan-bei avidoda. ermolovi

miuReblad miiCnevda afxazeTis daTmobas imis gamoc, rom dasavleT

saqarTvelos sxva qveSevrdomTa TvalSi ruseTs saxeli Seelaxeboda,

gaZlierdeboda tyvis syidva, afxazebs didi raodenobiT hqondaT navebi

da sanapiros maxloblad yaCaRobas eweodnen, Tu maT navmisadgomebad

eqnebodaT soxumisa da biWvinTis yureebi, ruseTis xomaldebs ar

SeeZlebodaT TavianTi samflobeloebis dacva da afxazeTis dakargviT

ruseTs SeiZleboda mTeli dasavleT saqarTveloc daekarga. im Sem-

TxvevaSi, Tu afxazeTis an soxumis bedi sxvagvarad gadawydeboda, a. er-

molovi Tanamdebobidan gadayenebas iTxovda. [32, 653-654]. a. ermolovis

mier sakiTxis aseTi kategoriulobiT dayenebam, umaRlesi xelisufleba

daarwmuna, soxumisa da afxazeTis osmaleTisTvis gadacemaze xeli aeRo.

ruseTi moiTxovda, osmaleTs mis mflobelobaSi ecno anaklia da ke-

mxeli, rogorc samegrelos kuTvnili punqtebi, amasTan arc soxumisa da

afxazeTis daTmobas apirebda [33, 430].

miuxedavad imisa, rom ruseTis pozicia kategoriuli iyo, osmaleTi

moiTxovda anakliisa da soxum-kales daclasa da misTvis dabrunebas. os-

maleTi afxazeTSi Tavis momxre Zalebis gamoyenebas cdilobda. 1820w. de-

kemberSi a. ermolovma peterburgs Seaxsena, rom ruseTs gauZneldeboda

am cixeebis mimdebare teritoriebis dacva, Tu osmalebi mosaxleobas ru-

seTis winaaRmdeg waaqezebdnen [52, 190].

1821w. 7 Tebervals afxazeTis mTavari giorgi SarvaSiZe lixnSi gar-

daicvala. mTavarma sikvdilis win umcros Zmas, hasan-beis meuRlesa da

Svilebze mzrunveloba sTxova da ruseTis xelisuflebis morCileba ur-

Cia [27. 2]. meore dRes, 8 Tebervals, Tamar SarvaSiZem weriliT auwya so-

xumis cixis komendants, maior p. mogilianskis giorgi SarvaSiZis garda-

cvaleba da sTxova, es ambavi mTavarmarTeblisTvis euwyebina. Tamari

iTxovda, gamoegzavnaT ufrosi Svili dimitri, romelic peterburgSi paJ-

Ta korpusSi izrdeboda da misTvis qveynis marTva CaebarebinaT [27. 1.]

am droisaTvis afxazeTis mTavris qvrivi, Tamar SarvaSiZe ver ako-

ntrolebda viTarebas samTavroSi. misi vaJiSvili, taxtis memkvidre di-

mitri ruseTSi iyo, xolo afxazeTSi rusi samxedroebi mxolod soxumis

cixes flobdnen, sadac 500 kaciani garnizoni idga [140, 456-457]. Seqmnili

72

viTarebiT sargeblobdnen osmaleTis momxre Zalebi afxazeTSi. 8 Teber-

vals, soxumis cixidan gamosul jariskacTa razms Tavs daesxnen

afxazebi. Tavdasxma hasan-beis samflobeloSi moxda, amitom komendantma

p. mogilianskim damnaSaveTa gacemis moTxovniT mas mimarTa. lixnSi

myofma hasan-beim piroba dado, rom damnaSaveebs moZebnida da mTavrobas

gadascemda [27. 2; 166, 552]. imave dRes p. mogilianskim kavkasiis korpusis

Stabis ufross, general-leitenant a. veliaminovs, romelic kavkasias er-

molovis aryofnis gamo marTavda, giorgi SarvaSiZis gardacvalebisa da

soxumis cixis garnizonis jariskacebze afxazebis Tavdasxmis Taobaze

auwya. p. mogilianski amtkicebda, rom mTavris gardacvalebis Semdeg

afxazeTSi antirusuli gamosvlebi iyo mosalodneli. Mmas miaCnda, rom

rus jariskacebze Tavdasxma hasan-beis waqezebiT moxda da es iyo afxa-

zebis ajanyeba ruseTis winaaRmdeg [166, 552].

a. veliaminovi Tvlida, rom Tumca hasan-beis momxreTa dajgufebas

osmaleTis daxmarebis gareSe raime warmatebis miRweva ar SeeZlo,

afxazeTSi arsebuli situaciidan gamomdinare, misi izolireba

aucilebeli iyo, amitom p. mogilianskis ubrZana, hasan-bei daepatimrebina,

xolo imperatoris mier afxazeTis mTavris damtkicebamde, qveynis mmar-

Tvelad Tamar SarvaSiZe daeniSna. p. mogilianskim 6 marts, soxumis cixe-

Si mosalaparakeblad miiwvia hasan-bei da iqve daapatimra [140, 461-462].

1821w. 14 marts Tamar SarvaSiZem weriliT uSualod a. veliaminovs

mimarTa da sTxova, taxtis memkvidre dimitri afxazeTSi gamoegzavnaT.

igi werda, rom misma Svilma am qveynis ,,arc qceva da arc ena‘‘ ar icoda,

magram samTavros mainc kargad upatronebda. amasTan, hasan-beis gaTavisu-

flebasac iTxovda. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, TavisTvis SeuZleblad mi-

aCnda afxazeTSi darCena. Tamari veliaminovs arwmunebda, rom ruseTis xe-

lisuflebis winaSe hasan-beis danaSauli ar miuZRoda [27. 3]. Cans, Tamar

SarvaSiZe realurad afasebda hasan beis gavlenas da Seqmnil rTul po-

litikur vitarebaSi mis mimxrobas cdilobda. 1 aprils veliaminovma Ta-

mar SarvaSiZes damamSvidebeli werili gaugzavna, sadac aRniSnavda, rom

ruseTi mudam mzad iyo mxari daeWiraT misi saxlisaTvis. veliaminovi

werda, rom hasan-beis dapatimrebis mizezi gaxda misi daumorCilebloba,

ris gamoc gansvenebul mTavars araerTxel miumarTavs ruseTis xelisuf-

73

lebisTvis. generlis azriT, mas SeeZlo areulobis moxdena, amitom Ta-

mar SarvaSiZes hasan-beis gaTavisufleba ki ar unda eTxova, aramed afxa-

zeTidan saswrafod moSoreba [32, 655].

imereTis mmarTvels, general-maior p. gorCakovs (1820-1825ww.) miaCnda,

rom yovelgvari mizezis gareSe hasan-beis Sepyroba ar iyo gonivruli,

radgan es xels ar Seuwyobda afxazTa daSoSminebas da ufro met mRel-

varebas gamoiwvevda. 1821w. 22 marts, veliaminovisadmi gagzavnil moxse-

nebiT baraTSi igi aRniSnavda, rom mogilianskis cnobam afxazTa ajanye-

bis Sesaxeb mas Tavidanve eWvi aRuZra. mdgomareobidan gamosasvlelad

ruseTis xelisuflebas ori gza hqonda: pirveli, daekmayofilebina xal-

xis moTxovna da hasan-bei gaeTavisuflebina; meore, afxazeTisken jarebi

daeZra. amasTan, pirveli RonisZieba ar iqneboda sisustis gamovlena;

meore SemTxvevaSi ki, damatebiT aTasamde jariskaci mainc gaxdeboda sa-

Wiro; jars unda gaevlo daumorCilebeli soflebi, winaaRmdegoba iqne-

boda desantis gadasxmis drosac; ajanyeba mainc ar Sewydeboda, Tu ja-

ris nawili didi xniT afxazeTSi ar Cadgeboda, radgan soxumis cixis

garnizons afxazeTis gasakontroleblad Zala ar Seswevda. [166, 553-554].

a. veliaminovi imdenad uaryofiTad iyo ganwyobili hasan-beis mimarT,

rom afxazTa ajanyeba nakleb ubedurebad miaCnda, vidre misi gaTavisuf-

leba. ,,CvenTvis bevrad ufro momgebiania mSfoTvare afxazeTi, vidre ha-

san-beis gaTavisufleba, romelic didi avtoritetiT sargeblobs rogorc

xalxSi, aseve TurqeTis mTavrobaSic‘‘, _ werda a. veliaminovi 28 marts p.

gorCakovs. xelisuflebisaTvis sasurveli iyo afxazeTidan misi moSo-

reba, afxazTa ajanyebis Sedegebi xelisuflebisaTvis imdenad mniSvne-

lovani ar iqneboda. a. veliaminovi darwmunebuli iyo, rom ajanyebulebi

soxumis cixes osmalebis daxmarebis gareSe ver aiRebdnen. aucileblobis

SemTxvevaSi p. gorCakovs SeeZlo cixis dasaxmareblad qvemexiT SeiaraRe-

buli ori an sami aseuli gaegzavna. a. veliaminovma gamoiyena sardlis

uflebamosileba da misi brZanebiT 1821w. aprilSi hasan bei cimbirSi

gadaasaxles, magram imedi, rom hasan-beis gadasaxlebiT afxazeTSi

problemebi mogvardeboda, rogorc mosalodneli iyo, ar gamarTlda.

afxazeTis mmarTvelad Tamar SarvaSiZis daniSvnas xalxi ukmayofilebiT

Sexvda. xalxi eWvobda, rom hasan-beis dapatimreba Tamar SarvaSiZis gare-

74

Se ar moxdeboda, romelsac albaT misi moSoreba surda, raTa dimitrisa-

Tvis taxtisaken gza gaekafa. aprilis Sua ricxvebSi p. gorCakovi soxumSi

Cavida, raTa afxazeTSi Seqmnil viTarebas adgilze gascnoboda. man Tana-

mdebobidan gadaayena p. mogilianski da mis nacvlad soxumis cixis komen-

dantad maiori mixini daniSna [166, 554-557].

afxazeTSi saxalxo mRelvarebis asacileblad p. gorCakovma afxazi

Tavad-aznauroba mosalaparakeblad soxumSi miiwvia. afxazma warCinebu-

lebma p. gorCakovs hasan beis dapatimrebis gamo mtkice protesti ganu-

cxades da, rusis jaris Semosvlis SemTxvevaSi, saxl-karis gadawviTa da

mTebSi gaxizvniT daimuqrnen. soxumSi ar Camovida Tamar SarvaSiZe, p.

gorCakovma ki mTavris qvrivTan lixSi gamgzavreba saxifaTod CaTvala,

da quTaisSi uSedegod dabrunda. sul male sayovelTao mRelvareba afxa-

zeTSi ruseTis koloniuri reJimis winaaRmdeg ajanyebaSi gadaizarda.

hasan-beis umcrosi Zmebi_baTal-bei, taiar-bei da rostom-bei, xalxs da-

umorCileblobisken mouwodebdnen. maT mxari dauWires hasan-beis simamrma,

inal-ifebma da marSaniebma. afxazma Tavadebma maior mixins SeuTvales,

rom ar daemorCilebodnen ruseTis xelisuflebas da Tamar SarvaSiZes,

sanam rusebi hasan-beis ar daabrunebdnen. [166, 558].

osmaleTisaTvis kvlav dadga afxazeTis saqmeebSi, aslan beis faqto-

ris gamoyenebiT, uSualo Carevis dro. 1821w. ivnisSi, aslan-bei osmaleTi-

dan jiqeTSi Cavida. Aaslan-beim Tamar SarvaSiZes mZevlebi da afxazeTSi

Tavisuflad SeSveba mosTxova. Tamarma aslan-beis mociqulebi, maior mi-

xinis TandaswrebiT, soxumis cixeSi miiRo da ganucxada, rom mamis-

mkvlels afxazeTSi arasdros SeuSvebda. Tamar SarvaSiZis amalaSi myofi

bzifeli Tavad-aznaurebic mas daeTanxmnen. Tamarma mixins Txova, misi sa-

saxlis dasacavad lixnSi mcire razmi gaegzavna [166, 558-559].

afxazeTSi ruseTis batonobas isev seriozuli safrTxe daemuqra.

rusebis momxreTa ricxvi mcire iyo da adgilobrivi qristianebiT Semo-

ifargleboda. mosaxleobis umetesi nawili ki, mahmadiani da warmarTi

afxazebi, osmalur orientaciaze idgnen da mzad iyvnen aslan-beis

gverdiT damdgariyvnen [140, 459]. soxumis cixis garnizonis meTauri mixini

yoveldRe Tavdasxmas eloda. man Tamar SarvaSiZes soxumis cixeSi dabina-

veba SesTavaza, magram mTavris qvrivs ar surda xalxis winaSe Tavisi uZ-

75

lurebis aRiareba, amitom arCia, sof. kodorSi wasuliyo, sadac saxli

hqonda, magram meamboxeebma kodorSi Tamar SarvaSiZis tyved ayvana mo-

indomes, isini aslan beis gamocxadebas apirebdnen mTavrad. Tamarma ruse-

bisgan Svela iTxova. mixinma kodoris koncxisken dauyovnebliv gaagzavna

samxedro xomaldi ,,konstantini~ da mis meTaurs, leitenant xomutovs

daavala MmTavris qvrivi da misi Svilebi daexsna. imave RamiT xomutovma

isini gamoixsna da 2 ivliss soxumSi Caiyvana [32, 659; 166, 560].

peterburgSi myofi a. ermolovi, romelsac kargad esmoda afxazeTis

strategiuli mniSvneloba ruseTisaTvis da mxareSi osmaleTis momxre

Zlieri dajgufebis arsebobas uwevda angariSs, gadaudeblad Tvlida di-

mitri SarvaSiZis saswrafo Cayvanas afxazeTSi, misTvis polkovnikis sa-

mxedro wodebis miniWebas, rom ,,afxazeTis veluri da mxeci xalxi‘‘ afxa-

zeTis axal mTavarsa da rus samxedro oficers daemorCilebina [32, 655].

agvistoSi dimitri SarvaSiZe paJTa korpusidan gamoiyvanes, imperato-

ris brZanebiT mas polkovnikis Cini eboZa da afxazeTis mTavrad dainiSna

[6, 209; 32, 656]. am dros osmaleTis emisari aslan-bei gamalebul saqmia-

nobas eweoda rusTa winaaRmdeg didi samxedro gamosvlis mosamzadeblad.

is, anapis faSis daxmarebiT, krebda laSqars afxazeTSi SesaWrelad. as-

lan-bei afxazeTSi werilebs agzavnida da ajanyebisaken mouwodebda mosa-

xleobas [33, 746].

agvistos Sua ricxvebSi afxazeTSi osmaleTis momxre dajgufebam ga-

damwyveti Seteva wamoiwyo. aslan-bei, 600 kaciani razmiT, jiqeTidan afxa-

zeTSi SeiWra. am droisaTvis soxumidan wamosuli Tamar SarvaSiZe kodo-

ris mamulSi imyofeboda. aslan-beim kodoris sasaxles alya Semoartya.

Tamaris momxreebidan bevri aslan-beis mxareze gadavida. ori kvira

sasaxlis koSkSi Caketili Tamar SarvaSiZe iZulebuli gaxda fici daedo,

rom ruseTis xelisuflebasTan yovelgvar urTierTobas gawyvetda. 11

seqtembers ajanyebulTa mxedroba gaSlili droSebiT miadga soxumis

cixes, magram garnizonma Zlieri cecxli gauxsna da ukuagdo isini. as-

lan-beim alya Semoartya soxums da TiTqmis mTeli afxazeTi daikava. se-

qtembris Sua ricxvebSi is samegrelos samTavros sazRvarTan, md. Rali-

Zgaze gamoCnda. levan V dadianma mas SeuTvala, rom nebas ar miscemda,

mis samflobeloSi SeWriliyo da qvrivsa da oblebs, - Tamar SarvaSiZes

76

da mis Svilebs, daicavda [6, 209]. samegrelos mTavari Tavis samflobe-

loSi jars agrovebda, rom samegrelo daecva da afxazeTis mTavris

qvrivsa da mis Svilebs miSveleboda, magram imereTis mmarTvelma p. gor-

Cakovma CaTvala, rom dadians undoda gamoeyenebina afxazeTSi Seqmnili

viTareba da samxedro ZaliT daekavebina afxazeTis is teritoria, rome-

lic warsulSi odiSs ekuTvnoda. amiT unda aixsnas p. gorCakovis daJine-

buli moTxovna, rom dadians ar elaSqra afxazeTSi, Tamar SarvaSiZisa

da misi Svilebze zrunva ki rusebisTvis miendo [140, 460; 166, 560].

aslan-beim gamoacxada, rom mas xelT hqonda sulTnis firmani, rom-

lis ZaliT is afxazeTis mTavrad iyo daniSnuli da ruseTic soxums mas

uTmobda. aslan-beis mxareze gadavidnen misi Zmebi baTal-bei, Taiar-bei

da rostom-bei SarvaSiZeebi, agreTve hasan-beis simamri narCou inaliSvi-

li, misi Zma giorgi inaliSvili, abJuis mflobeli ali-bei (aleqsandre)

SarvaSiZe. ajanyebam mTeli afxazeTi moicva, gansakuTrebul Tavgamodebas

hasan-beis qveSevrdomebi iCendnen, mxolod lixnelebma gauwies amboxebu-

lebs winaaRmdegoba da mTavris saxls uerTgules, magram isinic male iZ-

ulebulni Seiqnen aslan-beis mimxrobodnen [32,659; 166, 560].

kavkasiaSi ruseTis mmarTvelobam afxazeTSi osmaleTis momxre da-

jgufebis amboxebis CasaxSobad samxedro operaciis ganxorcielebis sa-

mzadisi daiwyo. seqtembris bolos dimitri SarvaSiZe TbilisSi Camovi-

da.AruseTis xelisuflebam afxazTa ajanyebis CaxSoba da samTavro ta-

xtze dimitris ayvana p. gorCakovs daevala. afxazeTis samxedro eqspedi-

ciaSi samegrelos samTavros laSqarsac unda mieRo monawileoba. velia-

minovma momaval mTavar dimitri SarvaSiZes dawvrilebiTi instruqcia mi-

sca. veliaminovi miiCnevda, rom saWiro iyo aslan-beis sicruis sawina-

aRmdegod - TiTqos ruseTis xelisuflebam daadastura sulTnis firmani

da aRiara afxazeTis mTavrad aslan-bei, _ dimitris moemxro samTavro

saxlis erTguli Tavadebi da maTi meSveobiT gaevrcelebina proklamacia,

romelic afxazeTis mosaxleobas auwyebda, rom dimitri dainiSna afxa-

zeTis mTavrad. ruseTis jaris nawilebis Sesvla kidev ufro daarwmu-

nebda afxazebs, rom imperatorma dimitri SarvaSiZe daamtkica afxazeTis

mTavrad da samTavro taxtis erTaderTi kanonieri memkvidre is iyo.

veliaminovi saWirod miiCnevda, rom axal mTavars dauyovnebliv daedgina

77

Tamar SarvaSiZis adgilsamyofeli da ecnobebina jariT misi afxazeTSi

Sesvla, daerwmunebina is, rom soxumSi gadasuliyo da iq dalodeboda;

dimitri Semwynarebeli da gulmowyale unda yofiliyo imaT mimarT, vinc

moinaniebda da morCilebas gamoacxadebda, gansakuTrebiT ubralo

xalxisadmi, magram vinc iaraRiT gauwevda winaaRmdegobas, mkacrad unda

dasjiliyo; ajanyebis moTaveebi Zlieri sagvareuloebidan, romlebic

didi xnis manZilze mtrobdnen samTavro saxls da kvlavac SeeZloT

afxazeTSi simSvidis darRveva, aucileblad unda gaenadgurebinaT an

SeepyroT da afxazeTidan gaesaxlebinaT. amasTan, ar unda yofiliyo sa-

rwmunoebrivi devna da ZaliT gaqristianeba. simSvidis damyarebis Semdeg

warmarTTa gasaqristianeblad mTavroba izrunebda. veliaminovi mTavars

urCevda araferi moemoqmedebina p. gorCakovis rCevis gareSe. dimitris

usafrTxoebisaTvis sasurveli iyo misi pirvel xanebSi sacxovreblad so-

xumis cixis garnizonSi darCena [32, 658-659; 166, 563-564].

p. gorCakovma redut-kaleSi Tavi mouyara amboxebulTa winaaRmdeg

gasagzavn afxazeTis eqspedicias, romelic Sedgeboda samegrelos

qveiTTa da 44-e egerTa polkebis ori batalionisagan 600 meomris Semad-

genlobiT da aRWurvili iyo ori qvemexiT, aseve kazakTa razmisa da same-

grelos samTavros cxenosan miliciisgan [32, 659; 140, 465; 166, 565]. 1821w. 21

oqtombers dimitri SarvaSiZe quTaisSi gaemgzavra, iqidan ki, p.

gorCakovisa da samegrelos samTavros cxenosani miliciis TanxlebiT,

afxazeTisken gaemarTa. laSqars samegrelos samTavros sazRvridan, md.

RaliZgidan, polkovniki niko dadiani waruZRva. niko dadiani, rogorc

leCxumis sardal-mouravi, Tanmxleb 600 leCxumel mxedars meTaurobda

[6, 209; 32, 659].

1821w. 1 noembers p. gorCakovma samurzayanos sazRvarze cnoba miiRo,

rom aslan-beis 3 aTaskaciani afxazTa da jiqTa razmi kodoris koncxsa

da sof. kelasurs Soris iyo gamagrebuli. TviT aslan-bei afxazTa la-

SqriT moqvSi idga. niko dadianma gadmoibira aslan-beis banakSi myofi mi-

si siZe, ali-bei SarvaSiZe da colisZma, salarufu marSania, ,,romelsa

usmendnen sruli webelni da sxvanica. da iyo mas Jamsa afxazTa Soris

SemZle kaci~, da isini Tavis banakSi gadmoiyvana. maTi gadabirebis Semdeg

aslan-bei moqvidan gaiqca. rusTa da qarTvelTa mxedrobac ukan mihyva da

78

wyabaSi dabanakda [6, 210; 140,468; 166, 566]. afxazeTis eqspedicia mowinaaRm-

degis gaafTrebul winaaRmdegobas gadaawyda. aslan-beis razmebma kelasu-

ramde ramodenime Zlieri safari moawyves. 4 noembers samegrelos mxed-

roba, romelic avangardSi iyo, md. kodoridan 4 versze mowinaaRmdegis

Zlier safars waawyda da mniSvnelovani danakargi ganicada. mas mieSvela

egerTa polkis meTauri, polkovniki ivane afxazi, romelmac mowinaaR-

mdegis xergilebi brZoliT daikava. ajanyebulebi TavgamodebiT cdilob-

dnen Setevis SeCerebas, magram maT qvemexebis cecxli anadgurebda. n. da-

dianis cnobiT, didi brZola moxda aSiRvarasTan axlos, romelic 16

saaTs gagrZelda. rusebisa da qarTvelebis gaerTianebulma laSqarma as-

lan-beis safrebi aiRo da misi razmi gaaqcia, Tumca Tavadac sakmaod da-

zaralda. p. gorCakovis razmi im RamiT md. maWaris piras dabanakda, xolo

diliT isev gaagrZela Seteva. afxazebma scades winaaRmdegobis gaweva,

magram leCxumelTa Setevas ver gauZles da gaiqcnen. p. gorCakovis razmi

TxubunSi Cavida da daba, axlo-maxlo soflebi, hasan-bei SarvaSiZis sa-

saxle sof. kelasurSi gadawva da soxumSi Cavida [6, 210-211].

p. gorCakovis damsjeli eqspediciis soxumSi Casvlis Semdeg ajanyeba

TandaTan Cacxra. rusTa da qarTvelTa laSqari sof. lixnisaken gaemarTa.

lixnSi bzifis afxazeTis Tavadebma morCilebis piroba dades. narCou da

giorgi inaliSvilebi ar gamocxadnen, amitom p. gorCakovma sainal-

iSvilos morCilebaSi mosayvanad damsjeli razmi gagzavna niko

dadianisa da ivane afxazis meTaurobiT. giorgi inaliSvilma morCileba

gamoacxada, mas epatia danaSauli, narCou inaliSvili ki

miimala.NleCxumelTa razmi afxazebTan mcire Setakebis Semdeg lixnSi

dabrunda [6, 211; 140, 468; 166, 566]. aslan-bei kvlav osmaleTSi gadaixvewa,

Tan afxaz warCinebulTagan mZevlebi waiyvana [137, 264-265].

30 noembers, lixnSi, p. gorCakovma afxaz Tavad-aznaurTa da ruseTis

jaris nawilebis TandaswrebiT dimitri SarvaSiZe afxazeTis mTavrad sa-

zeimod gamoacxada. mas gadaeca droSa da xmali, rogorc umaRlesi Zala-

uflebis simbolo, da afxazma Tavad-aznaurebma misi erTgulebis fici

dades. p. gorCakovma mTavris dasacavad lixnSi samegrelos egerTa pol-

kis ori aseuli datova maior rakocis meTaurobiT. amis Semdeg p. gorCa-

kovma Tavisi funqcia afxazeTSi amowurulad CaTvala, rusTa da qarT-

79

velTa laSqriT soxumSi dabrunda, iqidan ki regularuli jaris nawi-

lebiT zRviT redut-yaleSi Cavida, xolo niko dadiani saxalxo laSqriT

saxmeleTo gziT samegreloSi dabrunda [6, 211; 140, 469- 470; 166, 566].

axalma mTavarma ver gaamarTla ruseTis xelisuflebis imedi. dimi-

tri SarvaSiZis (1821-1822ww.) xelisufleba mTlianad ruseTis samxedro Za-

las eyrdnoboda. rogorc J.-f. gamba aRniSnavda, peterburgidan, aleqsan-

dre I-is sasaxlidan ,,mamiseul xis ubralo saxlSi gadmosaxlebuli mTa-

vari, romelic arc Tavis xalxs icnobda da arc misi ena icoda, ori

wlis ganmavlobaSi ufro tyves hgavda, vidre suverens~. amis gamo qveyanas

faqtobrivad dedamisi, Tamar SarvaSiZe ganagebda [5, 86].

1821w. miwuruls cnobili gaxda, rom aslan-bei, anapis faSas daxmare-

biT, Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze mcxovreb tomebSi laSqars agro-

vebda da ruseTis mier daniSnuli mTavris gansadevnad kvlav afxazeTSi

SeWras apirebda. dimitri SarvaSiZem jiqebis Tavadebs, romlebic adre

afxazeTis mTavars emorCilebodnen, mosTxova aslan-bei TavianT sa-

mflobeloze ar gaetarebinaT. jiqeTis Tavadebma uari Tqves am moTxov-

nis Sesrulebaze da ganacxades, rom SarvaSiZeTa samTavro saxlis memkvi-

dred dimitris ar cnobdnen. isini afxazeTidan da soxumidan rusebis

gandevnas moiTxovdnen [140, 471]. aslan-beis mosalodneli Semosevis gamo,

mTavari lixnidan soxumis cixeSi gadavida. 1822w. ianvarSi, aslan-bei, ji-

qebisa da sxva mTiel tomTa laSqriT afxazeTSi SeiWra da lixnis gar-

nizonze miitana ieriSi. niko dadianis cnobiT, ,,rusTa dauwyes brZola

da gaaqcies jiqni da mravalni mokles da alafi daayrevines‘‘ [6, 211]. li-

xnisaTvis brZolaSi (31 ianvari_3 Tebervali) aslan-bei damarcxda. man

mniSvnelovani zarali ganicada da isev jiqeTSi gaiqca, Semdeg ki osma-

leTSi wavida da trapizonSi damkvidrda, Tumca brZolaze xelis aRebas

ar apirebda. kavkasiis rusuli administraciisTvis aSkara iyo, rom

afxazTa mRelvarebis mizezi aslan-bei, osmaleTis mxardaWeriT sargeb-

lobda da afxazTa amboxebas osmaleTi warmarTavda [33, 437-438].

1822w. zafxulSi, afxazeTSi imogzaura J. f. gambam. man naTlad daina-

xa, rom am mxareSi rusebis gamgeblobaSi mxolod soxumis cixe iyo, misi

galavnis miRma ki rus jariskacebs yovel fexis nabijze safrTxe emuqre-

bodaT. afxazTa Tavdasxmisa da tyved Cavardnis SiSiT jariskacebi ci-

80

xidan mxolod sruli SeiaraRebiT gadiodnen. soxumis cixeSi yoveldRe

Semodiodnen afxazebi saqonlis gacvlis mizniT. Cveulebriv, isini didi

jgufebiT modiodnen, SeiaraRebulni iyvnen da vidre cixeSi Sevidodnen,

iaraRs aixsnidnen, xolo gasvlisas kvlav aisxamdnen [5, 81-82].

lixnSi dabrunebul dimitri SarvaSiZes ciebis niSnebi aRmoaCnda. ma-

le seni gauZlierda da loginad Caagdo. 1822w. 16 oqtombers dimitri Sar-

vaSiZe 20 wlis asakSi gardaicvala. Tamar SarvaSiZem p. gorCakovs dimit-

ris gardacvaleba acnoba da samTavros marTvaSi daxmareba da materia-

luri Semweoba iTxova. Tamari samxedro daxmarebas_lixnis garnizonis

gaZlierebas iTxovda, radgan afxazeTSi isev vrceldeboda xmebi aslan-

beis mosalodneli Semosevis Sesaxeb [32, 660].

dimitri SarvaSiZis gardacvalebis Semdeg, im mizeziT, rom mas pir-

dapiri memkvidre ar hyavda, afxazeTis samTavro taxtis kanonieri me-

mkvidre misi momdevno Zma, 13 wlis mixeili iyo. p. gorCakovma acnoba a.

veliaminovs, rom mixeil SarvaSiZeEnamdvilad flobda iseT Tvisebebs,

rasac kavkasiis mTielebi didad afasebdnen: is iyo mamaci ymawvili da

kargi mxedari, ufros ZmasTan SedarebiT ufro Tamami da marjvec Canda.

xelisuflebisTvis kargad iyo cnobili, rom 1821w. lixnis dacvisas man

samxedro unaris niSani gamoavlina. [32, 661; 166, 570]. noembris bolos Ta-

mar SarvaSiZem a. ermolovTan gagzavna Temuryva anCabaZe da Tlafs mar-

Rania weriliT, romelSic mTeli afxazi xalxis saxeliT mixeilis mTav-

rad damtkicebas iTxovda [32, 661]. 1823 w. 14 Tebervals, imperatorma aleq-

sandre I-ma, mixeil SarvaSiZe afxazeTis mTavrad daamtkica. mas eboZa ma-

ioris Cini da jamagiri daeniSna [6, 212; 32, 662; 140, 471]. a. ermolovma mi-

xeil SarvaSiZe TbilisSi daibara da gaacno imperatoris brZaneba misi

mTavrad damtkicebis Sesaxeb. mTavarmarTebelma daariga axali mTavari

mmarTvelobis wes-rigze da afxazeTSi gaamgzavra [32, 664]. p. gorCakovma

mixeili lixnSi Caiyvana, sadac afxazi Tavad-aznaurobisa da rusuli ja-

ris nawilis winaSe waikiTxa imperatoris brZaneba mixeilis mTavrad da-

mtkicebis Taobaze, ris Semdegac mTavarma imperatoris erTgulebis fici

dado. p. gorCakovma mixeilis dasacavad lixnSi samegrelos egerTa pol-

kis ori aseuli datova da quTaisSi dabrunda [43, 133].

81

mixeilis mcirewlovnobis gamo samTavros dedamisi Tamar SarvaSiZe

marTavda. ermolovi Tamars urCevda, mixeili saTanadod daemoZRvra, Ta-

vad mTavars ki daavala mudmivad hqonoda kavSiri p. gorCakovTan, romel-

sac misi moTxovnebi, romlebic ,,samTavros marTvisa da ruseTis impera-

toris interesebs waadgebodnen‘‘, unda daekmayofilebina [32, 662; 166, 570].

afxazeTis mezobeli samegrelos samTavro saxli, tradiciulad mi-

marTavda RonisZiebebs, romlebic iTvaliswinebda afxazeTis mmarTveli

fenis gamoxsnas osmaleTisa da islamuri religiis gavlenisagan da tra-

diciul, qarTul qristianul-kulturul garemoSi dabrunebas. 1823w.

martSi, urCma afxazma da webelelma Tavad-aznaurebma, maT Soris ros-

tom-beim, Tamar SarvaSiZes imperatoris erTgulebis, qveSevrdomobisa da

afxazeTis mTavrisadmi morCilebis fici misces. p. gorCakovma miiRo

Txovna, patieba gamoecxadebina rostom-beisTvis da levan V dadianis da-

ze, manuCar SarvaSiZis qvriv qeTevanze qorwinebis neba daerTo. kavkasiis

rusuli administracia ar apirebda rostom-beis Sewyalebas, magram same-

grelos mTavris pativiscemiT apatia da qorwinebis nebac darTo. levan V

dadianma 1823w. rostom-bei moanaTvlina da qeTevani SerTo [32, 662-663].

osmaleTis momxreebi afxazeTSi yovel Rones mimarTavdnen, rom mxa-

ris politikuri mmarTveloba kvlav xelSi CaegdoT. Arusuli adminis-

tracia varaudobda, rom aslan-bei, romelmac sakuTari mamis sisxli da-

Rvara afxazeTSi gamTavrebisaTvis, ar moerideboda mcirewlovani Zmis-

Svilis da axali mTavris, mixeilis ganadgurebasac. Cans, aslan-beim, pir-

dapir brZolaSi warumateblobis Semdeg, politikuri mkvlelobebis

xerxs mimarTa. Tamar SarvaSiZem dimitris gardacvalebidan sami Tvis

Semdeg rusul administracias acnoba, rom dimitri bunebrivi sikvdiliT

ar gardacvlila, aramed is mowamles. Tamar SarvaSiZe soxumis cixis

komendant mixins arwmunebda, rom dimitri SarvaSiZe misma erT-erTma

mosamsaxurem urus lakvarma mowamla. rusebma eWvmitanili daapatimres,

magram igi braldebas uaryofda. mixeil SarvaSiZis gancxadebiT,

eWvmitanili misi da umcrosi Zmis_konstantines mowamvlasac cdilobda.

aRsaniSnavia, rom afxazma Tavad-aznaurebma CvenebebSi daadastures

urusis kavSiri aslan-beisTan. p. gorCakovma is damnaSaved cno da

ermolovisgan sikvdiliT dasjis nebarTvac gamoiTxova. dimitri

82

SarvaSiZis mowamvlaSi braldebuli urusi lixnSi, mTavris sasaxlis win

CamoaxrCves [32, 663-665; 166, 571].

osmaleTi, afxazeTSi ruseTis samxedro-politikuri warmatebebis sa-

winaRmdegod, anapis faSas meSveobiT, mTiel tomTa beladebs afxazeTis

dasalaSqrad agulianebda. 1823w. zafxulSi, ubixebis aTaskaciani razmi

sahaTqer adagvas Ze barzegis meTaurobiT, mTis bilikebiT afxazeTSi gad-

movida, magram mwyemsebma SeniSnes da xalxs Seatyobines. afxazebma ubi-

xebs ukandasaxevi gzebi mouWres da mTlianad amowyvites. maTi winamZRo-

lic Setakebisas daiRupa. amis Semdeg ubixebi mxolod zamTarSi, ianvar-

TebervalSi, mcire razmebad esxmodnen Tavs afxazeTs [142, 15-16].

mixeil SarvaSiZis xelisufleba mudmivad ganicdida osmaluri ori-

entaciis momxreTa Tavdasxmebs. Oosmaluri dajgufeba sargeblobda im

siZulviliT, rasac rusebi afxaz xalxSi iwvevdnen, yovelgvari Sidakon-

fliqti afxazeTSi aslan-beis da osmaluri dajgufebis interesebSi Se-

dioda. 1824w. gazafxulze, webelelma aznaurma marSaniam mokla samegre-

los mTavris siZe rostom-bei SarvaSiZe. 1824w. 22 maiss, mixinis meTa-

urobiT rusTa razmi Tavs daesxa sof. akafas, sadac, mkvleli marSania

afarebda Tavs. rusebma marSania daatyveves, magram akafidan mobrunebu-

lebs afxazebi Causafrdnen da Setakebisas mixini da 42 jariskaci daiRu-

pa. Tavdamsxmel afxazebs aslan-beis webeleli mokavSireebi yazilbek da

levan marSaniebi meTaurobdnen [1, 217; 32, 668]. osmaleTidan jiqeTSi

saswrafod Camovida aslan-bei, laSqari Sekriba da afxazeTSi SeiWra. man

Tamar SarvaSiZis mmarTvelobiT ukmayofilo afxazebs daumorCileblo-

bisken mouwoda. ajanyebulebi Tavs esxmodnen rusuli orientaciis Tavad-

aznaurTa mamulebs. mixeil SarvaSiZem deda da da-Zmebi soxumis cixeSi

gagzavna, TviTon lixnis sasaxleSi gamagrda, romelsac samegrelos pol-

kis 300 jariskaci icavda [43, 133]. aslan-beis droSis qveS antirusul

ajanyebaSi monawileoba miiRes gavlenianma bzifis feodalebma, amboxebas

meTaurobda aznauri kac marRania. meamboxeebma fici dades, bolomde

ebrZolaT afxazeTSi ruseTisa da misi xeldasmuli mTavris mixeil Sar-

vaSiZis winaaRmdeg.Llixnisaken CrdilokavkasielTa razmebi gamoemarTnen.

aslan-beim 12 aTasamde meomari moagrova [166, 572]. 7 ivniss, ajanyebulTa

Tavdasxmis momlodine lixnis garnizonis ufrosma, Stabs-kapitanma

83

maraCevskim mTavris sasaxlesTan patara miwuri simagre daikava. meore

dRes, diliT, aslan-beis meomrebma simagres alya Semoartyes, Sevidnen si-

magris gverdiT mdebare lixnis karis eklesiaSi - RvTismSoblis miZine-

bis taZarSi, saidanac cecxls uxsnidnen simagres. rusTa razmi 18 ivniss

RamiT SeiWra eklesiaSi da iq gamagrebuli afxazebi amowyvita. amis Sem-

deg, afxazebi lixnis eklesiaSi gamagrebas ver bedavdnen [32, 665, 668].

Tvis bolos lixnis garnizons sursaTi gamoelia. soxumidan daxmarebis

imedi ar Canda, radgan isic meamboxeebis mier alyaSemortymuli iyo da

yoveldRe ieriSs eloda [166, 574-575]. aslan-beis wamowyebuli, osmaleTis

momxre afxazTa ajanyebis CaxSoba kavkasiis sardlobam p. gorCakovs

daavala. mas lixnis garnizoni da mixeil SarvaSiZe unda gamoexsna da

afxazeTSi simSvidisa da misi xelisuflebis aRdgenamde soxumSi unda ga-

daeyvana [140, 513-514]. samxedro eqspediciaSi monawileobis Sesaxeb miweri-

loba levan V dadianmac miiRo. 1824w. 1 ivliss, damsjeli eqspedicia p.

gorCakovis meTaurobiT redut-yaledan afxazeTisken daiZra. eqspediciis

SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda samegrelos qveiTTa da 44-e egerTa polkebis

1400 meomari qvemexiT, agreTve samegrelos saxalxo laSqari _ 1100 meoma-

ri levan V dadianis meTaurobiT. eqspedicias sanapiros gaswvriv ori sa-

mxedro xomaldi acilebda [1, 217; 43, 134].

eqspedicia mZime brZolebiT miiwevda win. mis Setevas masirebuli ce-

cxliT mxars uWerda samxedro-sazRvao xomaldebis artileria. 8 ivliss

eqspediciam md. kodors miaRwia. kodoridan soxumamde p. gorCakovs kvlav

afxazTa ZlieriMwinaaRmdegoba Sexvda. 10 ivliss, didi msxverplis fasad

soxums miaRwia. 16 ivliss, p. gorCakovi xomald ,,orfeosiT‘‘ sanapiros

gaswvriv, lixnisaken gzis dasazverad gaemarTa da darwmunda, rom

soxumidan lixnamde xmeleTiT gzis gagrZeleba did msxverpls gamo-

iwvevda, radgan afxazebs yvelgan safrebi hqondaT mowyobili, amitom man

jaris nawilebis zRviT gayvana gadawyvita [1, 217, 43, 134; 140, 516].

21 ivliss, diliT, p. gorCakovma desanti bomboris maxloblad ga-

dasxa da sanapiroze placdarmi dakava. 24 ivliss, ganTiadisas, jaris da-

narCeni nawilic gadasxda da p. gorCakovi lixnisken gaemarTa. aslan-beis

meomrebi desants gaafTebul winaaRmdegobas uwevdnen, magram maT zur-

gidan lixnis garnizonmac Seutia. isini orcecxlSua aRmoCndnen da

84

gaifantnen. p. gorCakovma daixsna mixeil SarvaSiZe lixnis garnizonTan

erTad da imave saRamos soxumSi dabrunda [166, 578]. p. gorCakovma soxumis

cixis garnizonis gasaZliereblad sami aseuli da erTi savele qvemexi

datova, TviTon jaris danarCeni nawilebiT da samegrelos saxalxo la-

SqriT zRviT redut-yaleSi gadavida, iqidan ki quTaisisken gaemarTa [43,

136; 140, 517; 177, 578].

antirusuli ajanyebis simwvave minelda. aslan-bei kvlav jiqeTSi ga-

iqca. amis miuxedavad, axalgazrda mTavarma ver SeZlo xelisuflebis

ganmtkiceba, Tavis samTavroSi mas seriozuli dasayrdeni ar gaaCnda. mi-

xeil SarvaSiZe iZulebuli gaxda afxazeTs gascloda. is, dedasTan da

da-ZmasTan erTad, p. gorCakovma samegreloSi gadaiyvana. afxazeTis mTav-

ris ojaxi sof. xeTaSi, xolo Semdeg redut-yaleSi, saxelmwifo xarjze

ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi cxovrobda [48, 211; 140, 517].

1824w. ivlisis eqspediciis warmatebiT dasrulebis Semdeg ermolovs

ainteresebda, rodis SeiZleboda eqspediciis ganmeorebiT mowyoba afxa-

zTa sabolood dasamorCileblad. p. gorCakovma 24 agvistos a. ermolovs

moxsenebiTi baraTi gaugzavna, sadac aRniSnavda, rom afxazebi arcerT xe-

lisuflebas ar emorCilebodnen. amitom umjobesi iyo afxazeTis sanapi-

roze ramdenime adgilas _ gagrasa da biWvinTaSi, agreTve ilorSi, simag-

reebis mowyoba da erTi wlis Semdeg, afxazeTi srulad iqneboda damor-

Cilebuli. a. ermolovma damajereblad miiCnia p. gorCakovis argumentebi

da damsjeli eqspediciis mowyobaze xeli aiRo [166, 578, 580]. afxazeTSi

ruseTis mflobelobaSi mxolod soxumi iyo, romelic rusebisadmi mtru-

lad ganwyobil afxazTa garemocvaSi imyofeboda.

1824w. seqtemberSi, afxazeTSi kvlav Semovida aslan-bei. amjerad man

diplomatiuri molaparakebebis xerxs mimarTa. aslan-beim mTavars SesTa-

vaza, rom daemorCileboda mis xelisuflebas, Tu sanacvlod miiRebda ha-

san-beis mamuls, amasTan, mixeils piroba unda daedo, rom rusebs afxa-

zeTSi ar SemouSvebda. mixeil SarvaSiZem biZas uari SeuTvala [140, 517].

aslan-bei kvlav sulTnis avtoritets iSveliebda, mosaxleobisagan mTav-

rad aRiarebas, erTgulebis ficsa da mZevlebs moiTxovda. amasTanave pi-

robas debda, rom osmalebis daxmarebiT soxumidan rusebs gandevnida. ga-

xSirda osmaluri xomaldebis mimosvla afxazeTis sanapirosTan, osma-

85

lebs iaraRi SemohqondaT da adamianebiT vaWrobas eweodnen [166, 581]. os-

maluri orientaciis afxazi warCinebulebis mizani afxazeTSi hasan-beis

dabruneba iyo. Tavis mxriv, levan V dadiani da kavkasiis rusuli admini-

stracia iTvaliswinebdnen mixeil SarvaSiZis azrs, rom misi biZis, hasan-

beis avtoritets SeeZlo afxazebi mTavrisaTvis daemorCilebina. afxaze-

Tis mTavarma a. ermolovs sTxova cimbiridan hasan-beis dabruneba. Sarva-

SiZe amtkicebda, rom hasan-bei imperatoris morCili qveSevrdomi iqneboda.

kavkasiis mTavarmarTebelma gaiTvaliswina afxazeTis mTavris Txovna da

1827w. 15 ianvars, imperiis Sinagan saqmeTa ministris winaSe Sesabamisi Sua-

mdgomloba aRZra [ 166, 581-582].

afxazeTSi osmalofiluri jgufis antirusul brZolaze gavlena mo-

axdina ruseTsa da osmaleTs Soris 1826w. 7 oqtombers xemowerilma aker-

manis konvenciam, romlis ZaliT, osmaleTma ruseTis mflobelobaSi aRia-

ra soxumi, anaklia da redut-kale. osmaleTi akermanis konvencias, ruse-

Tisadmi droebiT daTmobad ganixilavda. 1827w. dekemberSi sulTanma

mahmud III-m, akermanis konvencia gauqmebulad gamoacxada, rac 1828-1829ww.

osmaleT-ruseTis omis erT-erT mTavar mizezad iqca [151, 127].

1827w. 27 marts a. ermolovi kavkasiidan gaiwvies, 28 marts ki kavkasi-

is korpusis mTavarsardlad general-leitenanti, grafi i. paskeviCi (1827-

1831ww.) dainiSna. am garemoebam mcire xniT Seaferxa afxazeTSi politi-

kuri viTarebis mowesrigeba. 30 aprils, 129 afxazma da webelelma Tavad-

aznaurma moinania antirusul ajanyebaSi monawileoba da ruseTis impe-

ratoris erTgulebis fici dado. i. paskeviCi saimperatoro mTavari Sta-

bis ufross auwyebda, rom ajanyebulma afxazeTma survili gamoTqva, ru-

seTis imperatoris nebas damorCileboda. zogierTma afxazma da webelel-

ma Tavad-aznaurma erTgulebis fici dado da maT imperatoris saxeliT

patieba gamoecxadaT. sxva Tavad-aznaurebisagan ficis CamosarTmevad le-

van V dadiani da kapitani nikoloz dadiani gaigzavna. i. paskeviCi kmayo-

filebiT aRniSnavda, rom 3 wlis ganmavlobaSi ruseTis imperias CamoSo-

rebuli afxazeTi erTi gasrolis gareSe iqna dabrunebuli [34, 401].

1827w. maisSi, mixeil SarvaSiZe soxumSi Cavida, sadac igi didi pati-

viT miiRes, reidze mdgarma ruseTis samxedro xomaldebma mTavris dabru-

neba zarbaznebis salutiT aRniSnes [162, 180].

86

afxazi Tavadaznaurobisa da mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawilisa-

Tvis osmaluri orientaciis demonstrireba, sakuTari privilegiebisa da

wes-cxovrebis SenarCunebas isaxavda miznad. ruseTis xelisufleba ki,

romelic afxazeTSi osmalur gavlenas ebrZoda, sakuTari batonobis gan-

mtkicebisaTvis xels uwyobda samTavro saxlisa da masTan daaxloebuli

aristokratiis gaZlierebas da mxaris mosaxleobis qristianobaze moqce-

vas cdilobda. afxazeTSi mTavris xelisufleba realurad mxolod bzi-

fis olqze vrceldeboda. mTavars nominalurad emorCileboda afxazeTi-

sa da abJuis olqebi. mTavris xelisuflebas ar cnobdnen afxazeTis mTis

Temebi_webeli, dali da fsxu. afxazeTSi marbiel laSqrobebs awyobdnen

Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapirodan jiqebi da ubixebi, sanapiro

zolSi_afxazeTis mTis Temebis mkvidrni, grZeldeboda adamianebis gata-

ceba da tyveebiT vaWroba osmalebTan. am viTarebaSi, mixeil SarvaSiZe

isev biZamis hasan-beize amyarebda imedebs. amitom mixeilma, dedamisTan er-

Tad, ruseTis xelisuflebas hasan-beis gadasaxlebidan dabruneba sTxova.

TviT hasan-bei pirobas debda, rom Sewyalebis SemTxvevaSi, ruseTis

erTguli iqneboda da misi samSobloSi dabrunebis Semdeg, afxazeTis mo-

saxleobac ruseTis xelisuflebis morCili gaxdeboda. i. paskeviCmac

aRZra Suamdgomloba hasan-beis gadasaxlebidan dabrunebis Taobaze. sabo-

lood ruseTma hasan-beis samSobloSi dabrunebis neba darTo [34, 402].

aslan-beis mravalwliani brZola osmaluri orientaciis gamarjvebi-

saTvis marcxiT damTavrda. osmaleTis momxre afxazi Tavadaznauroba da

muslimanuri mosaxleoba axla cdilobda hasan-beis saxiT afxazeTis qri-

stiani mTavrisTvis Sida opozicia Seeqmna. 1828w. rusebma hasan-bei afxa-

zeTSi daabrunes. Mmale cxadi gaxda, rom mixeil SarvaSiZis mxridan ha-

san-beis Camoyvanis moTxovna iZulebiTi nabiji iyo da mTavarma ver moa-

xerxa biZis saxiT mokavSire SeeZina, hasan-bei Tavs ar Tvlida mixeil

SarvaSiZis qveSevrdomad. samSobloSi dabrunebis Semdeg hasan-beis neba

daerTo, gaxiznuli Tanamemamuleebi Semoekriba. is afxaz Tavad-aznaurebs

ruseTis xelisuflebasTan TanamSromlobisken mouwodebda, imperatoris

erTgulebas ficulobda, magram mixeil SarvaSiZes mtrobda. ruseTis Ca-

revam, aiZula mTavari da hasan-bei garegnulad mainc, loialuri urTier-

Toba gamoevlinaT erTmaneTisadmi [167, 108].

87

XIXs. 20-ian wlebSi, ruseTma mniSvnelovan warmatebebs miaRwia kavka-

siaSi. 1826-1828ww. ruseT-iranis omSi gamarjvebam, carizms aRmosavleT am-

ierkavkasia moupova. iranTan omis damTavrebisTanave, ruseT-osmaleTis

axali omi (1828-1829ww.) daiwyo. am omSi ruseTis gamarjvebam Savi zRvis

aRmosavleT sanapiros sakiTxi gadawyvita. adrianopolis zaviT (1829w. 14

seqtemberi), romelsac akermanis konvenciis pirobebi daedo safuZvlad,

kavkasiaSi ruseTis xelSi gadavida samcxe-javaxeTi, axalcixe, axalqala-

qi, aspinZa, awyuri da sxv. agreTve Savi zRvis sanapiro, md. yubanis Sesar-

Tavidan md. Coloqamde cixeebiT: anapa da foTi. osmaleTi uars ambobda

yovelgvar pretenziaze ruseT-osmaleTis axali sazRvris CrdiloeTiT

mdebare teritoriebze da maT ,,ruseTis imperiis samudamo mflobelo-

baSi~ cnobda [88, 282-283], es garemoeba ruseTs jer kidev daupyrobeli mi-

webis dakanonebis safuZvels aZlevda. am teritoriebSi Sedioda dasav-

leT kavkasia, romlis mosaxleoba Tavs sulTnis qveSevrdomad arasodes

miiCnevda, magram sulTani ki Tavs Cerqezebis mfarvelad da suzerenad

Tvlida. Cerqezebi politikurad damoukideblebi iyvnen. osmaleTma da-

savleT kavkasia, romelic mas ar ekuTvnoda, ruseTs dauTmo, ruseTma ki

osmaleTisagan daumorCilebeli da dasapyrobi teritoria miiRo.

iranTan da osmaleTTan omebSi gamarjvebis Semdeg, XIXs. 30-iani

wlebis dasawyisSi, ruseTis jarebma gaaaqtiures moqmedeba CrdiloeT

kavkasiaSi, maT Soris, Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiroze. impera-

tor nikoloz I-is direqtivis realizebis mizniT, paskeviCma SeimuSava

kavkasiis mTielebis, maT Soris afxazebis, swrafi damorCilebis ge-

gma.Ggadawyda Savi zRvis sanapiroze arsebuli simagreebis redut-yales,

soxumis, anapas garda, axali simagreebis ageba da maTi erTmaneTTan da-

kavSireba sanapiro gziT. Seiqmna ,,afxazeTis eqspedicia‘‘, romlis mizans

soxumidan anapamde sanapiro zolis dakaveba, gamagrebuli sanapiro xazis

Seqmna da simagreebs Soris saxmeleTo mimosvlis uzrunvelyofa

warmoadgenda. ruseTs, osmaleTisa da misi mokavSireebisaTvis sazRvao

gziT kavkasiasTan dakavSirebis yovelgvari saSualebis mospoba surda.

1830w. 8 ivliss, rusTa desantma gagra, 19 ivliss ki biWvinTa daikava.

afxazeTis sanapiro zolSi_bomboraSi, biWvinTaSi, gagraSi rusebi simag-

reebis agebas Seudgnen. bomboraSi dabinavda ,,afxazeTis eqspediciis‘‘

88

Stabi. am simagreebs jiqebisa da ubixebisaTvis unda gadaeketaT sanapiro

gza, romliTac isini afxazeTSi iWrebodnen, maT unda ganemtkicebinaT

agreTve ruseTis batonoba afxazeTSi. [110, 93]. gagrasTan brZolebSi

kvlav gamoCnda aslan-bei, romelmac warumatebeli Tavdasxma moawyo

rusTa razmze. gagrasTan rusebTan Setakebis Semdeg, aslan-beim miatova

afxazeTi da sabolood gadasaxlda osmaleTSi [165, 139]. TurqeTis

premier-ministris arqivSi daculi dokumentis mixedviT, 1848w. aslan-bei

trapizonSi imyofeboda. 1848w. 16 oqtombriT daTariRebul trapizonis va-

lis (gubernatoris) werilSi centraluri xelisuflebisadmi, moyvanilia

soxumis yofili gamgeblis qeleS-beis Svilis, aslan-beis Txovna, gaezar-

daT misTvis gamoyofili saxelfaso anazRaureba [58. 14]. 1830 wlidan, os-

maleTisgan aslan-beisaTvis daniSnuli yovelwliuri anazRaureba, sami

aTas yuruSs Seadgenda [58. 15].

1837w. maisSi, baronma g. rozenma eqspedicia moawyo webelSi da marSa-

niebi daimorCila, romlebmac mas ruseTis erTgulebisFfici misces. ro-

zens daemorCilnen daleli marSaniebic [159, 180].

adrianopolis zavis Semdeg gaizarda inglisis interesi Crdilo-da-

savleT kavkasiisadmi. osmalTa mier, adrianopolis zaviT CrdiloeT kav-

kasiaze suzerenis uflebebis ruseTisaTvis gadacemam, mTielebis aRSfo-

Teba gamoiwvia. rogorc isini acxadebdnen maTTan Casul inglisel emis-

rebTan, Cerqezebs Tavi arasodes ucvniaT sulTnis qveSevrdomebad. in-

gliseli mzveravebis informaciebze dayrdnobiT, am qveynis saelCo stam-

bolSi, afrTxilebda Tavis ministrTa kabinets Cerqezebis osmaleTiT uk-

mayofilebis gamo [181, 89]. inglisi ar cnobda adrianopolis zavis im na-

wils, romlis mixedviT osmaleTma CerqezeTze uflebebi ruseTs dauTmo.

inglisis xelisuflebam, imis niSnad, rom ar cnobda ruseTis uflebebs

Cerqezebze da mxars uWerda CerqezeTis damoukideblobas, gadawyvita Cer-

qezebisadmi ruseTis mxridan dawesebuli blokadis garRveva da Crdilo-

dasavleT kavkasiis napirebisaken savaWro gemis gagzavna. 1836w. 25

noembers, ingliseli vaWrisa da mogzauris jeims belis kuTvnili gemi

,,viqseni‘‘ sujuk-kalesTan reidze dadga. ramdenime saaTis Semdeg, rusul-

ma samxedro gemma ,,viqseni‘‘ da misi ekipaJi daapatimra. rusebma tyved

aiyvanes gemze myofi ingliselebi, bralad dasdes maT Cerqezebze dawese-

89

buli embargos darRveva da gemze arsebuli saqonlis konfiskacia mo-

axdines. am incidentma inglisis sazogadoebisa da politikuri wreebis

aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia. rusebma j. beli maleve gaanTavisufles. j. beli

1837w. kvlav Cavida CerqezeTSi [56, 11-12].

inglisi, Tavisi emisrebis meSveobiT cdilobda adiRur da abazur

tomebSi dasayrdenis povnas, ruseTis winaaRmdeg maTi SeiaraRebuli gamo-

svlebis organizebisaTvis. ingliselma emisrebma, longvorTma da belma,

1837w. 26 maiss, sujuk-kalesTan Sekrebil mTielebs, Cerqezi warCinebulis,

sefer-bei zanuyos mier stambolidan gamogzavnili werili gaacnes, sadac

aRniSnuli iyo, rom Cerqezebs SeuZliaT ingliselTa SuamavlobiT,

mimarTon ruseTs zavis dasadebad. longvorTma da belma ruseTTan

winaaRmdeg omSi Cerqezebs inglisis daxmarebac aRuTqves [56, 82-83]. trapi-

zonidan mTielebisadmi iaraRis miwodeba daiwyo. jer kidev 1830w. in-

gliseli diplomatis david urqvartis mecadineobiT, stambolSi Camoya-

libda ,,Cerqezuli politikuri centri‘‘, romelsac rusebTan mebrZoli

CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTielebisaTvis saerTo politikuri da samxedro

xelmZRvaneloba unda gaewia. komitetis xelmZRvanelis sefer-bei zanuyos

rwmunebebiT aRWurvili urqvarti CerqezeTs gaemgzavra, sadac CerqezeTs

gaxiznuli poloneli oficrebisagan razmi Seadgina rusebTan sabrZol-

velad. inglisma daiwyo osmaleTis portebidan CerqezeTSi iaraRis miwo-

deba, ris aRkveTasac ruseTis sanapiro dacvis xomaldebi cdilobdnen.

yovelive aman gaamwvava ruseTis urTierTobebi inglisTan da osmaleT-

Tan, romelic atarebda Tavisi sruteebiT inglisur gemebs Sav zRvaSi

[181, 93]. 1837w. longvorTisa da belis gavleniT, Cerqezebma ruseTis sam-

xedro sardlobas mosTxoves Seewyvita olginsk-gelenjikis samxedro

xazze simagreebis mSenebloba. xazi maT gasasvlels uketavda zRvisaken.

imave wels, imperatorma nikoloz I imogzaura saqarTveloSi. man Tbilis-

Si daibara Samili, magram imami ar gamocxadda. 1838 wlidan rusebma ma-

siuri Seteva wamoiwyes gelenjik-adlers Soris. Cerqezebi damarcxdnen,

maT inglisisagan Sepirebuli daxmareba ver miiRes [173, 48-49].

1840w. oqtomberSi, Savi zRvis sanapiro xazis mesame ganyofilebas mi-

ekuTvna afxazeTSi gagris, biWvinTis, bomboris, soxum-kales simagreebi

da mrambis, drandis, kvitoulis saguSagoebi; samegrelosa da guriaSi

90

iloris saguSago, anakliis, redut-kales, foTis, ozurgeTis simagreebi

da wm. nikolozis saguSago. mesame ganyofilebis ufrosi valdebuli iyo,

,,politikuri meTvalyureoba gaewia afxazeTze‘‘. imavdroulad, is afxa-

zeTSi rusuli jarebis sardlobas iTavsebda [35, 460-461].

rusuli samxedro ZaliT damorCilebuli afxazeTis mTavarma mixeil Sar-

vaSiZem, Zalauflebis ganmtkicebis kvalobaze, mamisa da Tavad mis mier,

samegrelosaTvis gadacemuli samurzayanos dabruneba moisurva. 1839w.

mixeil SarvaSiZem TxovniT mimarTa ruseTis xelisuflebas, rom samurza-

yano, rogorc adre afxazeTis kuTvnili mxare, CamorTmeoda dadians da

afxazeTis samTavros gadascemoda [107, 97]. samegrelos mTavarma levan V

dadianma miuReblad CaTvala SarvaSiZis pretenziebi. ori mTavris dava

ruseTma Tavis sasargeblod gadawyvita_samurzayano CamoaSores samegre-

los, magram arc afxazeTs miuerTes. md. RaliZgasa da md. engurs Soris

teritoriaze Seiqmna administraciuli erTeuli, samurzayanos sabo-

qaulo, romelic quTaisis gubernators emorCileboda [36, 248]. 1847w.

dadianma, samurzayanosaTvis fuladi kompensacia miiRo ruseTisagan, Sar-

vaSiZes ki, garda imisa, rom ar daukmayofiles pretenzia samurzayanoze,

imave wels CamoarTves oCamCiris, kelasurisa da gudauTis navsadgomebi,

saidanac mTavari osmaleTTan kontrabanduli vaWrobiT mogebas naxulob-

da. navsadgurebis CamorTmevis sanacvlod, mTavars yovelwliuri pensia

daeniSna. SarvaSiZem Tavi Seuracxyofilad CaTvala da Tavisi protesti

imiT gamoxata, rom 1847w. demonstraciulad Tqva uari afxazeTis mTavris

uflebebze [36, 268]. mTavari ase cdilobda regionSi rusebis damkvidrebi-

sa da gaZlierebis kvaldakval, SeenarCunebina sakuTari, Tundac SezRu-

duli suvereniteti samTavroze da ar moerida protestis ukidures for-

mas_gadadgomas mTavrobidan. SarvaSiZe cdilobda daenaxvebina ruseTisa-

Tvis, rom im pirobebSi, rodesac mxolod iwyeboda dasavleT kavkasieli

mTielebis damorCileba, afxazeTis mTavari rusebisaTvis saWiro da

Seucvleli iyo. afxazeTis mTavars didi gavlena hqonda jiqebs, ubixebs,

SafsuRebs, abaZexebs Soris, amitom ruseTs mixeil SarvaSiZe jer kidev

sWirdeboda. mefisnacvalma m. voroncovma (1844-1854ww.) mTavars weriliT

mimarTa, romelSic arwmunebda, xeli aeRo ganzraxvaze. mixeilma mefisna-

cvlis argumentebi miiRo da samTavros saTaveSi darCa [170, 135-137].

91

amrigad, XIXs. pirvel naxevarSi, ruseT-osmaleTis brZola afxazeTi-

saTvis ruseTis gamarjvebiT dasrulda. afxazeTSi ruseTis xelisufle-

bis damkvidrebisa da gaZlierebis winaaRmdeg osmaleTma afxazeTSi sam-

Tavro taxtze Tavisi kandidatis, aslan-beis ramodenime laSqroba mo-

awyo. osmaleTi afinansebda, aiaraRebda da aqezebda afxazeTis mosazRvre

mTielebs afxazeTSi SeWrisaTvis, ruseTisa da misi xeldasmuli qris-

tiani mTavris winaaRmdeg. osmaleTi mudmivad cdilobda SeenarCunebina

osmaluri orientacia afxazur warCinebul wodebasa da mosaxleobis

farTo fenebSi, raSic mniSvnelovanwilad eyrdnoboda, rogorc reli-

giur faqtors, aseve afxazebis miswrafebas _ SeenarCunebinaT sakuTari

privilegiebi da cxovrebis wesi, afxazeTSi Semosuli ucxo da mtruli

rusuli administraciis pirobebSi. afxazeTSi osmaluri dajgufebebis

marcxi umTavresad ganpirobebuli iyo ruseTsa da osmaleTs Soris omeb-

Si ruseTis gamarjvebebiT, rac Sesabamisad, buqarestisa da adrianopo-

lis zaviT gaformda.

§3. afxazeTi yirimis omis periodSi (1853-1856ww.)

XIXs. 40-iani wlebis miwuruls, kvlav gamwvavda ,,aRmosavleTis saki-

Txi‘‘. axlo aRmosavleTSi gabatonebis pretenzia hqonda, erTi mxriv, ru-

seTs, romelic cdilobda gavlenis ganmtkicebas osmaleTis imperiaSi Se-

maval qveynebze da meore mxriv, inglissa da safrangeTs, romlebic domi-

nirebdnen axlo aRmosavleTis bazrebze, surdaT am regionSi gadamwyveti

ekonomikuri, samxedro-politikuri upiratesobis mopoveba da osmaleTisa

da mTeli axlo aRmosavleTis damorCileba. Tavisi interesebi hqonda ba-

lkaneTSi avstrias, sadac ruseTic cdilobda poziciebis ganmtkicebas.

yvela es saxelmwifo SiSobda, rom upiratesobis miRebas mowinaaRmde-

geebi daaswrebdnen, amitom, 50-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, isini cdilobdnen

konfliqturi sakiTxebis kvanZis gaxsna daeCqarebinaT. ase Seiqmna os-

malur-evropuli, antirusuli koalicia, romlis erTi mizanic iyo kavka-

siis mTlianad Camocileba ruseTisgan, yirimisa da saqarTvelos osmale-

TisaTvis gadacema, xolo CerqezebisaTvis sulTnis proteqtoratiT damo-

ukidebeli saxelmwifos Seqmna. [66, 35].

92

1853w. 4 oqtombers, osmaleTma ruseTs omi gamoucxada. daiwyo aRmo-

savleTis omi (1853-1856ww.), romelic aseve yirimis omis saxeliTaa cno-

bili. omis dawyebis win, ruseTis jarebis mdgomareoba kavkasiis frontze

savalalo iyo. Samilisa da dasavleT kavkasiaSi misi emisris_ muhamed

eminis mizans warmoadgenda dasavleT kavkasiis mTielTa daqsaqsuli

Zalebi gaeerTianebina saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. kavkasiis

mefisnacvali m. voroncovi Tvlida, rom muhamed-emins SeeZlo garkveuli

warmatebebisaTvis afxazeTSic mieRwia. m. voroncovma afxazeTis mTavars

acnoba, rom muhamed emini afxazeTSi gaemarTa TiTqosda osmaleTis ja-

rebis Sesaxvedrad, xolo dasavleT kavkasiis marTva osmaleTis emisar

sefer-bei zanuyos miando. sefer-bei stambolidan baTumSi Camovida,

Semdeg naviT redut-kales maxloblad napirze gadmovida da mere afxaz-

Ta xelSewyobiT mSvidobianad miaRwia mekhemes md. belaiaze, sadac muha-

med emini mas didi zeimiT Sexvda. m. voroncovma mixeil SarvaSiZes daava-

la saWiro zomebi mieRo, raTa SemdgomSi afxazeTis gavliT saeWvo pi-

rebis gadaadgileba ar momxdariyo da sefer-beis xelSemwyobni gamoevli-

na [36, 269]. SarvaSiZes dauSveblad miaCnda afxazTa gadasvla osmalTa

emisrebis mxareze, afxazeTis interesebs ki Tavis sakuTar interesebad

miiCnevda. ,,yvelaferi, rac afxazeTis sargeblobasa da zians exeba, es

Cemi piradi sargebloba da ziania, _ aRniSnavda is, _ me var mTavari

afxazeTisa da mxolod me erTs maqvs gavlena afxazeTis xalxze. sxva ga-

vlena Cems samflobeloSi ar unda arsebobdes, magram Tuki is aris, Tun-

dac faruli saxiT, ra Tqma unda, is sazianoa‘‘ [106, 197].

osmalebis samxedro-sazRvao flotis gemebi noembris dasawyisSi

afxazeTis napirebTan gamoCndnen. 1853w. 7 noembers, rusul samxedro fre-

gat ,,florasa‘‘ da sam osmalur xomalds Soris afxazeTis sanapirosTan

Setakeba moxda. ruseTis erTguli warCinebulebis meTaurobiT, bzifis

olqis mcxovrebni dauyovnebliv Seikribnen bomboris maxloblad, raTa

xeli SeeSalaT osmalebisaTvis desantis gadmosxmaSi, Tu mteri amas daa-

pirebda. Seqmnili rTuli viTarebis gamo, kavkasiis korpusis sardloba

fiqrobda, rom saWiro iyo soxumis garnizonis damatebiT, ori batali-

onis raodenobiT gazrda [106, 138].

93

osmaleTis saxmeleTo nawilebma kavkasiis frontze axalcixesTan,

xolo samxedro sazRvao flotma sinopis brZolaSi, sastiki damarcxeba

iwvnies. cxadi gaxda, rom osmaleTi ganwiruli iyo ruseTis pirispir

marto darCenis SemTxvevaSi, amitom inglisma da safrangeTma osmaleTis

mxareze omSi Cabmis gadawyvetileba miiRes. 1854w. ianvarSi, inglis-safran-

geTis floti Sav zRvaSi Sevida, rac londonis 1840 da 1841 wlebis kon-

venciebis darRveva iyo. Tebervlis bolos, inglisma da safrangeTma xeli

moaweres osmaleTTan samxedro-TavdacviT kavSirs, riTac valdebuleba

ikisres daecvaT ,,osmaleTis uflebebi‘‘, xolo martSi omi gamoucxades

ruseTs [150, 247-250].

1854w. dasawyisSi, kavkasiis korpusis sardloba, seriozul SeSfoTe-

bas gamoTqvamda Savi zRvis sanapiro xazis simagreebis bedis gamo, mokav-

SireTa flotis Sav zRvaze gamoCenis SemTxvevaSi. m. voroncovis azriT,

omis pirveli aqti iqneboda ruseTis mier Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapi-

ros TiTqmis yvela simagris dakargva, radgan Sav zRvaze ruseTis susti

floti ver gawevda did winaaRmdegobas da cixesimagreTa garnizonebs

zRviT ver gaiyvandnen, arc xmeleTiT arsebobda maTi gamoyvanis Sesa-

Zlebloba. arada, mters cixesimagreTa garnizoni da iq arsebuli sabrZo-

lo da sasursaTo maragi xelSi ar unda Cavardnoda. amitom, mefisnacva-

li saWirod Tvlida, Savi zRvis sanapiro xazis gauqmebas, radgan misi

dacva dasavlur koaliciasTan saomari moqmedebebis pirobebSi SeuZ-

leblad miaCnda. m. voroncovis azriT, iqidan gamomdinare, rom ruseTis

Savi zRvis floti ar iyo imdenad Zlieri, rom saTanado winaaRmdegoba

gaewia mtrisTvis, mokavSireTa flotis soxumze Tavdasxmis SemTxvevaSi,

Zneli iqneboda aramarto am mniSvnelovani punqtis, aramed biWvinTis, bom-

boris da, saerTod, am mxaris SenarCuneba, amitom voroncovi imperators

dasavlur koaliciasTan imTaviTve mSvidobian mogvarebas urCevda [36, 29].

mefisnacvlis SeSfoTebas imperatoric iziarebda, Tumca jer-jerobiT

ver xedavda afxazeTis simagreebis moxsnis aucileblobas, radgan am si-

magreTa garnizonebis saxmeleTo gziT gamoyvana SesaZleblad miaCnda,

magram imperatori arc adgilobrivi sardlobis Sexedulebis winaaRmdeg

wasula. amrigad, Savi zRvis sanapiro xazis gauqmebisa da afxazeTidan

rusuli garnizonebis moxsnis sakiTxi gadawyda [143, 313].

94

1853-1854 ww. zamTarSi amierkavkasiis frontze mxareebs Soris saomari

Setakebebi ar mimdinareobda [66, 246]. 1854w. TebervalSi, m. voroncovma,

afxazeTis simagreebidan jarebis gamoyvanis Taobaze instruqcia misca

Savi zRvis sanapiro xazis mesame ganyofilebis ufross, general-maior

mironovs, romelsac daavala saxmeleTo gziT biWvinTis, bomboris da

mrambis garnizonebis soxumSi gadmoyvana, raTa ukidures SemTxvevaSi so-

xumi mainc SeenarCunebinaT. rac Seexeba gagras, romelic kavkasiel mTie-

lebs afxazeTisaken gzas uketavda, im dromde unda SeenarCunebinaT, sanam

afxazeTis sxva simagreebs daclidnen. magram kavkasiis korpusis sainJin-

ro samsaxuris ufrosis, general-maior ganzenis mier soxumisa da misi

Semogarenis safuZvliani daTvalierebis Sedegad, SeuZleblad iqna miCne-

uli zRvidan Setevis SemTxvevaSi soxumis dacvac [36, 272-273]. 4'marts, mi-

xeil SarvaSiZem, romelmac jer kidev ar icoda sardlobis ganzraxva sa-

napiro xazis mimarT, kavkasiis korpusis Stabis ufross, general-adiu-

tant a. bariatinskis auwya afxazeTis samTavros garSemo Seqmnil rTul

viTarebaze, da im zomebze, romelTa gatarebasac apirebda, raTa mTiele-

bis afxazeTSi SeWrisaTvis winaaRmdegoba gaewia. mTavari fiqrobda gag-

ris xeobisa da md. bzifis napiris gamagrebas iq ganlagebuli jarebis ga-

ZlierebiT, raTa mTielebis SemoWrisaTvis winaaRmdegoba gaewia. mTavris

sazrunavi iyo am mimarTulebidan daecva afxazeTi [36, 270].

6 marts rusebi Seudgnen gagris Crdilo-dasavleTiT Savi zRvis sa-

napiro simagreebis daclas. imavdroulad, kavkasiis korpusis meTaurma

generalma n. readma mixeil SarvaSiZis werili miiRo. afxazeTis mTavari

mxaris SenarCunebis mizniT, aucileblad Tvlida afxazeTSi 10 batalio-

nisa da masTan 30 qvemexis gagzavnas iqauri garnizonebis gasaZliere-

blad, magram general reads arc Tavisufali jaris nawilebi hyavda, da

afxazeTis simagreebis bedic ukve gadawyvetili iyo. readma aucileblad

CaTvala dauyovnebliv Sedgomodnen afxazeTis simagreebidan garnizone-

bis gamoyvanas, radgan mokavSireTa xomaldebs yovelTvis SeeZloT afxa-

zeTis napirebTan gamoCena. Semdeg SeiZleboda xmeleTiTac ver gamoeyva-

naT isini mdinareebis adidebis gamo, rac gazafxulidan agvistomde

grZeldeboda. amasTan, amierkavkasiaSi jaris nawilebi sakmarisi ar iyo

mxaris dasacavad, amitom aucileblad CaiTvala afxazeTidan jaris nawi-

95

lebis gamoyvana da samxedro ministris brZanebis Tanaxmad maTi guriis

razmTan SeerTeba. amis Sesabamisad, generalma readma gagris garda, afxa-

zeTis yvela simagris daclis brZaneba gasca [36, 270, 273].

TbilisSi gadawyvites afxazeTidan jaris gamoyvanis operaciis xel-

mZRvaneloba mixeil SarvaSiZisaTvis miendoT. gaiTvaliswines, rom mas

farTo kavSirebi da gavlena hqonda jiqebsa da ubixebze. kavkasiis korpu-

sis sardloba fiqrobda, rom SarvaSiZis daniSvna operaciis warmatebis

sawindari iqneboda. rac Seexeba gagras, fiqrobdnen misi garnizoni

Semdeg zRviT gamoeyvanaT [143, 314]. peterburgSi, afxazeTis garSemo Seqm-

nili rTuli viTarebis gamo, afxazebis ruseTisadmi uaryofiTi damokide-

bulebis gaCenis saSiSroebas xedavdnen da am mimarTulebiT Sesabamisi

zomebis miRebas gadaudeblad miiCnevdnen. imperatoris azriT, ramenairad

unda SeemcirebinaT is uaryofiTi STabeWdileba, rasac afxazeTSi gamo-

iwvevda ruseTis jaris nawilebis gayvanis Sesaxeb brZaneba da afxazebi

gaemxnevebinaT. samxedro ministrs, v. dolgorukovs ainteresebda,

ramdenad SeiZleboda afxazeTis mTavris da im mxareSi gavleniani pire-

bis, magaliTad, kac marRanias loialobaze dayrdnoba, ruseTis jarebis

gayvanis Semdeg ra saSualebebi iqneboda mixeil SarvaSiZis xelSi da SeZ-

lebda Tu ara is Sina da gareSe mtrebisaTvis winaaRmdegobis gawevas da

mxaris dacvas; monaxavda Tu ara muhamed emini bevr momxres afxazebSi da

SeeZlo Tu ara ruseTis xelisuflebas mosaxleobis nawilis TanagrZno-

bis imedi hqonoda. samxedro ministri general n. reads werda, rom Tu

afxazeTis mTavari ruseTis xelisuflebis erTguli darCeboda da am mxa-

reSi gavlenas SeinarCunebda, sasurveli iqneboda misi gamoyeneba gagris

garnizonis samegreloSi gamosayvanad saxmeleTo gziT an samxedro flo-

tis xomaldebis meSveobiT. ministri aucileblad Tvlida yvela zomis

miRebas gagris garnizonis gamosaxsnelad [36, 269, 273].

n. readis 19 martis brZanebiT, mixeil SarvaSiZe dainiSna afxazeTSi

ganlagebuli jarebis sardlad da daevala afxazeTis simagreebidan ja-

ris nawilebis gamoyvana, garda gagris garnizonisa, romelic yvelaze

gvian unda gamosuliyo, rodesac misi floba ar iqneboda saWiro ruse-

Tis jarebis afxazeTidan gamoyvanis dasacavad [36, 271-272]. imave dRes, mi-

xeil SarvaSiZe biWvinTaSi gaemgzavra, raTa garnizonis gamoyvanisaTvis

96

piradad exelmZRvanela. mTielebi gagrasTan iyvnen Tavmoyrili, rac mTav-

ris SeSfoTebas iwvevda. 20-21 marts biWvinTis garnizoni bomboraSi gada-

vida, xolo simagre afxazeTis mTavris brZanebiT dawves. 29 marts, jaris

nawilebi bomboridan soxumSi gadavidnen. imavdroulad, grigol Sar-

vaSiZem da kapitanma baTal-bei marSaniam webeldidan mrambis garnizonic

gamoiyvanes soxumSi. mixeil SarvaSiZem xmebi gaavrcela, rom soxumis

dacvas bolomde apirebdnen da am mizniT garkveuli zomebic miiRo:

soxumis dacva gumis xeobis mxridan misoust anCabaZes daavala da mas mi-

liciis nawili gadasca. amasTan, soxumidan dasavleTis mimarTulebiT

jaris nawilebi ganalaga mTielTa Tavdasxmebisagan dacvis mizniT; zRvis

sanapiroze gamagrebuli punqtebi Seqmna, sadac ruseTis xomaldebs SeeZ-

loT midgomodnen mtris eskadris gamoCenis SemTxvevaSi [36, 271].

gagris garnizonis gamoyvana kavaleriis general xomutovs daevala.

n. readma mixeil SarvaSiZesac sTxova yvela Rone exmara gagris garni-

zonis dasaxsnelad. afxazeTis mTavari redut-kaleSi ori xomaldis navm-

tes moelaparaka. isini Sepirdnen, rom roca amindi amis saSualebas mis-

cemda, gagraSi wavidodnen. 25 marts, xomaldebi redut-kaledan gagrisken

gaemarTnen, magram aRmoCnda, rom gagris 600 kaciani garnizoni moxalise

qerCel berZen navmtes foti sanudos qerCSi mSvidobiT Caeyvana, xolo

gagris simagre mis damcvelebs aefeTqebinaT [36, 272, 276].

ruseTis jaris nawilebis afxazeTidan gamoyvaniT imperatori ukmayo-

filo iyo. misi azriT, am mxares jer kidev ar emuqreboda safrTxe zRvi-

dan. generali n. readi Tavs imarTlebda, rom es nabiji aucileblobiT

iyo gamowveuli [36, 272-274]. n. readi, v. dolgorukovisadmi 13 aprils gag-

zavnil werilSi, aRniSnavda afxazeTis mTavris erTgulebaze, romelic

man Seqmnil rTul pirobebSi gamoamJRavna. afxazeTis mTavris da sxva pi-

rebis ndobac savsebiT SeiZleboda. rodesac afxazeTis naxevari ukve da-

tovebuli iyo, maT rusebisadmi orguloba ar gamouvleniaT, magram n.

readi afxazeTidan rusebis gasvlis Semdeg mosalodnel viTarebaze

wuxda. misi azriT, afxazeTidan ruseTis jaris nawilebis gayvanis Sem-

deg, mixeil SarvaSiZe ver SeZlebda es mxare morCilebaSi hyoloda, mas

gareSe mtrebisagan samTavros dasacavad Zalebi ar hyavda, muslimani da

daumorCilebeli mTielebis mezoblad mdebare bzifis olqi aucileblad

97

ajanydeboda; amitom, n. readi Tvlida, rom vinc ruseTis xelisuflebis

TanamgrZnobi iyo, mas afxazeTi unda daetovebina [36, 270-271].

ruseTis xelisufleba mixeil SarvaSiZis madlieri iyo afxazeTidan

jaris nawilebis gamoyvanis gamo, risTvisac imperatorma is TeTri arwi-

vis ordeniT daajildova. [143, 358]. m. voroncovi, romelic yuradRebiT

adevnebda Tvals afxazeTSi mimdinare movlenebs, general a. bariatinskis

werda, rom iseve rogorc kavkasiis korpusis sardloba, aRfrTovanebuli

iyo mixeil SarvaSiZis mier dakisrebuli movaleobis warmatebiT Sesru-

lebiT. misi azriT, soxumisa da afxazeTis datoveba ruseTis xelisufle-

bisaTvis mZime, magram Seqmnili viTarebidan gamomdinare aucilebeli

nabiji iyo [143, 363]. a. bariatinskisadmi gagzavnil sxva werilSi m. voron-

covi aRniSnavda, rom saintereso iqneboda afxazebze dakvirveba, rogor

moiqceodnen isini, rodesac ruseTis armiis nawilebi datovebdnen afxa-

zeTs. voroncovi Tvlida, rom muhamed eminis meTaurobiT, ubixebs SeeZ-

loT afxazeTis gavliT samegrelosTvis SeetiaT [142, 136].

1854w. martSi, dasavleT kavkasiaSi arsebuli viTarebas safuZvlianad

swavlobda britaneTis samxedro misia. xangrZlivi diskusiisa da pariz-

Tan molaparakebebis Semdeg, londonis kabinetma gadawyvita mTavari dar-

tyma yirimSi ganexorcielebina [151, 160-161].

osmaleTma gadawyvita uSualod miemarTa afxazeTis mTavrisaTvis,

romelsac kvlav Tavisi mfarvelobis qveS myof xelisuflad ganixilavda.

osmalTa baTumis korpusis sardalma muhamed selim faSam, 1854w. 21 ap-

rils, mixeil SarvaSiZes werili gaugzavna, romelSic ruseTis winaaR-

mdeg ajanyebisaken mouwodebda, risTvisac osmaleTisgan did jildos

hpirdeboda. afxazeTis mTavarma faSas pasuxi ar gasca da misi werili

reads gadaugzavna, TviTon ki md. kodorze wavida, raTa abJuis mosaxle-

oba am xazis dasacavad moemzadebina, Tumca fiqrobda, rom kodoris adi-

debis gamo, mis dacxromamde mainc, am mxridan Semoteva mosalodneli ar

iyo [36, 277].

yirimis omis dros isev amoqmedda ocdaaTian wlebSi david urqvar-

tis mier ingliselTa zedamxedvelobiT stambolSi Seqmnili ,,Cerqezuli

politikuri centri‘‘, romlis saqmianobas xelmZRvanelobda Cerqezuli

warmoSobis sefer-bei zanuyo. sefer-beis, romelic soxumSi osmalTa sar-

98

dal behCeT faSasTan erTad Camovida, Tan axlda muhajir CerqezTa amala

[173, 66]. sefer-bei da osmalTa sardali afxazebis gadabirebas cdi-

lobdnen. behCeT faSa samTavro saxlTan Seudga molaparakebebs, xolo

sefer-bei afxazeTidan tuafseSi Cavida, sadac SafsuRebTan erToblivi

saomari moqmedebebis gegmebi ganixila, magram sabolood SafsuRebs ru-

sebTan omisaTvis didi xalisi ar gamouCeniaT. sefer-beim rusebis winaaR-

mdeg gamosvlis piroba mxolod naTuxaelTa tomisagan miiRo. soxumSi

myofi behCeT faSa ki samTavro saxlis warmomadgenlebs Soris arsebul

Seurigebel winaaRmdegobebs waawyda, rac ruseT-osmaleTis omSi afxa-

zeTis poziciis gansazRvrasTan iyo dakavSirebuli. samTavro saxlis

qristiani wevrebi am omSi aSkarad ruseTs uWerdnen mxars, magram musli-

mani aleqsandre (iskander) SarvaSiZe, Tavisi samflobelos mosazRvre sa-

murzayanos rusebis mxridan dakavebas aprotestebda da mzad iyo Riad

gamosuliyo osmaleTis momxred, Tu sulTani mas afxazeTis mTavrad

aRiarebda. osmalTa da mTlianad mokavSireTa sardlobas miaCnda, rom

SarvaSiZis pretenziebi samurzayanoze xels SeuSlida maT gegmas, rome-

lic afxazeT-samegrelos antirusuli koaliciis Seqmnas iTvaliswinebda.

mokavSireTa sardloba imedovnebda, rom miuxedavad samegrelos dedo-

flis mkveTrad gamoxatuli antiosmaluri poziciisa, masze gavlenas mo-

axdenda safrangeTis agenti, romelic dedoflis zugdidis sasaxleSi ma-

swavleblad iyo miRebuli [173, 67].

am dros, afxazeTis mTavarma ruseTis erTguleba gamoiCina. man gamo-

iyena Tavisi gavlena, raTa baTal-bei marSanias meSveobiT bzifelebisaT-

vis sefer-beisa da Cerqezebisadmi undobloba Caenerga. male CerqezTa

razmi gaifanta, xolo sefer-bei baTumSi wavida [36, 277].

1854w. maisSi, osmalebma axali kampania wamoiwyes dasavleT saqarTve-

loSi da samxedro desanti gadmosxes yulevSi, anakliasa da soxumSi. ma-

isis pirvel ricxvebSi soxumSi mokavSireTa ori xomaldi movida, romel-

mac osmaleTis jaris nawilebi Camoiyvana sefer-bei zanuyos meTaurobiT,

1500-mde jariskaci 36 qvemexiT. xomaldis meTaurebma mixeil SarvaSiZe mo-

ikiTxes, magram mTavarma ufro adre datova afxazeTi da samegreloSi ga-

davida, iqidan ki TbilisSi gaemgzavra [36, 277-278].

99

sefer-beis, romelsac sulTanma faSas tituli uboZa, daevala kavka-

siis mTielTa gamoyvana osmaleTis droSis qveS, agreTve afxazeTis mTav-

ris gadmobireba. rodesac sefer-beim mixeil SarvaSiZis TbilisSi gam-

gzavrebis Sesaxeb gaigo, mis molodinSi soxumSi darCa. imavdroulad, man

kavkasiis mTielebs rusebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad mouwoda. sefer-

beis mowodebas gamoexmaurnen ubixebi, SafsuRebi, abaZexebi da dasavleT

kavkasiis sxva mTieli tomebi [36, 275, 278]. Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sana-

piroze moxerxebuli strategiuli adgilebis dakavebis Semdeg, osmaleTi

afxazeTis, samegrelos, guriisa da imereTis dasakaveblad emzadeboda.

dasavleT saqarTvelos dapyrobis Semdeg, osmalebi aRmosavleT saqarTve-

loSi gadasvlasa da amierkavkasiis centris _ Tbilisis dakavebas gegmav-

dnen. amasTan, imedi hqondaT, rom gadaibirebdnen mosaxleobas da rusebis

winaaRmdeg saomrad gamoiyvandnen [106, 123-124].

Mmixeil SarvaSiZe 19 maiss TbilisSi Cavida. mTavarma afxazeTSi os-

malTa winaaRmdeg brZolis konkretuli gegma warmoadgina, romelic iT-

valiswinebda kodoris xazis dacvas afxazeTis, samurzayanos, samegre-

los, imereTis miliciiT da regularuli jaris nawilebiT [36, 277-278].

mTavari apirebda Seekriba afxazeTis milicia _ 500-600 cxenosani da 1500-

mde qveiTi, romelsac xazinidan Tanxa ar dasWirdeboda, sanam afxazeTis

soflebSi idgeboda. generalma n. readma mas sTxova, saxalxo laSqari

imdeni Seekriba, ramdenic abJuis dasacavad iqneboda saWiro, xolo md.

kodoris daklebis droisaTvis is general ivane andronikaSvils daava-

lebda afxazeTis miliciisTvis SeeerTebina samurzayanos, samegrelos da

imereTis saxalxo laSqari da samurzayano_afxazeTis mijnaze regularu-

li jaris rezervi ganelagebina. Tu mteri zRviT Semouvlida kodoris

SesarTavs, rezervi abJuis dacvas mxolod mTielTa mcire jgufebis Semo-

sevisagan SeZlebda da ara muhamed eminis 15-20 aTasiani laSqrisagan da

iZulebuli iqneboda afxazeTi daetovebina. gamosavali unda yofiliyo

muhamed eminis dakaveba saomari moqmedebebiT Crd. kavkasiaSi [36, 278].

mixeil SarvaSiZe, afxazeTSi darCenas mtris desantis gadmosxmis Se-

mTxvevaSi manamde apirebda, sanam winaaRmdegobis gawevas SeZlebda da fi-

qrobda mxolod maSin daetovebina es mxare, rodesac winaaRmdegobis yve-

la saSualebas amowuravda [36, 276]. 26 maiss, mixeil SarvaSiZem Tbilisi

100

datova. misi Svilebi samegreloSi iyvnen, xolo meuRle abJuaSi hyavda da

mxolod ukidures SemTxvevaSi apirebda samegreloSi an imereTSi mis ga-

dayvanas, radgan Seqmnil viTarebaSi mTavris meuRlis mier afxazeTis da-

toveba afxazebze uaryofiT STabeWdilebas moaxdenda [36, 278].

ruseTis xelisufleba kargad xedavda, rom sefer-beis CrdiloeT kav-

kasiaSi didi gavlena hqonda. gavrcelda xma, rom man 60 aTasamde qveiTi

da aTasobiT mxedari Sekriba. mixeil SarvaSiZe SesaZleblad miiCnevda

sefer-beisTan Sexvedras da am Sexvedraze afxazeTSi SemosevasTan dakav-

SirebiT misi gegmebis CaSlas apirebda. afxazeTis mTavari reads md. ko-

dorze poziciebis gamagrebas da, imperatoris brZanebis Tanaxmad, afxaze-

Tis am nawilis SenarCunebas urCevda. ruseTis sardlobis azriT, muhamed

emini CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi saomari moqmedebebiT unda daekavebinaT, rac

afxazeTis mimarT misi gegmebis ganxorcielebas Seaferxebda. mixeil Sar-

vaSiZes yvelaferi unda eRona da Tavisi qveSevrdomebi mterTan SeerTebi-

sagan Seekavebina [36, 275]. imperatoris miTiTebiT, raki mixeil SarvaSiZes

afxazeTis datoveba mouxda, droebiT TbilisSi unda wasuliyo da Sem-

dgom miTiTebebs iq dalodeboda. imperatori nikoloz I dadebiTad afa-

sebda afxazeTis mTavris Tanxmobas, general i. andronikaSvils daqvemde-

bareboda, Tumca es aucileblad ar miaCnda, radgan mTavarma araerTxel

daamtkica, rom Rirseulad SeeZlo damoukidebladac moqmedeba. xelisuf-

lebisaTvis cnobili iyo, rom mixeil SarvaSiZe didi pativiscemiT sar-

geblobda ubixebsa da dasavleT kavkasiis sxva mTiel tomebis meTaurebSi

da maTi meSveobiT cdilobda CaeSala muhamed eminis gegma afxazeTis mi-

marT [36, 276].

maisis dasawyisSi v. dolgorukovma n. reads auwya, rom osmaleTi da

misi evropeli mokavSireebi ivnisis bolomde mainc ar iqnebodnen mzad

kavkasiaze mietanaT ieriSi. misi azriT, radgan kodoris adidebis gamo

ramdenime Tvis ganmavlobaSi mdinaris marcxena napirze gadasvla SeuZle-

beli iqneboda, kavkasiis korpusis marjvena flangi sruliad uzrunvel-

yofili iyo mowinaaRmdegis desantis gadmosxmisagan. muhamed emins afxa-

zeTis CrdiloeTi nawilic rom daekavebina, is kodors ver gadalaxavda.

amiT unda esargebla i. andronikaSvils, dauyovnebliv Seetia mtrisTvis

axalcixesTan da guriis sazRvrebidan ukuegdo, rac gavlenas moaxdenda

101

saerTo viTarebaze kavkasiis frontze, aseve kavkasiis mTielebzec da

CaSlida muhamed eminis gegmas osmaleTis jarebTan SeerTebis Taobaze.

imperatori Tvlida, rom Tu ver moxerxdeboda dasavleT afxazeTis Se-

narCuneba, maSin yvela zoma unda yofiliyo miRebuli kodoris xazis da-

sacavad, radgan misi dakargva samurzayanosa da samegrelos aoxrebasac

gamoiwvevda. sanam kodorze foniT gadasvla SeuZlebeli iyo, mixeil Sa-

rvaSiZe afxazeTis miliciiT SeZlebda am xazis dacvas, Semdeg ki pozi-

ciebs andronikaSvili gaaZlierebda guriis razmis nawilebiT. v. dolgo-

rukovis azriT, kodoris marjvena napirze jarebis moqmedebis mizani mTi-

elTa mcire razmebTan brZola unda yofiliyo, xolo afxazeTis dakaveba

omis dasasrulisaTvis unda gadaedoT. xelisufleba n. readisgan mo-

iTxovda, am mxareSi da, gansakuTrebiT, soxumSi mtkiced damkvidre-

bisaTvis saWiro RonisZiebebi droulad moefiqrebina. ruseTi osmalebi-

sagan did Semotevas moeloda. n. readma i. andronikaSvils ubrZana gar-

kveuli ZalebisaTvis Tavi moeyara enguris marcxena napirze da mTavarTan

SeTanxmebulad emoqmeda. [36, 276-279].

1854w. ivnisis damlevs, muSiri (marSali) selim faSa, redut-kaleSi

Cavida. aq osmalo sardali muhamed emins Sexvda da erToblivi moqmedebe-

bis gegma dausaxa. ivlisis dasawyisSi, selim faSa qobuleTSi dabrunda,

xolo muhamed emini soxumSi Cavida, iqidan ki Crd. kavkasiaSi gadavi-

da.MmTielebi Tanaxma iyvnen ruseTis jarebis winaaRmdeg emoqmedaT, mag-

ram samxedro moqmedebebSi Cabmis sanacvlod fulad anazRaurebas mo-

iTxovdnen [54, 412]. osmaleTi cdilobda gadmoebirebina dasavleT saqar-

Tvelos warCinebuli wodebis warmomadgenlebic. svaneTis mTavars, rot-

mistr dadeSqelians, misma siZem, webeldelma eSsou marSaniam SesTavaza

svaneTidan, enguris xeobiT gaetarebina mTielTa razmi, romelic jvaris

mxridan Tavs daesxmoda samegrelos. imavdroulad, afxazeTidan SeiWre-

boda mTielTa mxedroba, zRvidan samegreloSi, aWaridan ki guriaSi os-

malTa da mis mokavSireTa jarebi Sevidodnen. dadeSqelianma uaryo es wi-

nadadeba da amis Sesaxeb ruseTis sardlobas acnoba, amasTan, mTis bili-

kebze guSagebi daayena. ruseTis sardlobas informacia hqonda, rom eS-

sou marSania da ubixi haji barzegi, mTielTa razmebiT afxazeTSi imyo-

febodnen. mixeil SarvaSiZe yovelnairad cdilobda das. kavkasiis mTie-

102

lebSi muhamed eminis avtoriteti da gavlena Seeryia. am mizniT, mTavari

haji berzegs da sxva ubix mamasaxlisebs Sexvda. afxazeTis mTavari mTi-

elTa siamayis grZnobas Seexo da usayvedura, rom isini mzad iyvnen da-

morCilebodnen yovel ucxoels, romelic Tavs mniSvnelovan pirad war-

moaCenda. ubixebma aRniSnes, rom eminisadmi maTi damorCileba gamowveuli

iyo rusebisadmi erTsulovani winaaRmdegobis gawevis aucileblobiT,

magram, radgan ruseTi am mxaridan ganidevna da osmaleTTanac aRdga Ta-

visufali urTierToba, maT ukve ar sWirdebodaT gareSe piri ufrosad,

amitom muhamed emins morCilebaze uari uTxres. mixeil SarvaSiZe ruseTis

sardlobas auwyebda, rom sefer-beis gavlena dacemuli iyo da mTieleb-

Tan urTierTobebi sasikeTod icvleboda. [36, 279].

sefer-bei da muhamed emini metoqeebi iyvnen. orive maTgani cdilobda

dasavleT kavkasiis mTielebze gavlenis mopovebas, orive eswrafvoda os-

maleTs mTielTa winamZRolad mxolod is ecno. 1854w. 7 seqtembers, kav-

kasiis sardlobam cnoba miiRo, rom sefer-beim, osmalebTan Tavis gamoCe-

nis mizniT, samurzayanos dapyroba gadawyvita. man muhamed emins SesTava-

za mTielTa razmi Seekriba da soxum-kaleSi Caeyvana, magram muhamed emin-

ma ukmayofileba gamoTqva imis gamo, rom sulTani arc mas da arc mTie-

lebs yuradRebas ar aqcevda, amasTan emins sulac ar surda sefer-beis

gandidebisaTvis xeli Seewyo. male emini soxum-kaleSi Cavida da iqidan

stambols gaemgzavra, amasTan, ubixebs SeuTanxmda, rom mis Camosvlamde

sefer-beis salaSqrod ar gahyvebodnen. sefer-bei marTlac Seecada ubi-

xebi aeyoliebina, Tumca uSedegod. amis Semdeg is cdilobda afxazeTsa

da webeldaSi Seekriba razmi da amrigad ganexorcielebina Tavisi gan-

zraxva, magram esec ver moaxerxa. ase, rom afxazeTSi osmaleTis mTavari

warmomadgenlis gegmebi samurzayanos mimarT CaiSala. amasTan, sefer-beim

selim-faSas brZaneba miiRo, misi nebarTvis gareSe SeteviTi moqmedeba ar

ewarmoebina. manve acnoba, rom osmaleTisa da mokavSireTa jarebi sevas-

topolSi gaigzavna da sevastopolis operaciis Sedegebamde osmaleTi ar

apirebda afxazeTSi saomari moqmedebebis warmoebas. [54, 413-414].

ruseTis sardloba dasavleT saqarTveloSi samxedro Zalebis nakle-

bobas ganicdida. imperators SesaZleblad miaCnda daevalebinaT afxaze-

Tis mTavrisaTvis razmis Sedgena, raTa mas afxazeTSi emoqmeda, magram es

103

razmi ver Camoyalibda. n. readi Tvlida, rom afxazeTis mdgomareobidan

gamomdinare, razmi sursaT-sanovagiT ver momaragdeboda [36, 793, 803].

afxazeTidan jarebis gamoyvanis Semdeg, mixeil SarvaSiZe samegrelo-

Si damkvidrda, Tavisi simamris giorgi dadianis mamulSi, da xan sof.

kurzuSi imyofeboda, xan sof. WkaduaSSi. is imedovnebda, rom rogorc

ruseTis armiis generals, Sesaferis samsaxurs SesTavazebdnen, Tundac

guriis razmis ufrosis Tanamdebobas, magram misi imedebi ar gamarTlda.

1854w. ivlisSi, guriis razmis ufrosad general-maiori i. bagration-mu-

xraneli dainiSna. kavkasiis korpusis sardlobis azriT, guriis razmis

ufrosad mixeil SarvaSiZis daniSvna ar SeiZleboda mis mier jaris mar-

Tvis arcodnisa da samxedro saqmeSi gamoucdelobis, aseve samegrelos

samTavro saxlTan mtrobis gamo. SeuZlebeli iyo mixeil SarvaSiZis da-

niSvna im razmis meTaurad, romelic maSin samegreloSi idga [37, 54].

afxazeTis samTavroSi mTavris aryofnis dros, mosaxleobisa da war-

Cinebuli wodebis mniSvnelovani nawili TanagrZnobas ucxadebda osmale-

Tis saokupacio reJims. rogorc TurqeTis premier - ministris arqivSi da-

culi 1854w. 5 agvistoTi daTariRebuli erTi dokumentidan Cans, sulTani

friad kmayofili iyo soxumidan miRebuli monacemebiT, romelTa

Tanaxmad, soxumisa da Semogarenis mosaxleoba sulTnis qveSevrdomobis

miRebasa da osmaleTis mxareze brZolaze Tanxmobas acxadebda [58. 16]

afxazeTis mTavris mdgomareoba samegreloSi saxarbielo ar iyo, is

aq rogorc kerZo piri imyofeboda, faqtobrivad, gariyuli saomari moqme-

debebisagan. amasTan, samegrelos dedofali ekaterine dadiani xelisuf-

lebisagan kategoriulad moiTxovda mixeil SarvaSiZes samegrelo daeto-

vebina, radgan misi aq yofna samTavroSi simSvides arRvevda. 1854w. 11 de-

kembers, mixeil SarvaSiZe samxedro ministr v. dolgorukovs werda, rom

aucileblad miaCnda misi yofna afxazeTSi, radgan SesaZlebloba hqonoda

Tavisi gavleniT emoqmeda qveSevrdomebze da maT mezobel tomebze, riTac

mowinaaRmdegis gegmebs gaaqarwylebda. igi werda, rom imedebi, rasac mo-

kavSireebi muhamed eminze amyarebdnen, gaucruvdaT. Savi zRvis Crdilo-

aRmosavleT sanapiros tomebic osmalebs undoblad ekidebodnen [106, 140-

142].

104

mixeil SarvaSiZis dapirispirebaSi samegrelos samTavro saxlTan Zi-

riTadi samurzayanos sakiTxi iyo. undobloba, samegrelos samTavro sa-

xlsa da afxazeTis mTavars Soris, ufro gaizarda mixeil SarvaSiZis si-

mamris ojaxSi yofnis dros. giorgi dadiani, ZmebTan erTad, opoziciaSi

edga ekaterine dadians.Eekaterine dadianis damokidebulebaSi afxazeTis

mTavrisadmi mniSvnelovani iyo is, rom dedofals afrTxobda afxazeTis

mTavrisa da giorgi dadianis SesaZlo gaerTianeba samegrelos samTavro

saxlisa da piradad mis winaaRmdeg [106, 140].

1854w. 29 noembers, general-adiutanti n. muraviovi dainiSna kavkasiis

mefisnacvlad da kavkasiis korpusis mTavarsardlad. 1855w. TebervalSi n.

muraviovi TbilisSi Camovida [144, 383].

1855w. antirusulma koaliciam moqmedeba daiwyo Savi zRvis Crdilo-

aRmosavleT sanapiroze. 10 da 12 Tebervals, inglis-safrangeTis

xomaldebi yubanis SesarTavTan gamoCndnen da desanti gadmosxes; 28

Teberval _ 2 marts mowinaaRmdegis eskadram novorosiiski dabomba da

imavdroulad, mas mTielebic utevdnen. novorosiiskis dasaxmareblad ana-

pidan Cavida vice - admirali l. serebriakovi da mTielebi ukuagdo, Tum-

ca cxadi iyo, rom aseT pirobebSi novorosiiskis SenarCuneba didxans

SeuZlebeli iqneboda. 1855w. martSi, soxumSi, mustafa-faSas meTaurobiT

osmaleTis armiis oTxi batalioni gadmosxda. mustafa faSam molapa-

rakebebi gamarTa afxazTa, webeldisa da CerqezTa TavadebTan maTi osma-

leTis mTavrobisadmi damokidebulebis gasarkvevad [37, 282]. mustafa-fa-

SasTan amaliT gamocxadda mTavris Zma aleqsandre SarvaSiZe, romelmac

faSas xelSewyoba da daxmareba aRuTqva [47, 200].

mustafa-faSa, romelic saTaveSi Caudga osmalur administracias so-

xumSi, afxazuri aristokratiis gadabirebas aqtiurad cdilobda. aleq-

sandre SarvaSiZes osmalebma faSas tituli uboZes da afxazeTis marTva

daavales. osmalebTan TanamSromlobdnen aseve mTavarTan daaxloebuli

pirebi: general-maiori kac marRania, poruCiki hasan marRania, romelic

soxumis mmarTvelad dainiSna, maiori baTal-bei marSania [37, 49]. kavkasiis

korpusis sardlobasTan mimoweraSi mixeil SarvaSiZe uaryofda Zmis os-

malebis mxareze gadasvlas da xelisuflebas arwmunebda, rom aleq-

sandre afxazeTSi misi davalebiT darCa da Tumca osmalebis moTxovnebs

105

asrulebda, ramdenadac SesaZlebeli iyo, igi mTavris miTiTebebsac

misdevda da am mxareSi mis xelisuflebas warmoadgenda. hasan marRania iq

darCa rogorc memamule Tavis mamulSi, iseve, rogorc mravali sxva da

aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi, roca winaaRmdegobis gaweva SeuZlebeli iyo,

osmalebis moTxovnebs asrulebda. rac Seexeba kac marRanias, mixeil Sar-

vaSiZe Tvlida, rom mas rusis jarTan erTad unda daetovebina samTavro

[106, 142-143].

mustafa-faSam samegreloSi myof mixeil SarvaSiZes ramdenjerme Ses-

Tavaza afxazeTSi Casvla. SarvaSiZe winaaRmdegi ar iyo, magram gamgzavre-

bas ayovnebda. bolos, faSam kac marRanias piriT mTavars acnoba, rom Tu

afxazeTSi ar Cavidoda, masTan urTierTobas gawyvetda [37, 50].

mTavarsardali n. muraviovi ar endoboda afxazeTis mTavars, Tumca

samxedro ministrma v. dolgorukovma 1854w. dekemberSi muraviovs gadasca

imperatoris azri SarvaSiZis erTgulebis Sesaxeb [106, 144]. 1855w. aprilSi

n. muraviovi zugdidSi Cavida da mixeil SarvaSiZesac Sexvda. n. muravi-

ovma mTavars mosTxova daetovebina samegrelo da sacxovreblad quTais-

Si an TbilisSi gadasuliyo. am undoblobiT Seuracxyofilma mTavarma

mTavarsardlis moTxovna ar miiRo da afxazeTSi dabruneba gadawyvita,

rac n. muraviovma TviTnebur gadawyvetilebad Seafasa [4, 16].

1855w. 8 maiss, mixeil SarvaSiZe samurzayanoSi gaemgzavra. 9 maiss is

sofel gudavaSi Cavida da samurzayanos boqauls, maior miqelaZes auwya,

rom mTavarsardlisagan saidumlo davaleba hqonda da afxazeTSi mi-

emgzavreboda. 12 maiss mTavari ukve oCamCireSi Cavida. afxazeTSi Casuli

mTavari osmalTa saokupacio jaris sardlobasTan molaparakebebs Seud-

ga [37, 45]. n. muraviovi afxazeTSi SarvaSiZis TviTnebur gadasvlaze miu-

TiTebda da amas ara daumorCileblobad, aramed saomari moqmedebis piro-

bebSi Cadenili pirdapiri Ralatis Sefasebas aZlevda [106, 230].

mixeil SarvaSiZem osmalTa saokupacio jaris sardals acnoba, rom

is afxazeTSi ar Camosula maTTan sabrZolvelad. mTavars surda neitra-

litetis SenarCuneba, sanam afxazeTSi mokavSireTa desanti ar gadasxde-

boda da mTielebis saerTo Seteva ar daiwyeboda dasavleT saqarTvelo-

ze. am SemTxvevaSi, afxazeTis mTavari mokavSireebTan SeerTebis pirobas

debda da irwmuneboda, rom erToblivi Setevis SemTxvevaSi seriozuli

106

winaaRmdegoba ar SexvdebodaT. mTavris am winadadebas faSa daTanxmda,

magram mixeilis ojaxTan erTad soxumSi gadasvla moiTxova [37, 45-48].

SarvaSiZe moerida sakuTari fexiT xleboda osmalo sardals da Svile-

bic misTvis mZevlad miegvara, amitom, ramdenime dRis Semdeg, mustafa-fa-

Sa TviTon Cavida gemiT oCamCireSi da mixeil SarvaSiZe TavisTan miiwvia,

magram am ukanasknelma avadmyofoba moimizeza da ar Sexvda. amis Semdeg

faSas ar moundomebia misi naxva. mixeil SarvaSiZe mixvda, rom faSa gaana-

wyena da mas kerentux barzegi miugzavna, romelsac faSa unda daerwmu-

nebina, ra did sargeblobas moutanda osmaleTs mTielebze didi gavle-

nis mqone afxazeTis mTavris mimxroba. Cans, am argumentma imoqmeda da 3

ivniss faSa kvlav Cavida oCamCireSi aleqsandre SarvaSiZis, hasan marRa-

nias da baTal-bei marSanias TanxlebiT, Sexvda mTavars da sami saaaTi

esaubra mas. 8 ivniss mixeil SarvaSiZe soxumSi Cavida, sadac didi pati-

viT Sexvdnen [37, 46, 48, 50-51].

ivnisis pirvel ricxvebSi kavkasiis korpusis sardlobam miiRo in-

formacia, romlis Tanaxmad afxazeTis mTavari osmalebis mxareze gadavi-

da. n. muraviovi miiCnevda, rom SarvaSiZes Ralatisaken samegrelos sa-

mTavro saxlisadmi siZulvilma ubiZga da amitom afxazeTis mTavari os-

malTa daxmarebiT samegrelosTan sadavo samurzayanos dauflebas Se-

ecdeboda. 7 ivniss, kavkasiis korpusis sardalma, v. bebuTovma mixeilis

werili miiRo. mTavari amtkicebda, rom mtrebma gauvrceles xmebi mtris

mxareze misi gadasvlis Sesaxeb. igi werda: ,,kaci viTarca uqmi, me yovlad

daimedebuli Tavis Tvissa zeda, romel ara var gamousadeg da uqmi, va-

rCie usaqmod yofnas, Semosvla isev Cemive samTavroSi... da dacva maTi

myudroebasa Sina da ukeTu momcemda SemTxveva, aqedanaca aRmomeCina sar-

gebloba Cemis xelmwife imperatorisa‘‘ [106, 238].

im dros, roca afxazeTi osmalTagan okupirebuli iyo, kavkasiis

rusul administracias safuZveli hqonda undobloba gamoeCina mTavri-

sadmi, magram samarTlianoba moiTxovs aRiniSnos, rom SarvaSiZem SeZlo

Tavisi ormagi, saxifaTo TamaSis warmatebiT warmarTva. bzifis olqSi Ca-

sul afxazeTis mTavars iq daxvda CerqezTa da afxazTa laSqari, romel-

sac ganzraxuli hqonda marbieli laSqrobis mowyoba samurzayanoSi tyve-

ebisa da nadavlis xelSi Cagdebis mizniT, magram mTavarma SeZlo am la-

107

Sqrobis CaSla, sxva drosac, rodesac SesaZlebloba miecemoda, igi xels

uSlida osmalebs Cerqezebisa da afxazebis salaSqrod SekrebaSi [72, 114-

115]. amave dros, mTavari, Cans, eloda antirusuli koaliciis gamarjvebas

da cdilobda osmalebTan saerTo ena gamoenaxa. kavkasiis rusuli admi-

nistraciisTvis cnobili gaxda, rom man osmalTa sardlobisagan moiTxo-

va yvela is ufleba, rac mis papas qeleS-beis hqonda, rodesac osmaleTis

vasali iyo. mixeils unda gadascemoda afxazeTSi ganlagebuli jarebis

sardloba; yvela olqi, romelsac iaraRiT an molaparakebebiT SeuerTeb-

da Tavis samflobelos, samudamod darCeniliyo mis memkvidreobiT mflo-

belobaSi imave uflebiT, ra uflebac afxazeTze hqonda [37, 51; 106, 182-183]

mustafa-faSam ganacxada, rom aseT pirobebze daTanxmeba mis uflebebs

aRemateboda, amitom es pirobebi stambolSi gadaagzavna gansaxilvelad

[37, 51]. mixeil SarvaSiZis osmalebTan urTierTobebis Sesaxeb cnobebze

dayrdnobiT, n. muraviovi amtkicebda, rom MmTavari arc erT meomar mxa-

res ar emxroboda, mxolod surda Tavisi samflobelo SeenarCunebina da

neitraliteti daecva. n. muraviovi mTavris qmedebas imperatoris general-

adiutantis wodebisaTvis miuReblad Tvlida [106, 247]. v. bebuTovic mi-

iCnevda, rom mixeilis afxazeTSi gadasvla ganpirobebuli iyo samTavros

SenarCunebis surviliT, radgan rusuli iaraRis gamarjvebaSi bolomde

darwmunebuli ar iyo [106, 170].

osmaleTi da misi mokavSireebi, inglisi da safrangeTi, did imedebs

amyarebdnen CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTielebisa da Samilis mxardaWeraze.

ingliselma strategebma SeimuSaves gegma, romlis Tanaxmadac kavkasiis

aqtiurad unda emoqmedaT da amiT ruseTis jarebis nawili frontis sxva

mxareebisagan CamoeSorebinaT. amisTvis gadawyda desanti gadaesxaT

soxumSi da mTielTa ajanyeba moewyoT ruseTis winaaRmdeg [122, 639].

1855w. 13 maiss, ruseTis jaris nawilebma novorosiiski datoves da

general-maior i. debus meTaurobiT 17 maiss anapaSi Cavidnen. 25 maiss ru-

seTis jarebma vice-admiral serebriakovis meTaurobiT anapa da axloma-

xlo stanicebi datoves, cixe daangries da yvela Senoba gadawves. ing-

lis-safrangeTis desanti anapaSic gadmosxda, magram adiReelebma maT re-

aluri daxmareba ar gauwies [130, 79; 163, 217-218]. kavkasiis mTielTa

winamZRolebma_muhamed eminma da sefer-bei zanuyom ver SeZles dapirebu-

108

li Zalebis gamoyvana, xolo adgilobrivi tomebis daxmarebis gareSe mo-

kavSireTa desants seriozuli warmatebis imedi ar unda hqonoda. muhamed

emini kidev erTxel Seecada SamilTan SeerTebas da am mizniT yaraCaisa

da yabardos dakaveba scada, Tumca uSedegod. Samilic cdilobda SeerTe-

boda emins, magram ruseTis jaris nawilebma es mcdeloba aRkveTes. anapa-

Si osmaleTis CinovnikebTan molaparakebebis Semdeg, romlebic cdilob-

dnen mTielebi sulTnis qveSevrdomebad gadaeqciaT, Cerqezebi osmalebi-

sadmi undoblad ganewyvnen. Cerqezebs kargad axsovdaT rogor gadaulo-

ca osmaleTma isini ruseTs adrianopolis zaviT. Cerqezebi damoukideb-

lobas ruseTTan brZolaSi icavdnen, magram arc osmaleTis qveSevrdomo-

ba surdaT [148, 557].

osmaleTis yofili didveziris Svilis, osmaleTis armiis oficris

osman-beis cnobiT, ingliselebi arafers iSurebdnen, rom ,,Cerqezebi ru-

sebis winaaRmdeg ganewyoT da ruseTTan brZolaSi CaebaT” [47, 206]. am miz-

niT didi propaganda eweoda “Cerqezebis damoukidebeli saxelmwifos‘‘

Seqmnas, magram osmaleTi aq upirvelesad Tavis interesebs atarebda da

Tavisuflebismoyvare mTielebis miswrafebebs mxolod iyenebda. ,,damouki-

debloba ueWvelad unda yofiliyo erT-erT iluziad, radgan TurqeTi

Tavis proeqtebs sakuTari sargeblobisTvis adgenda da ara CerqezTa

SesaniSnavi Tvisebebis gamo‘‘ [47, 171].

maisis miwuruls, ruseTis jaris nawilebma gaaaqtiures moqmedeba

kavkasiis frontze. 24 maiss ruseTis korpusma uSualod n. muraviovis

meTaurobiT, md. arfaCai gadalaxa da osmaleTis anatoliis armiis wina-

aRmdeg, romlis ZiriTadi nawilebi yarsSi iyo dislocirebuli,

SetakebebSi Caeba. yarsis cixe arzrumidan amierkavkasiisken mimaval

umokles gzaze mdebareobda. osmaleTis sardloba Tvlida, rom yarsi

imperiis ,,aziuri sazRvrebis gasaRebs” warmoadgenda. misi aRebiT rusebi

arzrums, Semdeg ki mTel anatolias daemuqrebodnen [66, 179-180]. 1855w.

seqtemberSi, mokavSireebma TerTmetTviani alyis Semdeg, auracxeli

msxverplis fasad, sevastopoli aiRes. safrangeTis imperatorma napoleon

III, romlis armiac ZiriTadi Zala iyo yirimSi, sevastopolis aRebiT omis

damTavreba gadawyvita, magram inglisis premier-ministri palmerstoni,

romelsac safrangeTis gaZlierebis eSinoda, omis aseTi dasasrulis

109

winaaRmdegi iyo. is daJinebiT moiTxovda omis gagrZelebas da Tavisi

gegmis _ ruseTis danawilebis_ganxorcielebas. palmerstoni am gziT

imedovnebda evropis saxelmwifoTa TvalSi inglisis prestiJi

aemaRlebina. inglisisgan gansxvavebiT, safrangeTs ar surda ruseTis

Semdgomi dasusteba, radgan mas inglisis sapirispiro Zalad ganixilavda

[150, 263]. omis gagrZelebis momxre iyo osmaleTic, romelsac yarsis

gadarCenis mizniT, saqarTveloSi saomari moqmedebebis gaSla surda.

yarsisTvis dacemis safrTxis Tavidan asacileblad, osmaleTis samxedro

sardlobam dagegma dasavleT saqarTveloSi desantis gadmosxma da am

gziT ruseTis armiebis zurgSi moqceva. mokavSireTa sardloba osmalebis

mier dasavleT saqarTveloSi SeWras misaRebad ar Tvlida. Aamis

miuxedavad, osmalTa armiis mTavarsardali omer faSa daJinebiT

moiTxovda Tavisi gegmis ganxorcielebas. omer faSa warmoSobiT xorvati

iyo da garSemo Tavis Tanamemamule oficrebTan erTad, ruseTis

dauZinebeli mtrebis - ungreli da poloneli devnili oficrebisagan

Semdgari amala axlda. marTalia isini rusebis winaaRmdeg brZolis

JiniT iyvnen Sepyrobilni, magram samxedro TvalsazrisiT xSirad

miuRebel da avantiuristul qmedebebs mimarTavdnen. omer faSam, yirimis

evpatoriaSi ganlagebul mokavSireTa armiis centralur sardlobaSi

waradgina dasavleT saqarTveloSi SeWris gegma. omer faSas politikur

mxardaWeras uwevda stambolis ,,Cerqezuli politikuri centri‘‘ da

araerTi mxardamWeri hyavda sulTnis karze Cerqezuli da afxazuri

warmSobis didmoxeleebs Sorisac. omer faSas gegmiT, afxazeT-same-

grelos gavliT unda momxdariyo quTaisis dakaveba, rasac unda mihyo-

loda Tbilisisaken gaWra da misi dapyroba. TbilisSi omer faSa kaxe-

Tidan Semomaval Samilis razmebs daelodeboda. amrigad, alyaSi moeqce-

oda yarsis frontze ganlagebuli rusuli armia.

omer faSa 1855w. 17 ivliss yirimidan stambols gamoemgzavra, sadac

mTeli agvistos ganmavlobaSi molaparakebebs awarmoebda mokavSireTa sa-

rdlobis warmomadgenlebTan. mokavSireebi kvlav miuReblad miiCnevdnen

omer faSas gegmebs, magram miRebuli iqna politikuri gadawyvetileba.

stambolSi inglisis elCis mxardaWeriT, inglisis mTavrobam misaRebad

miiCnia omer faSas gegma. mokavSireTa mTavarma Stabmac mxolod amis Sem-

110

deg miiRo Sesabamisi gankarguleba, rom osmaleTis armiisaTvis gegmis ga-

nxorcielebaSi Sesabamisi mxardaWera aRmoeCina [173, 83-84].

1855w. seqtember-oqtomberSi, osmalebma soxumSi omer faSas sardlo-

biT 45 aTasiani desanti gadmosxes, romelmac afxazeTi daikava [46, 270].

ingliselma oficerma balardma winaswar Seiswavla afxazeTis is punqte-

bi, sadac omer-faSas armia unda Casuliyo. igi mixeil SarvaSiZesac Sexv-

da. afxazeTis mTavarma ingliseli oficeri kargad miiRo. mTavari arc

masTan saubarSi malavda, rom omSi upiratesobas rusebs aniWebda. mixeil

SarvaSiZe garegnulad mokavSireebis mimarT simpaTias gamoxatavda, Tumca,

realurad maT mxareze ar damdgara [105, 149-150]. omer faSas gadawyvetili

hqonda saqarTvelos gavliT yarsamde CaeRwia da alyaSemortymul cixes

daxmareboda. amasTanave, masze iyo dakisrebuli saqarTvelosa da

CerqezeTis rusi samxedroebisgan gawmenda da amrigad, mTeli kavkasiis

rusTagan gaTavisuflebis winapirobis Seqmna. osmalTa mTavarsardlis

uaxloesi strategiuli mizani iyo quTaisis aReba, suramis qedis

gadalaxva da kavkasiis politikuri da administraciuli centris – Tbi-

lisis daufleba, sadac Samils unda SeerTeboda [145, 325-326].

omer faSam, saqarTvelos siRrmeSi Setevis dawyebis sawyis punqtad

airCia ara redut-kale, romelic quTaisidan 108 versze iyo, aramed 200

versiT daSorebuli soxum-kale, amasTan mas mouwevda or mdinareze-ko-

dorsa da engurze gadasvla. omer faSas am gadawyvetilebis realuri mi-

zezi is iyo, rom osmalTa sardali Tavis samxedro eqspediciaSi did ime-

debs amyarebda Cerqezebisa da afxazebis mxedrobaze, romelic mas unda

misvloda afxazeTSi gadmosxmisTanave, raSic omer faSas muhamed emini da

osmaleTis emisrebi arwmunebdnen. ingliseli samxedro mrCevlebi omer

faSas miuTiTebdnen, rom afxazeT-samegrelos eqspediciis warmatebiT gan-

xorcielebisaTvis mas dasWirdeboda 15 aTasiani cxenosanTa korpusis Ca-

moyalibeba.Oomer faSa afxazeTSi SemosvliT varaudobda Cerqezebisa da

afxazebisagan mieRo mxedrebi, magram sabolood oTxasiode cxenosanis

SegrovebaRa SeZlo [173, 92]. man quTaisze SetevisaTvis afxazeTidan da-

Zvra arCia imitom, rom swored soxumSi unda SeerTebodnen osmalebs

afxazTa da dasavleT kavkasiis mTielTa razmebi [145, 328].

111

omer faSas soxumSi gadmosvlisa da Tavisi Stabis aq gadmotanis mi-

zezi, Cans samxedro TvalsazrisTan erTad politikur angariSsac efuZne-

boda. stambolSi ,,Cerqezuli politikuri centris‘‘ mesveurebi osmalo

sardals arwmunebdnen, rom soxumSi mas rusebis winaaRmdeg ganwyobili

afxazebisa da Cerqezebisgan Semdgari mravalricxovani mxedroba eaxle-

boda, magram CerqezebSi, muhamed eminis mcdelobebis miuxedavad, omer fa-

Sas mxardasaWeri moZraoba ver gaiSala. Cerqezi warCinebulebi ar amJRav-

nebdnen saqarTveloze laSqrobaSi monawileobis miRebis survils, Tan

dainaxes, rom osmaleTis sulTani, romelzec TviTon amyarebdnen imeds

da rusebisagan gaTavisuflebas misgan iTxovdnen, Tavad Cerqezebs Txov-

da daxmarebas. am garemoebam Cerqezebs sulTnis Zlierebisadmi rwmena Se-

uryia da osmalTa mxardaWera gadaafiqrebina [173, 93].

kavkasiis korpusis mTavarsardali n. muraviovi, omer-faSas afxaze-

Tis eqspediciis mizans xedavda ara anatoliis armiasTan SeerTebasa da

amrigad alyisagan yarsis daxsnis mcdelobaSi, aramed miiCnevda, rom om-

er faSas afxazeTidan samegrelosken ganviTarebuli laSqroba quTaissa

da Semdgom Tbilisisaken Setevas isaxavda miznad, rac osmalTa armias

rusuli nawilebis zurgSi moaqcevda. Aomer faSas warmatebis SemTxvevaSi

rusebi iZulebulni iqnebodnen yarss SeSvebodnen [46, 174].

19 seqtembers soxumSi gemiT Cavida omer faSa. navsadgurSi mas mi-

xeil SarvaSiZe daxvda. TviTmxilvelTa informaciaze dayrdnobiT, am

faqts generali n. kolubakini ase aRwers: ,, 19 ricxvSi diliT, omer-faSa

movida soxumSi gemiT. navsadgurSi afxazeTis mTavari elodeboda. mas

surda Turquli wesisamebr Tayvani eca, magram omerma SeaCera is, xeli

CamoarTva da rusulad uTxra: gamarjoba mixeil... jaris daTvalierebi-

dan mobrunebulma generalisimusma dainaxa Tavisi saxlis win mdgari

mTavari... ramdenime sityva uTxra rogorc uwin, rusulad. veravin gaigo

es sityvebi, magram xalxSi xma gavrcelda, rom man SesTavaza an Tavisuf-

leba misca dabrunebuliyo rusebTan‘‘ [106, 193]. omer-faSa afxazeTis mTa-

vars aSkarad mianiSnebda, rom arCevanis dro dadga da Tu is osmalebTan

TanamSromlobas apirebda, amis Riad dafiqsireba iyo saWiro. mixeil Sar-

vaSiZe v. bebuTovisadmi werilSi werda: ,,movida ra omer faSa soxums...

winadamidva _ ukeTu ara var winaaRmdegi maTis mpyrobelobisa, maS

112

SeuerTde mas Cemis da mTielis laSqriTa da igi momitans firmans, da-

mtkicebulsa soiuzni derJavebisagan, mas Sina: romel raodens adgileb-

sac omer-faSa daipyrobs Cemis TanaSewyobiTa vidre saqarTvelomde iqmne-

bis Cems gamgeblobaSi. me gardawyvetilad gamoucxade, romel aReba sa-

Wurvelisa pirispir im mxedrobisa, romlisagan me siyrmidanve aRzrdil

da dacul var, ar ZalmiZs‘‘ [106, 239].

Cven vxedavT, rom gadamwyvet momentSi, rodesac omer-faSam sulTnisa

da mokavSireebis saxeliT misca garantiebi afxazeTis mTavars ara marto

mTavrad datovebis, aramed danarCen saqarTveloSi dasapyrobi teritorie-

bis gadacemac SesTavaza osmalebTan SeerTebis sanacvlod, afxazeTis

mTavarma amaze diplomatiuri, magram mtkice uari ganacxada. O

omer-faSam TanamSromlobisaken mouwoda afxaz feodalebsac, maT

Soris, ruseTis armiis polkovniks, dimitri hasan-beis Ze SarvaSiZes.

omer-faSa mas werda. rom osmalTa mxareze gadasvlis SemTxvevaSi Seu-

narCundeboda igive Cini, rac rusul armiaSi sakuTari unariTa da mama-

cobiT moipova, magram dimitri SarvaSiZem osmalTa sardals aseTi amayi

pasuxi SeuTvala: ,,me vacnobiereb afxazis movaleobebsa da Tqveni Semo-

Wris miznebsac. am sakiTxSi Cvens Soris araferi SeiZleba iyos saerTo.

CemTvis ar aris gadamdebi sxvisi cudi magaliTi... yovelTvis da yvelgan,

gaqceva da sakuTari droSebisagan Tavis arideba samarcxvino saqcielia‘‘

[46, 386-387]. mixeil SarvaSiZe, Cans, okupantebis moTxovniT cdilobda di-

mitri SarvaSiZis dayoliebas osmalebTan TanamSromlobaze. mTavarma

icoda, rom dimitri am nabijs araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar gadadgamda,

magram misi mcdeloba dimitris gadmosabireblad jerovnad iqneboda

Sefasebuli osmalTa mxridan [106. 191].

Ooqtombris dasawyisSi soxumSi omer faSasTan muhamed emini Cavida.

mTavarsardalma sulTnis saxeliT is abaZexebisa da maTi mezobeli tome-

bis winamZRolad daniSna da faSas epoletebi gadasca. aseTive epoletebi

da saCuqrebi gaugzavna sefer-beis anapaSi. omer-faSam kargad icoda, rom

CerqezTa daxmarebis gareSe gauWirdeboda, amitom muhamed emins ganucxa-

da, rom sulTnisadmi erTgulebis niSnad, is valdebuli iyo piroba Sees-

rulebina_mTielTa laSqari Seekriba da mas SeerTeboda [145, 327-328]. emin-

ma mTielebs mouwoda SavizRvispireTze gadamwyveti Setevisaken da abaZa-

113

xebs meomrebis gamoyvana mosTxova, magram Cerqezebi mis mowodebas ar

ahyvnen [151, 177]. muhamed emini faSas Sepirda, rom 20 aTasian laSqars ga-

moiyvanda, magram misi imedebi ar gamarTlda. muhamed emini mimarTavda re-

presiebs, uxvad arigebda dapirebebsac, magram mTielebs Soreul laSqro-

baSi wasvla ar surdaT. mTielebs Tavi osmaleTis sulTnis qveSevrdomad

ar miaCndaT. Sedegi ver gamoiRo omer faSas werilmac abaZexebis mamasa-

xlisebisadmi. masTan mxolod Temirgoeli Tavadi korbek boloTuyo ga-

mocxadda mcire raodenobis uzdenebiT [145, 328].

dasavleT kavkasiis mTielebis garda, osmaleTisa da misi mokavSire-

ebis gegmebSi didi roli eniWeboda Crdilo-aRmosavleT kavkasiis, CeCneT-

daRestnis miuridul moZraobas, magram arc Samilma isurva mokavSireebis

daxmareba. sulTanma Samils muSiris (marSalis) wodebac ki uboZa, magram

mTielTa beladze raime STabeWdileba arc am umaRles samxedro wodebas

mouxdenia. imami ar endoboda sulTnis dapirebebs [151, 178].

omer faSa xvdeboda saqarTveloSi osmaleTis armiis gamoyenebis mi-

zanSeuwonlobas.Aaq osmalebis yofnam mosaxleobas Zveli mtroba gaaxse-

na da SeiaraRebuli winaaRmdegobis gasawevad ganawyo. Oomer faSas ufro

gamarTlebulad miaCnda misi korpusis rusebis winaaRmdeg gamoyeneba yu-

banSi, sadac Cerqezebis mxardaWeriTac isargeblebdnen, xolo saqarTve-

loSi inglis-safrangeTis jarebs meti warmateba eqnebodaT, magram os-

malTa sardals ukve aRar SeeZlo movlenaTa da sakuTari armiis Semo-

trialeba. oqtombris dasawyisSi dasrulda omer faSas korpusis soxumSi

Tavmoyris procesi. imavdroulad, yarsis garnizonis mdgomareoba kriti-

kuli gaxda. cixeSi SimSiloba daiwyo, ramac garnizonis brZolisunaria-

noba dasca. yarsis damcvelTa erTaderTi imedi omer faSa iyo [105, 177].

oqtombris meore naxevarSi omer-faSas korpusi soxumidan samegre-

losken daiZra. gza osmalTaTvis metad rTuli aRmoCnda. i. bagration-mu-

xranelma xergilebi moawyobina, soflebi gaamagrebina, Sekrebili iyo ad-

gilobrivi miliciac, magram omer faSam yvela winaaRmdegoba gadalaxa

da mTavar Zalebs _ 30 aTasamde mebrZoli da 37 qvemexi, 20 oqtombrisaT-

vis md. enguris marjvena napirze mouyara Tavi. osmalTa Warbi Zalebis

winaaRmdeg engurze 5 aTasi jariskaci da saxalxo laSqris razmelebi

idgnen. 25 oqtombers, Zlieri saartilerio momzadebis Semdeg, omer faSa

114

md. enguris gadalaxvas Seecada. gvalviani Semodgoma idga da enguri sak-

maod dapataravebuli iyo. amitom masze foniT gadasvla SeiZleboda. os-

malebma ramdenime mimarTulebiT miitanes ieriSi. brZola mTeli dRis

ganmavlobaSi gagrZelda. rusTa da qarTvelTa laSqari TavdadebiT ibr-

Zoda, magram mtris Warb ZalebTan verafers gaxda da RamiT organizebu-

lad ukan daixia. ramdenime dRis Semdeg i. bagration-muxranelma mou-

lodnelad samegrelo datova, imereTSi gadavida da jari md. cxe-

niswylis marcxena napirze ganalaga [46, 293, 296; 164, 535]. engurTan brZo-

laSi, ruseTis armiis SemadgenlobaSi afxazTagan Tavi gamoiCines me-

TerTmete batalionis meTaurma, polkovnikma solomon zvanbam, romelic

gmirulad daeca brZolis velze, cxenosani razmis ufrosma, polkovnikma

dimitri SarvaSiZem, saartilerio batareis meTaurma samson SarvaSiZem da

mravalma sxvam [133, 81].

26 oqtombers osmalebma ubrZolvelad daikaves samegrelos samTav-

ros centri zugdidi da male mTel samegrelos moedvnen, magram maTi Se-

mdgomi winsvla Seferxda. mtris mier dakavebul teritoriaze mZlavri

partizanuli moZraoba gaCaRda. osmalebma samurzayano safaSod gadaaqci-

es da faSad ruseTis samsaxuris yofili general-maiori, afxazeTis mTa-

varTan daaxloebuli kac marRania daniSnes. mas didi gavlena hqonda

afxazebSi, webeldasa da dasavleT kavkasiis mTielebSi. kac marRaniam sa-

murzayanoelebs gamoucxada, rom amieridan osmaleTis qveSevrdomebad

iTvlebodnen, valdebuli iyvnen sursaT-sanovage moetanaT osmalTa banak-

Si [4, 33]. afxazeTSi okupantebma tyvis syidva gaaCaRes. 26 oqtombers so-

xumis reidze dadga inglisuri gemi ,,kenguru‘‘, romlis ekipaJi tyvis

syidvas eweoda [127, 18].

inglisuri gazeTi ,,taimsi‘‘ werda: ,,aqauri afxazebis siZulvili

Turqebisadmi araviTar eWvs ar iwvevs... isini aramarto ar gvexmarebian,

aramed daangries ramdenime xidi, romlebsac SeeZlo Cveni moqmedeba gaea-

dvilebina. am xalxSi ar malaven TanagrZnobas da erTgulebas rusebi-

sadmi‘‘ [133, 81]. miuxedavad imisa, rom afxaz feodalTa nawili osmalebis

mxareze gadavida, mosaxleobis didi nawili antiosmalur ganwyobas inar-

Cunebda da maT winaaRmdeg saomar operaciebSi monawileobda. amitomac

iyo, rom osmalebma mniSvnelovani raodenobiT afxazuri saxalxo la-

115

Sqris Sekreba ver moaxerxes. gazeT “taimsi”-s 1855w. 25 seqtembers gamo-

qveynebul werilSi aRniSnulia: ,,afxazebis siZulvili Turqebisadmi

eWvgareSea... isini (afxazebi -z.w.) ara mxolod ar gvexmarebian Cven, aramed

is xidebic gaanadgures, romelTa meSveobiT gviadvildeboda

gadaadgileba da sadac xeli miuwvdebaT, gzebsac afuWeben‘‘ [121, 82].

miuxedavad imisa, rom omer faSas axal-axali Zalebi emateboda, win-

svla SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda. daiwyo Semodgomis kokispiruli wvimebi, ra-

mac gzebi gauvali gaxada. osmalTa korpusi sakvebisa da naklebobas

ganicdida. adgilobrivi mosaxleobis winaaRmdegoba osmalTa mimarT sul

ufro izrdeboda. aseT viTarebaSi omer faSas laSqrobis gagrZeleba Se-

uZlebeli xdeboda [126, 120]. miuxedavad omer faSas mcdelobisa, daecva

wesrigi da disciplina jarSi, osmalo jariskacebi ar eridebodnen

mSvidobiani soflelebis darbevasa da Zarcva-glejas, riTac mosaxle-

obis ukmayofileba kidev ufro izrdeboda [105, 150]. omer-faSas jars ukan

mohyvebodnen afxazebi da sxva mTielebi, romlebic arbevdnen mo-

saxleobas, qalebi da ymawvilebi tyved mihyavdaT. omer-faSas brZanebiT,

visac Zarcva-rbevaze waaswrebdnen, iqve asamarTlebdnen da xvretdnen, an

tomaraSi agdebdnen da wyalSi axrCobdnen, magram mTavarsardals ar

SeeZlo yvelafrisaTvis piradad Tvali miedevnebina. osmalebma Seipyres

ali-bei SarvaSiZis Svilebi gidi da maJara, romelTa dedam omer faSas

sTxova Sewyaleba. mTavarsardali pativiscemiT moepyra SarvaSiZis me-

uRles da Svilebi uvnebeli Caabara [4, 33-34].

mosaxleoba saxl-kars Tavs anebebda da tyeebsa da mTebSi ixiznebo-

da. Sedegi ar mohyolia omer faSas politikur manevrebsac, romelic sa-

megrelos mosaxleobisa da samTavro saxlis keTilganwyobis mopovebisa-

ken iyo mimarTuli. jer mTavarsardalma, xolo Semdeg masTan mivline-

bulma inglis-safrangeTis warmomadgenlebma, werilebiT mimarTes same-

grelos dedofals. isini ekaterine dadians arwmunebdnen, rom osmaleTis

armiis mizani iyo rusebis winaaRmdeg brZola, ruseTis agresiis aRkveTa

kavkasiaSi da samegrelos damoukideblobis aRdgena, rom ,,samegrelo da

misi mezobeli qveynebi damoukidebeli iyvnen ruseTisagan da sxva nebismi-

eri saxelmwifoebisagan‘‘. isini dedofals zugdidSi dabrunebisa da Za-

lauflebis xelSi aRebisaken mouwodebdnen, magram ekaterine dadiani ar

116

endo maT dapirebebs da osmalebis winaaRmdeg samegreloSi gaCaRebul

partizanul brZolas TviTon Caudga saTaveSi [4, 43-46].

afxazeTis mTavarma mixeil SarvaSiZem, osmalTa sardlis omer

faSas afxazeTidan gasvlis Semdeg, kavkasiis korpusis sardlobas mniS-

vnelovani cnobebi miawoda osmalTa jarebis raodenobisa da ganlagebis

Sesaxeb afxazeTsa da samegreloSi. igi werda: ,,soxumis mcvelni _ eqvsi

baTalion, oCamCires oTxi baTalion da rva zarbazani, gudavis xevis pir-

zed _ erTi baTalion da ori zarbazani, zugdids _ xuTi baTalioni

qveiT da samasi cxenosani da yulevs maTi glavni Stabi gadmoiyvanes so-

xumidan da TviT omer-faSa mand aris garnizonianaT _vgoneb rva baTa-

lionis meti ar iyos. maTi moqmedeba CvenTvis faruli aris‘‘ [106, 232].

1855w. 15 noembers yarsis garnizonma kapitulacia gamoacxada. omer

faSas laSqroba, romelic yarsis gasanTavisufleblad iyo mimarTuli,

unayofo aRmoCnda. ruseTis jaris nawilebma da qarTvelebis saxalxo

laSqarma gaaqtiures moqmedeba osmalTa korpusis winaaRmdeg. yovelive

aman omer-faSa aiZula Savi zRvis sanapirosken daexia [66, 418-421]. omer-

faSas laSqrobis mizani miuRweveli darCa, magram mokavSireTa sard-

lobam mdgomareobis gamosworeba ganizraxa. osmalTa mTavarsardalma

brZaneba miiRo 1856 wlis zamTari samegreloSi gaetarebina, da gaza-

fxulze saqarTvelos teritoriis siRrmeSi laSqroba daewyo im mizniT,

rom kavkasiis administraciuli centri - Tbilisi daekavebina. TbilisSive

daelodeboda omer faSa Samilis razmebTan SeerTebas, romlebic daRest-

nidan kaxeTSi unda SemoWriliyvnen [151, 173].

saomari moqmedebebis samma welma mowinaaRmdegeTa Zalebi gamofita.

omis gagrZelebas gansakuTrebiT safrangeTi ewinaaRmdegeboda, radgan

mTavari mizani_ruseTis dasusteba Savi zRvis auzSi, ukve miRweuli iyo,

da inglisis interesebisaTvis kavkasiaSi omis gagrZeleba safrangeTs ar

surda. amasTan, safrangeTisa da inglisis sazogadoeba antisaomarma ga-

nwyobam moicva. britaneTis parlamentma kritikis qarcecxlSi gaatara

mTavroba, romelsac did msxverplSi da warumatebel saomari moqme-

debebSi dasdo brali. amitom safrangeTis iniciativas, daewyoT sa-

mSvidobo molaparakeba ruseTTan, britaneTis kabinetisagan didi winaaR-

mdegoba ar Sexvedria [149, 81].

117

1856w. TebervalSi, omer faSas armiis gadarCenili nawilebis evakua-

cia ganxorcielda redut kaledan baTumisa da trapizonis mimarTulebiT

[66, 421].

1856w. Teberval-martSi, parizSi, yirimis omis Sedegebze evropuli

konferencia gaimarTa. inglisi cdilobda ruseTis mimarT Tavisi gegmis

realizebas_kavkasiis mowyvetas ruseTisagan da mis ukugdebas yuba-

ni_Tergis xazze. aRsaniSnavia, rom es inglisis kavkasiuri politikis

tradiciebis gagrZelebas warmoadgenda, romelic ar cnobda 1828w. adria-

nopolis zavis Sedegebs. inglisis politika kavkasiasTan mimarTebaSi

tradiciulad eyrdnoboda im garemoebas, rom iTvaliswinebda Cerqezebis

mier adrianopolis zavis arcnobas da rusebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi in-

glisis daxmarebis Ziebas, magram safrangeTs ar surda ruseTis Semdgomi

dasusteba da inglisis gaZliereba, amitom gulgrili ver iqneboda in-

glisis agresiuli zraxvebis mimarT yirimSi, kavkasiasa da Savi zRvis

auzSi. am garemoebam gamoiwvia inglis-safrangeTis antirusuli kavSiris

daSla da safrangeTis ruseTTan daaxloeba, Sesabamisad, inglisis gegme-

bis ganuxorcielebloba [147, 669]. safrangeTis warmomadgenelma, sagareo

saqmeTa ministrma grafma a. valevskim, romelic parizis kongresze Ta-

vmjdomareobda, wamoayena winadadeba specialurad ganexilaT ,,Savi zRvis

aRmosavleTiT mdebare teritoriebis mdgomareoba‘‘, romelSic igulisxme-

boda saqarTvelo da, saerTod, amierkavkasia, magram evropaSi ZalTa axa-

li gadajgufebis gamo, am sakiTxs gverdi dumiliT auares [151, 185-186].

1856w. 30 marts xeli moewera parizis traqtats, romlis mixedviT,

ruseTma SeinarCuna Tavisi kavkasiuri samflobeloebi omamdel sa-

zRvrebSi, xolo dapyrobili yarsisa da baiazeTis safaSoebi TurqeTs

daubruna. Savi zRva neitralur zonad gamocxadda, ruseTs da osmaleTs

aekrZala Sav zRvaze samxedro flotis yola da Savi zRvis

navsadgurebis gamagreba [130, 83-84]. parizis kongresis damTavrebis Semdeg

omer-faSam samegrelos datovebis brZaneba miiRo. osmalebma gaagrZeles

gasvla redut kaledan [151, 185].

samegreloSi gaSlilma patriotulma moZraobam didi wvlili

Seitana osmalTa armiis damarcxebaSi. aRsaniSnavia ekaterine WavWavaZis

piradi mamacoba da magaliTi, rasac samegrelos dedofali aZlevda sa-

118

mSoblos TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZol mis qveSevrdomebs. osmaleTis ar-

miis ukanasknelma nawilebma afxazeTi datoves 1856w. gazafxulze [88, 308].

afxazeT-samegreloSi omer faSas samxedro eqspediciis sruli fias-

ko ramodenime mizezma ganapiroba. mokavSireTa sardlobam daayovna dasa-

vleT saqarTveloSi osmaluri armiis SeWris gegmaze Tanxmobis micema,

ris gamoc omer faSam mxolod noembris dasawyisSi SeZlo afxazeTidan

samegreloSi gadasvla, sadac misi armia mkacr klimatur pirobebSi aR-

moCnda, dakarga mobiluroba da ver SeZlo raime saxis daxmareba aRmoeCi-

na yarsisaTvis. osmalTa armias rogorc afxazeTSi, aseve samegreloSi

adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mxridan raime saxis mniSvnelovani mxardaWera

ar miuRia, metic, samegrelos mosaxleoba mters iaraRiT xelSi dauxvda.

omer faSam ver SeZlo Cerqezebisa da afxazebis masiuri ajanyebis orga-

nizeba. osmalTa am warumateblobaSi Tavisi wvlili Seitana afxazeTis

mTavarma mixeil SarvaSiZem. miuxedavad amisa, kavkasiis rusulma adminis-

traciam gadawyvita gamoekvlia, Caidina Tu ara afxazeTis mTavarma Rala-

ti ruseTis saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg. 1855w. zafxulSi, am sakiTxis Ses-

wavla daevala kavkasiis mefisnacvlis kancelariis TanamSromels dimit-

ri yifians, romelic keTilsindisierebiTa da obieqturobiT iyo cnobi-

li. seqtemberSi dimitri yifiani Tbilisidan dasavleT saqarTveloSi Ca-

vida da SarvaSiZis saqmis Seswavlas Seudga. 1855w. oqtomberSi, d. yi-

fianma dasavleT saqarTveloSi Catarebuli kvleva_Ziebis vrceli anga-

riSi warudgina xelisuflebas, sadac uaryo mixeil SarvaSiZisadmi

wayenebuli braldeba Ralatis Sesaxeb da daadastura, rom mTavari moqme-

debda, rogorc Seefereboda imperatoris erTgul qveSevrdoms [23, 61].

n. muraviovi mixeil SarvaSiZes kvlav RalatSi debda brals, amitom

miiCnevda rom yifianis mokvleva ufro mimarTuli iyo SarvaSiZis gamar-

Tlebisaken vidre atarebda Ralatis obieqturi gamoZiebis niSnebs [106,

230]. n. muraviovma v. bebuTovs SesTavaza am sakiTxis Taobaze Tavisi azri

warmoedgina. v. bebuTovi gaemgzavra dasavleT saqarTveloSi da dauka-

vSirda mixeil SarvaSiZes, romelic maSin oCamCireSi imyofeboda. 1856w. 22

ianvars, mixeil SarvaSiZem vrceli werili gaugzavna v. bebuTovs, romel-

Sic Seecada aexsna da gaemarTlebina Tavisi moqmedeba [106, 238-242, 37, 52].

v. bebuTovma mis mier Segrovili masala, maT Soris, mixeil SarvaSiZis

119

werilic, n. muraviovs warudgina da Tavisi azric daurTo. igi Tvlida,

rom arsebuli cnobebiT Zneli iyo mixeil SarvaSiZis RalatSi gadaWriT

dadanaSauleba, amitom mizanSewonilad miaCnda saboloo ganaCenis gamo-

tana momavlisaTvis gadadebuliyo, rodesac saamisod xelsayreli viTare-

ba Seiqmneboda [37,46-49].

amis Semdeg, n. muraviovi SarvaSiZes mxolod orpirobaSi adanaSau-

lebda. samxedro ministr v. dolgorukovisadmi 1856w. 27 Tebervlis we-

rilSi n. muraviovi aRniSnavda, rom mixeil SarvaSiZe rogorc ruseTis,

ise osmaleTis mimarT orpirobas iCenda, rac gamomdinareobda misi

eWvidan, meomari mxareebidan vis darCeboda afxazeTi. n. muraviovi askvni-

da, rom mTavari gulwrfeli ar iyo arc ruseTTan da arc osmaleTTan,

mas mxolod sakuTari samTavros SenarCuneba surda da amitomac neitra-

litetis dacvas cdilobda, magram amave dros aviwydeboda, rom ruseTis

general-adiutantis maRal wodebas atarebda. es garemoeba n. muraviovis

azriT, naTels xdida, rom SarvaSiZem uRalata fics, ris gamoc igi unda

dasjiliyo [106, 244-247].

n. muraviovs cnoba SarvaSiZis mier ,,neitralitetis‘‘ mcdelobis Se-

saxeb miawoda grigol SarvaSiZem. misi cnobis mixedviT, oCamCireSi Sedga

Sexvedra anatoliis jarebis mTavarsardal muSir mustafa faSasa da mi-

xeils Soris. am Sexvedraze mTavarma ganacxada, rom surda darCeniliyo

neitralur poziciaze [37, 45]. igive Sinaarsis Setyobineba iqna miRebuli

ruseTis diplomatiuri arxebidan, romelic osmaleTis imperiis deda-

qalaq stambolSi rusul wyaroebs eyrdnoboda [45, 89].

n. muraviovi, 1856w. 8 maiss, samxedro ministrisadmi gagzavnil weril-

Si iTxovda nebarTvas, mixeil SarvaSiZe, romelic peterburgSi apirebda

gamgzavrebas, TbilisSi CamosvlisTanave daepatimrebina, magram peter-

burgSi mefisnacvlis daJinebul Txovnas mTavris dapatimrebis Sesaxeb ar

daeTanxmnen, Tumca saWirod CaTvales mixeil SarvaSiZisaTvis saidumlo

meTvalyureobis daweseba. aq Tavisi roli Seasrula parizis sazavo xel-

Sekrulebis mexuTe muxlmac, romlis ZaliT omSi mowinaaRmdegesTan Ta-

namSromlobaSi SemCneul pirebs epatiaT danaSauli [106, 248].

imperiis xelisuflebam mizanSewonilad CaTvala afxazeTis mTavris-

Tvis danaSauli epatiebina. Tanac ruseTis xelisufleba iTvaliswinebda

120

SarvaSiZis did avtoritets mTielebSi da kavkasiis sabolood damorCi-

lebamde ar Cqarobda afxazeTis samTavros gauqmebasa da mTavris dasjas.

1856w. 22 maiss, samxedro ministrma n. suxozanetma n. muraviovs acnoba,

rom imperatoris brZanebiT, mixeil SarvaSiZe yovelgvari meTvalyureobi-

sagan unda gaeTavisuflebinaT da neba miecaT peterburgSi daubrkoleb-

lad gamgzavrebuliyo [106, 249]. 12 ivniss n. suxozanetisadmi gagzavnil

werilSi n. muraviovma isev moiTxova, yirimis omSi mixeil SarvaSiZis Ra-

latis gamo, xelisuflebas ganexila afxazeTis samTavros gauqmebisa da

mTavris ruseTis romelime Soreul guberniaSi gadasaxlebis sakiTxi

imperatori aleqsandre II mixeil SarvaSiZes afxazeTsa da dasavleT

kavkasiaSi ruseTis Semdgomi winsvlisa da damkvidrebisaTvis saWirod

miiCnevda. saomari moqmedebebi kvlav grZeldeboda CeCneT-daRestanSi, da-

savleT kavkasia dasapyrobi iyo, arc afxazeTSi iyo simSvide, amitom

carizms mixeil SarvaSiZe jer kidev sWirdeboda. imperatorma afxazeTis

mTavris Ralati dadasturebulad ar cno [37, 54]. imperatorma n. suxo-

zanets daavala mixeil SarvaSiZisaTvis Seqebis werili mieweraT. impe-

ratori brZanebda, rom SarvaSiZe SeeqoT da imperiis momavali samsaxuri-

saTvis waeqezebinaT. es ,,keTilganwyoba‘‘ SarvaSiZisadmi advilad aixsneba

samxedro ministr n. suxozanetis SeniSvniT, rom mixeil SarvaSiZis pira-

di Zalisxmeva ruseTs gamoadgeboda ,,afxazeTsa da webeldaSi xelaxali

damkvidrebisaTvis‘‘ [106, 251]. afxazeTis mTavari jer kidev saWiro iyo

imperiisaTvis im gadamwyveti Setevis win, rasac rusuli samxedro manqana

CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTielebis winaaRmdeg amzadebda yirimis omis da-

mTavrebis Semdeg. samxedro ministris mxridan webeldis xseneba miuTi-

Tebs mTavris zegavlenas afxazeTis mTianeTSi, webeldasa da soxumis sa-

mxedro gzis gaswvriv mcxovreb afxazebze, romelTac Cerqezebis wi-

naaRmdeg mebrZoli rusuli armiisaTvis problemebis Seqmna SeeZloT.

16 ivniss n. suxozanetma n. muraviovs acnoba, rom sasurveli iyo Savi

zRvis sanapiro punqtebi, romlebic jer kidev mtris jarebis mier iyo

dakavebuli, ruseTis mxares gadascemoda ara osmaleTis mxaris ganzra-

xviTa da gaangariSebiT, aramed traqtatis zusti dacviT, dadgenil va-

debSi, osmalTa jarebis mTavarsardlisa da kavkasiis korpusis mTavar-

sardlis ormxrivi SeTanxmebiT da rom afxazeTis simagreebi piradad

121

SarvaSiZes Caebarebina. n. muraviovma 10 ivliss suxozanets acnoba, rom

baTumis korpusis, guriis, samegrelos sanapiro punqtebSi da imereTSi

ganlagebuli osmaleTis jarebis mTavarsardali jer kidev zavis dade-

bamde wavida osmaleTSi, xolo osmalTa nawilebma parizis traqtatis

dadebamde nebayoflobiT datoves redut-yale da SekveTili. rac Seexeba

mixeil SarvaSiZisaTvis afxazeTis simagreebis Cabarebas, korpusis mTa-

varsardali ministrs auwyebda, rom osmalebma soxumi, zamTarSi, ukanda-

xevisas, sanaxevrod dacales, xolo 27 maiss sabolood datoves. [37, 55].

1856w. 10 ivliss soxumSi rusuli jari Sevida [159, 196]. ruseTma po-

litikuri gadawyvetileba miiRo da soxumSi Semsvlel samxedroebs saTa-

veSi afxazeTis mTavari Cauyena. amiT ruseTi kvlav cnobda samTavros av-

tonomiurobas da mixeil SarvaSiZes afxazeTis xelisuflad aRiarebda.

122

T a v i III. ruseT-osmaleTis brZola afxazeTisaTvis

XIXs. II naxevarsa da XXs. I meoTxedSi

§1. afxazeTis samTavros gauqmeba da afxazTa

1867 wlis muhajiroba

1856w. ivnisSi mefisnacvlad da kavkasiis korpusis mTavarsardlad

generali a. bariatinski (1856-1862ww.) dainiSna. man kavkasiis korpusis mar-

Tvis reorganizacia ganaxorciela, agreTve Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sana-

piros politikur-administraciuli mowyobis sakiTxi axleburad gaiazra.

yirimis omis dros saomarma moqmedebebma quTaisis guberniis samoqalaqo

da samxedro xelisuflebis gaerTianeba gamoiwvia. marTvis centraliza-

ciis mizniT, 1856w. agvistoSi, quTaisis guberniisa da Savi zRvis sana-

piro xazis mesame ganyofilebis gaerTianebiT Seiqmna quTaisis sagene-

ral-gubernatoro; SemoRebul iqna afxazeTis jarebis ufrosis Tana-

mdeboba. afxazeTis samTavro nominalurad quTaisis general-guberna-

tors, xolo realurad ki mefisnacvals daeqvemdebara [170, 97-99]. imav-

droulad carizmi Tavisi poziciebis ganmtkicebas saqarTveloSi 1857w.

samegrelos, xolo 1858w. svaneTis samTavroebis gauqmebiTa da iq rusuli

mmarTvelobis SemoRebiT Seecada.

yirimis omis damTavrebis Semdeg xelisuflebam gansakuTrebuli yu-

radReba miaqcia ruseTis oms kavkasiis mTielebTan. carizms saSualeba

mieca, kavkasiaSi Tavi moeyara mniSvnelovani ZalebisaTvis. kavkasiis kor-

pusi armiad gardaiqmna. a. bariatinskis miaCnda, rom afxazeTSi ganmtkice-

bis gareSe, dasavleT kavkasiis dapyroba SeuZlebeli iqneboda [143, 33-35].

yirimis omis Semdegac ruseTi srulad ver akontrolebda afxazeTs da

misi samxedro nawilebi mudmivi Tavdasxmebis saSiSroebis qveS iyvnen.

kavkasiis armiis marjvena frTis sardali, generali gr. filipsoni

kavkasiis armiis mTavari Stabis ufross, general d. miliutins 1858w. 13

maiss swerda: ,,viTareba afxazeTSi ukeTesobisken ar Secvlila. Cvens

jariskacebs ise ar SeuZliaT moSordnen TavianT simagreebs erT versze,

rom tyved Cavardnis an sikvdilis safrTxis qveS ar iyvnen. erTi sityviT,

Cven gvikavia afxazeTi, magram ver vflobT mas‘‘ [38, 776]. ruseTis jarebis

123

sardali afxazeTSi, generali m. loris-meliqovi, 1858w. 12 agvistos mo-

xsenebiTi baraTiT, quTaisis general-gubernators, general-leitenant g.

erisTavs auwyebda: ,,Cven davikaveT soxumi 1810 wels. ukve naxevari saukune

gavida amis Semdeg da unda vaRiaroT, rom Cveni gavlena afxazeTSi mci-

rediTac ar gazrdila. rogorc generalma filipsonma aRniSna, Cven ki ar

vflobT afxazeTs, aramed gvikavia igi da isic gacilebiT sustad, vidre

uwin‘‘ [38, 792].

1859w. 25 agvistos ruseTis sardlobas danebda Samili. ruseTma CeC-

neT-daRestani daipyro. mTielebi darwmundnen, rom ruseTTan brZolis ga-

naxleba uazroba iyo da gadawyvites gaclodnen koloniur reJims. ruse-

Tis xelisuflebis zewoliT, socialuri zedafenisa da sasuliero wre-

ebis zegavleniT, osmaleTSi gadasaxldnen CeCnebi, daRestnelebi da

muslimani osebis nawili [102, 139].

ruseTis mier CeCneT-daRestnis dapyrobis Semdeg carizmis winaaRm-

deg brZolas ganagrZobdnen dasavleT kavkasiis mTielebi. amitom ruseTis

sardlobam aqeTken gadmoisrola 200 aTasiani kavkasiis armiis ZiriTadi

nawilebi. imperatori aleqsandre II (1855-1881ww.) sardlobisagan moiTxov-

da, rom ruseT-kavkasiis omi, romelic naxevari saukunis manZilze gaWia-

nurda da uzarmazar saxsrebs nTqavda, male daemTavrebinaT. dasavleT

kavkasiis dapyrobisaTvis brZolaSi didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda afxa-

zeTs. naTeli iyo, rom sanam rusebs afxazeTSi mxolod sanapiro zoli

eWiraT, maTi gavlena am mxareSi mtkice ver iqneboda. 1860w. damdegs,

ruseTis sardlobam yuradReba gaamaxvila afxazeTis CrdiloeT kavkasi-

asTan damakavSirebeli gzebis gayvanaze, rasac samxedro da administ-

raciuli mniSvneloba hqonda.Ppirvel rigSi, gadawyda, afxazeTis sanapi-

rodan fsxumde sasapalne gzis gayvana. fsxuelebi kvlav esxmodnen Tavs

afxazeTis soflebs, rusul simagreebs, mihyavdaT tyveebi. amitom gzis

gayvana rom ar Seferxebuliyo da sabolood daemorCilebinaT es Temi,

gadawyda samxdro eqspediciis mowyoba. 1860w. agvistoSi ruseTis jaris

nawilebi fsxusken daiZrnen. eqspediciaSi sami aTasi afxazi milicielic

monawileobda. miuxedavad medgari winaaRmdegobisa, fsxuelebi dama-

rcxdnen da ruseTis sardlobas morCileba gamoucxades, Tumca eqspe-

diciis warmatebas mTis am TemSi ruseTis gavlenis gaZliereba ar mo-

124

hyolia. 1860w. seqtemberSi, kavkasiis armiis sardlobam omis swrafad

damTavrebis mizniT axali gegma SeimuSava, romelic iTvaliswinebda da-

savleT kavkasiis mTielebis ayras TavianTi sacxovrebeli adgilebidan

da iq rusebis Casaxlebas. rusul kolonizacias ara mxolod unda dae-

gvirgvinebina kavkasiis dapyroba, aramed TviTon unda yofiliyo saboloo

dapyrobis erT-erTi mTavari saSualeba [143, 371]. gadawyda, SeewyvitaT did

msxverplTan dakavSirebuli samxedro eqspediciebi da Sedgomodnen

CrdiloeT kavkasiis sistemur dasaxlebas kazakTa dasaxlebebiT (stanice-

biT), xolo kavkasieli mTielebi daesaxlebinaT dablobze, an saerTod,

moeSoraT imperiidan da gadaesaxlebinaT osmaleTSi. ruseTi am gziT

cdilobda moespo Crdilokavkasieli tomebisaTvis bunebrivi TavSesafari

da winaaRmdegobis baza mTebis saxiT da Tavisi administraciis kontro-

lisaTvis daeqvemdebarebina an osmaleTSi gadasaxlebiT gadaewyvita dau-

morCilebeli mTielebis problema. a. bariatinski aRniSnavda, rom mTiele-

bis gadasaxlebis mizani iyo am adgilebis kazakTa dasaxlebebisaTvis ga-

moTavisufleba [137, 198].

dasavleT kavkasiaSi saomari moqmedebebis msvlelobisas ruseTi did

mniSvnelobas aniWebda afxazeTis faqtors da mixeil SarvaSiZis rols.

1862w. aprilSi a. bariatinski samxedro ministrs d. miliutins swerda,

rom SarvaSiZis ,,gavlena afxazeTSi da mezobel tomebze, rogorc CemTvis

cnobilia, jer kidev mniSvnelovania... amitom am kacis keTilad ganwyoba

Cven mimarT Zalze saWirod mimaCnia‘‘ [143, 388].

1864w. TebervalSi rusebma daiwyes masiuri Seteva mTielebze. isini

utevdnen mTebsa da Savi zRvis sanapiro zolSic. mefisnacvali mixeil

romanovi (1862-1881ww.) aleqsandre II-s swerda: ,,vimoqmedoT windaxedulad,

magram gabedulad, raTa sabolood gavwmindoT Savi zRvis mTeli

sanapiro. safiqrebelia, rom mTielebis didi nawili arCevs TurqeTSi ga-

dasaxldes, vidre gadavides maTTvis gansazRvrul adgilebze yubanSi.

Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiros saboloo dapyroba yvelaze metad da-

mokidebulia adgilobriv mkvidrTa gasaxlebis siswrafeze‘‘ [137, 183].

1864w. maisSi, ruseTis jaris nawilebma kavkasiel mTielTa winaaRmde-

gobis ukanaskneli kera, jiqebis mTis Temi ahWifsi daikaves md. mZimTas

zemo welSi. 21 maiss, ahWifsis centrSi, sof. gubaadvSi, kavkasiis omi dam-

125

Tavrebulad gamocxadda. ivlisSi ruseTis jaris nawilebi fsxuSi Se-

iWrnen. fsxuelebi TavganwirviT ibrZodnen, magram damarcxdnen. 1864w. iv-

lisSi rusebma fsxu daikaves. Ffsxuelebma gadawves saxl-kari da 105

ojaxi (862 kaci) fsxus CrdiloeTiT, mdinare kumas xeobaSi gadasaxlda,

xolo sami aTas xuTasi kaci osmaleTSi wavida [137, 195].

Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiaSi mcxovrebi adiReelebisa da abazebis

mniSvnelovani nawili, ubixebi ki mTlianad, 1858-1864ww. iZulebiT osma-

leTSi gadasaxldnen. ruseTis sardlobis angariSis Tanaxmad, dasavleT

kavkasiidan osmaleTSi gadasaxlda 418 aTasi, xolo yubansa da labaze –

daaxloebiT 90 aTasi kaci. gadasaxleba 1865 welsac grZeldeboda. Savi

zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiroze TiTqmis ar darCnen adiReelebi da

abazebi, maTi mcire nawili Caasaxles yubanze. oficialuri monacemebiT,

dasavleT kavkasiidan osmaleTSi 470 aTasi adamiani gadasaxlda [170, 52].

ruseT-kavkasiis omis damTavrebis Semdeg carizmma vrceli terito-

ria miiRo sakolonizaciod. 1861-1864ww. dasavleT kavkasiaSi kazakTa 111

stanica (14239 ojaxi, 85 aTasi kaci) Caasaxles. imavdroulad, am mxareSi

asaxlebdnen ruseTis Sida guberniebidan gadmosaxlebul rusebs, ukrain-

elebs, osmaleTidan Camosul berZnebs da somxebs [137, 208]. dapyrobil

teritoriaze 1866w. administraciuli reforma gatarda. md. yubanidan kav-

kasionis qedamde yubanis olqi Seiqmna, Savi zRvis Crdilo_aRmosavleTi

sanapiro ki Savi zRvis okrugis SemadgenlobaSi Sevida, romelic yubanis

olqis ufross eqvemdebareboda.

dasavleT kavkasiis dapyrobisa da kavkasiis omis damTavrebis Semdeg,

rodesac kavkasiel mTielTa nawili brZolaSi gawyda, xolo nawili osma-

leTSi gadasaxlda, carizmma kavkasiaSi Tavi myarad igrZno. ruseTis impe-

ria dapyrobili mxaris samxedro-administraciuli mowyobisa da koloni-

zaciisaTvis zrunvas Seudga. jer kidev kavkasiis omis damTavrebamde, me-

fisnacvali mixeil romanovi afxazeTis samTavros gauqmebisTvis Tada-

rigs iWerda. kavkasiis rusulma administraciam afxazeTis mimarT specia-

luri gegma SeimuSava, romelic Savi zRvis afxazeTis sanapiroze kazake-

bis dasaxlebas iTvaliswinebda. Aam miznis miRwevisaTvis afxazeTis mTav-

ris xelisuflebisa da memamuluri miwismflobelobis arseboba did da-

brkolebas warmoadgenda.Mmxaris kolonizaciisaTvis Tavisufali miwebi

126

ar arsebobda, amitom jer saWiro iyo mkvidri mosaxleobisagan am miwa-

wylis ,,gawmenda~.

1863w. mTeli zafxuli mixeil SarvaSiZem piatigorskSi gaatara, mTav-

ris aryofnaSi afxazeTSi axali ZaliT ifeTqa Sinaurma SuRlma, gaxSir-

da kaciskvla, Zarcva da rbeva, ramac samTavroSi ukiduresad daZaba vi-

Tareba da mxare qaosis piramde miiyvana [18. 2, 20]. mTavari afxazeTSi

oqtombris SuaxanebSi dabrunda. mixeil SarvaSiZem, romelic xvdeboda

xelisuflebis ganzraxvas samTavros gauqmebis Sesaxeb, gadawyvita

samTavros marTva gadaeca ufrosi Svilis, giorgisTvis, romelic

mefisnacvalTan adiutantad msaxurobda. 1863w. 27 oqtombers mTavarma

werili gaugzavna kavkasiis armiis mTavari Stabis ufross general a.

karcovs. mixeil SarvaSiZe Tavisi avadmyofobis gamo, memekvidre

giorgisaTvis samTavro uflebebis gadacemis gadawyvetilebas acnobda

karcovs da giorgis afxazeTSi gamogzavnas Txovda. Mmefisnacvlis

davalebiT, a. karcovma mTavars upasuxa, rom giorgisTvis afxazeTis ma-

rTvis gadacemis sakiTxi imperatoris gadasawyveti iyo, radgan axal mTa-

vars is amtkicebda. amasTanave, a. karcovi aRniSnavda, rom giorgi

mravali dadebiTi Tvisebis miuxedavad, axalgazrdobisa da

gamoucdelobis gamo, imJamad mTavris movaleobis Sesrulebas albaT ver

SeZlebda [18. 3, 4]. a. karcovi aSkarad farisevlobda, roca giorgis asak-

ze amaxvilebda yuradRebas. igive ruseTis xelisuflebam, roca amis saWi-

roebas xedavda, 13 wlis mixeili aiyvana samTavro taxtze. misi Svili,

giorgi SarvaSiZe ki im droisaTvis 17 wlis Wabuki iyo.

samxedro ministris d. miliutinisadmi 1864w. 27 marts gagzavnil

werilSi kavkasiis mefisnacvalma m. romanovma afxazeTis samTavros ga-

uqmebis sakiTxi aRZra. misi azriT, es RonisZieba saWiro iyo imisaTvis,

rom Sesrulebuliyo umaRlesi mTavrobis mier mowonebuli proeqti Savi

zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze, md. yubanis SesarTavidan md. bzifamde ka-

zakTa stanicebis mowyobis Sesaxeb. mefisnacvalma aucileblad miiCnia,

rom mTavarsa da mis mekvidres nebayoflobiT eTqvaT uari samTavro uf-

lebebze, amisaTvis maT unda daniSnodaT fuladi anazRaureba, afxazeTis

samTavrosgan unda Semdgariyo samxedro okrugi quTaisis general-guber-

natorisadmi daqvemdebarebiT. Mmefisnacvali afxazeTSi demografiuli

127

viTarebis radikaluri cvlilebis ganxorcielebasac gegmavda: ,,Tu

Tavisufali miwebis raodenoba saSualebas mogvcems, Savi zRvis

sanapiroze, md. enguris SesarTavamde ganlagdes kazakTa stanicebi, rom-

lebic md. bzifze ganlagebul stanicebTan erTad Seqmnidnen afxazeTis

kazakTa jars afxazeTis samxedro okrugis ufrosis sardlobiT‘‘ [18.1, 41].

imperatorma aleqsandre II-m brZaneba gasca afxazeTSi dauyovnebliv

SemoeRoT uSualo rusuli mmarTveloba. mixeil SarvaSiZes Seuna-

rCundeboda general-adiutantis wodeba da neba eZleoda sacxovreblad

aerCia peterburgi an moskovi, mTavarsa da misi ojaxis wevrebs dae-

niSnebodaT pensia [18. 2, 24-24]. mixeil SarvaSiZem imperatoris brZanebis

upirobod Sesrulebaze uari ganacxada. mTavars Tavisi pirobebi hqonda.

man avadmyofobis momizezebiT samTavros datovebaze uari Tqva da sur-

vili gamoTqva afxazeTi emarTa sikvdilamde. Tu es SeuZlebeli gaxdebo-

da, is daemorCileboda imperatoris nebas, sazRaurad ki 1 milion maneTs

vercxliT da mis mflobelobaSi arsebuli mamulisa da qonebis SenarCu-

nebas iTxovda [18. 2, 39].

1864w. aprilSi aleqsandre II-m moiwona kavkasiis armiis mTavar-

sardlisa da kavkasiis mefisnacvlis mier warmodgenili winadadebebi.

maisSi m. romanovs gaegzavna Sesabamisi miTiTebebi, romelTa realizacia

man quTaisis general-gubernators d. sviatopolk-mirskis da afxazeTis

jarebis sardals, general p. Satilovs daavala.

mefisnacvali afxazeTSi mixeil SarvaSiZis datovebis kategoriulad

winaaRmdegi gamodioda. Mmefisnacvali Tvlida, rom Tu ver moxerxdeboda

afxazeTidan mixeil SarvaSiZis mSvidobianad gayvana, ar unda

gamoricxuliyo Zalis gamoyenebac.Kkavkasiis rusuli administracia

Cqarobda afxazeTSi rusuli mmarTvelobis SemoRebas. 1864w. 24 ivniss

mefisnacvalma general-leitenant d. sviatopolk-mirskis ubrZana afxaze-

Tis marTva uSualod Tavis xelSi aeRo. imave dRes mefisnacvalma mixeil

SarvaSiZes werili gaugzavna, romelSic gamoucxada imperatoris neba

mTavris movaleobisagan misi gaTavisuflebis Sesaxeb [18. 2, 48]. samTavros

gauqmeba afxazeTSi rusuli kolonizaciis dasawyiss moaswavebda. d.

sviatopolk-mirskis 1864w. 6 ivnisis werilSi generalKa. karcovisadmi

mocemulia afxazeTis rusuli kolonizaciis gegma: ,,Tu Cven daveuflebiT

128

carieli adgilebs bzifis orive napirze, maSin SevZlebT dasabami

davudoT rusul mosaxleobas afxazeTSi‘‘. d. sviatopolk-mirski general

a. karcovs 1864w. 27 ivniss werda: ,,Tu afxazebis nawili samTavros ga-

uqmebis Semdeg TurqeTSi gadasaxlebas moisurvebs, vfiqrob, amas xeli ar

unda SevuSaloT‘‘.[116, 7].

6 ivliss mixeil SarvaSiZem gankarguleba gasca abJuis, bzifisa da

afxazeTis olqebis mmarTvelebs imperatoris brZaneba TavianT olqebSi

gamoecxadebinaT; SeekribaT olqebis uxucesebi da maTTan erTad, 12

ivliss, soxumSi mxaris marTvis Sesaxeb quTaisis general-gubernatoris

Semdgomi gankargulebis misaRebad gamocxadebuliyvnen [18. 2, 65].

12 ivliss d. sviatopolk-mirskim afxazeTSi ruseTis jarebis sar-

dals, general-maior p. Satilovs ubrZana afxazeTis droebiT marTvas

dauyonebliv Sedgomoda. imave dRes, mixeil SarvaSiZis gankargulebis Se-

sabamisad, afxazeTis samTavros samive olqis sapatio pirebi da mama-

saxlisebi soxumSi Seikribnen. quTaisis general-gubernatorma afxazebs

gamoucxada imperatoris brZaneba qveyanaSi rusuli mmarTvelobis

SemoRebis Sesaxeb da mouwoda, amieridan mxolod imperatoris saxeliT

daniSnul moxeleebs damorCilebodnen [18. 2, 70-71].

amrigad, ruseTma 1864w. 12 ivliss afxazeTis samTavro gaauqma da mxa-

reSi pirdapiri mmarTveloba SemoiRo. Seiqmna soxumis samxedro ganyofi-

leba, romelic quTaisis general-gubernators daeqvemdebara. samTavro

taxtze mixeil SarvaSiZem nebayoflobiT Tqva uari. yofili mTavari mixe-

il SarvaSiZe mixeil romanovs kvlav afxazeTSi datovebas sTxovda. igi

xelisuflebas Seaxsenebda, rom ruseTisTvis 40 wlis ganmavlobaSi bevri

samsaxuri gauwevia da axla, moxuci da avadmyofi ar imsaxurebda samSo-

blodan gaZevebas. Tu mainc ar datovebdnen afxazeTSi, sazRvargareT api-

rebda wasvlas, rom ierusalimSi macxovris saflavTan Casuliyo da iq

dalodeboda aRsasruls [18. 5, 2-5]. mixeil romanovma d. sviatopolk-

mirskis acnoba, rom mixeil SarvaSiZis afxazeTSi yofnis ukanasknel va-

dad imperatoris brZanebiT 1 oqtomberi ganisazRvra. SarvaSiZe daniSnul

vadamde afxazeTidan unda gasuliyo [18. 4, 11-12].

imdenad usamarTlod epyroboda xelisufleba moxuc da avadmyof

SarvaSiZes, rom quTaisis general-gubernatori d. sviatopolk-mirskic ki

129

mefisnacvlisadmi gagzavnil werilSi, iTxovda mTavari momaval wlamde

daetovebinaT afxazeTSi, Semdeg ki misi survilisamebr imereTSi gadaesa-

xlebinaT da ara ruseTSi [18. 4, 7-8]. d. sviatopolk-mirski ar gamo-

ricxavda SarvaSiZis iZulebiT gasaxlebas afxazTa saprotesto gamos-

vlebic gamoewvia. aseT SemTxvevaSi is radikaluri zomebis miRebas geg-

mavda da afxazeTis muslimanuri mosaxleobis osmaleTSi gadasaxlebis

winadadebas ayenebda [18. 4, 17].

samTavros gauqmebasa da mTavris afxazeTidan gasaxlebasTan dakav-

Sirebuli movlenebisadmi osmaleTis damokidebulebis TvalsazrisiT sa-

interesoa stambolSi ruseTis elCis, general-adiutant n. ignatievis Se-

tyobineba kavkasiis mefisnacvlis kancelariisadmi, sadac aRniSnulia,

rom osmaleTma miiRo gadawyvetileba, afxazeTis mTavari mis mxlebleb-

Tan erTad wamoeyvana afxazeTidan da TavSesafari mieca. 29 oqtombers,

mefisnacvlis diplomatiurma kancelariam miiRo stambolSi ruseTis el-

Cis n. ignatievis uwyeba, rom osmaleTma daakmayofila ,,abazebis mTavris‘‘

hamid-beis Txovna, miecaT misTvis osmaleTSi Casvlis neba da am mizniT

soxumSi gemi gamoegzavnaT. osmaleTis sagareo saqmeTa ministrma n. igna-

tievs ganucxada, rom maT ganzraxuli hqondaT afxazTa gadmosayvanad so-

xumSi samxedro gemebi gaegzavnaT [18. 2, 104].

mixeil SarvaSiZisaTvis elCis mier stambolidan gamogzavnili es

uwyeba sabediswero aRmoCnda. n. ignatievma kavkasiis administraciisagan

Seityo, rom hamid-beis saxeliT osmaleTSi mixeil SarvaSiZes icnobdnen.

Sesabamisad, ruseTis elCma osmaleTis xelisuflebas mosTxova araviTa-

ri zomebi ar mieRoT SarvaSiZis Txovnis dasakmayofileblad. elCma gan-

marta, rom mixeil SarvaSiZe imperatoris general-adiutantis wodebas

atarebda da misi osmaleTSi gadasaxleba miuRebeli iyo. SarvaSiZe am

Txovnis gamo ruseTis kanonebiT daisjeboda [18. 2, 106-107]. mixeil Sarva-

SiZis osmaleTTan urTierTobis Sesaxeb cnobis miRebisTanave, 31 oqtom-

bers, d. sviatopolk-mirskim soxumSi podpolkovniki grafi p. quTaisovi

gaagzavna afxazeTis jarebis sardalTan, rom mas dauyovnebliv daepatim-

rebina mixeil SarvaSiZe da soxumSi Caeyvana. d. sviatopolk-mirskim 1 no-

embers werili gaugzavna meficnacvals, romelic yirimSi isvenebda da

afxazeTis yofili mTavris osmaleTTan urTierTobis Taobaze acnoba. am

130

cnobis miRebisTanave mixeil romanovi saswrafod Camovida TbilisSi. mi-

si azriT, mixeil SarvaSiZis araTu quTaisSi, aramed, saerTod, kavkasiaSi

datoveba ukve ar SeiZleboda [18. 2, 111-112]. 4 noembers, d. sviatopolk-

mirskim miiRo mefisnacvlis brZaneba yofili mTavris novorosiiskSi

gagzavnis Sesaxeb, iqidan stavropolSi unda gadaeyvanaT, sadac Semdgom

gankargulebas daelodeboda [18. 2, 82, 105].

mixeil SarvaSiZem osmaleTTan urTierTobis Sesaxeb ganacxada, rom

osmaleTisgan moiTxova mxolod gemi ierusalimSi wasasvlelad. SarvaSi-

Zis ganmartebiT mas ar egona, rom aseTi saxis daxmarebis moTxovna ruse-

Tis xelisuflebisaTvis miuRebeli iqneboda. mTavarma aRniSna, rom ieru-

salimSi gamgzavrebis nebarTva mefisnacvals adreve sTxova [18. 2, 86].

1864w. 7 noembers, mixeil SarvaSiZe oCamCiridan rusuli samxedro

gemiT novorosiiskisken waiyvanes. novorosiiskidan stavropolSi, Semdgom

ki sabolood voroneJSi gadaiyvanes, sadac afxazeTis ukanasknelma mTa-

varma upatiobaSi, avadmyofobasa da samSoblos monatrebaSi dalia suli.

mixeil SarvaSiZe 1866w. 16 aprils, voroneJSi gardaicvala. zafxulSi

misi neSti afxazeTSi Camoasvenes da anderZisamebr moqvis taZarSi,

meuRlis gverdiT dakrZales [198. 1]. saflavze gakeTebuli qarTuli asom-

Tavruli warwera gvauwyebs: ,,aqa ganisvenebs mTavari abxazeTisa mixail

giorgis Ze SarvaSiZe, micvalebuli 1866 welsa~.

afxazeTis mTavris winaaRmdegobebiT savse cxovreba da moRvaweoba

dakavSirebuli iyo ruseT-osmaleTis brZolasTan afxazeTSi gabatonebi-

saTvis. mixel SarvaSiZe, Tavisi mTavrobis ormoci wlis ganmavlobaSi,

cdilobda SeenarCunebina afxazeTis avtonomiuroba ruseTis imperiaSi.

ruseT-osmaleTis dapirispirebis kritikul momentebSi yirimis omis dros

SarvaSiZis qmedebebSi gamoCnda, rom misTvis mTavari iyo ara ruseTis

erTguleba, aramed sakuTari samSoblos _ afxazeTisa da Tavisi xeli-

suflebis interesebi. swored es ar apatia mas carizmma.

1866w. soxumis samxedro ganyofilebaSi saglexo reformis gatare-

bisaTvis mzadeba daiwyo, magram afxazeTis socialur-sazogadoebrivi

wyobis Taviseburebebis gauTvaliswineblobam, adgilobrivi mosaxleobi-

saTvis miuRebelma administraciulma reformam da Cinovnikuri aparatis

uxeSma Carevam afxazTa cxovrebis wesSi, afxazeTis mosaxleobis masobri-

131

vi ukmayofileba gamoiwvia, romelic saxalxo ajanyebaSi gadaizarda.

mRelvareba daiwyo 1866w. 26 ivliss sofel lixnSi mravalaTasiani Se-

krebiT. ajanyebulebma mTavris sasaxleSi Sexiznuli soxumis samxedro

ganyofilebis ufrosi, polkovniki koniari da rusi Cinovnikebi sico-

cxles gamoasalmes. ajanyebam TiTqmis mTeli afxazeTi moicva. carizmma

afxazeTSi saswrafod gadaisrola jaris nawilebi da agvistoSi ajanyeba

CaaxSes. misi xelmZRvanelebi da aqtiuri monawileebi sastikad dasajes.

ajanyebis CaxSobis Semdeg, carizmi afxazeTSi administraciuli refor-

mis momzadebas Seudga, romelic miznad isaxavda xelisuflebis mxridan

kontrolis gaZlierebas. 1866w. 11 agvistos debulebis Tanaxmad soxumis

samxedro ganyofileba (afxazeTi) biWvinTis, drandis, webeldis, oqumis

olqebad daiyo. calke administraciuli erTeulis saxiT Sevida masSi

qalaqi soxumi. soxumis samxedro ganyofilebis ufross samxedro guber-

natoris ufleba mieniWa, Tumca nominalurad is quTaisis general-guber-

nators eqvemdebareboda. imis gamo, rom carizms gadawyvetili hqonda md.

bzifidan md. enguramde Savi zRvis sanapiros kolonizacia kazak-rusebiT,

samurzayano (oqumis olqi) afxazeTs SeuerTes [160; 228-229]. 1866w.

ajanyebis Semdeg, afxazTa osmaleTSi gadasaxlebis gegmis ganxorcieleba

daiwyo. quTaisis general-gubernatoris d. sviatopolk-mirskis 1866w. 27

oqtombris mimarTvaSi kavkasiis mTielTa sammarTvelos ufrosis d. sta-

roselskisadmi naTqvamia: ,,arsebobs mxolod erTi radikaluri saSualeba

soxumis ganyofilebis mxridan yovelgvari saSiSroebis aRmosafxvrelad,

esaa afxazeTis mosaxleobis TurqeTSi gadasaxleba‘‘ [18. 6, 21; 137, 283]. d.

sviatopolk-mirskis azriT, am SemTxevaSi yvela sxva saSualeba zedmeti

iqneboda. es RonisZieba wmendis im sistemas daagvirgvinebda, rac miRebul

iqna dasavleT kavkasiis mTielTa mimarT [18. 6, 21]. kavkasiis administra-

ciis warmomadgenlebi, afxazTa osmaleTSi gadasaxlebas mniSvnelovan

RonisZiebad miiCnevdnen, maTi azriT, muslimanuri mosaxleobis Semcireba

xels Seuwyobda ruseTis xelisuflebis ganmtkicebas am mxareSi [137, 284].

mefisnacvali m. romanovi pirdapir aRniSnavda, rom afxazTa gadasa-

xlebis mTavar amocanad miaCnda ruseTis imperiis sazRvrebidan

mosaxleobis im nawilis moSoreba, romelic xelisuflebisadmi yvelaze

ufro mtrulad iyo ganwyobili [18. 6, 74; 137, 284]. xelisuflebis azriT,

132

gadasaxlebis procesi unda daeregulirebinaT. mizanSewonilad iqna

miCneuli, rom gadasaxlebulTaTvis ukan dabrunebis neba ar daerToT

[137, 285].

1866w. noemberSi, ruseTis imperatori aleqsandre II daTanxmda, pirve-

live SesaZleblobisTanave afxazeTisa da webeldis muslimani mosaxleo-

ba osmaleTSi gaesaxlebinaT. imperatorisagan Tanxmobis miRebis Semdeg,

mixeil romanovma kavkasiis jarebis Stabis ufross, general a. karcovs

ubrZana, dauyovnebliv Sedgomoda am gadawyvetilebis Sesrulebas [18. 6,

19; 137, 284]. ruseTis xelisuflebam winaswar gansazRvra gadasaxlebisa-

Tvis saWiro ricxvi. navaraudevi iyo afxazTa 4500 ojaxis gasaxleba. Ta-

vis mxriv, osmaleTi mzadyofnas gamoTqvamda, afxazeTidan 4000 ojaxi mi-

eRo [18. 6, 4-6]. rusebis mtkicebiT, muslimani afxazebi moiTxovdnen osma-

leTSi gadasaxlebas, amitom ruseTis xelisuflebam elCs osmaleTSi,

graf n. ignatievs daavala, amis Taobaze molaparakeba gaemarTa. male ru-

seTis elCi SeuTanxmda osmaleTis xelisuflebas afxazTa gadasaxlebis

Sesaxeb. SeTanxmeba moxda imazec, rom osmaleTis xelisuflebas muhaji-

rebi ruseTis sazRvrispira adgilebSi ar daesaxlebina [137, 284].

mefisnacvali m. romanovi 1867w. 13 Tebervals imperators swerda, rom

kavkasiis administraciam gadawyvita, ZaliT ar gandevnos afxazebi osma-

leTSi, magram yovelmxriv Seuwyos xeli maT gadasaxlebas. xelisufle-

bas surda pirvel rigSi gaesaxlebina webelda-dalis muslimanuri mo-

saxleoba, romelic gamoirCeoda afxazeTSi rusuli mmarTvelobis wina-

aRmdeg brZoliT da kavkasionis qedis uReltexilebiT kavSiri hqonda ya-

raCaelebTan da yabardoelebTan. amasTan xelisufleba maT reformis sa-

winaaRmdego moZraobaSi sdebda brals da Tvlida, rom webelda-dali da-

kavSirebuli iyo 1866w. ajanyebasTan [137, 285-286].

osmaleTisagan Tanxmobis miRebis Semdeg mefisnacvalma brZana, apri-

lis bolodan dawyebuliyo afxazTa gadasaxlebis procesi. soxumsa da

afxazeTis sxva adgilebSi kvlav gadaisroles jarebi [137, 286]. gada-

saxlebis dawyebamde, 1867w. 6 aprils, sofel fsircxadan muhajirTa pir-

veli nakadi wavida baTumSi, romelic maSin osmaleTis imperiis Semadge-

nlobaSi Sedioda. eseni iyvnen jiqebi da fsxuelebi (49 ojaxi, 218 suli),

romlebic sof. fsircxaSi 1864 wlidan cxovrobdnen [18. 6, 115; 137, 286].

133

1867w. aprilis bolos, muhajirobis organizebuli procesi daiwyo.

afxazTa gadasaxleba ZiriTadad ZaldatanebiT xasiaTs atarebda, rac

aSkarad Cans imdroindeli dokumentebidan. 1867w. 31 marts, mefisnacvali

imperators swerda, rom biWvinTis olqis mcxovrebT ar surdaT gada-

saxleba. afxazebi nebayoflobiT qristianobasac iRebdnen, darCena rom

moexerxebinaT [137, 288]. kavkasiis armiis mTavari Stabis ufrosi, generali

a. karcovi aRniSnavda, rom gadasaxlebis xelSemwyobi garemoeba iyo

,,afxazuri sagvareuloebis naTesauri Tu megobruli kavSirebi osmaleT-

Si wasul afxazebsa da dasavleT kavkasiis mTielebTan‘‘ [18. 6, 27; 137, 282].

gaz. ,,droeba‘‘ ase aRwerda afxazeTSi Seqmnil viTarebas: ,,afxazebi

Zlier dajavrianebulni arian... webeldelebi, dalelebi da gufuelebi

wavidnen. abJuis mazridanac mravali wavida. Wilouelebi da jgerdelebi

gamorekes TavianTi binidan. maT saSineli guliT ar undaT wasvla. afxa-

zebi didad aqeben bzufus mazris ufross dimitri WavWavaZes. man mamo-

brivi mzrunvelobiT auxsna, rom rusis mmarTvelobis qveS yofna sjobs

osmaleTSi gadasaxlebas‘‘ [197. 1]. a. karcovi aRniSnavda, rom afxazeTis

mosaxleobis mniSvnelovan nawils, gansakuTrebiT, zedafenebs, araerTxel

gamouTqvamT survili, miebaZaT erTmorwmune mTielebisaTvis da TurqeTSi

wasuliyvnen [18. 6, 28]. afxazi memamuleebi daSinebuli iyvnen saglexo

reformiTac. isini xedavdnen, rom samTavros gauqmebisa da 1866w.

ajanyebis Semdeg xelisuflebis damokidebuleba maT mimarT Seicvala.

carizms adgilobrivi Tavadaznauroba ukve ar miaCnda dasayrdenad, rac

imaSi gamoixata, rom ar cno maTi uflebebi glexTa miwebze. amaSi mJRav-

ndeboda carizmis survili, Tavis gankargulebaSi mieRo miwebis mniSvne-

lovani fondi Semdgomi kolonizaciisaTvis [137,279-280]. amis gamo, afxazma

Tavadaznaurobam gadawyvita, osmaleTSi waeyvana damokidebuli glexobac

da maTi meSveobiT osmaleTSi SeenarCunebina feodalis Cveuli privile-

giebi. soxumis samxedro ganyofilebis ufrosi, generali m. tolstoi,

1867w. 16 marts, quTaisis general-gubernators swerda, rom ormocamde

webeldel Tavads, 1 maisidan ganzraxuli hqonda osmaleTSi gadasaxleba

TavianT glexTa 2170 ojaxTan erTad [18. 6, 1]. roca gadasaxlebis

procesma mniSvnelovani gaqaneba miiRo, xelisufleba Seecada, SeezRuda

igi, rasac miaRwia kidec. 1867w. ivnisis dasawyisSi gadasaxlebis procesi

134

dasrulda. osmaleTma, ruseTTan SeTanxmebisamebr, afxazi muhajirebi

ruseTis sazRvrebidan Sors daasaxla [137, 289].

zogierTi, muhajirobis momxre afxazi feodali, rusebisgan mosyidu-

li iyo. dalelma Tavadma mixeil marSanma didi daxmareba gauwia

xelisuflebas mtrulad ganwyobili webeldelebisa da dalelebis, maT

Soris, masze damokidebuli glexebis osmaleTSi gadasaxlebaSi [18. 7, 1-6].

mixeil marSanisa da misi Zmis, xrifsis glexebs maT gareSe ar surdaT

gadasaxleba. amitom gadawyda xrifs marSanic wasuliyo osmaleTSi gle-

xebTan erTad, Tumca mas rusebma misces fuli da saidumlod ucxoeTis

pasportic, rom afxazeTSi dabruneba SeZleboda [18.7, 63].

gadasaxlebis procesSi dgeboda muhajirTa siebi soflebis mixedviT,

ojaxebis raodenobis, ojaxis Tavkacebis saxelisa da gvaris miTiTebiT,

ojaxis wevrTa (qalebi, kacebi) raodenobis CvenebiT. am siebis mixedviT,

1867w. afxazeTidan gadasaxlda 3358 ojaxi, 19342 suli [111, 72-73].

aRsaniSnavia, rom CrdiloeT kavkasiidan da afxazeTidan osmaleTis

imperiaSi carizmisadmi urCi mosaxleobis gadasaxlebiT, Tanabrad iyo

dainteresebuli rogorc ruseTi, aseve osmaleTi. osmaleTis xelisufle-

ba 1859 wlidan intensiur molaparakebebs awarmoebda ruseTTan, ris Sede-

gad miRweul iqna SeTanxmeba pirvel etapze 50 aTasi gadmosaxlebulis

miRebis Sesaxeb. osmaleTma piroba dado, rom gadmosaxlebul Cerqezebs

ar daasaxlebda ruseTis imperiis sazRvrebis siaxloves [196, 67]. 1860w. 16

ianvars, osmaleTis xelisuflebasTan Seiqmna specialuri ,,muhajirTa ko-

misia‘‘, romelsac saTaveSi Caudga trapizonis vali (gubernatori) warmo-

SobiT Cerqezi hafiz faSa. komisia SemdgomSi Sinagan saqmeTa saministros

daqvemdebarebaSi gadavida. mis kompetenciaSi Sedioda muhajirTa osma-

leTSi Camosvlis navsadgurebis kontroli, muhajirebis adgilze aRri-

cxva da gansaxlebis adgilebSi gadagzavna [192, 106].

ruseTis xelisuflebas imdenad eCqareboda urCi mTielebis Tavidan

moSoreba, rom xels ar uSlida osmalo sazRvao kontrabandistebs, Ta-

vianTi gemebiT baTumis, soxumis, soWis, tuapses, novorosiikisa da anapis

reidze damdgariyvnen da sanapiroze Segrovili xalxis ukanono gada-

yvana ewarmoebinaT [172, 182]. ruseTis oficialuri monacemebiT, 1858-1864

ww. CrdiloeT kavkasiidan gadasaxlebulTa raodenoba 470 aTas adamians

135

Seadgenda [125, 165-166]. osmaleTis oficialuri monacemebi gansxvavebulia.

1870w. sulTan abdulazizs waredgina specialuri moxseneba kavkasiidan

osmaleTis imperiaSi gadmosaxlebuli mTielebis Sesaxeb, romlis mi-

xedviT, 1865w. zafxulisaTvis gadmosaxlebulTa saerTo raodenoba Sead-

genda 682 aTas adamians [192, 91].

amrigad, 1867w. ganxorcielda afxazTa pirveli didi muhajiroba, rac

ganapiroba, kavkasiis omis damTavrebis Semdeg carizmis mier afxazeTis

samTavros gauqmebam da afxazebis 1866w. antirusulma ajanyebam.

osmaleTis politikam afxaz-CerqezebTan mimarTebaSi, romelic

iTvaliswinebda samxedro struqturebsa da saxelmwifo-administraciul

aparatSi kavkasieli mTielebis mozidvis waxalisebas, gamoiwvia qveynis

mmarTvelobis yvela sferoSi ,,Cerqezuli‘‘ gavlenis gaZliereba. terminiT

,,Cerqezebi‘‘ osmaleTSi zogadad aRniSnavdnen, rogorc sakuTriv Cerqe-

zul tomebs, aseve afxazeTidan gadasaxlebul afxazur mosaxleobasac,

romelsac agreTve ,,abazas‘‘ uwodebdnen. amave dros, osmaleTSi icodnen,

rom afxazeTidan gadmosaxlebuli afxazebi gansxvavdebodnen ,,Cerqezebi-

sagan. maTi calke eTnikuri kuTvnilebis aRmniSvnelad ,,abazas‘‘ xmarob-

dnen. afxazuri wili da, Sesabamisad, gavlena osmaleTis imperiis samxe-

dro_politikur da administraciul aparatSi ar Camouvardeboda Cerqe-

zuli (adiRuri) eTnosis warmomadgenlebis monawileobas. osmaleTis is-

toriaSi cnobilia afxazuri warmoSobis mravali politikuri, samxedro

da saxelmwifo moRvawe. miuxedavad imisa, rom, XIXs. osmaleTSi ZiriTa-

dad mniSvnelobas ar aniWebdnen Crdilokavkasieli muhajirebis eTnikur

warmoSobas da zogadad yvelas ,,Cerqezis” saxeliT ixseniebdnen, aRsani-

Snavia, rom Suasaukuneebis osmaluri wyaroebisaTvis ,,afxazi‘‘ sxva xa-

lxia, “Cerqezebi‘‘ sxva. isini afxazeTs ,,abazas qveyanas‘‘, xolo afxazebs

,,abaza‘‘-s uwodeben da ganasxvaveben mas ,,Cerqezebisa‘‘ da ,,CerqezeTisagan‘‘.

136

§2. ruseT-osmaleTis 1877-1878 wlebis omi da afxazeTi

XIX s. 70-ian wlebSi aRmosavleTis sakiTxi kvlav moeqca saerTaSo-

riso urTierTobebis centrSi. gaZlierda evropis did saxelmwifoTa

brZola osmaleTis memkvidreobis gayofisaTvis. avstria-ungreTs, romel-

sac surda bosniisa da hercogovinis xelSi Cagdeba, aSinebda ruseTis

gavlenis zrda balkaneTze. inglisi gabatonebuli iyo osmaleTis bazar-

ze da ewinaaRmdegeboda ruseTis mier bosfor-dardanelis sruteebis

xelSi Cagdebis cdebs. germania xels uwyobda aRmosavleTis sakiTxis ga-

mwvavebas, radgan es aZlevda mas moqmedebis Tavisuflebas centralur

evropaSi. 1875w. bosniasa da hercogovinaSi antiTurqulma ajanyebam

ifeTqa. male ajanyebas SeuerTdnen bulgareTi, serbia da Cernogoria. ru-

seTma mxari dauWira slavi xalxebis erovnuli ganTavisuflebisaTvis

brZolas. ruseTis imperia, osmaleTis mier daCagruli balkaneTis qris-

tiani xalxebis dacvis sababiT, balkaneTSi samxedro-politikuri plac-

darmis Seqmnasa da Savi zRvis sruteebze kontrolis damyarebas gegmavda.

1877w. 12 aprils ruseTma omi gamoucxada osmaleTs. ruseTis jarebma

gadalaxes osmaleTis sazRvrebi, rogorc balkaneTSi, ise kavkasiasa da

mcire aziaSi. [88, 327].

qarTveli xalxi TanagrZnobiT Sexvda osmaleTis winaaRmdeg omis da-

wyebas, radgan imedovnebda, rom amas Sedegad mohyveboda samxreT-dasav-

leT saqarTvelos osmalTa batonobisagan ganTavisufleba. saqarTvelos

istoriuli sazRvrebis aRdgenis idea, rac ruseTis saqarTveloSi Semos-

vlas jer kidev erekle meorem daukavSira, XIX s.-is 60–70-ian wlebSi

farTod gavrcelda qarTvel sazogadoebriobaSi. qarTveli patriotebi

cdilobdnen kvlav aRedginaT kavSiri osmaleTis saqarTvelosTan. omis

win samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi imogzaures d. baqraZem, g. yazbegma,

m. gurielma, a. mefisaSvilma, iv. kereseliZem, g. wereTelma da sxv. iv. ke-

reseliZe Sexvda aWarelTa TvalsaCino Tavkacs Serif beg ximSiaSvils,

romelic aWaris dedasamSoblosTan SeerTebisaTvis mosaxleobaSi aqtiur

saqmianobas eweoda [60, 116, 123].

1875w. osmaleTis mTavrobam aWarlebs jarSi wasvla mosTxova. aWar-

lebma ar Seasrules sulTnis brZaneba da ajanydnen [60, 110]. ajanyeba aWa-

137

raSi osmaleTis xelisuflebis dasasrulsa da saqarTvelos am uZvelesi

kuTxis dedasamSoblosTan dabrunebas umzadebda safuZvels.

omis dawyebisas amierkavkasiaSi ukve Seqmnili iyo milicionerTa 8

qveiTi da 3 cxenosani polki, 6 qveiTi razmi, 4 cxenosani divizioni da 3

qveiTi aseuli. aqedan qarTveli molaSqreebiT dakompleqtda 6 qveiTi

razmi, 1 cxenosani polki, 2 divizioni da 2 aseuli. osmaleTis winaaR-

mdeg brZolis velze gavida daaxloebiT 30 aTasi qarTveli molaSqre

[155, 47]. afxazeTSi soxumis ganyofilebis samxedro Zalebis Semadgenlo-

baSi iricxeboda afxazuri milicia polkovnik grigol SarvaSiZis meTa-

urobiT. 1876w. xelisuflebam Seqmna specialuri sajariso dajgufe-

ba_soxumis razmi, romlis daniSnuleba iyo afxazur mosaxleobaSi wes-

rigis SenarCuneba. 1877w. soxumis razmSi 4752 oficeri da jariskaci

iricxeboda. razms meTaurobda soxumis samxedro ganyofilebis ufrosi

general-maiori p. kravCenko [44, 256].

omis dawyebisTanave, ruseTis jarma da amierkavkasiis milicio-

nerebma gadalaxes sazRvari da saomari operaciebi osmaleTis terito-

riaze gaaCaRes. aWaraSi Sesul rus da qarTvel meomrebs sardloba mo-

uwodebda, rom ar daerRviaT mosaxleobis zne-Cveulebani da pativiscemiT

mopyrobodnen xalxs. ,,dae gaxsovdeT, rom Tqven win gadaSlilia mindvre-

bi da mTebi Zveli qristianuli saqarTvelosi‘‘ [82, 116, 125].

1877w. 30 aprils, ruseTis armiis nawilebma daikaves qalaqi baiazeTi

da misi mTeli dablobi. 17 maiss orsaaTiani Zlieri ieriSis Semdeg

rusTa jarma artaani aiRo [41, 54-57]. miuxedavad am warmatebebisa, 1877w.

ivnisidan seqtembris bolomde, rusTa jaris mdgomareoba kavkasiis

frontze arasaxarbielo iyo. ruseTs 1856w. parizis traqtatiT, akrZa-

luli hqonda Sav zRvaSi samxedro flotis yola. osmaleTis samxedro

gemebs, romlebic bombavdnen ruseTis sanapiro simagreebs, axal-axali

nawilebi gamohyavdaT brZolis velze da Seuferxeblad amaragebdnen

armias iaraRiT da sursaT-sanovagiT. Sav zRvaze, ruseTi mxolod saqar-

Tvelos SavizRvispira zolisa da Savi zRvis CrdiloeT sanapiroebis da-

cvas axorcielebda. amis miuxedavad, 1877w. aprilSi, afxazeTis sana-

piroebTan osmaluri eskadra gamoCnda. maisis ganmavlobaSi, gudauTasTan

da biWvinTis koncxTan sanapiroze osmalo askerebTan da oficrobasTan

138

erTad afxazi da Cerqezi muhajirebisagan Semdgari razmebi gadmovidnen

[155, 77-78]. osmaleTis armiis nawilebisa da muhajirebis gadmosxma

afxazeTis sanapiroze, kavkasiaSi mimdinare saomari moqmedebebisas ru-

sebis Zalebis SeboWvisa da dasavleT saqarTvelos mimarTulebiT Setevis

imitacias warmoadgenda. Oosmalur desantTan erTad gadmovidnen ufro

adre gadasaxlebuli afxazi da Cerqezi muhajirebi. osmalTa erT-erT

sardal musa kunduxovs ocdaaTamde afxazuri warmoSobis osmalo

oficrisgan Semdgari amala axlda. mTlianad afxazeTSi, zogierTi

monacemiT, sami aTasamde afxazi muhajiri gadmovida napirze. afxazma

muhajirebma mosaxleobaSi dasarigeblad Camoitanes osmaleTis armiis

SeiaraRebaSi arsebuli 30 aTasi SaSxana [173, 120]. desantis gadmosxmis

dReebSi, gudauTaSi afxazTa saxalxo yriloba gaimarTa. osmaleTis war-

momadgenelma waikiTxa sulTnis firmani, romelic afxazebs rusebis wina-

aRmdeg omisaken mouwodebda. Sekrebili afxazoba mowonebiT Sexvda su-

lTnis mowodebas. amis Semdeg molam gamoitana muslimanTa saRvTo wigni,

yurani da Sekrebilebi muslimanuri wesiT daafica sulTnis erTguleba-

ze. xalxi religiurma eqstazma Seipyro, qristianma afxazebma uaryves sa-

rwmunoeba, ixsnidnen jvrebs, xis totebze hkidebdnen da yurans eTayva-

nebodnen [118, 208]. muhajirebma lixnis eklesiis mRvdeli ivane gegia mo-

kles, monazoni besarioni (miqaberiZe) da misi siZe, mRvdeli axvlediani

dapatimres, osmalTa sardalma SevqeT faSam maT daxvreta gadauwyvita,

magram qarTveli sasuliero pirebi, iqve myofi afxazuri warmoSobis os-

malo oficris SuamdgomlobiT, Seiwyala da gaanTavisufla [26, 463-464].

afxazeTSi muhajirTa aqtiurobam osmaleTis xelisuflebis mowoneba

gamoiwvia. osmaleTSi Tvlidnen, rom rusebi iZulebulni gaxdebodnen

afxazTa ajanyebis gamo, mniSvnelovani samxedro Zala gadaesrolaT afxa-

zeTSi. osmaleTi afxazeTSi oms ,,Tvalis axvevis operaciad” ganixilavda,

romelsac iq ruseTis mniSvnelovani Zalebi unda SeeboWa [189, 95]. os-

maleTis samxedro sardlobisaTvis moulodnelobad iqca, rom afxazeTis

monakveTi SedarebiT sustad iyo daculi. novorosiisksa da foTs Soris

ganlagebuli iyo mxolod erTi saartilerio divizioni. osmaleTis sa-

mxedro dazvervis monacemebiT, afxazeTSi dislocirebuli iyo ruseTis

armiis 4 aTas kaciani SenaerTi, romlis rigebSi xuTasamde adgilobrivi

139

miliciis wevrebic Sediodnen. es samxedro SenaerTi daqsaqsuli iyo

afxazeTis sanapiroze biWvinTaSi, soxumSi, oCamCiresa da kodoris

xeobaSi. novorosiiskSi, soWSi da adlerSi ganlagebul rusuli gar-

nizonebis SemadgenlobaSi myof oTxi aTasi jariskacs polkovniki b. Se-

lkovnikovi sardlobda [173, 121-122].

1877w. 2 maiss osmalTa gemebma soxums cecxli gauxsnes. rusulma

jarma soxumi datova.Qqalaqis quCebSi anarqiam, Zarcva-rbevam da yaCaRo-

bam ifeTqa. soxumis razms, romelic soxumis samxreTiT md. maWarisken ix-

evda, qalaqis mSvidobiani mosaxleoba da soxumis garSemo mdebare so-

flebis berZeni da sxva erovnebis qristiani glexoba moawyda. razmi

brZoliT igeriebda afxazTa Tavdasxmebs. generalma kravCenkom ver Se-

Zlo webeldaSi dabanakeba. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom webeldis baza gansa-

zRvruli iyo, rogorc saTadarigo samxedro punqti Sesabamisi sursaT-sa-

novagisa da SeiaraRebis maragiT, afxazTa razmebis ganuwyvetelma Tavda-

sxmebma rusebi aZula md. kodoris gadalaxvas Sedgomodnen. soxumis raz-

mma kodoris xeobaSi ukandaxevisas daagdo mTeli aRali, sabrZolo masa-

lebis nawili, soxumis samxedro ganyofilebis dokumentacia [141, 207].

razmma da ltolvilebma daiwyes kodoris gadalaxva bagadis kldeebTan.

kldeebs Soris, md. Kkodoris Tavze, 30 metris simaRleze dakidul 28 me-

tris sigrZisa da metrnaxevris siganis xidze jariskacebi da ltolvile-

bi ori dRis ganmavlobaSi gadadiodnen. mTeli am xnis ganmavlobaSi, so-

xumis razmis ariergardi, polkovnik grigol SarvaSiZis meTaurobiT gmi-

rulad igeriebda afxazTa razmebisa da osmaluri artileriis Setevebs,

ramac uzrunvelyo mTeli piradi Semadgenlobis, daWrilebisa da lto-

lvilebis samSvidoboze gadayvana. SarvaSiZe 17 maiss gadavida kodoris

marcxena napirze da xidi CaSala oCamCiris okrugSi soxumis razmis dasa-

xmareblad gamogzavnili general-maior i. alxazovis (alxaziSvili) meTa-

urobiT damxmare Zala Semovida, romelmac samurzayanoSi gadmosul krav-

Cenkos razmTan gaerTianebis Sedegad inguris razmis dasaxeleba miiRo.

generalma alxazovma afxazebTan ramdenime warumatebeli Setakebis Sem-

deg, inguris razmi md. RaliZgis napirze gaamagra. maisis bolosTvis in-

guris razmma gadaketa samurzayano-samegrelosaken savali gzebi. [155, 84].

140

23 maiss osmaleTis samxedro flotma adleri dabomba da napirze

aTasxuTasamde muhajiri gadmosxa. polkovnikma b. Selkovnikovma adleri-

dan gamoxmobili razmebiT q. soWi gaamagra. 2 ivniss osmaleTis gemebma

soWis dabombva daiwyes, magram rusebis Tavganwiruli winaaRmdegobisa da

b. Selkovnikovis unariani sardlobis gamo aq desantis gadmosxma ver mo-

axerxes. osmaleTis floti Tavisi manevrirebis SesaZleblobebis gamoye-

nebiT cdilobda rusTa sanapiro dacva ramodenime adgilas gaerRvia, mag-

ram osmaleTis samxedro sardlobisaTvis ar wamoadgenda mTavar amoca-

nas uzrunveleyo aq muhajirebis desantis gadmosxma, radgan ar elodnen

wina muhajirobebidan daclil am mxareSi seriozul mxardaWeras [173,

122]. afxazeTSi saomari moqmedebebis warmoebisas osmalebi ZiriTadad

afxaz muhajirTa Zalebs eyrdnobodnen. samurzayanoSi ZiriTadad afxaz-

Cerqezi muhajirebisa da adgilobrivi ajanyebuli afxazebis SenaerTebi

ibrZodnen, romelTa mxareze gadavida afxazuri miliciis nawilic. maT

zRvidan osmaleTis samxedro flotis javSnosnebi uWerdnen mxars. osma-

lebis ZiriTadi samxedro Zala q. soxumSi dabanakda da rusebTan pirda-

pir SetakebebSi Cabmisagan Tavs ikavebda. Oosmalo sardloba, afxazTa da

muhajirTa razmebis gamoyenebas afxazeTSi rusuli armiis didi kontin-

gentis gadmosrolisa da amgvarad samxreT kavkasiaSi upiratesobis miRe-

bisaTvis cdilobda. osmalebi ar iSurebdnen Tanxebs afxazTa mosasyidad

da samxedro aRWurvilobas maT SesaiaraReblad. osmalebma afxazebs da-

uriges amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi Sesyiduli uaxlesi henri vinCeste-

risa da pibod-martinis SaSxanebi. rusTa razmebi ki SeiaraRebulni iyvnen

moZvelebuli karles sistemis TofebiT. inguris razmis samurzayanosa da

quTaisis qarTuli miliciis mebrZolebi ki kaJiani TofebiT iyvnen

aRWurvilni, rac anaqronizms warmoadgenda [40, 162].

osmalebma afxazeTSi farTod gaSales adgilobrivi mosaxleobidan

moxaliseebis Sekrebis kampania. rogorc rusuli samxedro wyaro aRni-

Snavs, rusebis winaaRmdeg biWvinTis okrugSi komlze erTi kaci, xolo

kodoris ubanSi md. moqvamde mTeli mosaxleoba gamovida [44, 133].

afxazuri SenaerTebi Sedgebodnen muhajirebisa da miliciis razmebisagan,

romelTac saTaveSi adgilobrivi gavleniani feodalebi Caudgnen – jan-

bulaT da salih marRaniebi, xerifs marSania, raSid geCba da sxv. ajanye-

141

bulma afxazebma ZiriTadi dartyma mimarTes kodoris ubanSi, rom

gaerRviaT rusebis TavdacviTi xazi, gaWriliyvnen samurzayanoSi da gasu-

liyvnen md. engurze. rusuli samxedro sardloba SiSobda, rom engu-

ramde ukandaxevas, aucileblad mohyveboda samurzayanoelebis ajanyebac

da maTi gadasvla osmalebis mxareze [44, 304]. ruseTis sardlobas rom

SeSfoTebis realuri safuZveli hqonda, iqidanac Cans, rom samurzayanos

milicia ar iCenda Tavgamodebas brZolaSi [41, 209]. zogierTi cnobiT

adgili hqonda mtris mxareze gadasvlis SemTxvevebsac [44, 333]. 2 ivniss,

gamTeniisas afxazebma sofel ilorTan, md. RaliZgaze gamagrebul ingu-

ris razmis marcxena frTaze miitanes ieriSi. ori osmaluri javSnosani,

inguris razmis poziciebis saartilerio dabombviT uWerda mxars afxaz-

Ta Setevas. afxazTa Setevebi SuadRemde gagrZelda, magram Tavdam-

sxmelebma dacvis xazis garRveva ver SeZles da tyes Seefarnen [44, 324-

326]. imavdroulad, afxazebma Seteva ganaxorcieles inguris razmis mar-

jvena flangze md. RaliZgaze sofel foqveSTan. gaafTrebuli brZolis

Sedegad inguris razmma SeZlo poziciebis SenarCuneba da mteri moigeria.

general alxazovis unarianma sardlobam saSualeba misca Tavdamcvelebs

droulad CaebaT brZolaSi sarezervo nawilebi [41, 326-328].

afxazebma TavianT damarcxebaSi brali osmalebs dasdes da maTgan

qmediTi da ufro Zlieri samxedro daxmareba moiTxoves. OosmalTa sa-

rdloba iZulebuli gaxda soxumis saokupacio SenaerTisa da artileriis

mniSvnelovani nawili oCamCireSi gadaesrola. afxaz-osmalTa dajgufebam

13 ivniss kvlav Seutia enguris razmis poziciebs, Tumca am droisaTvis

generali alxazovi ukve gaZlierebuli iyo maSveli ZaliT da Tavad gana-

viTara kontrieriSi oCamCiris mimarTulebiT. SetakebebSi orive mxare

mZime danakargebs ganicdida, mxolod 15 ivniss inguris razmis danakargma

moklulTa da daWrilTa saxiT 368 jariskaci da oficeri Seadgina. afxa-

zeTSi saomari moqmedebebis dasawyisSi, rusTa samxedro sardlobis ukan-

daxevam mosaxleobaSi rusebisadmi undobloba gaaRrmava. ,,ara marto

afxazebi, samurzayanoelebic ar endobodnen Cveni iaraRis Zalas da Tur-

qebis mxareze gadadiodnen‘‘, _ naTqvamia erTi rusi oficris moxsenebaSi

afxazeTSi imdroindeli saomari moqmedebebis Sesaxeb [44, 338].

142

İivlisis dasawyisSi generalma alxazovma saerTo ieriSis brZaneba

gasca. enguris razmma samegrelosa da samurzayanos miliciis mxardaWe-

riT ganaxorciela Seteva frontis CrdiloeT ubanze da 19 ivliss sof.

jgerdas miaRwia. afxazebma md. kodoramde daixies. enguris razmi md. mo-

qvis marjvena napiriT zRvis sanapirosken daeSva da soflebis gadawvas

Seudga. oCamCireSi dabanakebulma osmalo askerebma saswrafod daiwyes

soxumSi evakuacia. enguris razmma mTeli kodoris ubani daikava. mosa-

xleobam, romelmac gaqceva ver moaswro, rusebs mZevlebi misca da iara-

Ris Cabareba daiwyo [198. 2].

afxazebis nawili ibrZoda rusuli samxedro SenaerTebis rigebSi.

aRsaniSnavia grigol SarvaSiZe, romelmac soxumis razmis evakuaciis

dros gamoCenili mamacobisa da unariani sardlobisaTvis generlis wo-

deba miiRo. TavdadebiT ibrZoda samurzayanoelTa aseuli baTa emuxvaris

meTaurobiT, romelmac afxazTa ajanyebis erT-erTi moTave xrifs marSa-

nia daatyveva, xolo Tavadma misoust marSaniam SemovliTi gziT moaxerxa

zurgSi moqceoda mtris TavdacviT pozicias, romelze Setevisas pozici-

is yvela damcveli ganadgurebul iqna [44, 343].

osmalebi ZiriTad mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen samTavros centris-

soxumis maqsimalurad didi xniT SenarCunebas, rac maTi gegmiT

uzunvelyofda frontis am monakveTze ruseTis saxmeleTo Zalebis didi

raodenobis SeboWvas. es garemoeba, frontis sxva ubnebze mebrZol osma-

lebs upiratesobis miRebis saSualebas miscemda. soxumis samxedro okupa-

cias axorcielebda osmalTa 12 batalioni sami saartilerio batareiT.

osmaluri armiis batalionis SemadgenlobaSi iricxeboda 774 oficeri da

jariskaci, xolo saartilero batarea 6 qvemexisa da 110 artileris-

tisgan Sedgeboda. Zlier samxedro Zalas warmoadgendnen afxaz-Cerqez

muhajirTa razmebi da adgilobrivi muslimani moxaliseebi [44, 343-344].

2 agvistos daiwyo rusuli armiis Setevis gadamwyveti faza afxazeT-

Si osmalTa winaaRmdeg. soxumze sami mimarTulebidan daiZrnen soWis, ma-

ruxisa da enguris razmebi. soWidan afxazeTSi Semovida polkovnik b.

Selkovnikovis SenaerTi 2500 kaciTa da 2 zarbazniT, maruxis uRelte-

xilidan soxumis samxedro gziT daeSva general leitenant p. babiCis 3

aTaskaciani maruxis razmi 2 samTo qvemexiT, md. kodoris mxridan ki

143

soxumze Setevas axorcielebda general alxazovis SenaerTi 10 batalio-

niTa da miliciis druJinebiT. qalaqze saerTo Setevis meTauroba

general alxazovs daevala. amave dros rusuli sardloba adgilobrivi

mosaxleobis mtruli ganwyobis ganeitralebasac cdilobda. osmalebi,

afxaz muhajirebTan erTad mniSvnelovan da angariSgasawev samxedro

Zalas warmoadgendnen, amitomac rusebi cdilobdnen zegavlena moexdinaT

mosaxleobaze, rom maT xeli aeRoT osmalebisadmi samxedro mxarda-

Weraze. kavkasiis armiis sardlis TanamSemwe, Tavadi d. sviatopolk-mirski

general i. alxazovisadmi werilSi, xazs usvamda soxumze Setevis dros

afxazi mosaxleobis ganwyobis mniSvnelobas: “CvenTvis xelsayrelia, rom

afxazeTSi sami mxridan jarebis Seyvanis muqaram, Tundac razmebis moZra-

obis dawyebam aiZulos adgilobrivi mosaxleoba dagvmorCildes‘‘ [44, 353].

d. sviatopolk-mirski aRniSnavda, rom afxazTa muxanaToba, (raSic igi

ajanyebuli afxazebis osmalTa mxareze gadasvlas gulismobs _ z.w)

sastikad unda dasjiliyo, magram ,,am ubedurma xalxma jer kidev SeiZle-

ba Seimsubuqos Tavisi xvedri da daimsaxuros Sebraleba Tu motrial-

deba Turqebis winaaRmdeg da daexmareba Cvens jarebs maTi soxumidan gan-

devnaSi‘‘. d. sviatopolk-mirski i. alxazovs mouwodebda, iaraRis gamoye-

nebiT daesaja urCi soflebi, magram ar moeTxova mosaxleobisaTvis ajan-

yebis moTaveebis gadacema, radgan es gaamZafrebda winaaRmdegobas. is ur-

Cevda i. alxazovs, ar daebrkolebina TurqebTan erTad, ,,damnaSave‘‘ afxa-

zebis gaqceva afxazeTidan [44, 200].

generali i. alxazovi xedavda osmalTa mxridan evakuaciis samzadiss

da ayovnebda qalaqis dakavebis brZanebas. Ees taqtika safiqrebelia gamo-

wveuli iyo zedmeti msxverplis Tavidan acilebis surviliT. osmalebma

qalaqs cecxli ramodenime mxridan waukides, Casxdnen xomaldebSi da so-

xumi datoves. soxumSi xanZari ori dRe mZvinvarebda. 20 agvistos qalaqSi

Sesul rusuli armiis mewinave nawilebs dangreuli qalaqi da aTasobiT

daxocili msxvilfexa saqoneli daxvdaT, romlebic wasvlisas osmalebs

gaeJlitaT. osmalTa xomaldebTan erTad aTasobiT afxazma datova sa-

mSoblo. osmalebma mcire raodenobiT qristiani qarTvelebi da berZnebi

ZaliT waiyvanes [141, 206-208; 137, 365-369]. afxaz-Cerqez muhajirTa nawilebi,

romlebmac osmalebTan erTad datoves soxumi, kavkasiis frontis sxvada-

144

sxva ubnebze gadaisroles. soxumidan gasuli afxazebi, baTumsa da cixis-

ZirTan Caebnen ruseTis armiis winaaRdeg brZolaSi [197. 2].

ase dasrulda osmalebis samxedro eqspedicia afxazeTSi 1877 wels.

sisxlismRvrelma brZolebma tragikuli kvali daaCnia mxares. rusuli

oficialuri samxedro istoria amgvarad aRwers afxazeTSi osmaluri de-

santisa da afxazTa antirusuli gamosvlis umZimes Sedegebs: ,,cota xnis

win dasaxlebul da sicocxliT savse vrcel farTobebze mxolod nangre-

vebia darCenili.. Turqebma Tan gaiyoles afxazeTis mosaxleobis TiTqmis

naxevari... gadawves rusuli, bulgaruli, berZnuli dasaxlebebi, aseve im

afxazTa aulebi, romlebic maT ar daemorCilnen, Cven ki iZulebulni Se-

viqeniT moRalate afxazTa aulebi gagvenadgurebina!‘‘ [41, 227]. ruseTis ar-

miam didi warmatebebi moipova amierkavkasia-mcire aziis frontze, magram

gadamwyveti operaciebi balkaneTSi gaiSala. 1877w. 10 dekembers, rusTa

jarma aiRo Zlieri cixe-qalaqi bulgareTSi plevna, 1878w. 20 ianvars rus-

Ta jarma daikava adrianopoli (edirne) da gezi stambolisaken aiRo. os-

maleTi iZulebuli gaxda zavi eTxova. 1878w. 31 ianvars adrianopolSi da-

ido droebiTi zavi, 3 marts ki stambolis maxloblad, san-stefanoSi sa-

zavo xelSekruleba gaformda. san-stefanos sazavo xelSekrulebis Ta-

naxmad, bulgareTi, Cernogoria da rumineTi damoukideblobas Rebulob-

dnen, ruseTs unda gadascemoda evropaSi besarabia, aziaSi ki – samxreT-

dasavleT saqarTvelosa da dasavleT somxeTis teritoriebis didi

nawili soRanluRis mTebamde, ruseTis mflobelobaSi gadavida baTumi,

artaani da yarsi. [88, 328-329].

afxazeTSi saomari moqmedebebis dros osmaleTis mxridan afxaz mu-

hajirTa gamoyeneba da adgilobrivi afxazi mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani

nawilis gamosvla osmalo okupantTa mxareze, afxazTa meore didi muha-

jirobiT dasrulda. 1877w. rusuli oficialuri azris mixedviT, adgili

hqonda gamuslimanebuli afxazebis osmaleTSi nebayoflobiT wasvlas. am

SexedulebiT, afxazoba osmalo emisrebisa da adre gadasaxlebuli muha-

jirebis agitaciis msxverpli gaxda. ,,nebayoflobiT gadasaxlda im rai-

onebisa da dasaxlebebis xalxi, sadac yvelaze Zlieri iyo muslimanuri

religiis gavlena. aseTebi iyvnen, kodoris ubanSi jgerda, Wlou, gufi.

aseve SegviZlia vTqvaT gumisTis ubanze mTlianad‘‘. [198. 3, 3].

145

udavoa, rom afxazuri mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawili osmalTa

mier afxazeTis okupaciis dros maT mxareze gamovida, magram imdro-

indeli presidan Cans, rom osmalebi afxazeTSi movidnen ara rogorc

ganmanTavisufleblebi, aramed rogorc moZaladeebi da okupantebi. gaz.

,,droeba‘‘ werda: ,,Turqebi umowyalod Zarcvavdnen afxazeTs, Zalian xSi-

rad adgili hqonda maTsa da mosaxleobas Soris Setakebas‘‘ [197. 3, 2].

1877w. didi maSstabis muhajirobis gamomwvev mizezTagan, Cveni azriT,

umTavresi iyo osmalo okupantebis mxridan gadasaxlebis propaganda da

pirdapiri, iaraRis ZaliT iZuleba. okupantebi mosaxleobas ar aZlevdnen

saSualebas, Tavi daeRwia maTgan da samTavrobo jarebis mier kontro-

lirebad teritoriaze gadasuliyo. imdroindeli presis mowmobiT, ,,afxa-

zebi mtris mxridan Cvenken gadmorbodnen, magram Turqebis alyam amis

saSualeba ar misca. uCivian Turqebs, radgan waarTves saqoneli, sarCo-

sabadebeli da axalgazrda qalebi da gogonebic ki. Aafxazebs srulebi-

Tac ar surdaT TurqeTSi gadasaxleba, magram Turqebma ZaliTa da muqa-

riT aiZules isini. Turqebi maT eubnebodnen, rom umjobesia gadasa-

xldeT, radgan rusebi yvelas dagxocaven, rogorc moRalateebso‘‘ [199, 3].

qarTveli inteligencia didi TanagrZnobiT ekideboda afxazi xalxis

tragedias. mkacri cenzuris pirobebSi, gaz. ,,droeba‘‘ piruTvnelad

asaxavda ,,damnaSave‘‘ afxazi xalxis gansacdels: ,,afxazTa umravlesoba,

romelic moyvanili iyo gemebze Casasxdomad da TurqeTSi gasamgzav-

reblad, tiroda, xelebs iSverda, gadaeciT ruseTis mTavrobas, rom Cven

mivdivarT Cveni survilis winaaRmdeg, ZaliT migverekebian da mTavrobam

CagvTvalos rogorc tyveebio [197. 4, 2].

carizmi Tavisi warumateblobasa da ukandaxevas soxumidan afxazebis

,,Ralats‘‘ abralebda, ramac qarTveli sazogadoebis protesti gamoiwvia.

giorgi wereTeli, afxazTa muhajirobis tragedias rusTa jaris ukandaxe-

vasa da mosaxleobis okupantebis anabara mitovebas ukavSirebda. cnobili

publicisti da sazogado moRvawe g. wereTeli ar iziarebda xelisufle-

bis pozicias afxazTa Ralatis Sesaxeb da Ralats miuReblad miiCnevda

im afxazeTisaTvis, romelic, rogorc saqarTvelos nawili, saukuneebis

ganmavlobaSi ebrZoda osmaleTs: ,,Cven ar viciT, ra strategiuli mosa-

zrebiT xelmZRvanelobdnen soxumis Cabarebis dros. rogor? im afxazeT-

146

ma, romelic saqarTvelos samefos saukeTeso nawils warmoadgenda uZve-

lesi droidan da oTxi saukunis ganmavlobaSi ibrZoda TurqeTis winaaR-

mdeg, xeli gauwoda Tavis saukunovan mters? ‘‘ [201].

1877w. afxazeTidan muhajirobaSi wasulTa raodenobis dadgena Sesa-

Zlebelia 1878w. bolos soxumis samxedro ganyofilebis ufrosis, pol-

kovnik p. arakinis masalebis mixedviT. 1878w. soxumis samxedro ganyofi-

lebis, oCamCiris okrugis samurzayanos ubanSi (9 sasoflo Temi) 24.461

suli cxovrobda. oCamCiris okrugis kodoris ubanSi (9 sasoflo Temi)

3.935 ojaxi cxovrobda. aqedan 1.071 ojaxi gadasaxlda. ,,kavkazski ka-

lendris‘‘ redaqcias saWirod miuCnevia kodoris ubnis mosaxleobis su-

ladobrivi gaangariSeba, risTvisac amosavlad auRia gumisTisa da guda-

uTis ubnebis komlobriv-suladobrivi monacemebi. TiToeuli komlis wev-

rTa saSualo odenobis ganmsazRvrelad, oTxnaxevari suli miuCneviaT.

aseTi gaangariSebiT, osmaleTSi gadasaxlebamde kodoris ubanSi mosax-

leobis odenoba daaxl. 17.707 suli unda yofiliyo, saidanac osmaleTSi

daaxloebiT 4819 suli gadasaxlda, xolo daaxloebiT 12.888 adgilze

darCa. biWvinTis okrugis gumisTis ubnidan (8 sasoflo Temi), sadac 2 221

ojaxi (9.985 suli) cxovrobda, yvela gadasaxlda. gudauTis ubnis (17 sa-

soflo Temi) 5.293 ojaxidan (23.545 suli) 17.160 mcxovrebi (3.775 ojaxi) ga-

dasaxlda, xolo 6.385 suli adgilze darCa [200, 330-331]. samurzayanos mu-

hajirobis procesi amjeradac ar Sexebia.

amrigad, 1877w. muhajirobaSi afxazeTis 32 aTasamde mcxovrebi wavida.

Tu 1867w. muhajirobis Sedegad mTlianad daicala kodoris xeobis zemo

weli _ webelda da dali, 1877w. muhajirobis Sedegad TiTqmis dacariel-

da afxazeTis sanapiro zoli. aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTveli qristiani sasu-

liero moRvaweebis dauRalavma saqmianobam, aTasobiT afxazis monaTvlam,

rac maT, rogorc qristianebs, gadasaxlebas aaridebda, afxazi xalxi ma-

sobrivi gadasaxlebisagan ixsna, ubixebis msgavsad fizikuri gaqrobis sa-

frTxisagan daifara. [68, 511, 515].

osmaleTSi gadasaxlebuli afxazi muhajirebi, romelTac ver miiRes

qmediTi daxmareba osmaleTis xelisuflebisagan da SimSiliT sikvdilis

safrTxis winaSe aRmoCndnen, dabrunebas Seecadnen, magram ruseTs maTi

miReba ar surda. ruseTsa da osmaleTs Soris arsebuli SeTanxmebiTac

147

muhajirebs samSobloSi dabrunebis ufleba ar hqondaT, ramac ukan da-

brunebis msurvelTa nakadi Seamcira. miuxedavad amisa, muhajirebi yovel-

nairad cdilobdnen samSobloSi dabrunebas. baTumSi Casulma muhajirTa

jgufma mefisnacvals mimarTa gancxadebiT: ,,Cven ZaliT gamogvreka Turqe-

Tis jarma, arasodes araferi gvqonda ruseTis xelisuflebis sawinaaR-

mdego, amitom gTxovT mogvceT ufleba ukan dabrunebisa‘‘ [197. 5, 2].

san-stefanos zavis dadebis Semdeg, afxazi mujahirebi pirvel rigSi

baTumisken gaemarTnen da iqidan Seecadnen afxazeTSi dabrunebas. bevri

maTgani baTumsa da mis SemogarenSi damkvidrda da maTi STamomavlebi

dResac iq cxovroben. 1879w. 27 ianvars, ruseT-osmaleTs Soris stambolSi

xeli moewera xelSekrulebas, romlis safuZvelzec kavkasiis rusulma

administraciam dauSva afxazebis nawilobrivi repatriacia xelSekrule-

bis xelmoweris dRidan sami wliT. amis Sedegad, gadasaxlebulTagan 15

aTasamde muhajirma SeZlo afxazeTSi dabruneba [137, 381, 396].

ruseTis xelisuflebam afxazeTis xelaxla damorCilebis Semdeg ga-

dawyvita samagaliTod daesaja afxazebi. imperator aleqsandre II-is

1880w. 31 maisis brZanebulebiT, gudauTis, gumisTis da kodoris ubnebis

afxazur mosaxleobas CamoerTva miwaze sakuTrebis ufleba da maTi

miwebi saxazino uwyebas gadaeca. afxazebs aekrZalaT soxumidan 20 versze

da sanapiro zolSi md. kodorsa da md. fsircxas Soris dasaxleba. maT

daukanondaT ,,damnaSave‘‘ mosaxleobis statusi. damnaSave mosaxleobas

imperiisadmi mcire daumorCileblobis SemTxvevaSi samudamo gadasaxleba

emuqreboda kavkasiis gareT. es statusi afxazebs 1907w. mouxsnes [153, 35].

ruseTis imperia, afxazeTSi, Tavisi kolonizatoruli politikis Se-

sabamisad, mosaxleobis rusifikaciasa da mis mTlian kulturul asimi-

lacias isaxavda pirveli rigis amocanad. am politikis apologeti, a. ve-

reSCagini, 1878w. 19 ianvars werda: ,,Savi zRvis kavkasiis sanapiroze, ro-

gorc saxelmwifos ganapira mxareSi, romelic ase bevri rusuli sisxli

da fuli dajda, samarTlianad unda batonobdnen rusuli eklesia, rusu-

li ena, rusuli wera-kiTxva. mosaxleobis sxvadasxva tomobrioba iwvevs

skolebis daarsebis aucileblobas, radgan mxolod skoliT SeiZleba es

sxvadasxva tomobrivi mosaxleoba momavalSi rusad iqces‘‘ [131, 22].

148

qarTuli inteligenciisa da samRvdeloebis warmomadgenlebi kargad

xedavdnen afxazeTis tragediis namdvil mizezebs da mas ruseT-osmale-

Tis omebs ukavSirebdnen, romlis msxverplic afxazebi aRmoCndnen. arqi-

mandriti ambrosi xelaia (SemdgomSi saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi)

aRniSnavda, rom afxazebma da mTielebma ver aitanes rusebis mxridan ma-

Ti Tavisuflebis SezRudva, amitom, maT SeiZules rusebi da qristianuli

religia, romlis mimdevrebic rusebi iyvnen. am mxriv viTareba kidev

ufro gaamwvava omer faSas laSqrobam afxazeTSi. 1877-1878 wlebis omma ki

afxazebSi qristianobisaTvis ufro mZime Sedegebi moitana [26, 455-458].

§3. afxazeTi osmaleTis imperiis sagareo politikaSi

(XXs. I meoTxedi)

pirveli msoflio omis win osmaleTis xelisuflebaSi myofma ,,axal-

gazrda TurqTa‘‘ partiis liderebma TavianTi da qveynis momavali

germanias daukavSires. isini imedovnebdnen, rom germaniasTan kavSirSi ga-

naxorcielebdnen TavianT ideals _ ruseTis imperias mowyvetdnen kavka-

sias, yirims, volgispireTs, Sua azias da Seqmnidnen TurqTa did sa-

xelmwifo “Turans‘‘ [88, 352]. pirvel msoflio omSi Cabmamde, osmaleTis

xelisufleba garkveul saqmianobas awarmoebda kavkasiaSi eqspansioniz-

misaTvis safuZvlis Sesamzadeblad da ruseTTan saomari konfrontaciis

SemTxvevaSi, muslimanuri mosaxleobis antirusuli ganwyobilebebis gasa-

Rviveblad. kavkasiiT gansakuTrebiT dainteresebuli iyo osmaleTis mmar-

Tveli triumviratis (enver faSa, TalaaT faSa da jemal faSa) wevri, sa-

mxedro ministri enver faSa. enver faSas ruseTTan gardauvali omis mo-

lodini hqonda. es garemoeba gamowveuli iyo ruseTTan gamZafrebuli

politikuri dapirispirebiT, rac umTavresad ukavSirdeboda aRmosavleT

anatoliaSi mcxovreb somxur mosaxleobasa da balkaneTSi Seqmnil

viTarebas. enver faSas mier kavkasiaSi, rogorc diplomatiuri, aseve

faruli misiiT gagzavnili warmomadgenlebis pirveli rigis amocanas ru-

suli SeiaraRebuli Zalebis, samxedro da samoqalaqo administraciis,

adgilobrivi mosaxleobis ganwyobilebebisa da osmaluri eqspansiisaTvis

149

dasayrdeni religiuri da eTnikuri Temebis Taobaze informaciebis Se-

groveba, mxardamWerTa Seguleba da, maTi meSveobiT, ZirgamomTxreli saq-

mianoba warmoadgenda [186, 141; 190, 291-292].

osmaleTis xelisufleba yvela Rones xmarobda, rom marto ar aRmo-

Ceniliyo ruseTis winaaRmdeg samxedro dapirispirebaSi da cdilobda,

germaniasTan 1914w. 2 agvistos dadebuli saidumlo samokavSireo xel-

Sekrulebis gamoyenebiT, Zlieri mokavSire SeeZina. am saidumlo xelSek-

rulebiT, ruseT-germaniis omis dawyebis SemTxvevaSi, osmaleTi valdebu-

lebas iRebda omSi germaniis mxareze gamosuliyo. germania-ruseTis omis

dawyebis Semdeg, osmaleTma neitraliteti gamoacxada, radgan mzad ar

iyo omisaTvis da germaniisagan finansuri daxmarebis miRebac surda. os-

maleTis msoflio omSi Cabma daaCqara germaniis samxedro-sazRvao flo-

tis ori samxedro gemis ,,breslau‘‘ da ,,gebeni‘‘, dardanelis sruteSi

Semosvlam. osmaleTma Seifara gemebi da germanuli ekipaJi, ganacxada,

rom iyida es gemebi germaniisagan, gadaarqva saxelebi (,,midili‘‘ da

,,iavuzi‘‘) da maTze osmaluri droSa aRmarTa. Sav zRvaze, osmaleTis

droSis qveS, ori germanuli mZlavri gemis gamoCenam osmaleTis xelisu-

flebas ruseTTan omi sabolood gadaawyvetina. osmaleTi mxolod didi

raodenobiT sesxis miRebas eloda germaniisagan, rac omSi Cabmis signali

unda gamxdariyo. 1914w. 27 oqtombers, germaniisagan 5 milioni oqros li-

ras odenobiT sesxis miRebis Semdeg, osmaleTis floti moulodnelad

Tavs daesxa Sav zRvaSi myof ruseTis gemebs da CaZira isini. 30 oqtom-

bers osmaleTis flotma baTumi dabomba. 2 noembers ruseTma, 5 noembers

inglisma da 6 noembers safrangeTma osmaleTs omi gamoucxades. osma-

leTma 11 noembers samive saxelwifos omi gamoucxada da sulTanma yvela

muslimans ,,saRvTo omisaken‘‘ mouwoda [88, 353-354].

germaniis mxareze omSi Cabmis Semdeg, osmaleTis kavkasiis armiis sa-

mxedro moqmedebebis paralelurad, gaaqtiurda osmaleTis samxedro-po-

litikuri dazvervis samsaxuri ,,TeSkilaTi mahsusa‘‘ (qarT: specialuri

organizacia_z.w.), romlis mizans kavkasiaSi da, kerZod, saqarTveloSi an-

tirusuli gamosvlebis provocireba, sabotaJebisa da diversiebis mowyo-

ba da mtris zurgSi samxedro dazvervis warmoeba warmoadgenda. osma-

leTis qalaq rizeSi ganlagebul ,,TeSkilaTi mahsusas‘‘ StabSi mimdina-

150

reobda saqarTvelos SavizRvispireTSi, maT Soris, afxazeTSi diversiu-

li aqtebisa da, Sedegad, qaosuri mdgomareobis gamowvevis gziT, sana-

piroze osmaluri desantis gadasxmis gegmebis damuSaveba [187, 38].

,,TeSkilaTi mahsusas‘‘ ufrosis, suleiman askeri beis mier, 1914w. 5

noembers, q. rizeSi ganlegebuli organizaciis Stabisadmi gagzavnil

sruliad saidumlo satelegrafo SetyobinebaSi miTiTebulia, rom

dauyonebliv unda daiwyos mtris sanapiroze areulobebis gamowveva

marbieli desantis gadasxmis gziT. diversantTa razmebis mxardasaWerad

saidumlod unda SeirCes adgilobrivi pirobebis mcodne, Sesaferisi

xalxi. suleiman askeri bei gansakuTrebulad aRniSnavs q. soxumSi iseTi

desantis gadasxmis aucileblobas, romelic dakompleqtebuli iqneba

soxumis sanapirosa da adgilobriv pirobebSi garkveuli pirebiT.

,,TeSkilaTi mahsusas‘‘ xelmZRvaneli avalebs Tavis warmomadgenels,

soxumis desantSi qristiani qarTvelebi CarTos. osmalebs ganzraxuli

hqondaT, esargeblaT 1914w. germaniis mxardaWeriT, qarTveli politikuri

emigrantebis mier Camoyalibebuli ,,saqarTvelos damoukideblobis

komitetis‘‘ daxmarebiT. pirveli msoflio omis (1914-1918ww.) msvlelobisas,

qarTveli emigrantebisagan dakompleqtebuli `saqarTvelos

damoukideblobis komiteti‘‘, germaniis, avstriis da osmaleTis

mxardaWeriT cdilobda saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenas. unda

aRmdgariyo saqarTvelos samefo, magram taxtze avidoda ara bagrationi,

aramed germaniis kaizeris vilhelm meoris pirveli Svili ioaximi,

romelic dasabams miscemda axal dinastias. misi meuRle unda gamxdariyo

marine maCabeli da Seqmniliyo `naxevarmTvarisa da jvris qveyana‘‘,

gaerTianebuli didi saqarTvelo [12, 54-56].

`saqarTvelos damoukideblobis komiteti‘‘ saidumlo molaparakebebs

awarmoebda osmaleTis mTavrobasTan. mxareebma miaRwes SeTanxmebas damo-

ukidebeli saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, romlis sazRvrebic mogvianebiT SeTa-

nxmdeboda [195, 13], gadawyda, rom kavkasiis frontze, osmaleTis armiaSi

ibrZolebda ,,qarTuli legioni‘‘, romelic dakompleqtdeboda qarTvel

samxedro tyveTagan, osmaleTs TavSefarebuli qarTvelebisagan da sxva

moxaliseebisagan. osmaleTis teritoriaze qarTuli legionis formireba

1914w. daiwyo. am wlis damlevisTvis ZiriTadad dasrulda legionis for-

151

mireba. igi am dros 600 kacs moiTvlida. legionis meTaurad dainiSna so-

cial-federalisti leo kereseliZe, Stabis ufrosad nestor kereseliZe,

aseulis meTaurebad _ Zmebi vano da sergo labaZeebi, metyviamfrqveveTa

aseulis meTaurad _ vano wereTeli. saintendanto legionerTa raode-

nobam 1916w. martSi 1200-s gadaaWarba [90, 14-18].

,,qarTuli legioni‘‘ germaniisa da osmaleTis SeTanxmebis sa-

fuZvelze moqmedebda kavkasiis frontze. 1914w. oqtomberSi, ruseT-osmale-

Tis sazRvris maxloblad, murRulis xeobaSi, moxda Setakeba rusul da

osmalur razmebs Soris. osmaluri razmi realurad warmoadgenda qar-

Tul SenaerTs - ,,qarTul legions”, romelic germaniis sardlobisa da

,,saqarTvelos damoukideblobis komitetis‘‘ erTobliv daqvemdebarebaSi

imyofeboda. osmaleTis teritoriaze ,,qarTuli legionis‘‘ Seqmnaze ofi-

cialur Tanxmobas Seicavs osmaleTis umaRlesi sardlobis mier xelmo-

werili dokumenti, romlis ZaliT osmaleTma gamoacxada saqarTvelos

damoukideblobis cnobis mzadyofna [97, 140]. legionSi Sediodnen rogorc

germaniisa da avstria-ungreTis tyveTa banakebidan Sekrebili qarTvelebi,

ise TurqeTSi mcxovrebi muslimani qarTvelebic, maT Soris muhajirebi,

romlebic sisxlxorceulad iyvnen dainteresebulni samSoblos

momavliT, magram osmaleTs Tavisi interesebi da gegmebic hqonda, romel-

sac ,,komitetis‘‘ mesveurebi yovelTvis ar iziarebdnen [61, 68].

1914w. 15 noembers, trapizonis gubernator jemal azmis mier osma-

leTis mmarTveli triumviratis wevris TalaaT faSasadmi gagzavnil

satelegrafo SetyobinebaSi aRniSnulia, rom soxumSi desantis ga-

dmosxmas qarTvelebi aferxeben. trapizonis gubernators mohyavs ,,batoni

surgulaZis‘‘ (,,saqarTvelos damoukideblobis komitetis‘‘ damfuZnebeli

petre surgulaZe _z.w.) gancxadeba, saidanac irkveva, rom osmalebs da-

gegmili hqondaT qristiani, emigranti qarTvelebis monawileobiT, soxum-

Si oTxaskaciani sadesanto razmis gadmosxma, rac petre surgulaZes mi-

uReblad miaCnda. is amtkicebda, rom arsebul samxedro-politikur viTa-

rebaSi, aseTi mcirericxovani desantis gadasxma afxazeTSi sargebels

ver moitanda da mxolod mis ganadgurebas gamoiwvevda [187, 39].

amrigad, ,,komitetis‘‘ winaaRmdegobam osmalebis gegma CaSala. 1914w.

noemberSi, soxumSi dagegmili desanti ar Sedga. misi gadmosxma sxva, uf-

152

ro xelsayreli droisaTvis gadaido [176, 479-480]. rogorc vxedavT, osma-

leTi, kavkasiaSi saomari moqmedebebis dawyebis pirvelive dReebidanve

cdilobda afxazeTSi samxedro-sazRvao desantis gadasxmasa da aq

samxedro placdarmis Seqmnas.

ruseTSi momxdari bolSevikuri gadatrialebisa da kavkasiis fron-

tis daSlis Semdeg, kavkasiaSi gabatonebuli samxedro mdgomareoba osma-

leTma moipova. sabWoTa ruseTis gamosvla pirveli msoflio omidan da-

mtkicebul iqna 1918w. 3 martis brest-litovskis sazavo xelSekrulebiT.

miuxedavad imisa, rom osmaleTma ruseTTan samxedro operaciebSi marcxi

ganicada, brest-litovskis xelSekrulebiT igi gamarjvebuli saxelmwi-

foebis _ germaniisa da avtria-ungreTis gverdiT aRmoCnda [88, 363].

1918w. 26 maiss saqarTvelom damoukidebloba gamoacxada, xolo 1918w.

4 ivniss, osmalebis mier okupirebul baTumSi daido xelSekruleba ,,mSvi-

dobisa da megobrobis Sesaxeb‘‘ saqarTvelosa da osmaleTs Soris. xelSe-

kruleba metad mZime iyo saqarTvelosTvis da moiTxovda misgan terito-

riul daTmobebs. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom baTumis xelSekrulebis rati-

fikacia ar moxda da igi ZalaSi ar Sesula [88, 366].

1918w. 27 ivniss, kodoris SesarTavTan, Tavad aleqsandre SarvaSiZis

mamulSi osmaluri desanti gadmosxda. Ddesantis SemadgenlobaSi osma-

leTSi gadasaxlebul afxaz muhajirTa STamomavlebic iyvnen. imave dRes,

baTumSi ganlagebuli osmaleTis mesame armiis sardalma esad faSam

soxumis dakavebis brZaneba gasca [134, 206]. es iyo osmaleTis mxridan

1918w. afxazeTSi samxedro intervenciis dawyebis meore cda, radgan osma-

leTis sardloba ufro adre, maisSic gegmavda afxazeTSi desantis gad-

mosxmas. am mizniT osmaleTis samxedro-politikuri xelmZRvaneloba See-

cada zegavlena moexdina afxazTa saxalxo sabWos wevrebze.

1918w. maisSi, osmaleTis imperiasa da amierkavkasiis seims Soris mim-

dinare baTumis samSvidobo konferenciaze Casul afxazTa saxalxo sab-

Wos delegacias, sabWos saxeliT davalebuli hqonda, protesti gamoeTqva

saqarTveloSi osmalTa SemoWrasTan dakavSirebiT [134, 206]. saxalxo sa-

bWos delegaciaze zegavlenis moxdenas Seecadnen baTumSi Casuli afxazi

Tavadebi aleqsandre SarvaSiZe da tataS marSania. maT kavSiri daamyares

baTumSi ganlagebul osmaleTis mesame armiis oficrebTan, warmoSobiT

153

afxazi muhajirebis STamomavlebTan, jemalbek marSansa da suleiman bgan-

basTan. afxazi Tavadebis mizans warmoadgenda osmaleTis afxazeTTan da-

kavSirebuli gegmebis ganxorcielebaSi monawileobis miReba. maT mola-

parakebebi gamarTes osmalebis samxedro sardlobis warmomadgenel xa-

lil beisTan. Mmolaparakebaze ganxilul iqna Semdegi sakiTxebi: osma-

leTSi myofi afxazi muhajirebis afxazeTSi dabruneba da osmaleTis

mxridan bolSevikebis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli afxazeTisaTvis daxmarebis

gaweva. xalil beisTan molaparakebebs awarmoebdnen al. SarvaSiZe da t.

marSania. a. WoWuam, a. gicbam da x. Cukbarma uari ganacxades molaparake-

baSi monawileobis miRebaze [53, 68-69]. baTumis molaparakebebze gamoirkva,

rom osmaleTis mizani iyo CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTielTa kavSirSi afxaze-

Tis gaerTianebis uzrunvelyofa. osmaleTi am mizniT agzavnida jarebs

afxazeTSi [134, 206].

1918w. 17 maiss, amierkavkasiis seimis davalebiT, erovnulma gvardiam

v. juRelis meTaurobiT, q.soxumidan bolSevikuri revkomi gandevna. v.

juRelis gvardias soxumis portSi osmalTa xomaldebi daxvda, romel-

Tac ori-sami aseulis xmeleTze gadmosxmac moeswroT. amierkavkasiis

mTavrobis Tavmjdomare a. Cxenkeli aRniSnavda, rom baTumSi Camosuli

afxazTa warmomadgenlebi amzadebdnen Turqebis Tavdasxmas afxazeTze da

mxolod qarTuli gvardiis mier soxumis dakavebam da komunistebis gan-

devnam aiZula Turqebi xeli aeRoT Tavis ganzraxvaze [85, 13; 101, 160-168;

156, 19]. 1918w. maisSi, v. juRelis mier ganxorcielebuli samxedro ope-

racia afxazeTSi, mimarTuli iyo, rogorc bolSevikebis, aseve osmaluri

okupaciis winaaRmdeg.

26 maiss, germaniis mxardaWeriTa da mfarvelobiT gamocxadebuli sa-

qarTvelos damoukideblobis Semdegac, osmaleTis xelmZRvaneloba afxa-

zeTSi samxedro SeWrisaTvis mzadebas agrZelebda. osmaleTis mxridan

afxazeTSi samxedro placdarmis Seqmnis survili dakavSirebuli iyo

enver faSas mier SemuSavebul gegmasTan, romelic iTvaliswinebda

osmaleTis proteqtoratiT CrdiloeT kavkasiis muslimanuri sa-

xelmwifos Seqmnas. es saxelmwifo, romlis SemadgenlobaSi enver faSa

afxazeTsac ganixilavda, unda qceuliyo buferad osmaleTsa da ruseTs

Soris. enver faSas am gegmis Sesaxeb informacias flobdnen osmaleTis

154

mokavSire germaniisa da avstria-ungreTis mTavrobebi. mokavSireebi un-

doblobiT ekidebodnen osmaleTis xelisuflebis panTurqistul da

panislamistur miswrafebebs. 1918w. 25 ivniss, osmaleTis imperiis deda-

qalaq stambolSi avstria-ungreTis imperiis saelCos samxedro ataSem

ioseb pomiankovskim, q. venaSi, generaluri Stabisadmi gagzavnil patakSi

aRniSna, rom Turqebis samxedro sardlobas kavkasiaSi da saqarTveloSi

Sorsmimavali eqspansionisturi gegmebi gaaCnia da ar apirebs regionSi

Tavisi mokavSire germaniis SeiaraRebuli ZalebisaTvis poziciebis daT-

mobas. Aamis dasturad, ataSes mohyavs enver faSas mier osmaleTis armiis

general zeki faSasadmi gagzavnili saidumlo satelegrafo Setyobineba,

sadac aRniSnulia, rom osmaleTis xelisuflebam unda daamyaros mWidro

kavSiri kavkasiis muslimanebTan, xeli Seuwyos maTSi axali saxe-

lmwifoebrivi warmonaqmnebis Seqmnas momavalSi osmaleTTan SeerTebis

mizniT [194, 196-197]. osmaleTis mokavSire saxelmwifoebi, osmaluri de-

santis afxazeTSi gadmosxmas, kavkasiaSi enver faSas samxedro-politiku-

ri gegmebis Semadgenel nawilad miiCnevdnen. germaniisa da avstria-

ungreTis warmomadgenlebma TbilisSi, 1918w. 28 ivniss, TavianTi qveynebis

sagareo uwyebebs Seatyobines afxazeTSi 27 ivniss osmaluri desantis

gadmosxmis Sesaxeb. mokavSireTa warmomadgenlebi aRniSnaven, rom osma-

luri desanti Sedgeba rvaasi jariskacisagan. aqve naTqvamia, rom afxazTa

saxalxo sabWom gaaprotesta desantis gadmosxma [194, 197].

enver faSa soxumSi desantis gadmosxmas im garemoebiT amarTlebda,

rom afxazeTi CrdiloeT kavkasiasTan iyo dakavSirebuli da saqarTvelos

SemadgenlobaSi ar Sedioda. konfliqtSi saqarTvelos mfarvelis – ger-

maniis Carevisa da protestis Semdeg, enver faSam saWirod CaTvala afxa-

zeTSi osmaluri desantis gadasxmis faqti ase ganemarta saqarTvelos

mTavrobisaTvis gagzavnil satelegrafo SetyobinebaSi: ,,soxumisa da misi

olqis mosaxleobasTan erTad, afxazebic ganicdidnen bolSevikebisgan

Tavdasxmebs. Cven mogvmarTa maTma delegaciam da gvTxova Tavdacva da

mfarveloba.Aam mizniT soxumSi gaigzavna samxedro SenaerTi. Eis iyo ga-

miznuli ara okupaciis ganxorcielebisaTvis, aramed mfarvelobisa da

daxmarebis aRmosaCenad. arsebiTad, soxumi ar aris saqarTvelos Semadge-

nlobaSi da dakavSirebulia CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTavrobasTan, ris gamoc

155

darwmunebuli var, rom es SemTxveva ar Selaxavs Cvens urTierTobebsa da

megobrobas [194, 198-199].

sinamdvileSi am droisaTvis afxazeTze vrceldeboda qarTuli saxe-

lmwifos iurisdiqcia. afxazTa saxalxo sabWosa da saqarTvelos mTavro-

bas Soris dadebuli 1918w. 11 ivnisis xelSekrulebiT, afxazeTi gaformda

saqarTvelos avtonomiur erTeulad, centralur mTavrobaSi SemoRebul

iqna afxazeTis saqmeTa ministris Tanamdeboba, romelzec afxazTa sa-

xalxo sabWos wardginebiT r. Cqotua dainiSna [85, 14-15]. enver faSa

afxazTa delegaciaSi gulisxmobda baTumis konferenciaze Casul pro-

Turqulad ganwyobil al. SarvaSiZesa da t. marSanias, magram isini ar

yofilan afxazTa saxalxo sabWos delegaciis wevrebi da araviTari uf-

lebamosileba ar gaaCndaT esaubraT misi saxeliT [53, 69-70].

afxazeTSi samxedro desantis gadmosxmaze gadawyvetileba miRebul

iqna osmaleTis umaRlesi samxedro xelmZRvanelobis mxridan erTobliv-

ad, magram 1918w. 10 ivliss, enver faSa, osmaleTis sagareo saqmeTa sami-

nistrosadmi gagzavnil werilSi, afxazeTSi samxedro desantis gadmo-

sxmaze metwil pasuxismgeblobas sardal vehib faSas akisrebda da aRniS-

navda, rom osmalo askerebi iZulebulni gaxdnen afxazeTi daetovebinaT

germaniis protestis Sedegad [58. 17].

28 ivniss desantis gadmosxmis adgilas, wyurgilSi Cavida saqarTve-

los mTavrobis warmomadgeneli isidore ramiSvili, man desants saqar-

Tvelos mTavrobis saxeliT ganiaraReba mosTxova [134, 206]. osmaluri de-

santis meTauri aRmoCnda afxazi muhajiri, osmalo oficeri jemalbek

marSani. is pirispir esaubra isidore ramiSvils da misca mas Sesabamisi

ganmartebebi. jemalbek marSanma aRniSna, rom desanti warmoadgenda samxe-

dro Zalas, romelic afxazeTSi gamoigzavna afxazi xalxisaTvis daxmare-

bis gawevis mizniT anarqiasTan brZolaSi. afxazTa saxalxo sabWom dagmo

desantis gadmosxmis faqti, magram desantis SemadgenlobaSi afxazi mu-

hajirebis yofnis Sesaxeb miRebuli informaciebis Sefasebis Sedegad,

wyurgilSi molaparakebebis gasamarTavad miavlina delegacia s. basarias,

a. WoWuasa da sxvaTa SemadgenlobiT [53, 70].

am droisaTvis saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebi afxazeTSi soWidan

SemoWrili bolSevikebis winaaRmdeg awarmoebdnen brZolebs. 18 ivniss sa-

156

mxedro ministris brZanebiT, soxumis general-gubernatorad dainiSna gi-

orgi mazniaSvili, romelmac 28 ivnisisTvis mTeli afxazeTi gawminda

bolSevikebisagan da Seteva gaagrZela afxazeTis sazRvrebs gareT [11, 59-

60]. general g. mazniaSvilisa da saqarTvelos xelisuflebis drouli

RonisZiebebis Sedegad, moxerda desantis mier wamowyebuli samxedro ope-

raciis lokalizeba da aRkveTa. generali mazniaSvili piradad gaemgzav-

ra desantis dislokaciis adgilze, pirispir esaubra osmalo oficrebs.

g. mazniaSvilTan saubris Semdeg osmalo oficrebma ganacxades, rom isi-

ni desantis miznebisa da amocanebis sakiTxSi SecdomaSi iqnen Seyvanili,

radgan daajeres, rom adgilobrivi mosaxleoba Sexvdeboda maT, rogorc

afxazeTis ganmaTavisuflebel Zalas, realurad ki desants mosaxleobis

mxridan ignorireba daxvda da qarTuli jaris garemocvaSi aRmoCnda. os-

maleTTan politikuri garTulebebis Tavidan asacileblad, general g.

mazniaSvilis gadawyvetilebiT, uzrunvelyofil iqna osmalo askerebis

barJiT foTSi, samxedro komendantis gankargulebaSi gadayvana, Semdgom-

Si osmaleTSi gadagzavnis mizniT. desantis im nawilis likvidacia, rome-

lic kodoris mazris soflebSi gadasvla moaswro, generalma mazniaS-

vilma Tavisi Stabis ufross, polkovnik Tuxarels ubrZana [11, 70-71].

afxazTa saxalxo sabWoSi proTurqulad ganwyobili deputatebi

cdilobdnen desanti warmoeCinaT, rogorc afxazeTSi bolSevikebis wina-

aRmdeg sabrZolvelad Camosuli muhajirebis razmi. amasTan dakavSirebiT,

afxazTa saxalxo sabWos wevrma, v. emuxvarma ganacxada, rom desanti Sed-

geba TurqeTis regularuli armiis jariskacebisagan da dRemde aseTad

rCeba. 19 ivliss, sabWos sxdomaze misma Tavmjdomare v. SarvaSiZem sabWos

saxeliT ganacxada, rom ,,afxazeTis saxalxo sabWos arsebuli Semadgen-

loba saqarTvelos mTavrobasTan erTad erT platformaze dgas da sabWo

ar dauSvebs aq TurqeTis samxedroebis koncentracias‘‘ [18. 9, 11].

desantis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi daxmarebis aRmosaCenad general g.

mazniaSvils miuvida samasi rCeuli mxedari afxaz warCinebulTa oja-

xebidan, qarTul jarSi mowyalebis debad afxaz TavadaznaurTa qaliSvi-

lebi msaxurobdnen [134, 187]. desantis narCenebis likvidaciisken mimar-

Tul samxedro operacias polkovnik Tuxarelis daqvemdebarebaSi myofi

samxedro nawilebi ivlis-agvistos ganmavlobaSi awarmoebdnen. afxazeTis

157

mosaxleoba mtrulad Sexvda desantis gamoCenas. samurzayanoSi, sofel

moqvSi gamarTulma mosaxleobis krebam desantis monawileTa gasamarTle-

ba moiTxova, sofel bediaSi ki ganiaraRebul iqna 120 osmalo askeri [134,

207]. 15 agvistos sofel moqvTan da 25 agvistos sofel jgerdasTan Seta-

kebebis Sedegad osmaluri desanti likvidirebul iqna. al. SarvaSiZisa

da t. marSanias winaaRmdeg osmaluri desantis Semoyvanis braldebiT si-

sxlis samarTlis saqme aRiZra [132, 763-766].

1918w. mais-ivnisSi, afxazeTSi bolSevikebTan brZolis dReebSi,

afxazTa saxalxo sabWoSi deputatebis erTi jgufi kodoris mazraSi os-

maluri desantis gadmosxmisaTvis niadags amzadebda. igive jgufi icavda

im pirebs, romlebic eWvmitanilni iyvnen kodoris mazraSi osmalo aske-

rebisaTvis daxmarebis gawevaSi. desantis ganadgurebis Semdeg Turqo-

filebi samSoblodan gandevnilebad gamocxadnen [101, 227].

arsebobs safuZveli, rom 1918w. maissa da ivnisSi bolSevikebisa da

osmalo samxedroebis aqciebi afxazeTSi koordinirebulad miviCnioT.

afxazeTSi saqarTvelos centraluri xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg separa-

tistuli _ proTurquli da bolSevikuri _ dajgufebebis urTierTkavSi-

ri SeiniSneba afxazTa saxalxo sabWos pirveli Tavmjdomaris s. basarias

politikur saqmianobaSi. s. basarias roli afxazeTSi osmaluri desantis

momzadebis saqmeSi mniSvnelovanwilad ganpirobebuli iyo misi kavSire-

biT stambolSi moqmed ,,CrdiloeT kavkasiis politikur sazogadoebas-

Tan‘‘, romelic osmaleTis samxedro-politikuri xelmZRvanelobis iaraRs

warmoadgenda kavkasiis mimarTulebiT. 1917w. s. basaria kavkasiis ,,mTiel-

Ta kavSiris‘‘ delegaciis SemadgenlobaSi, imyofeboda stambolSi. masTan

Sexvedrebis Sesaxeb cnoba daculi aqvs afxazuri warmoSobis Turq

publicistsa da sazogado moRvawe mustafa butbais (butba). mustafa

butbai eskiSehiris olqSi mcxovreb afxaz muhajirTa STamomavali iyo.

umaRlesi ganaTleba miiRo stambolSi. xelmZRvanelobda stambolis

,,Cerqez qalTa liceums‘‘. aqtiur monawileobas iRebda stambolis afxa-

zur-Cerqezuli organizaciebis saqmianobaSi. 1919w. stambolSi gamosca

laTinur grafikaze Sedgenili afxazuri anbani. 1920w. stambolis ,,Crdi-

loeT kavkasiis politikuri sazogadoebis‘‘ davalebiT imogzaura Crdi-

loeT kavkasiasa da saqarTveloSi, maT Soris, afxazeTSi. am mogzaurobis

158

Sesaxeb misi Canawerebi saTauriT ,,mogonebebi kavkasiaze‘‘ gamoqveynda

TurqeTSi 1990w. mustafa butbai gardaicvala TurqeTis respublikaSi

1946w. [57, 3-4]

butbai, basariasa da CrdiloeT kavkasiis ,,mTielTa kavSiris‘‘ de-

legaciis vizits ukavSirebs osmaleTis sagareo politikis kavkasiis mi-

marTulebas, romelic miznad isaxavda CrdiloeT kavkasiisa da afxazeTis

gaerTianebas erT, osmaleTis proteqtoratis qveS myof CrdiloeT-

kavkasiis islamur saxelmwifod [57, 6].

pirveli msoflio omis wlebSi, osmaleTis imperiis sagareo politi-

kuri mimarTulebidan gamomdinare, osmaleTis samxedro-politikuri xel-

mZRvanelobis iniciativiT, stambolSi Seiqmna Cerqez da afxaz muhajirTa-

gan Semdgari organizaciebi, romelTa meSveobiT osmaleTi koordinirebas

uwevda afxazeTisa da CrdiloeTkavkasiis proTurqulad ganwyobil Za-

lebs. enver faSas instruqciiT, Cerqezi muSir fuad faSas xel-

mZRvanelobiT, osmaleTis imperiis Cerqezuli warmoSobis didmoxeleTa

da samxedroTagan Seiqmna specialuri komiteti, romelic miznad isaxavda

osmaleTis sulTnis dinastiis warmomadgenlis qveS CrdiloeT kavkasiis

gaerTianebas. osmaleTi kavkasiaSi Tavisi interesebis gatarebisaTvis

mniSvnelovan saSualebad miiCnevda muhajirTa STamomavlebs. [57, 6-7].

aRsaniSnavia, rom basaria aqtiurobas iCenda afxaz muhajirTa repat-

riaciis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. 1918w. 28 ivliss, afxazTa saxalxo sab-

Wos dadgenilebis safuZvelze, sabWos wevrebs, s. basariasa da g. Tuma-

novs mieniWaT rwmunebebi, rom Sesuliyvnen, rogorc mrCevlebi, saqarTve-

los diplomatiur misiaSi stambolis konferenciaze, misiis muSaobaSi

monawileobisa da im sakiTxTa garkvevisaTvis, romlebic ukavSirdeboda

osmaleTis teritoriaze mcxovreb afxazTa samSobloSi dabrunebas [2, 22].

basarias megobruli urTierToba akavSirebda afxazeTSi moqmedi

bolSevikuri razmis ,,kiarazis‘‘ meTaur v. agrbasTan da gamoCenil afxaz

bolSevik nestor lakobasTan. s. basaria da v. agrba iyvnen 1917w. maisSi,

e.w. afxazuri samRvdeloebis krebis mowvevis iniciatorebi, romelmac

qarTuli eklesiis mier avtokefaliis gamocxadebis sawinaaRmdegod, da-

moukidebeli afxazuri eklesiis Seqmnis gadawyvetileba miiRo. am krebas

eswreboda da sityviT gamovida n. lakoba [135, 287-288]. afxazeTis bol-

159

SevikTa aRiarebuli xelmZRvaneli n. lakoba, saqarTvelos demokratiuli

respublikis iusticiis saministros mier gamocxadebuli iyo sisxlis sa-

marTlis damnaSaved da ,,sazRvargareTuli komitetebis‘‘ xelmZRvanelad

[138, 61]. n. lakoba ojaxuri wriT mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli baTumSi da

osmaleTis imperiaSi mcxovreb afxaz muhajirebTan. n. lakoba, gamoCenil

afxaz bolSevik efrem eSbasTan erTad, sabWoTa ruseTis gansakuTrebu-

lad saidumlo davalebebs asrulebda kavkasiisa da axlo aRmosavleTis

muslimanur mosaxleobaSi [152, 9].

pirveli msoflio omis ganmavlobaSi, osmaleTis imperia, Tavisi sa-

mxedro da politikuri miznebis Sesabamisad, afxaz muhajirebs da afxa-

zeTSi arsebul Turqofilur Zalebs iyenebda afxazeTSi samxedro-poli-

tikuri placdarmis Sesaqmnelad. osmaleTi didi mniSvnelobas aniWebda

afxazeTis meSveobiT kavkasiaSi Tavisi strategiuli miznebis ganxorcie-

lebas da cdilobda afxazeTSi damkvidrebiT, erTi didi nabiji gadaedga

SemdgomSi CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi islamuri saxelmwifos Camoyalibebi-

saTvis, romelic osmaleTis proteqtoratis qveS, ruseTis winaaRmdeg

mimarTul buferul zonad unda eqcia [57, 8].

ruseTSi bolSevikuri xelisuflebis damyarebam da afxazeTSi bol-

Sevikebis gaaqtiurebam, afxazi Turqofilebi bolSevikebs daukavSira da-

moukidebeli saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg. 1918w. mais-ivnisSi afxazeTSi bol-

Sevikebisa da Turqofilebis erTdrouli gamosvlebi erTmaneTTan da-

kavSirebulad migvaCnia. am kavSiris mTavari mizani afxazeTis saqarTve-

lodan CamocilebaPiyo.

1918-1921ww. afxazeTSi mimdinare sazogadoebriv-politikuri proce-

sebis aqtiuri monawilis, afxazTa saxalxo sabWos wevr m. tarnavas mogo-

nebebSi aRniSnulia, rom ,,menSevikuri‘‘ saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg brZolaSi

afxazTa saxalxo sabWos deputatTa erTi jgufi dasayrdens sabWoTa

ruseTSi eZebda, meore jgufi ki proTurquli orientaciisa iyo. tarnava

wers: ,,ufro adre Tavi iCina Turqulma orientaciam. afxazTa saxalxo

sabWos ramodenime gamoCenili deputati saqmis kursSi iyo imasTan dakav-

SirebiT, rom TurqeTSi aralegalurad gaemgzavnen Tavadebi tataS mar-

Sania da aleqsandre ServaSiZe, afxazeTis menSevikebisgan ganTavisufle-

bisaTvis daxmarebis misaRebad. am mizniT maT gadmoibires yofili afxazi

160

muhajirebi da miiRes iaraRi [50, 201; 132, 79-80]. afxazi bolSeviki efrem

eSba ki aRniSnavda, rom ,,mTielTa kavSiris‘‘ saxeliT afxazeTSi Camosuli

CeCeni bolSeviki aslanbek Seripovi, TurqebTan kavSiris damyarebis

mizniT molaparakebebs awarmoebda [171, 161]. 1917w. 8 noembers, a. Seripovi

erT-erTi ZiriTadi momxsenebeli iyo soxumSi gamarTul afxazi xalxis

yrilobaze, romelsac s. basaria Tavmjdomareobda. am yrilobaze gadawy-

da afxazTa saxalxo sabWos Camoyalibeba da ,,mTielTa kavSiris‘‘ Sema-

dgenlobaSi Sesvla [132, 68-69, 740].

afxazeTSi sxvadasxva politikuri dajgufebebis kavSirebze osma-

leTTan informacias flobdnen qarTveli politikuri moRvaweebic.

soxumis qalaqisTavi b. CxikviSvili 1918w. 21 Tebervals saqarTvelos ero-

vnuli sabWosadmi gagzavnil moxsenebaSi aRniSnavda: ,,afxazebma SeiZleba

Turqebs desantis gadmosxma mosTxovon, Tu ar iqna Tqveni mxridan

wesrigis damyarebaSi daxmareba aRmoCenili‘‘ [132, 80, 404].

afxazeTSi realuri avtonomiis damyareba Turquli da rusuli ori-

entaciebis damarcxebis Semdeg gaxda SesaZlebeli. saqarTvelos demokra-

tiuli respublikis xelisufleba avtonomiuri afxazeTis mosaxleobis

uflebebs icavda saerTaSoriso arenazec. 1920w. afxazeTSi wamoiWra Ta-

visufal, e.w. ,,safondo miwebze‘‘ mosaxleobis mozidvis sakiTxi. 1920w.

ivnisSi, afxazi inteligenciis krebaze dafuZnda ,,afxazi muhajirebis

saqmeTa soxumis centraluri komiteti‘‘. komitetma gamoacxada, rom Tur-

qeTSi myofi afxazi muhajirebi warmoadgendnen ruseT-osmaleTis omebis

dros afxazeTidan iZulebiT gadasaxlebulebs. komitetma gamoaqveyna mo-

wodeba afxazeTis mosaxleobisadmi, sadac aRniSnuli iyo, rom TurqeTSi

mcxovreb afxaz muhajirebs surT samSobloSi dabruneba da dabrunebis

nebarTvis misaRebad mimarTes saqarTvelos mTavrobas [137, 497-498].

komitetis mowodebaSi aRniSnuli TxovniT afxazma muhajirebma 1920w.

16 Tebervals mimarTes TurqeTSi saqarTvelos warmomadgenlobis xelm-

ZRvanels g. rcxilaZes. Tavis mxriv, g. rcxilaZem es Txovna gadaugzavna

parizis samSvidobo konferenciaze saqarTvelos delegaciis xel-

mZRvanels n. CxeiZes. amasTan, g. rcxilaZe, Tavis werilSi n. CxeiZisadmi

Seexo ara mxolod afxazi muhajirebis, aramed saqarTvelodan wasuli

muslimani mosaxleobis sakiTxsac. g. rcxilaZis werilSi aRniSnulia,

161

rom 16 Tebervals man miiRo TurqeTSi gadasaxlebul afxazTa warmomad-

genlebi marSania da marRania, romelTac afxazi muhajirebis saxeliT

miuloces saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRiareba (aq igulisxmeba

,,antantis‘‘ mier 1920w. ianvarSi saqarTvelos de-faqto damoukideblobis

aRiareba_z.w). afxaz muhajirTa warmomadgenlebma ganacxades, rom

piradad isini, iseve rogorc yvela afxazi, saqarTvelos erTianobis

momxreni arian da am mimarTulebiT gaagrZeleben saqmianobas momavalSic.

muhajirTa warmomadgenlebs ainteresebdaT, ra gziTa da saSualebebiT

moxerxdeboda gadasaxlebuli afxazebis dabruneba afxazeTSi. maTi

sityvebiT, afxaz muhajirTa raodenoba TurqeTis izmiTis olqSi 150 aTas

adamians Seadgenda. g. rcxilaZe gamoTqvamda Tavis mosazrebas afxaz

muhajirTa TxovnasTan dakavSirebiT da miuTiTebda, rom saqarTvelos

yvela kuTxidan gadasaxlebuli muhajirebi osmaleTis qveSevrdomebad

iTvlebian da maTi gadmosaxleba saqarTveloSi gamoiwvevda mraval sir-

Tules, amitom konferenciaze es sakiTxi winaswar unda gaeTvaliswinebi-

naT. g. rcxilaZe iZleoda rekomendacias, TurqeTTan sazavo molaparake-

bebisas, saqarTvelos moeTxova, mieRoT specialuri dadgenileba, romel-

Sic aRiarebuli iqneboda ruseTis batonobis dros kavkasiidan TurqeTSi

gadasaxlebul muhajirTa da maT STamomavalTa samSobloSi dabrunebis

ufleba. am uflebis realizaciisaTvis unda Seqmniliyo specialuri komi-

sia da dadgeniliyo ramdenimewliani vada. unda esargeblaT dabrunebis

uflebiT ara marto afxazebs, aramed qarTvel muslimanebsac [157, 279-280].

n. CxeiZem mokavSire saxelmwifoebis umaRlesi sabWos Tavmjdomares 7

aprils gaugzavna werili, sadac aRniSnulia Semdegi: ,,saqarTvelosa da

afxazeTis mkvidri Zalian bevri muslimani, romelic iZulebuli Seiqna

sxvadasxva epoqaSi daetovebina samSoblo, gadasaxlda osmaleTis impe-

riaSi, gansakuTrebiT berlinis traqtatis (1878w.) Semdeg, ruseTis mTav-

robis mier saqarTveloSi danergili da SemdgomSic gatarebuli antimus-

limanuri politikis Sedegad. qarTvelebsa da musliman afxazebs, upira-

tesad baTumisa da soxumis olqebis mkvidrT, romelTac ,,muhajirebi‘‘

ewodaT gasaxlebis religiuri xasiaTis gamo, xSirad gamouTqvamT mSob-

liur adgilebSi dabrunebis survili, magram maTi dabruneba samSobloSi

SeuZlebeli iyo rusebis batonobis periodSi. damoukidebel saqarTvelos

162

ki piriqiT, surs yovelnairad gauadvilos samSobloSi dabruneba Tavis

gafantul Svilebs. imisaTvis, rom TurqeTi an osmaleTis imperiis mem-

kvidre sxva qveyana, win ar aRudges emigranti qarTvelebis samSobloSi

dabrunebas, didad mniSvnelovani iqneboda TurqeTTan momaval xelSekru-

lebaSi Sesuliyo muxli, romelic gaiTvaliswinebda saqarTvelos

olqebSi imaT Tavisufal dabrunebas, romelTac politikuri Tu reli-

giuri mosazrebebidan gamomdinare datoves (saqarTvelo) da aqvT survi-

li iq dabrunebisa. pativi maqvs vTxovo Tqvens aRmatebulebas, gadasces

umaRles sabWos mosaxleobisa da saqarTvelos mTavrobis zemoaRniSnuli

survili‘‘ [157, 280].

rogorc vxedavT, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis xelisuf-

leba iseve icavda qarTveli xalxis uflebebs, rogorc afxazebisas.

qarTveli da afxazi muhajirebis samSobloSi dabrunebis sakiTxi saqar-

Tvelos xelisuflebam imdroindel upirveles saerTaSoriso doneze _

,,antantis‘‘ umaRles sabWoze gaitana gansaxilvelad. 1921w. saqarTvelos

gasabWoebam qarTvel da afxaz muhajirTa samSobloSi gadmosaxlebis

gegmebis ganxocieleba SeuZlebeli gaxada.

saqarTvelos demokratiulma respublikam 1918w. afxazeTSi samxedro

Zalis gamoyenebiT CaSala rogorc Turqofili, aseve bolSeviki separa-

tistebis gegmebi. afxazeTi saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis Sema-

dgenlobaSi Sevida avtonomiuri erTeulis saxiT, rac gamocxadda 1919w.

20 marts afxazeTis saxalxo sabWos mier miRebuli ,,afxazeTis avto-

nomiis aqtiT‘‘ [2, 51-52].

afxazeTi (soxumis olqi) saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis

SemadgenlobaSi cno ruseTis federaciam 1920w. 7 maisis xelSekrulebiT.

[132, 783-784]. saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikasa da TurqeTis didi

saxalxo krebis mTavrobas Soris diplomatiur urTierTobebs safuZveli

Caeyara 1920w. noemberSi, rodesac saqarTveloSi Camovida TurqeTis ofi-

cialuri warmomadgeneli, polkovniki kiazim bei. mis Camosvlas saqarTve-

loSi dadebiTad Sexvdnen. saqarTvelos parlamentis sxdomaze sagareo

saqmeTa ministris moadgilem, konstantine sabaxtaraSvilma ganacxada:

,,qiazim beis mindobili aqvs saqarTvelos mTavrobasTan megobruli urTi-

erTobebis dasamyareblad molaparakebebis gamarTva... Cven amas sixaruliT

163

miviRebT, magram yovelgvari molaparakebis aucilebel safuZvlad Cven

moviTxovT misgan (TurqeTisgan_z.w.) yoveli pirobis gareSe saqarTvelos

damoukideblobis aRiarebas im sazRvrebSi, romelic cnobilia ruseTTan

1920w. 7 maiss dadebuli samSvidobo xelSekrulebiT” [88, 392-393]. 14 noem-

bers kiazim beim, ankaraSi, sagareo saqmeTa saministroSi gagzavnil

SetyobinebaSi aRniSna, rom saqarTvelos mTavrobas gadasca elCis

rwmunebis sigeli. elCi Tavis SetyobinebaSi aRniSnavs: ,,TbilisSi SiSiT

uyureben ankarisa da moskovis daaxloebas, radgan qarTvelebi ar endo-

bian rusebis megobrebs. saqarTvelo aRiarebs ankaris mTavrobas da ar

cnobs stambolis xelisuflebas. saqarTvelo moelis ankaris mxridan

aRiarebas da sasazRvro sakiTxebis gadawyvetas‘‘. [194, 584]. elCis sityve-

biT, man qarTvelebs ganumarta, rom ankaris xelisuflebis ruseTTan ur-

TierToba ar iqneba mimarTuli saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg, radgan TurqeTi

damoukidebeli saqarTvelos momxrea da ruseT-TurqeTis kavSirma ar un-

da gamoiwvios Tbilisis SeSfoTeba [194, 584-585].

kavkasiaSi Seqmnil viTarebaSi TurqeTs saqarTvelos damoukidebeli

saxelmwifos Camoyalibeba xels aZlevda. TurqeTis mTavroba Zlier da

damoukidebel saqarTvelos Tavisi interesebisaTvis xelsayrelad miiC-

nevda da 1920w. 21 oqtombris notiT amis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos mTavrobas

acnoba. TurqeTis mTavrobam am sakiTxSi Tavisi gulwrfeloba saqar-

Tvelos cnobiT daamtkica [194, 617].

saqarTvelos sruluflebian warmomadgenlad ankaraSi dainiSna sa-

qarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis Tavmjdomaris moadgile svimon mdivani.

ankaraSi saqarTvelos misia Cavida 1921w. 31 ianvars, sadac misTvis cno-

bili gaxda, rom wamyvanma saxelmwifoebma _ aSS-m, inglisma, safrangeTma,

germaniam, italiam, espaneTma da sxvebma icnes saqarTvelo de-iured.

1921w. 8 Tebervals ankaraSi TurqeTis didi saxalxo krebis Ta-

vmjomarem da Turqi eris erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolis beladma

mustafa qemal faSam miiRo saqarTvelos elCi svimon mdivani. elCma mas

rwmunebis sigelebi gadasca. saqarTvelos misiis sagangebo davalebaTa

oficris, dimitri SalikaSvilis (1993-1997ww. aSS-s Stabebis meTaurTa

gaerTianebuli komitetis Tavmjdomaris, general jon malxaz Salika-

Svilis mama) mowmobiT, saqarTvelos elCis miRebas eswreboda qemal fa-

164

Sas adiutanti gvarad anCabaZe, TurqeTSi gadasaxlebuli afxazi muha-

jiris Svili [88, 394]. simon mdivanma rwmunebis sigelis gadacemisas ga-

marTul sazeimo ceremonialze warmoTqmul sityvaSi aRniSna, rom saqar-

Tvelos mTavroba ankaris mTavrobas mis samarTlian brZolaSi warmate-

bebs usurvebs da Tavis mxriv darwmunebulia, rom ankaris mTavroba saTa-

nadod afasebs mezobeli saqarTvelos damoukideblobis mniSvnelobas.

mustafa qemal faSam ganacxada, rom moxarulia elCis saxiT miesalmos

qarTvel ers. man madloba gadauxada qarTvel elCs im SefasebisaTvis,

rac elCma Turqi xalxis Tavisuflebisa da damoukideblobisaTvis

brZolas misca. ,,TurqeTis didi erovnuli krebis mTavrobis mier, Tqvens

sagareo saqmeTa saministrosadmi 1920w. 21 oqtombers gagzavnil notaSi

aRiniSna, rom damoukidebeli da Zlieri saqarTvelos arseboba Cvens

interesebs Seesabameba. vsargeblob SemTxveviT da vadastureb TurqeTis

didi erovnuli krebis am Tvalsazriss. Mmxolod imas davamateb, rom

TurqeTi, romelic ibrZvis uflebisaTvis, rom TviTon gadawyvitos Tavisi

bed-iRbali, ra Tqma unda igive uflebas aRiarebs yvela xalxisaTvis da

gansakuTrebiT mezobeli qarTveli xalxisaTvis.”- aRniSna mustafa qemal

faSam [194, 620-621].

rogorc vxedavT, TurqeTis meTauri dainteresebuli iyo Zlieri da

damoukidebeli saqarTvelos arsebobiT da masTan diplomatiuri urTi-

erTobebis damyarebas did mniSvnelobas aniWebda. TurqeTma cno saqarTve-

los demokratiuli respublika, romlis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda avto-

nomiuri erTeulis saxiT afxazeTi da daamyara saqarTvelosTan diploma-

tiuri urTierToba.

165

daskvna

amrigad,AafxazeTis, rogorc saqarTvelos Semadgeneli nawilis,

istoriis mniSvnelovani monakveTi dakavSirebulia ruseTisa da osma-

leTis imperiebis urTierTobebTan, maT politikasTan, rogorc mTlianad

saqarTvelos, aseve kavkasiis mimarTulebiT.

osmaleTis imperiis pirveli Tavdasxma saqarTveloze q. cxumsa da

afxazeTis sanapiroze ganxorcielda. es osmaleTis strategiis Semadgene-

li nawili iyo, romelic miznad isaxavda Savi zRvis Tavis ,,Sida tbad‘‘

gadaqcevasa da saqarTvelos politikuri erTeulebis damorCilebas.Aam

miznis ganxorcielebaSi osmaleTi iyenebda Tavis vasal yirimis xans. os-

maleTi, dasavleT saqarTveloSi gabatonebis miznis Sesabamisad, afxaze-

Tis mezobel jiqTa toms iyenebda afxazeTis saerisTaosa da odiSis wi-

naaRmdeg. jiqebi afxazeTsa da odiSSi Semosevebs axdendnen. afxazeTi, uZ-

velesi qarTuli qristianuli kulturis qveyana, osmaleTisa da misi mo-

kavSire jiqebis tomebis Semosevebis wyalobiT, ,,midrka qristianobisgan‘‘,

radikaluri cvlilebebi moxda mosaxleobis eTnikur SemadgenlobaSi da

mxaris kulturul-istoriul yofaSi.

XVIIs. dasawyisSi, afxazeTis erisTavi SarvaSiZeebi gamTavrdnen.

afxazeTis samTavros Camoyalibebas xeli Seuwyo odiSis samTavros mier

osmaleTis suzerenitetis aRiarebam. XVII s. dasasrulisaTvis afxazeTis

samTavrom odiSis xarjze gaifarTova teritoriebi md. enguramde.

osmaleTma afxazeTSi saboloo politikur gabatonebas XVIII sau-

kuneSi miaRwia. Zlieri osmaluri samxedro garnizoni imyofeboda soxu-

misa da afxazeTis sxva cixeebSi. saukunis dasasrulisaTvis, q. soxumSi,

osmaluri samxedro-sazRvao bazis _ gemTsaSenisa da gamagrebuli

fortis – mesveuroba, osmalebma gamahmadianebul afxazeTis mTavars, qe-

leS-ahmed-bei SarvaSiZes Caabares. am periods emTxveva ruseTis Semosvla

kavkasiaSi. ruseTis mxridan qarTl-kaxeTis samefosTan mfarvelobis

traqtatis dadebam da yirimis saxanos damorCilebam osmaleTi aiZula

dasavleT saqarTvelos saqmeebisadmi meti yuradReba gamoeCina. odiSis

samTavros ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sesvlis Semdeg Tavisi vasalis, qeleS-

166

beis ruseTTan daaxloebis aRsakveTad osmaleTma mTavris mkvlelobis

organizeba mis Svil aslan-beis daavala. qeleS-beis mkvlelobis Semdeg,

aslan-beisa da misi momxre adgilobrivi osmaluri dajgufebebis meSve-

obiT, oci wlis ganmavlobaSi osmaleTi SeiaraRebul winaaRmdegobas

uwevda ruseTs afxazeTSi damkvidrebis saqmeSi. 1829w. adrianopolis za-

viT osmaleTma afxazeTi ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi aRiara, magram kvlavin-

deburad agrZelebda afxazeTSi samxedro-politikuri dasayrdenis Seqmni-

sa da misi meSveobiT, CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTielebTan dakavSirebis

politikas. osmaleTs am gegmebis ganxorcielebaSi xels uwyobda ru-

seTis mowinaaRmdege inglisi, romelic stambolSi qmnida Crdilokavka-

siel muhajirTa komitetebs, aiaraRebda mTielebs, politikur da finan-

sur mxardaWeras uwevda ruseTis winaaRmdeg mebrZol Zalebs kavkasiaSi.

yirimis omis periodSi (1853-1856ww.) afxazeTi osmaleTisa da misi mo-

kavSireebis ruseTTan omis erT-erT arenad iqca. afxazeTis mTavari mi-

xeil SarvaSiZe am rTul viTarebaSi cdilobda garkveuli neitralite-

tis SenarCunebas, eloda vis darCeboda mebrZol mxareTagan afxazeTi,

magram saboloo jamSi mTavarma ruseTs uerTgula, ramac imJamad afxa-

zeTis mosaxleobas muhajiroba aacila Tavidan.

1864w. afxazeTis samTavros gauqmebasa da mxareSi rusuli

kolonizaciis dawyebas mohyva 1867w. afxazTa pirveli didi muhajiroba

osmaleTSi. osmaleTis xelisufleba cdilobda afxazi muhajirebisgan

ruseTTan sabrZolveli mowinave razmi Seeqmna, rac warmatebiT gana-

xorciela 1877w. rodesac ruseT-osmaleTis axali omis dros, afxazeTSi

isev gaCaRda saomari moqmedebebi. afxazi mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani

nawili swored muhajirTa mowodebebs ahyva da rusebis winaaRmdeg ga-

ilaSqra, rasac, omSi osmaleTis damarcxebis Semdeg afxazeTidan

muhajirobis meore talRa mohyva.

osmaleTis imperia Tavisi arsebobis bolo wlebSi cdilobda Crdi-

loeT kavkasiaSi eqspansiisa da iq ruseTis winaaRmdeg buferuli saxel-

mwifos Seqmnis mizniT afxazeTSi samxedro-politikuri placdarmis Se-

qmnas. Ppirveli msoflio omis dasawyisSi qarTvelma patriotebma ,,saqar-

Tvelos damoukideblobis komitetidan‘‘ CaSales osmaleTis sardlobis

gegma, romelic soxumSi desantis gadasxmas iTvaliswinebda. 1918w. afxa-

167

zeTSi bolSevikebTan mebrZolma generalma mazniaSvilma kodoris maz-

raSi SemoWrili osmaluri desantis avantiura aRkveTa. ase CaiSala afxa-

zeTSi Tbilisis centraluri xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli gegma,

romlis monawileebi iyvnen, rogorc Turqofili separatistebi, aseve

maTTan kavSirSi myofi bolSevikebi.

amrigad, afxazeTSi ruseTisa da osmaleTis imperiebis politika am

strategiulad mniSvnelovan regionSi gabatonebas isaxavda miznad. Sesa-

bamisad, osmaleTi mxareSi islams avrcelebda, erTmorwmune ruseTi ki

afxazeTSi uZvelesi, qarTuli qristianuli kulturis kvals gulmodgi-

ned Slida. ruseTis imperia ebrZoda osmaleTis afxazeTSi gabatonebis

cdebs, sastikad axSobda antirusul gamosvlebs da osmaleTTan omebs

afxazeTis urCi mosaxleobisagan daclis sababad iyenebda. osmaleTis-

Tvis ki afxazeTi warmoadgenda, erTis mxriv, dasavleT saqarTveloze ba-

tonobisaTvis gamiznul samxedro-politikur dasayrdens, meoris mxriv

CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTielebTan damakavSirebel strategiul placdarms.

am politikidan gamomdinare, osmaleTi, saqarTveloSi ruseTis imperiis

damkvidrebis Semdeg, XIXs. ganmavlobaSi da XXs. pirvel meoTxedSi,

afxazeTSi samxedro-politikuri gabatonebisaTvis brZolaSi eyrdnoboda

adgilobriv, antirusulad ganwyobili Zalebs, samxedro-politikur da

finansur daxmarebas uwevda osmalofilur dajgufebebs, ruseTTan

saomari moqmedebebis periodSi ki saomari fronti uSualod afxazeTis

teritoriaze gadahqonda. pirveli msoflio omis dros, afxazeTSi osma-

luri samxedro intervencia da bolSevikebis Semoseva saqarTvelos demo-

kratiuli respublikis samxedro Zalebma aRkveTa. saqarTvelos damouki-

debelma, demokratiulma respublikam afxazeTis mosaxleobis uflebebi

daicva da mxares avtonomiis statusi mianiWa. ruseTis federaciam da

TurqeTis didi erovnuli krebis mTavrobam, cnes saqarTvelos demokra-

tiuli respublika, romlis SemadgenlobaSi avtonomiuri erTeulis saxiT

imyofeboda afxazeTi.

168

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura

a) saistorio wyaroebi:

1. aixvaldi eduard saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. XIX saukunis pirveli

mesamedi. germanulidan Targmna, Sesavali da saZieblebi daurTo g.

gelaSvilma. Tb., 2005.

2. afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri regionebis statusi

saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi (1917-1988). politikur-samarTlebrivi

aqtebis krebuli. krebulis Semdgeneli da mTavari redaqtori T.

diasamiZe. Tb., 2004.

3. batoniSvili vaxuSti. aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, _ qarTlis

cxovreba. teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT

s. yauxCiSvilis mier. t. IV. Tb., 1973.

4. borozdini k. samegrelo da svaneTi 1854-1861. mogonebani. tf., 1934.

5. gamba Jak fransua. mogzauroba amierkavkasiaSi. t. I. frangulidan

Targmna, komentarebi daurTo m. mgalobliSvilma. Tb., 1987.

6. dadiani n. qarTvelT cxovreba. teqsti gamosca, winasityvaoba,

gamokvleva, komentarebi, saZieblebi daurTo S. burjanaZem. Tb., 1962.

7. evlia Celebis “mogzaurobis wigni”. Turqulidan Targmna,

komentarebi da gamokvleva daurTo giorgi fuTuriZem. nakv I. Tb.,

1971.

8. Turquli wyaroebi XVI saukunis I meoTxedis samcxe-saaTabagos

istoriisaTvis. Turquli dokumentebi qarTuli TargmaniT,

gamokvleviTa da SeniSvnebiT gamosca c. abulaZem. Tb., 1983.

9. istoriuli dokumentebi imereTis samefosa da guria-odiSis

samTavroebisa (1466-1770ww.), S. burjanaZis redaqciiT. Tb., 1959.

10. lamberti don arqanjelo. samegrelos aRwera. Targmani

italiuridan al. Wyoniasi, me-2 gamoc., l. asaTianis redaqciiT,

winasityvaobiTa da SeniSvnebiT. Tb., 1938.

11. mazniaSvili g. mogonebebi. baTumi, 1990.

169

12. maRlakeliZe S. mogonebani. qarTvelebi germanuli droSis qveS

meore msoflio omSi. masalebi gamosacemad moamzada, winasityvaoba

da SeniSvnebi daurTo viqtor rcxilaZem, Tb., 1994.

13. mehmed raSidis cnobebi saqarTvelosa da zogierTi mezobeli

qveynis Sesaxeb. Turquli teqsti qarTuli TargmaniT gamosca,

gamokvleva da SeniSvnebi daurTo v. CoCievma. Tb., 1976.

14. osmaluri dokumenturi wyaroebi anakliisa da ruxis cixeebis

Sesaxeb (XVII-XVIII ss.). Turquli teqsti qarTuli TargmaniT,

SesavliT, terminologiuri leqsikoniT, faqsimileebiTa da

saZieblebiT gamosacemad moamzada n. Sengeliam. Tb., 1982.

15. rainegsi i. mogzauroba saqarTveloSi. germanulidan Targmna,

Sesavali da saZieblebi daurTo g. gelaSvilma. Tb., 2002.

16. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis istoriuli dokumentebi da

arqivebi, II. istoriuli dokumentebi, w. I. imereTis samefos

politikuri sabuTebi (1784-1810). teqsti SeniSvnebiTa da

saZieblebiT gamosacemad moamzada S. burjanaZem. Tb., 1953.

17. sfranZesi giorgi. mcire qronika, _ georgika. t. VIII. bizantieli

mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. teqsti qarTuli

TargmaniTurT gamosca da ganmartebebi daurTo s. yauxCiSvilma.

Tb., 1970.

18. 1. scssa. fondi 5, aRwera 1, saqme 7506.

18. 2. scssa. f. 416, aRw. 3, s. 177.

18. 3. scssa. f. 416, aRw. 3, s. 178.

18. 4. scssa. f. 416, aRw. 3, s. 182.

18. 5. scssa. f. 545, aRw. 1, s. 75.

18. 6. scssa. f. 545, aRw. 1, s. 91.

18. 7. scssa. f. 545, aRw. 1, s. 301.

18. 8. scssa. f. 1087, aRw. 2, s. 357.

18. 9. scssa. f. 1861, aRw. 2, s. 37.

19. qaTib Celebis cnobebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis Sesaxeb.

Turqulidan Targmna, Sesavali, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo

g. alasaniam. Tb., 1978.

20. qarTuli mwerloba. t. VII. Tb., 1989.

170

21. qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi. teqstebi gamosca, SeniSvnebi da

saZieblebi daurTo i. doliZem. t II. Tb., 1965.

22. qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi. teqstebi gamosca, SeniSvnebi da

saZieblebi daurTo i. doliZem. t. III, Tb., 1970.

23. yifiani d. memuarebi. s. xundaZis redaqciiT. tfilisi, 1931.

24. Jan Sardenis mogzauroba sparseTsa da aRmosavleTis qveynebSi.

frangulidan Targmna, gamokvleva da komentarebi daurTo m.

mgalobliSvilma. Tb., 1975.

25. cxovreba saqarTveloisa (parizis qronika). teqsti gamosacemad

moamzada, Sesavali, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo g. alasaniam.

Tb., 1980.

26. wminda aRmsarebeli ambrosi da afxazeTi. krebuli Seadgina,

gamokvleva da komentarebi daurTo j. gamaxariam. Tb., 2006.

27. 1. xelnawerTa erovnuli centris e. veidenbaumis fondi. sab. #1716.

27. 2. sab. #1717.

27. 3. sab. # 1718.

28. Акты собранные Кавказской археографической комиссией под ред. Ад. Берже.

т.II. Тифлис,1868.

29. Акты, Т. III. Тифлис,1869.

30. Акты, Т. IV. Тифлис, 1870.

31. Акты, Т. V. Тифлис, 1873.

32. Акты, Т. VI., ч. I . Тифлис, 1874.

33. Акты, Т. VI., ч. II. Тифлис, 1875.

34. Акты, Т. VII. Тифлис, 1878.

35. Акты, Т. IX. Тифлис, 1884.

36. Акты, Т. X. Тифлис, 1885.

37. Акты, Т. XI, Тифлис, 1888.

38. Акты, Т. XII, ч. II Тифлис,1904.

39. Внешная политика России XIX и начала XX века. Документы Российского Министерства Иностранных дел. т. IV. М., 1965. 40. Военное искусство капиталистического общества (1789-1917 гг.), Сборник

материалов для военных училищ, Москва, 1953.

171

41. Война 1877 и 1878 гг. т. III. Война в Азиатской Турции, под ред. генерал-майора

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181

Semoklebani

macne, istoriis..seria _ saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis macne, isto-

riis, arqeologiis, eTnografiisa da xelovnebis istoriis seria

saistorio Ziebani _ eqvTime TayaiSvilis saxelobis saqarTvelos saisto-

rio sazogadoebis afxazeTis organizaciis weliwdeuli

scssa _ saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi

sigk _ saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiis krebuli

xelnawerTa institutis moambe – akad. k. kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawer-

Ta institutis moambe

Акты – Акты собранные Кавказской археографической комиссией

ССКГ – Сборник сведений о кавказских горцах