after the seminar…. firestop plan review and inspection · outline how fire containment in...

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Firestop Plan Review and Inspection

ICC Preferred Provider Course No. 10471IFC Firestop 108 –

Firestop inspection and plan review0.7 CEUs

After the seminar….• Please take our seminar feedback survey:https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/FirestopSeminar2016(only 3-4 mins!)

You can scan the QR code totake you to the survey

Indicate if you would like toreceive a seminar certificate

Firestop Inspection Training 5

Learning Objectives

1. Outline how fire containment in construction isachieved

2. List the code requirements for firestopping3. Explain how firestopping materials are tested

and to what standards4. Show why a system approach to firestopping

is required5. Determine when the installation techniques

meet applicable standards and coderequirements

6. Understand the 2012 IBC requirements forfirestop Special Inspection

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Seminar agenda• What is firestopping, and why is it required?• Code Requirements• Firestop System Fire Testing• Penetration Firestop Systems• Membrane penetration firestop systems• Joint Systems• Perimeter Fire Containment Systems• Duct Enclosure systems• Understanding the UL Directories• Firestop installation options• Engineering judgments• Special inspection and special inspectors• Recognizing firestop installation problems• Plan review and inspection process

recommendations• Notable changes in IBC 2009, 12, 15• IFC-Recommended firestop inspection techniques

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THE BASICS

SPECIFICAPPLICATIONS

DOCUMENTS

!!! AS OF 2012 IBC

INSPECTIONTIPS

Understanding the Concept ofBalanced Fire Protection

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Balanced Fire Protection

• An integrated system of fire and smokeprotection elements in the constructionenvironment composed of detection,suppression and containment featuresdesigned to provide an acceptable level ofprotection for people and property

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Fire Protection Triad

Containment

DetectionSuppression

What is the Function of aBalanced Fire Protection Design?• Detectors are used to activate fire alarms and notify

building occupants and emergency responders• Sprinklers are designed to control small and medium

fires and to prevent fire spread beyond the typical watersupply design area of about 1,500 ft2

• Compartmentation mitigates the spread of more severebut less frequent fires by limiting building areas,subdividing building with fire resistance ratedconstruction, based on hourly ratings

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• Requires features that limit spread of fire and productsof combustion:

– Sprinkler systems and other suppression systems (control)– Fire rated horizontal and wall assemblies– Smoke barriers– Opening protection: doors, windows, shutters in paths of

egress– Occupant egress requirements– Smoke management systems– Fire detection and alarm systems– Limitations on interior finishes and hazardous materials– Limited heights and areas– Fire rated tenant separations– Structural protection

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IBC Balanced fire protectionfeatures

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Finding The RightBalance

ActiveProtection(Sprinklersand Alarms)

PassiveProtection

(Fire-resistiveAssemblies)

Smoke & Toxic Gases

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What is the Leading Killer in Fires?

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Visibility: 47% of survivors caught in a fire could not see more than 12feet

3/4 of all fire deaths are caused bysmoke inhalation.

Approximately 57% of people killed in fires are not in the room ofthe fire’s origin

Source: Hall, Jr. John R. NFPA Fire Analysis & Research, Quincy, MA. “Burns, Toxic Gases, and other Hazards”.

Smoke travels 120-420 feet per minute under fire conditions

Source: NFPA Fire Protection Handbook, 18th Ed. Table 1-1P. Pg.1-15.

Source: NFPA Fire Protection Handbook, 18th Ed. Table 8-1P. Pg. 8-17.

Source: Estimate based upon ceiling jet velocity calculations for typical ceiling heights and heat release rates.

Fire Statistics – Why We MustContain Smoke and Toxic Gases

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Containment In Construction

• Fire-resistance-rated assemblies– Fire Walls– Fire Barriers– Fire Partitions– Smoke Barriers– Horizontal Assemblies

• Through- and Membrane-Penetrations• Fire-resistant joint systems (i.e. construction joints

and perimeter joints)• Opening protection (i.e. fire-rated doors and windows)• Air ducts and air transfer openings (i.e. dampers)

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Containment in Construction

Firestopping: IBC Definition•An assemblage consisting of a fire-resistance-rated floor,floor/ceiling, or wall assembly,+•one or more penetrating items passing through thebreaches in both sides of the assembly+•the materials or devices, or both, installed to resist thespread of fire through the assembly for a prescribed periodof time.

Compare and contrast• Firestopping• Fireblocking• Draftstopping

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1980 MGM Grand Hotel84 Died – 679 Injured

Due to Smoke Propagation(Prior to Firestop Requirements)

May 2001 - Taipei Office BuildingFire started on 3rd Floor

Spread and jumped to 26th Floor(Unauthorized removal of fire walls and lack of

perimeter barrier firestopping hampered firecontainment)

Large loss fires with inadequate compartmentation

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Fire occurred on the 12th floor extendingto 16th floor (62 story high-rise):– “The lack of firestopping between the floor

slabs and the skin permitted the fire tospread from floor to floor through thisspace. Fire was observed spreadingthrough this area even before the glassand mullions failed.”

– “The fire extended upward by…non-firestopped openings between the floorslab and the skin.”

– “The vertical spread was also throughpoke-through, pipe recesses, and utilityshafts.”

– “The automatic sprinkler system wasdrained and building fire pumps shut off attime of fire.”Source: Chapman, Elmer F. “High-Rise: An Analysis,” FireEngineering”, August 1988.

First Interstate Bank BuildingLos Angeles, 1988

Fire occurred in the 5th floor electricalroom:

– “Fire and smoke spread beyond therooms involved due to a number ofunprotected horizontal and verticalopenings.”

– “Based upon the NFPA’s investigationand analysis of this fire, the followingare considered significant contributingfactors to the loss of property in thisincident:

• Unprotected vertical and horizontalpenetrations. These openingsallowed smoke to spread frombeyond the electrical room and intothe occupied areas.”

Source: NFPA Fire InvestigationSummary: “High Rise Fire RockefellerCenter”

Rockefeller CentreNew York, 1996

Why is Firestopping Required?

• Mandated by the Codes

• Life safety and propertyprotection

• Provide time for first responders toperform their duties

• Compartmentalize andprevent spread of flameand smoke through astructure during a fire

Where do the IBC (and NFPA 101)required firestopping?


Through-Penetrations

Containment In ConstructionMembrane-Penetrations


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Construction Joints

Containment In ConstructionPerimeter Containment


Firestopping needed in manyApplications

Graphics – STI



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THE BASICS


DOCUMENTS

!!! AS OF 2012 IBC

INSPECTIONTIPS

Code Requirements - Firestopping–International Building Code – Chapter 7

•New Construction–International Fire Code – Chapter 7

•Existing Buildings–NFPA 101 – Chapter 8

•Health Care

Code Requirements – FirestoppingMinimum requirements for New Construction & Maintenance

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FIRESTOP PROCESS• Design/specification• Plan Review• Installation• Inspection• Maintenance

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• Code provisions provide clear direction for inclusion information onthe plans.107.2.1 - Information on Construction Documents shall be ofsufficient clarity to indicate the location, nature and extent of thework proposed and show in detail that it will conform to theprovisions of this codes

107.3.4.1-Deferred submittals. Deferral of any submittal items shallhave the prior approval of the building official. The registered designprofessional in responsible charge shall list the deferred submittals onthe construction documents for review by the building official.Documents for deferred submittal items shall be submitted to theregistered design professional … who shall review them and forwardthem to the building official … indicating they … have been reviewedand found to be in general conformance to the design of the building.The deferred submittal items shall not be installed until the deferredsubmittal documents have been approved by the building official.

Submittals

Firestop Code Requirements - IBC

• 110.3.6 Protection of joints and penetrations in fire-resistance-rated assemblies, smoke barriers and smoke partitions shall notbe concealed from view until inspected and approved.

Inspection

Firestop Code Requirements - IBC Firestop Code Requirements - IBCThrough-Penetrations

• Sections 714.3.1.2: Through-Penetrations of Vertical AssembliesThrough penetrations shall be protected by an approved penetrationfirestop system installed as tested in accordance with ASTM E 814 or UL1479 with a minimum positive pressure differential of 0.01 inch (2.49 Pa)of water and shall have an F rating of not less than the required fireresistance rating of the wall penetrated.

Firestop Code Requirements - IBCThrough-Penetrations

• Sections 714.4.1.2: Through-Penetrations of Horizontal AssembliesThrough penetrations shall be protected by an approved penetration firestopsystem installed as tested in accordance with ASTM E 814 or UL 1479 with aminimum positive pressure differential of 0.01 inch (2.49 Pa) of water and shallhave The system shall have an F rating/T rating of not less than 1 hour but notless than the required rating of the floor penetrated.

Exceptions to T-Rating only:1. Floor penetrations contained and located within the cavity of a wall2. Floor penetrations by floor drains, tub drains or shower drainscontained and located within the concealed space of a horizontalassembly3. Max 4-inch diameter penetrations directly into metal-enclosedelectrical power switchgear.

• Sections 714.3.2: Membrane PenetrationsMembrane Penetrations shall comply with Section 714.3.1. Where walls or

partitions are required to have a fire-resistance rating, recessed fixtures shallbe installed such that the required fire-resistance will not be reduced.

– Code Summary:• Membrane penetrations are firestopped at

the wall membrane or surface, the sameas through penetrations

Membrane Penetrations


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• Section 715.1: Fire Resistive Joint Systems“Joints installed in or between fire-resistance rated walls, floor orfloor/ceiling assemblies and roofs or roof/ceiling assemblies shall beprotected by an approved fire-resistant joint system designed to resistthe passage of fire for a time period not less than the required fire-resistance rating of the wall, floor or roof in or between which the systemis Installed.”

Exceptions: Several specific exemptions exist e.g. walls permitted tohave unprotected openings, floors within malls, etc..

Joints

Firestop Code Requirements - IBCPerimeter Barriers


715.4 Exterior curtain wall/floor intersection. Where fire resistance-rated floor or floor/ceiling assemblies are required, voids created at theintersection of the exterior curtain wall assemblies and such floorassemblies shall be sealed with an approved system to prevent theinterior spread of fire. Such systems shall be securely installed andtested in accordance with ASTM E 2307 to provide an F rating for a timeperiod not less than the fire-resistance rating of the floor assembly.Height and fire-resistance requirements for curtain wall spandrels shallcomply with Section 705.8.5.Exception…..

Perimeter barriers:Floor-to-ceiling glass

PRESENTATION TITLE 42

715.4 Exterior curtain wall/floor intersectionException: Voids created at the intersection of the exterior curtain wallassemblies and such floor assemblies where the vision glass extends tothe finished floor level shall be permitted to be sealed with an approvedmaterial to prevent the interior spread of fire. Such material shall besecurely installed and capable of preventing the passage of flame andhot gases sufficient to ignite cotton waste where subjected to ASTM E119 time-temperature fire conditions under a minimum positivepressure differential of 0.01 inch (0.254 mm) of water column (2.5 Pa)for the time period at least equal to not less than the fire-resistancerating of the floor assembly.


Firestop Code Requirements - IBC2012: 715.4.1 Exterior curtain wall/nonfire-resistance-ratedfloor assembly intersections. Voids created at the intersectionof exterior curtain wall assemblies and nonfire-resistance-ratedfloor or floor/ceiling assemblies shall be sealed with an approvedmaterial or system to retard the interior spread of fire and hotgases between stories.

2015: 715.4.2 Exterior curtain wall/vertical fire barrierintersections. Voids created at the intersection of nonfire-resistance-rated exterior curtain wall assemblies and fire barriersshall be filled. An approved material or system shall be used tofill the void and shall be securely installed in or on theintersection for its entire length so as not to dislodge, loosen orotherwise impair its ability to accommodate expected buildingmovements and to retard the passage of fire and hot gases.

• 1705.17 Fire-resistant penetrations and joints. In high-risebuildings or in buildings assigned to Risk Category III or IVin accordance with Section 1604.5, special inspections forthrough-penetrations, membrane penetration firestops,fire-

resistant joint systems, and perimeter fire barrier systemsthat are tested and listed

• ASTM standards required in 1705.17 for inspection procedures(E2174-04 and E2393-04)

Special InspectionsFirestop Code Requirements

• Fire codes govern the fire safety requirementsof buildings throughout their lifespan

– International Fire Code

Inspection during life of a building

Firestop Code Requirements –Fire Codes

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– 703.1 Maintenance. The required fire-resistancerating of fire-resistance-rated construction (includingwalls, firestops, shaft enclosures, partitions, smokebarriers, floors, fire-resistive coatings and sprayedfire-resistant materials applied to structural membersand fire-resistant joint systems) shall be maintained.

– 2009: Such elements shall be visually inspected bythe owner annually and properly repaired, restored orreplaced when damaged, altered, breached orpenetrated.

– 2015: Records of inspections and repairs shall bemaintained.

Inspection during life of a buildingInternational Fire Code (IFC)

International Building CodeTest Standards

IBC

ThroughPenetration

ASTM E814UL 1479

JointsUL 2079

ASTM E1966

PerimeterBarriers ASTM E2307

Code Requirements - IBC

IFC Video• “CLOSE ENOUGH IS NOT GOOD ENOUGH”: A

Demonstration of Proper vs. Improper Firestopping

http://www.youtube.com/c/FirestopOrg

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Questions / Discussion



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THE BASICS


DOCUMENTS

!!! AS OF 2012 IBC

INSPECTIONTIPS

How Firestopping is Tested

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Underwriters Laboratories Inc.

FM Global (Factory Mutual)

Intertek Testing Services (ITS)

Southwest Research Institute

Third Party Testing Labs

American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM)

Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (UL)

Labs Test to Standards

Through-Penetration TestBefore

ASTM E119 TIME -TEMPERATURE CURVE Through-Penetration Test

During

Through-Penetration TestAfter

Hose Stream Test

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Example of Successful TestingConstruction - 4” PVC Through Drywall

Firestopping - Intumescent Device & Sealant

Before After

Through-Penetration Systems

Main Criteria:– F-Rating: Condition of Acceptance:

• Prohibits flame passage

• Hose stream (no projections of water through gaps)

– T-Rating: Max. temp. rise of 325°F above ambient on

the non-fireside

Head of Wall Joint

Fire Resistive Joint Testing

Floor to Floor Joint

ASTM E1399: Cyclic Movementand Measuring Min.& Max. JointWidths of Architectural JointSystems

Cycling RequirementsClass Movement Min. Cycles FrequencyI Thermal 500 1 cycle / min.II Wind Sway 500 10 cycle / min.III Seismic 100 30 cycle / min.IV Combined 100 30 cycle /min.& 400 10 cycle / min

Before After Fire Exposure

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Hosestream Hosestream Failure

Questions / Discussion Seminar agenda• What is firestopping, and why is it required?• Code Requirements• Firestop System Fire Testing• Penetration Firestop Systems• Membrane penetration firestop systems• Joint Systems• Perimeter Fire Containment Systems• Duct Enclosure systems• Understanding the UL Directories• Firestop installation options• Engineering judgments• Special inspection and special inspectors• Recognizing firestop installation problems• Plan review and inspection process


67

THE BASICS


DOCUMENTS

!!! AS OF 2012 IBC

INSPECTIONTIPS

Penetration Firestop Systems

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Penetration Firestop Systems

Consists of:• Assembly being penetrated• Penetrating item• Fill, void or cavity materials (firestopping

materials)

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Three Components ofPenetrations

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Codes & Standards

Code RequirementsIBC 714.3 (wall assemblies)

IBC 714.4 (Horizontal assemblies)

• 714.3.1, 714.4.1 – Through penetration shall beprotected by one of the following:– As tested as part of the entire wall assembly– As tested to ANSI/UL 1479 / ASTM E 814

• 714.3.1.2 – When tested to ANSI/UL 1479 orASTM E 814, systems shall have F Ratingequal to rating of wall penetrated

• 714.4.1.2 - …shall have an F rating and a Trating of not less than 1 hour but not less thanthe required rating of the floor penetrated.”

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Code Requirements WallAssemblies Cont.

• 714.3.2 – Membrane penetration shall beprotected as follows:– As specified in 713.3.1 (i.e. through

penetrations)– Recessed fixtures shall be installed so as not

to reduce the required fire resistance– Specific rules for outlet boxes…

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Code Requirements SmokeBarriers

• 714.5 – Penetrations in smoke barriersshall have an L Rating at ambient and400 °F per UL2079– Max 5.0 CFM / sq ft of opening, or– Max cumulative leakage of 50 cfm for all

penetrations within any 100 square feet ofwall or floor area

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Sprinkler PipeConsiderations

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• NFPA 13 Annular Space Limitations– If Pipe < 3.5” then annular = 1”– If pipe > 3.5” then annular = 2”

• Pipe Movement– Seismic Movement– Water-Hammer from Testing

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Metallic Sprinkler Pipe Penetrations:

Sprinkler Pipe Considerations Ratings

• F - Flame Occurrence• T - Heat Transmission• L - Leakage• W - Water Leakage (Optional)

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Conditions of AcceptanceF Rating

• Passage of Flame• Hose Stream

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L (Air Leakage) Ratings

• L Rating methodology added to ANSI/UL1479 in 1993

• Leakage determined at 0.3 in. WC• Tested at Ambient and 400°F• Results published in either CFM/Device

or CFM per sq ft

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Conditions of AcceptanceTo obtain T-Rating

• No Passage of Flame• Not to exceed 325°F Temperature Rise• Code-mandated only for some floor

penetrations

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IBC – T Rating

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IBC – T Rating• Required for

– through-penetrations of horizontal assemblies (with exceptions)– membrane penetrations by non-electrical boxes

T-rating never required by code for wall through-penetrations

• Methods for achieving a T Rating include:– Wrap metallic pipe with mineral wool or ceramic

insulation– A listed device around metallic pipe that will cool pipe

during a fire

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IBC – T Rating (Exceptions)

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Exceptions to floor penetration T-Rating:1. Floor penetrations contained and located within thecavity of a wall2. Floor penetrations by floor drains, tub drains orshower drains contained and located within theconcealed space of a horizontal assembly (IBC 2012)3. Max 4-inch diameter penetrations directly into metal-enclosed electrical power switchgear. (IBC 2015)

Annular Space

Typical Annular Space

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1.Centered

2. Off-Centered

3. PointContact

4. ContinuousContact

Sealant depth & locationmust be verified

5/8” called for inListed System

< 5/8” installed in thefield

TOP VIEWSIDE VIEW

Crown Bead at Point Contact

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Intumescence = Expansion with heat Pen

etra

ting

Item

Untooled sealant on the surfacewill likely fail

Poor SealantFootprint

Properly recessed and tooledsealant will expand inward as

designed.

Improved SealantFootprint

Pene

tratin

g Ite

m

Properly Tooled Penetrations

• The Firestop sealant mustbe well bonded topenetrating item andsurrounding wall or floor

• Should always inspectboth sides

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• Intumescent sealant expands and fills the void• The intumescent expands inwards to crush/collapse pipe

Steel Collars and IntumescentWrap Strips

STI Graphic

• Intumescent Putties– Hand moldable intumescent “putties

Firestop Putties

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Verify that a PenetrationFirestop System matches the

applicationEvery tested and listed system has its own uniqueallowances, limits, requirements:-Hourly fire rating-Type of barrier-Type of penetrant-Min/Max Hole size-Firestop product

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Where Can I Find The MostCurrent Listings?

Hard Copy

CD-ROM

Online

Identifying a matching firestopsystem

• What type of building assembly is requiring firestopping?– Floor or Wall

• What type of material is the building assembly– Concrete, CMU, Gypsum, Wood Frame

• What is the penetrating item(s)?– Metallic, Nonmetallic, Cables, Insulated, Construction Joints, etc.

• What are the specific descriptions regarding thepenetrants?– Diameter, quantity, type of plastic, type & thickness of insulation,

etc.• What is the hourly rating you are looking for?

– F Rating, T Rating• Are there any special considerations?

– Movement, Environmental exposure• Are there any special considerations?

– Movement, Environmental exposure

SYSTEM No. C-AJ-1379

F Ratings – 3 HrT Ratings – 0 Hr

1A. Floor or Wall Assembly – Min 4-1/2 in. thick reinforced normal weight (150 pcf) concrete.Wall may also be constructed of any UL classified Concrete Blocks*. Max diam of opening is26-1/2 in.

See Concrete Blocks (CAZT) category in the Fire Resistance Rating Directory for namesof manufacturers.

1B. Metallic Sleeve (optional) – Nom 16 in. (or smaller), Schedule 10 (or heavier) steel pipesleeve, cast or grouted into floor or wall assembly.

2. Through Penetrants – One metallic pipe or tubing to be installed concentrically oreccentrically into opening such that the annular space between the pipe and the periphery of theopening is min 0 in. (point of contact) to max 2-1/2 in. Pipe to be firmly supported on both sides ofopening. The following types and sizes of pipes may be used:

(a) Nom. 24 in. diam (or smaller) Schedule 30 (or heavier) steel or iron pipe.(b) Nom. 4 in. diam (or smaller) electrical metallic tubing.

3. Packing Material – Mineral wool insulation of min 4 pcf firmly pressed into opening as apermanent form. Insulation material to be recessed by min depth of 1/2 in. from top surface offloor or both surfaces of wall.

4. Fill, Void, or Cavity Materials* – Caulk – Min 1/2 in. thickness of fill material appliedwithin the annulus, flush with top surface of floor or both surfaces of wall. A min 1/4 in. crown ofthe caulking material shall be applied around the entire circumference of the pipe at the level ofthe floor surface or both wall surfaces.

W. R. GRACE & CO. – CONN. – FlameSafe® FS900+

* Bearing the UL Classification Marking.

Company ABC – SuperDuper Sealant

For the Contractor

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UL Systems serve two roles:

1) Evidence of compliance

2) A set of build-instructions

For the Building / Fire Official

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UL Systems serve two roles:

1) Evidence of compliance

2) Document by which to inspect

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Through Penetration FirestopSystems

• Each firestop system contains specificconstruction features

• Many firestop systems contain variousoptions and various ratings

• Must be followed exactly for rating toapply

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• Floor or wallconstruction type andthickness

• Size and shape ofopening

• Size and type ofpenetrating item(s)

• Percent fill of cables• Annular space• Rating requirement• Firestopping materials

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Factors Affecting Penetrations

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Summary: Inspection of Penetrations

• Firestop system must be installed inaccordance with the tested and listedsystem

• Rating of the system must match therequired rating of assembly beingpenetrated

• Penetrating item and opening size mustmatch the tested and listed system

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Inspection of Penetrations Cont.

• Where required, packing material must beinstalled per the tested and listed system

• Required firestopping material must beinstalled per the tested and listed system

• Understand some sealants may shrink wheninstalled and the amount of shrinkage maybe in the listing(difference between wet thickness in listing,and dry thickness measured later on)

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115

THE BASICS


DOCUMENTS

!!! AS OF 2012 IBC

INSPECTIONTIPS

Electrical Membrane Penetrations

116 117

Codes & Standards

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Code RequirementsWall Assemblies

Membrane Penetrations• 714.3.2 of the IBC• Installed such that the required fire

resistance will not be reduced:– Metallic boxes installed per limits in IBC– Nonmetallic boxes installed as tested and

listed

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Metallic ElectricalOutlet Boxes in Walls

• Metallic boxes installed per code– Maximum 16 sq in. outlet box– Maximum 100 sq in. of opening on each side

of wall per 100 sq ft of wall area– Maximum 1/8 in. annular space between wall

membrane and box– Boxes on opposite sides of wall need to be

either separated horizontally by minimum 24in. or protected by some type of heat barrier

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Metallic Electrical Boxes in Wallwith Less than 24 in. Spacing

120

Electrical Boxes

Non-CompliantNon-Compliant

Metallic Electrical Boxes in Wallwith Minimum 24 in. Spacing

121

24 in. Min

Electrical Boxes

Metallic Electrical Boxes in WallsCont.

• Installation not complying with code limits(16 sq in, max 100 sq in/100 sq ft) shallbe installed as tested and listed

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Metallic ElectricalOutlet Boxes

• 2015: Metallic boxes installed in up to 2 hrrated walls can– Exceed 16 sq in. outlet box– Exceed 100 sq in. of opening per 100 sq ft of

ceiling area• provided such penetrating items are

protected by listed putty pads or otherlisted materials and methods, andinstalled in accordance with the listing.

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Utility Boxes

• Other, non-electrical boxes Are Permittedthat:– are protected with a tested penetration firestop

system, and– have an F and T rating equal to the required fire-

resistance rating of the wall penetrated, and– are installed in accordance with their listing.

• Listed non-electrical boxes exist withinherent (listed) fire rating

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Metallic Electrical Boxes inStaggered Stud Walls

Protection required despite spacing

125

Electrical Boxes

Putty Pads, Insert Pads or Gaskets(CLIV / QCSN), or other methods

Nonmetallic ElectricalOutlet Boxes in Walls

• Nonmetallic boxes installed as tested andlisted

• Maximum 1/8 in. annular space betweenwall membrane and box

• Boxes on opposite sides of wall need tobe either separated as specified in theirlisting or protected by some type of heatbarrier

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Listed Nonmetallic ElectricalBoxes in Wall with Minimum 24 in.

Spacing

128

24 in. Min

Electrical Boxes

Listed Nonmetallic ElectricalBoxes in Wall at Reduced Spacing

Per Listing

129

Electrical Boxes

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Listed Nonmetallic ElectricalBoxes in

Staggered Stud Walls Per Listing

130

Electrical Boxes

Putty Pads, Insert Pads or Gaskets(CLIV / QCSN), or other methods

Recessed electrical boxes in walls:summary• 4 possible challenges

– Boxes on opposite sides of wall too close(24 inch rule)• Putty pads a solution• 2009 IBC requires stud cavities to be

“individual noncommunicating stud cavities” for 24 inchseparation to be acceptable

– Boxes too big(> 16 sq. in.)

• Putty pads a solution for boxes up to tested size limit(see CLIV listings)

– Too many boxes in one small area(> 100 sq. in. per 100 sq ft of wall)

• IBC 2015 allows “listed materials and methods” when thislimit exceeded; putty pads commonly accepted

– Non-metallic outlet boxes• Must use a specially tested/listed plastic box, within listing

limits (may require a putty pad)

Metallic ElectricalOutlet Boxes in Ceilings

• Metallic boxes installed per code– Maximum 16 sq in. outlet box– Maximum 100 sq in. of opening per 100 sq ft of

ceiling area– Maximum 1/8 in. annular space between ceiling

membrane and box• Installation not complying with these

prescriptive requirements shall be protected bytested and listed solutions

Nonmetallic ElectricalOutlet Boxes in Ceilings

• Nonmetallic boxes installed as tested andlisted

• Maximum 1/8 in. annular space betweenceiling membrane and box



135

THE BASICS


DOCUMENTS

!!! AS OF 2012 IBC

INSPECTIONTIPS

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Joint Systems Codes & Standards

IBC - Definition

IBC Definition of JOINT• The opening in or between adjacent

assemblies that is created due to buildingtolerances, or is designed to allowindependent movement of the building inany plane caused by thermal, seismic,wind or any other loading.

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Building Code RequirementsFire Resistive Joints

139

Section 715.1: Fire Resistive Joint Systems

•“Joints installed in or between fire-resistance rated walls, floor orfloor/ceiling assemblies and roofs or roof/ceiling assemblies shall beprotected by an approved fire-resistant joint system designed toresist the passage of fire for a time period not less than the requiredfire-resistance rating of the wall, floor or roof in or between which thesystem is Installed.”

Exceptions: Several specific exemptions exist e.g. wallspermitted to have unprotected openings, floors within malls, etc..

Building Code RequirementsIBC – Joints in Smoke Barriers

• must be designed and constructed to restrictthe movement of smoke.

• rating used: L Rating– measurement of air leakage rate through a fire

resistive joint system or penetration.• 715.6 - Joints in smoke barriers shall have an L

Rating not in excess of 5 cfm / lineal ft ofopening

140

Building Code Requirements IBC– Joints

• 715.2 - Fire-resistant joint systems shall besecurely installed in or on the joint for its entirelength so as not to dislodge, loosen orotherwise impair its ability to accommodateexpected building movements and to resist thepassage of fire and hot gasses

• 715.3 - Joints shall be tested to ANSI/UL 2079or ASTM E 1966”

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Forces Which Induce Movement

142

Thermal

Wind Sway

Seismic

Load

Types of Joint Systems

• Floor-to-Floor (Expansion Joint)• Floor-to-Wall (Edge of Slab)• Head-of-Wall (Top of Wall)• Wall-to-Wall (Vertical Control Joint)• Bottom of Wall

143

Categories of Fire-ResistiveJoint systems

• Sealant Systems (Caulks)• Sprayed /Elastomeric Membranes

(Sprays)• Mechanical Joints

144

• Nominal Joint Width• Assembly Rating• Movement• Extension• Compression• Percent (%) Extension / Compression• Mineral Wool Compression• Sealant Depth

Construction Joint Terminology

145

146

GypsumBoard

Roof orFloor Deck

Deep Leg Track

Elastomeric Caulkor Spray

Typical Head of Wall Joint SystemWith

Nominal Joint Width

Mineral Wool

1”

Steel Stud

147


Mineral Wool

1/2”

GypsumBoard

Steel Stud

Load

Roof orFloor Deck

Deep Leg Track

Typical Head of Wall Joint System

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148

Typical Head of Wall Joint System


Mineral Wool

1-1/2”

Steel Stud

Roof orFloor Deck

Deep Leg TrackLoad

GypsumBoard

149

Flutes are stuffedwith mineral wool orspeed plugs per UL

system. Remaining joint isstuffed with

mineral wool orspeed strips per UL

system.

Firestop sealant isapplied to both sides

of wall per ULsystem.

Head-of-Wall Spray Application

Cyclic Movement BetweenMinimum

& Maximum Joint Widths

153

Where Can I Find The MostCurrent Listings?

Hard Copy

CD-ROM

Online

Evaluating a Fire-Resistive JointSystem

1. What type of buildingassemblies form the joint?

– Floor/Floor, Floor/Wall,Wall/Wall, Top of Wall/Ceiling

2. What materials are theassemblies constructedfrom?

– Concrete, CMU, Gypsum3. What is the required hourly

rating?– Assembly rating (1 – 4 hour)

4. What is the width of the joint(inches)?

5. How much movement isrequired?

– Must accommodate buildingmovement (% of joint size)

6. Are there any specialconsiderations?

– Unique construction condition,environmental exposure

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UL Nomenclature

Navigating the UL Directory:

JOINT SYSTEMS (XHBN)

First Two Alpha Characters identify the typeof joint system:

FF = Floor-to-FloorWW = Wall-to-WallFW = Floor-to-WallHW = Head-of-Wall

157

HW – D – 0060 Navigating the UL Directory:


Third Alpha Character identifies themovement capabilities of the system:

D = Dynamic (movement capabilities)S = Static (no movement capabilities)

UL Nomenclature Cont.

158

HW – D – 0060



First Numeric Character identifies the nominal width ofthe linear opening:

0000 – 0999 = < 2 in.1000 – 1999 = > 2 in. and < 6 in.2000 – 2999 = > 6 in. and < 12 in.3000 – 3999 = > 12 in. and < 24 in.4000 – 4999 = > 24 in.


159

HW – D – 0060 Navigating the UL Directory:


Second Through Fourth Numeric Charactersidentify the individual system number


160

HW – D – 0060

Joint Systems

161 162

Typical Floor-to-Floor System

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163

Typical Floor-to-Wall System

164

Typical Wall-to-Wall System

Plan Review of Joint Systems

• What type of joint is being protected?• What is the required hourly rating?• What is the width of the joint (nominal

installed width)?• How much movement is required?• Is an L Rating required?• Is submitted system consistent with the

above requirements?

165

Recommended Joint SystemCorrection Notice

• Deflection is required to be installed with an approvedjoint system per Section 715 of the IBC. Theassemblies need to be designed to allow joints tocompress and extend with movement of structure whilemaintaining the fire-rating of the assemblies.

• Please clarify building deflection by listing theMaximum and Minimum building deflectionmovements to determine movementcapabilities of assembly and identify listedassemblies for all joint systems.

166

Inspection of Joint Systems

• What type of building assemblies formthe joint (type and thickness)?

• What materials are the assembliesconstructed from?

• Are there any special considerations?(EJ’s)

167

Joint Inspection Process

• Inspect joint systems during framing inspection• Contractor to provide you with the UL listed

assembly as shown / approved on the plans• Confirm all joint systems will accommodate

required movement• For Mechanical Joints observe the ceiling

runner for the UL label located on the side ofthe runner

168

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Joint Systems - Summary

• Provide tested and listed systems thatincludes joint movement at Plan Reviewor before field inspection

• Joints must accommodate expectedbuilding movement

• Inspect some joint systems duringframing inspection

169




171

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DOCUMENTS

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INSPECTIONTIPS

Perimeter FireContainment Systems

PATHS OF FIREPROPAGATION

173

What is a Curtain Wall?

An exterior building wallwhich carries no roof orfloor loads and consists ofmetal, glass or stone or anycombination there ofsupported by a metal frame.

• Summerland, Isle of Man, British Isles. Fire spreadthrough safing slot. 50 people killed.

• Hilton Hotel, Las Vegas, NV. Fire spread from 8th to 13thfloor in 25 minutes. 8 fatalities.

• First Interstate Bank, Los Angeles, CA. Flames spreadfrom 13th to 16th floor via perimeter joint. One death.

• One Meridian Plaza, Philadelphia, PA. Fire spread from22nd to 30th floor through unprotected openings includingslab edge.

Unsealed or Improperly sealedperimeter joints cost lives andhuge liability losses…

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Extending the Rated Floorto the curtain wall...

The perimeter joint must be sealed with anapproved material or system that extends

this rating to the exterior wall surface

Mandated by code!

Common Terminology

177

Aluminum Transom Vision Glass

Spandrel: Glass,

Aluminum or ……

Aluminum Mullion

How do the codes address theprotection at the perimeter?

Preventing interior fire spread

• Sections 715.4• Exterior curtain wall/floor intersection. Void at

edge of rated floor shall be sealed with anapproved system, shall be securely installedand Tested to ASTM E 2307 for time periodequal to rating of floor

179

Preventing exterior fire spread

• 705.8.5 – Vertical Separation of Openings -requires unprotected openings in exterior wallsnot separated horizontally by 5 ft to be:– Separated 3 ft minimum vertically by 1 hr wall,

or– Separated 30 in. minimum horizontally by 1 hr

flame barrier– These requirements waived if building is

sprinklered and/or three stories of less• Protects against “leap-frog” fire spread

180

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Code Requirements Cont.

• 715.4.5 – Where section 705.8.5 doesnot apply, the requirements of section715.4 shall still apply

• Protect perimeter void or joint

181

Elements of PerimeterFire Containment Systems

• Floor Assembly• Curtain Wall Assembly• Safing Materials• Attachment methods• Sealants

182

183

Time – Temperature Curve

Temp

(°F)

Time (Hr)

1050 ° F (6min) glass fiberinsulation melts

184

Time – Temperature Curve

Temp

(°F)

Time (Hr)

1220 ° F (9min)aluminum melts

ASTM E2307

Standard Test Method forDetermining Fire Resistance ofPerimeter Fire Barriers Using

Intermediate-Scale, Multi-StoryTest Apparatus

CurtainWall TestAssembly

Pre-Burn

Transom above floor

Transom below floor

Mechanical attachmentssupporting insulation

Mineral wool insulation atspandrel area

Mullions

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ASTM E2307 TestingHas Defined howPerimeter Joints

Should Be Built…

188

Factors AffectingPerimeter Joint Performance

Floor and/or wallconstruction type andthickness

Joint width Movement requirements Rating requirement Firestopping materials

189

4 Compression Fit Safing

Mechanically Attached3

Protect Mullions5

Reinforcement Member1

2 Mineral Wool Insulation

Smoke Barrier6

1

3

4

5 6

2

Curtain Wall Fire ContainmentSix Basic Design Principles

190

Typical Curtain Wall SystemCont.

Mechanical attachmentsare used to hold the curtain wallinsulation (not shown) in placeand are attached to the verticalmullions. Theses come in manyforms such as hangers, stick pins,steel angles, as well as otherforms.

191

Reinforcement member or backerbar set 2” below top of slab tosupport curtain wall insulationfrom bowing due to compressionof Safing insulation.Can be a T-bar, hat channel, steelangle, as well as others. Must bemechanically attached tomullions.

Typical Curtain Wall System Cont.

Reinforcement Member

MechanicallyAttached (screw)

Minimum 2 in. thick, 8 pcf densitymineral wool faced on one sidewith aluminum foil scrim. Curtainwall insulation tightly fittedbetween framing members andmechanically attached to mullionsand transoms.


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193

4 in. thick, 4 pcf density mineralwool installed with the fibersorientated vertically. Mineral woolto be compressed 25% to 33% inthe thickness dimension, andinstalled flush with the top of thefloor slab.

Example. An 8 in. joint requires 10¾” of mineral wool safing withinthe joint.


Wrong !

Correct

Typical Curtain Wall System Cont.• To allow for movement between the slab and wall

mineral wool must be inserted perpendicular to thejoint and compressed to the proper %

STI Graphic

195

Min. 1/8 in. wet thickness sprayapplied over mineral wooloverlapping onto concrete floorand curtain wall assembly. Seelisted system for correct overlapand spray applied thickness


196

Typically - 8 in. wide x 2 in. thick, 8pcf density mineral wool faced onone side with aluminum foil scrim.Framing covers are to be centeredover each vertical framing memberand mechanically secured to thecurtain wall insulation.


197

CompletedInstallation!


Evaluating a Perimeter JointSystem

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1. What is the composition of theexterior wall?

– Concrete panel, Spandrel Glass,Aluminum Panel, Brick Veneer,etc.

2. What supports the exteriorwall?

– Steel stud, aluminum mullions,etc.

3. What is the required hourlyrating?

– F rating (1 – 2 hour)4. What is the joint width

(inches)?– Measured from edge of slab to

nearest point of curtain wall5. How much movement is

required?– Must accommodate building

movement (% of joint size)6. Are there any special

considerations?– Unique construction condition,

environmental exposure

UL Nomenclature


PERIMETER FIRE CONTAINMENT SYSTEMS(XHDG)

First Two Alpha Characters identify the typeof system:

CW = Curtain Wall

200

CW – D – 2005



Third Alpha Character identifies themovement capabilities of the system:

D = Dynamic (movement capabilities)S = Static (no movement capabilities)


201

CW – D – 2005 Navigating the UL Directory:


First Numeric Character identifies the nominalwidth of the linear opening:

0000 – 0999 = < 2 in.1000 – 1999 = > 2 in. and < 6 in.2000 – 2999 = > 6 in. and < 12 in.


202

CW – D – 2005

Question: Why aren’t floor-to-wall (FW) systems acceptable forcurtain walls?

Answer: Floor-to-wall systems test fire resistance between arated floor and rated wall tested per ASTM E1966.

CW systems are specific perimeter tests between arated floor and non-rated curtain wall using theIntermediate Scale Multi-story Apparatus (ISMA) perASTM E2307.

Design Questions… Additional DesignQuestions…

Question: Are curtain wall joints static or dynamic?

Answer: This area is referred to as a slot. The word joint suggestsmovement. Experts tend to agree that a small amount ofmovement occurs within the slot area. It is up to theStructural Engineer to determine the level of movementrequired for the project.Some wall designs are subject to a small amount ofvertical shear or horizontal sway and some systemsincorporate these values.

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Additional DesignQuestions…

Question: What if our design isn’t a perfect match for asystem?

Answer: We strongly suggest specifying tested systems.However, real world designs are seldom a perfectmatch!Manufacturers or Engineers can provide anengineering judgment if a listed system is availablethat is reasonably close in construction

1. Provide Backing/Reinforcement Member atSafing Line

2. Mechanically Attached Curtain Wall Insulation

4. Protect Aluminum Mullions

3. Compression-fit Safing Insulation - as required per tested assemblyInstall Safing Impaling Clips - as required per tested assembly

5. For “Smoke Containment” - Add Firestop Coating

Perimeter Fire Containment

Basic Design Criteria

Inspection ofPerimeter Fire Containment Systems

• Inspected at rough inspection• Does the size of joint fit within the guidelines

of the tested assembly?• Was the firestopping material/sealant

installed to minimum depth (thickness) andinstalled with the correct overlap onto boththe insulation and the concrete floor?

207

Inspection of Perimeter FireContainment cont.

•Is the installed mineral wool of the correct densityspecified in listing?•Was the mineral wool installed to the correctcompression and according to the correct orientation?



210

THE BASICS


DOCUMENTS

!!! AS OF 2012 IBC

INSPECTIONTIPS

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Fire Resistive Duct andDuct Enclosure Systems

Fire Resistive Duct andDuct Enclosures

• Why are certain ducts, cable trays, pipes,electrical enclosures required to be enclosed infire resistive construction?

Fire Resistive Duct andDuct Enclosures

• In 2002, an estimated 7,100restaurant structure fires wereresponsible for 108 civilian fireinjuries and $116 million inproperty loss.

• Approximately 64% of restaurantstructure fires were caused bycooking

• Cooking materials (grease, oil)were the most frequent items firstignited

• Statistics from the 2004 Article,“Restaurant Fires” by US FireAdministration. www.usfa.dhs.gov

Fire Resistive DuctsAnd Duct Enclosures

• What are fire resistive ducts and ductenclosures?

Traditional Drywall ShaftEnclosure

•Utilized “Type X” Drywall

•Utilizes Listed Shaft-WallDesigns

•Follow manufacturersinstructions for horizontalassemblies

Fire Resistive Duct Enclosures

Alternatives* to traditional shaftenclosure construction include:•Flexible Duct Wrap Enclosure Systems

•Board type Enclosure Systems

•Fire Rated Ductwork (enclosure built-in)

•Factory Built Duct with enclosuresystem built-in (pre-insulated)

*Alternative systems must be tested andlaboratory listed to the requirements ofthe applicable building code.

Fire Resistive Ductsand Duct Enclosures

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Field Applied, Flexible DuctWrap Enclosure Systems

• Offer design flexibility and spacesavings vs. traditional shaftenclosures

• Offer Zero clearance between theduct and the duct wrap

• Offer Zero clearance between theoutside of the duct wrap andcombustible construction

• Offer a margin of safety with hightemperature fibers rated forextended exposure at/above1800F

• Offer a system tested specificallyfor the application

• Grease Ducts

• Stairwell Pressurization Ducts by design

• Hazardous Exhaust Ducts

• Dryer Exhaust Ducts

• Laundry and Refuse Chutes

In the absence of dampers, ducts need to eitherbe “Fire Resistive Ducts” or protected by“Fire Resistive Duct Enclosures”

Building Codes & EngineeringPractice prohibit the use ofdampers in many ducts

Smoke and Fire Dampers maynot work properly if firestopping

is installed The Three Elementsof Life Safety

SUPPRESSIONCOMPARTMENTALIZATION

DETECTION(1) Contain potential internal fires that

might occur in ducts conveyinghazardous / flammable materials (suchas grease).

(2) Protect the stability and integrity of theduct when exposed to external fire

(3) Prevent the ignition of combustiblematerials inside the duct (grease)when exposed to an external fire.

(4) Prevent heat from ignitingcombustibles in adjacentcompartments

Fire Resistive Ducts andDuct Enclosure Systems are

used to:

Code Requirements

222

Since 2006 IMC requires shaft enclosure for greaseducts that penetrate fire rated construction.

506.3.10 Grease duct enclosure. A grease duct serving a Type I hoodthat penetrates a ceiling, wall or floor shall be enclosed from thepoint of penetration to the outlet terminal [ ] Ducts shall beenclosed in accordance with the International Building Coderequirements for shaft construction. [ ] Clearance from the duct tothe interior surface of enclosures of combustible constructionshall be not less than 18 inches (457 mm). Clearance from theduct to the interior surface of enclosures of noncombustibleconstruction or gypsum wall board attached to noncombustiblestructures shall be not less than 6 inches (152 mm). The ductenclosure shall serve a single grease exhaust duct system andshall not contain any other ducts, piping, wiring or systems.

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223

IMC allows systems tested to ASTM E 2336 asan alternative to “Shaft” construction.

506.3.10 Grease duct enclosure. - Exceptions:1. The shaft enclosure provisions of this section shall not berequired where a duct penetration is protected with athrough-penetration firestop system classified in accordancewith ASTM E 814 and having an "F" and "T“ rating equal tothe fire-resistance rating of the assembly being penetratedand where the surface of the duct is continuously covered onall sides from the point at which the duct penetrates a ceiling,a wall or floor to the outlet terminal with a classified andlabeled material, system, method of construction or productspecifically evaluated for such purpose, in accordance withASTM E 2336. Exposed duct wrap systems shall beprotected where subject to physical damage.

224

NFPA 96 – Requires listing per ASTM E 2336 for fieldapplied grease duct enclosure materials.

4.3 Field-Applied and Factory-Built Grease Duct Enclosures.4.3.1 Field-applied grease duct enclosures shall be protected with

a through-penetration firestop system classified inaccordance with ASTM E 814 or UL 1479 having an “F” and“T” rating equal to the fire resistance rating of the assemblybeing penetrated.

4.3.1.1 The surface of the field fabricated grease duct shall becontinuously covered on all sides from the point at which theduct enclosure penetrates a ceiling, wall, or floor to the outletterminal.

4.3.1.2 The field-applied grease duct shall be listed in accordancewith ASTM E 2336, and installed in accordance with themanufacturer’s instructions and the listing requirements.

225

IBC requires that Hazardous Production Materialshave ventilation. HPM ducts that penetrate firerated floors must be in a “shaft”.

415.8.2.6 Ventilation. Mechanical exhaust ventilation [ ] shall beprovided throughout the portions of the fabrication area where HPM[Hazardous Production Materials] are used or stored. The exhaustair duct system of one fabrication area shall not connect to anotherduct system outside that fabrication area within the building.

A ventilation system shall be provided to capture and exhaust gases,fumes and vapors at workstations. [ ]

Exhaust ducts penetrating occupancy separations shall be contained in ashaft of equivalent fire-resistance-rated construction. Exhaust ductsshall not penetrate fire walls.

Fire dampers shall not be installed in exhaust ducts.

Testing RequirementsField Applied Grease Duct Enclosure Systems

•ASTM E 2336•ASTM E 84 or UL 723•ASTM E 814 or UL1479

Factory Built Grease Duct Enclosure Systems•ASTM E 2336 or UL 2221•ASTM E 814 or UL 1479•UL 1978•ASTM E 84 or UL 723

Shaft Alternatives for HVAC Duct Enclosure Systems•ISO 6944•ASTM E2816•ASTM E 814 or UL 1479•ASTM E 84 or UL 723

227

ASTM E 2336 is modeled directly from ICC-ES Acceptance Criteria 101 (AC101) firstpublished in 1994.

ASTM E 2336 requires compliance to 5 fire tests:1. Section 4.1.1 requires non-combustibility to ASTM E 1362. Section 4.1.2 requires a 2 Hour ASTM E 119 Wall Panel Test3. Section 4.1.3 requires a durability test modeled after ASTM C 5184. Section 4.1.4 requires an internal grease duct fire test to demonstrateperformance during long term exposure to service conditions (500°F for 4 hours),and exposure to a standardized internal grease fire (2000°F for 30 minutes)5. Section 4.1.5 requires a fire engulfment test run to the ASTM E 119 fire curve,which tests the capability of the duct and enclosure system to resist externalfires, tests the integrity of the enclosure fastening system, and tests the throughpenetration performance of the system per ASTM E 814.

What is ASTM E 2336? HVAC Duct EnclosureFull Engulfment per ISO 6944

ISO 834 Fire Curve (Similar to ASTM E-119 )

• Stability – does the duct collapse

• Integrity – are opening created in theduct

• Insulation (Similar to ASTM E 814)

Duct A requires negative pressure on a ductwithout openings to the furnace

Duct B requires negative pressure on a ductwith openings to the furnace

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Duct InspectionsWas the Sealant applied Before

sheet metal flanges wereinstalled?




231

THE BASICS


DOCUMENTS

!!! AS OF 2012 IBC

INSPECTIONTIPS

Understanding the UL Directories

Hard Copy

CD-ROM

Online

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Fire Resistance Directory(printed volumes)

• Volume 1 – Columns, Beams,Floor/Ceilings, Roof/Ceilings and Walls

• Volumes 2A & 2B – Joint Systems,Perimeter Fire Containment Systems,and Through-Penetration FirestopSystems

• Volume 3 – Dampers, Fire Doors, DoorFrames and Glazing

235

Organization UnderEach Product Area

• Guide Information• Designs, Systems or Assemblies• Product Categories (indexed by

manufacturer’s names)

236

“Guide Information” for each class ofproducts

• Available online and print• General installation and specification rules

applicable to all systems listed in that Class• Equipment, materials or systems included in the

Category• Intended use, restrictions or supplemental

information that apply• Standard(s) used to evaluate products under the

Category• Listing or Classification Mark information for the

Category

237

Examples of Guide Informationfor penetration firestop Systems

(Listing category XHEZ)• General Description of a Firestop System• Standard• Description of Ratings• Permitted Substitutions• Specifications of Penetrating Items• Support of Penetrating Items• Angle of Penetration• Description of Numbering System

238

Existing Systems

There are thousands of Tested and ListedSystems:

Each one belongs to a particular manufacturerAnd are tested ONLY for a particular product(s)

Different manufacturers’ products may never besubstituted into a design where it is notspecified.

• UL Approved No Such Thing (Only AHJapproves products/systems)

• UL Classified Lab has used the countryrequirements to evaluate the productfor specific hazards or properties

• UL Listed Passes the standard test and isin the lab’s directory

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242

THE BASICS


DOCUMENTS

!!! AS OF 2012 IBC

INSPECTIONTIPS

FIRESTOP INSTALLATIONALTERNATIVES

243

FIRESTOP INSTALLATION

• All Trades – “Person who pokes hole, fillshole”

• Multiple Contracts – To FirestopContractors or Subs

• Single Source Firestop Contractor

244

Programs that certify a company has the knowledge andquality control procedures to properly install firestopping Min. 2 years in firestop installation business Designated Responsible Individual (DRI) is formally

tested by FM or UL at regular intervals Documented and archived record keeping system for

all installations Must have an approved Quality Control Manual

Firestop Systems and Assemblies Training

FM 4991 Approved or UL CertifiedContractor

If Require an FM4991 or

UL Certified Contractor

Experience – References

Education with Firestopsystems

Certified or Accredited bymanufacturers

Insurance

Licensed and bonded

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Firestop ContractorsInternational Association

Contractors specializing in installation offirestop systems

Understand firestopping requirements acrossall areas of construction

Committed to providing consistent, high-quality installations

Active in the advancement of the firestoppingindustry




249

THE BASICS


DOCUMENTS

!!! AS OF 2012 IBC

INSPECTIONTIPS

ENGINEERING JUDGMENTS

250

• What are they?• When are they acceptable?• When are they not appropriate?• What are the guidelines?

Engineering Judgments: Engineering Judgments

• An Engineering Judgment is a letter or report issued bysome knowledgeable party which evaluates theconstruction of some site-specific application whichdeviates from a tested design, system or assembly andconcludes with a judgment of the applicable rating ofthat assembly

• Engineering Judgments are commonly called EJ’s.

252

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IBC References JustifyingEngineering Judgments

• IBC 104.11 Alternative materials, designand methods of construction andequipment

• IBC 703.2 Fire-resistance ratings• IBC 703.3 Alternative methods for

determining fire resistance

253

Engineering Judgments Cont.

• Most often applied to fire resistive construction

• Applications for an Engineering Judgment– Design and system concept where multiple

components, some listed and some unlisted, areused to field construct the finished assembly (e.g.wall)

– Typically products are not required to be listed bycode

• Contractor or architect initiates process

254

Engineering Judgments Cont.

• Engineering Judgment letter issued, summarizingconstruction and making conclusion on applicablerating

• AHJ makes decision on validity of EngineeringJudgment letter and if approved, inspects constructionfor consistency with letter

255

Who IssuesEngineering Judgments?

– Manufacturer– Fire protection engineer– Professional engineer– Testing laboratory

• Must be acceptable to the Building Official or the AHJ

256

When are they acceptable?

– When tested systems do not exist.– When modifying the application is unrealistic.– When existing test data supports the

interpolation.– When the author has experience with the

performance of the system and knowledge of theconditions.

– When an illustration is provided to aid ininstallation.

– When issued only for a specific jobsite

Important Points of anEngineering Judgment

• No guidance from the International Code Council or thevarious I-Codes

• No guidance from UL

• Best documents available are from the InternationalFirestop Council (IFC)www.firestop.org/engineering-judgment-guidelines.html

258

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IFC Guidelines

• Two Documents– Recommended IFC Guidelines for Evaluating

Firestop Systems in Engineering Judgments(EJs)• Covers firestops, joint systems and grease/air

duct assemblies– Recommended IFC Guidelines for Evaluating

Firestop Systems in Engineering Judgments(EJs) – Perimeter Fire Barrier Systems• Covers perimeter fire barriers systems (a.k.a.

perimeter fire containment systems or perimeterjoints)

259

– According to the InternationalFirestop Council “listed firestopsystems can be broadened withinthe context of their originally testedand rated conditions through thecareful and restricted application ofaccepted engineering principles andfire protection testing guidelines.”

IFC Engineering JudgementsGuidelines

General Discussion

• Should field inspectors approve EngineeringJudgments?

• Is it appropriate to accept an Engineering Judgment ifthere are other tested listed systems?

• Other Names for Engineering Judgments (Certificate ofCompliance)

261




263

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DOCUMENTS

!!! AS OF 2012 IBC

INSPECTIONTIPS

FIRESTOP SPECIAL INSPECTIONS(IBC CHAPTER 17)

264

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3rd party inspections mandatory as of 2012 IBC

Chapter 17: Special inspections and tests

1705.16 Fire-resistant penetrations and joints. In high-rise buildings or inbuildings assigned to Risk Category III or IV in accordance with Section1604.5, special inspections for through-penetrations, membrane penetrationfirestops, fire- resistant joint systems, and perimeter fire barrier systems thatare tested and listed in accordance with Sections 714.3.1.2, 714.4.1.2, 715.3and 715.4 shall be in accordance with Section1705.16.1 or 1705.16.2.

High-rise: A building with an occupied floor located more than 75 feet (22860 mm) above the lowest level of fire department vehicle access.

Risk category III buildings IBC 1604.5 Buildings and other structures that represent a substantial hazard to

human life in the event of failure, including but not limited to:

public assembly > 300 occupants. elementary school, secondary school or day care > 250 occupants adult education > 500 occupants Group I-2 > 50 occupants, no surgery or emergency Group I-3 (prisons, jails) > 5,000 occupants Power-generating stations, water treatment facilities for potable water,

waste water treatment facilities and other public utility facilities notincluded in Risk Category IV.

Buildings/structures not included in Risk Category IV containingquantities of toxic or explosive materials that exceed certain thresholdsand hazardous to public if released

Risk category IV buildings IBC 1604.5

Buildings and other structures designated as essential facilities, including butnot limited to: Group I-2 occupancies having surgery or emergency treatment Fire, rescue, ambulance and police stations and emergency vehicle

garages. Designated earthquake, hurricane or other emergency shelters. Designated emergency preparedness, communications and operations

centers and other facilities required for emergency response. Power-generating stations and other public utility facilities required as

emergency backup facilities for Risk Category IV structures. Aviation control towers, air traffic control centers and emergency aircraft

hangars. Buildings and other structures having critical national defense functions. Water storage facilities and pump structures required to maintain water

pressure for fire suppression. Buildings and other structures containing quantities of highly toxic materials

that exceed certain thresholds and pose a threat to public if released

General inspection requirements

1703.1.1 Independence. An approved agency shall be objective, competentand independent from the contractor responsible for the work beinginspected. The agency shall also disclose possible conflicts of interest sothat objectivity can be confirmed.

1703.1.3 Personnel. An approved agency shall employ experiencedpersonnel educated in conducting, supervising and evaluating tests and/orinspections.

General inspection requirements: Who pays?

1704.2 Special inspections. Where application is made for construction asdescribed in this section, the owner or the registered design professional inresponsible charge acting as the owner’s agent shall employ one or moreapproved agencies to perform inspections during construction on the typesof work listed under Section 1705. These inspections are in addition to theinspections identified in Section 110.

General inspection requirements:Inspector qualifications

1704.2.1 Special inspector qualifications.The special inspector shall provide written documentation to the buildingofficial demonstrating his or her competence and relevant experience ortraining. Experience or training shall be considered relevant when thedocumented experience or training is related in complexity to the sametype of special inspection activities for projects of similar complexity andmaterial qualities. These qualifications are in addition to qualificationsspecified in other sections of this code.The registered design professional in responsible charge and engineersof record involved in the design of the project are permitted to act as theapproved agency and their personnel are permitted to act as the specialinspector for the work designed by them, provided they qualify as specialinspectors.

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How is the inspection conducted?

1705.16.1 Penetration firestops. Inspections of penetration firestop systemsthat are tested and listed in accordance with Sections 714.3.1.2 and714.4.1.2 shall be conducted by an approved inspection agency inaccordance with ASTM E 2174.

1705.16.2 Fire-resistant joint systems. Inspection of fire-resistant jointsystems that are tested and listed in accordance with Sections 715.3 and715.4 shall be conducted by an approved inspection agency in accordancewith ASTM E 2393.

The special inspection process

Statistical sampling Verify materials prior to installation Verify against listed systems and/or EJs Verify that ALL firestops installed

ASTM E2174: Standard Practice for On-Site Inspection of Installed Fire Stops For each “type” of firestop being installed:

Witness 10% of Installations, orDestructive Testing on 2% of Installations

ASTM E2393, Standard Practice for On-Site Inspection of Installed FireResistive Joint Systems and Perimeter Fire Barriers For each “type” of fire resistive joint system being installed:

Witness 5% of linear feet being installed, orDestructive (or disassembly) testing on 1 ft. per every 500 ft.

If non-compliance identified

One non-compliant:one full additional inspection of that type

10% non-compliance of one type:inspection halted, installer re-inspects own work

Non-compliant firestop must be repaired/replaced E2174/E2393: no guidance on what is an acceptable non-

compliance percentage

ASTM E2174/E2393: Inspector Requirements Acceptable to AHJ Qualifications: Meet the criteria in ASTM E699

(Construction Quality assurance agencies), OR Min. 2 years construction inspection experience and credentials

acceptable to Authorizing Authority, OR Quality assurance agency accredited by AHJ

(e.g. IAS AC291 – Special Inspection Agencies) No conflicts of interest Completely independent of installer, contractor, manufacturer, or

supplier of any material Not a competitor to those above Inspector to submit notarized statement indicating compliance

Must not interfere or direct ASTM standard being developed for inspector qualifications

How do you decide if a proposed special inspectoris acceptable?

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ASTM E 2174 and ASTM E 2393Reporting/Inspection Forms

• Inspection Date• Inspectors Name• Project• Reference No.• Firestop type per Inspection• Quantity of Firestop type on Project• Quantity Inspected (the day of Inspection)• Total Quantity Inspected to Date• Locations of Inspected Firestop• Deficiency (if non-compliant )

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ASTM E 2174 and ASTM E 2393Final Report

Report should contain:• Cover Page• Name and Address of Inspector• Name and Address of each firestop Installer, as well as the

prime contractor• Name and Address of the AA• Name and Address of the AHJ• Executive Summary outlining verification method used to

ascertain compliance• Notarized written statement of Conflict of Interest• Summary of contain percentages of deficiencies• All daily inspection reports

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EDUCATION FOR THIRD-PARTYFIRESTOP INSPECTORS:IFC INSPECTOR TRAINING

Firestop special inspection training can befound at www.firestop.org/inspection

IFC Education Program Overview

Typical 1-day class is insufficient for a special inspector Comprehensive study material from multiple authoritative sources Only firestop inspector exam developed and written by 3rd Party Firestop Inspectors Manufacturers that develop the technology and test the firestop

systems Scientists and engineers experienced in firestop technology

All reading curriculum relevant to firestop inspectors Online curriculum at no cost*

* ASTM inspection standards must be purchased from ASTM

IFC Education Program Overview (con’t)

Reading list of linked documents and videos Optional online exam (test.com) Free practice test

Passing the exam =certificate of achievement Space to record hands-on product training

from 4 IFC-member firestop manufacturers AHJs:

Ask inspectors for their IFC educationprogram certificate!

Verifying whether someone has passed theIFC inspector exam www.firestop.org/certificate-holders Premier certificate holders:

additional hands-on product training

Intertek IQP ProgramQualified Firestop Inspector

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IQP

• Intertek• Qualified• Personnel

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IQP Differentiator

Industry Experience

Formalized Training

Required Retesting

Regular Quality Audits

Inspector Network

Backing of Intertek

• AssociationTrained

• ExperiencedInspector/Installer

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IQP Programs

Fire

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Rac

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Inst

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Fiel

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ATI P

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The IQP Programis an umbrellaprogram toencapsulate allpersonnelprograms underone name to helpbring unity to themarket and toAHJs, facilitymanagers, buildingowners, etc.

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IQP Differentiated: Firestop Inspectors

IQP Firestop Inspector

IFC Certificated

Experienced Personnel

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Questions?

Registration•Chris [email protected]

http://www.intertek.com/IQP/firestop-inspector/

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Understanding IFCinspector training elements


Mandated by OSHPDfor firestop inspectorsin existing construction

Mandated by OSHPDfor firestop inspectorsin new construction

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Special Inspection Agency accreditationIAS AC291 International Accreditation Service, Inc.

“ACCREDITATION CRITERIA FOR SPECIAL INSPECTION AGENCIES” Accreditation of company, not of individual inspectors Requires one employee to have passed UL or FM exam for firestop

contractors Potential conflict with ASTM E2174/E2393 conflict of interest mandates6.2.2 Conflicts of Interest:6.2.2.1 The contract inspector shall be completely independent of, and divested from,the installer, contractor, manufacturer, or supplier of any material being inspected.6.2.2.2 The contract inspector shall not be a competitor of the installer, contractor,manufacturer, or supplier of any material being inspected. As of Nov. 2015, agencies accredited AC291 for firestop inspection: 2 in New York (without UL/FM exams) 1 in Auburn, WA 2 in Dubai

Special inspections summary

2012 IBC makes firestop special inspection mandatory for high-risesand Risk Category III and IV buildings

Approved agency shall be objective, competent and independent Special inspector shall provide written documentation to the

building official demonstrating his or her competence and relevantexperience or training

Property owner pays for the inspection Inspection per ASTM E2173, E2393 IFC program provides both education and needed written

documentation



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THE BASICS


DOCUMENTS

!!! AS OF 2012 IBC

INSPECTIONTIPS

RECOGNIZING FIRESTOPINSTALLATION PROBLEMS

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This is what code calls for… And this is what you often receive !!!

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Firestopping in the Real World

• Firestop system details are hardly ever on plans• Code Officials generally do not ask for copies of approved firestop

systems• Tested/Listed systems rarely installed correctly• Joints are generally not inspected during the framing inspection

and installed to provide movement• Engineering judgments are being used when there are tested and

listed systems available• Firestopping considered beneath contractors• Most users are untrained• No Licensed firestop contractors

295Discussion: how can each of these be solved?

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

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ARE ALL FIRESTOP SEALANTS EQUAL?

• NO. Each manufacturer’s material has its own uniqueproperties and functions when applied in a firestop systemdesign.

• Similar firestop products cannot be used interchangeably

• Each firestop system must be judged on its own merits andwithin the parameters of each manufacturer’s system specificdesign

Frequently Asked Questions?

IS MINERAL WOOL 1-HOUR RATED?

• NO. Mineral wool is a component of many firestop systemsbut is normally used in conjunction with sealants or coatings

• Mineral wool alone does not pass the hose stream test

• Mineral wool alone will not provide a smoke seal



WHAT IS THE FIRE RATING FOR YOUR CAULK?

• Firestopping products do not have a fire rating (e.g. 1” ofcaulk does not equate to a 1 hr rating, etc.)

• The assembly in which it is installed has the fire rating

• The thousands of different firestop systems each detailingthe required parameters and building components

Are firestop caulksrequired to be RED?

Answer: There is NO building code requirementanywhere that mandates product color. However, mostmanufacturers deliberately use colors that stand out tofacilitate inspection and different colors to distinguishbetween products.

RedRed BlackBlackGrayGrayGreenGreen

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Answer: Fire safing, orpacking an opening withmineral wool is certainlybetter than nothing, but isnot a firestop. Using onlymineral wool does notprovide a smoke seal, doesnot address combustiblepenetrants and cannotwithstand the shock fromthe hose stream.

Is safing insulationan adequate firestop?

Fire blocking or safing with wool

FICTION: Polyurethane foamis a firestop.

FACT: Polyurethane foams, frequently used as draft stops,burn vigorously and are not generally not acceptablefirestopping materials. Some are UL Classified for surfaceflammability only, but typically are not fire resistant.

Polyurethane FoamPolyurethane Foam

Improper Firestop Installations:what it should not look like

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Improper Firestop Installations

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Improper Firestop Installations Improper Firestop Installations

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Improper Firestop Installations Improper Firestop Installations

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Correct Firestop Installations

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Correct Firestop Installations Correct: First Floor - Undersideof Joint

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Correct: Second Floor – Top ofJoint

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Common Misinstalled Conditions

1. Frame studs around beam or joist

2. Tightly compress mineral wool belowand on sides of beam/joist

3. Spray coating over mineral wooloverlapping wall and fireproofing

Beam penetrating gypsum wall assembly – the right way!

There are no UL designs that permit this !!!

1. Gypsum wallboard cut to the shape of the beam or joist.2. Mineral wool inserted to the depth of drywall sheet3. Firestop coating sprayed over mineral wool with little overlap on

fireproofing and wall

Beam penetrating gypsum wall assembly – Field practice



• Typically firestopped over the 5/8” wallboard only

• Space above 1” liner board inside the J runner must also be protected