After the Quiz:Define these Chapter 13 terms

• Triple Alliance• Triple Entente• Militarism• Trench warfare• Total war• Propaganda

WWI – The Great War“The war to end all wars”

Did they call it World War I?

The Onset of WWI European nations are ready to rumble,

a. Militarismb. Alliances c. Nationalism d. Imperialism e. Assassination

when the Crisis in the Balkans f. Serbian Nationalist (terrorist) group Black Handg. Assassinate Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo

triggers an alliance system and leads to war.h. Triple Entente- France, United Kingdom, Russia (AP)i. Triple Alliance- Austria-Hungary, Italy, Germany (CP)j. Become Allied Powers vs. Central Powers when war begins

Causes of World War I

-M

A

N

I

A

ilitarism – policy of building up strong military forces to prepare for war

lliances - agreements between nations to aid and protect one another

ationalism – pride in or devotion to one’s country

mperialism – when one country takes over another country economically and politically

ssassination – murder of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand

MANIA

1910-1914 Increase in Defense Expenditures

France 10%Britain 13%Russia 39%

Germany 73%

1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 191494 130 154 268 289 398

Causes of World War I - MilitarismTotal Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers

(Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, France, Britain, Russia) in millions of £s (British pounds)

Triple Entente: Triple Alliance:Germany

Austria-Hungary

Italy

Great Britain

France

Russia

Causes of World War I - Alliances

Tension

Pan-Slavism  - movement to unify all of the Slavic people

Causes of World War I - Nationalism

Pan-Germanism  - movement to unify the people of all German speaking countries

Austria *Belgium DenmarkIceland Germany *Liechtenstein *

Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Sweden Switzerland *United Kingdom

* = German speaking country

Germanic Countries

Causes of World War I - Nationalism

Imperialism: European conquest of Africa and

Asia

Causes of World War I - Imperialism

Causes of World War I - Imperialism

Archduke Franz Ferdinand and Duchess Sophie Sarajevo, Bosnia - June 28th, 1914.

Causes of World War I - Assassination

Causes of World War I - Assassination

The Point of No Return:

The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Austria blamed Serbia for Franz Ferdinand’s death and declared war on Serbia.

Germany pledged their support for Austria -Hungary.· example of Pan-German nationalism

Russia pledged their support for Serbia.· example of Pan-Slavic nationalism

The Point of No Return:

The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Germany declares war on Russia.

France pledges their support for Russia.

Germany declares war on France.

Germany invades Belgium on the way to France.

Great Britain supports Belgium and declares war on Germany.

World War I

Allied Powers: Central Powers:Great Britain

France

Russia Italy

Germany

Austria-Hungary

checkpoint• Who were the Allied Powers and who were the

Central Powers in WWI? • AND• What IS Trench Warfare?

Do NowWhat IS Trench Warfare?

Trench warfare is a form of occupied fighting lines, consisting largely of trenches, in which troops are largely immune to the enemy's small arms fire and are substantially sheltered from artillery.

The Onset of WWI European nations are ready to rumble,

a. Militarismb. Alliances c. Nationalism d. Imperialism e. Assassination

when the Crisis in the Balkans f. Serbian Nationalist (terrorist) group Black Handg. Assassinate Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo

triggers an alliance system and leads to war.h. Triple Entente- France, United Kingdom, Russia (AP)i. Triple Alliance- Austria-Hungary, Italy, Germany (CP)j. These become Allied Powers vs. Central Powers when war

begins

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Trench_construction_diagram_1914.png

British Trench DiagramsTaken from the British reference manual on Trench Warfare, British Trench Warfare 1917-1918. The manual was originally prepared by the General Staff at the British War Office

Trench Warfare

Trenches along the Western Front

German trenches

US 18th Infantry, 1st Division troops in front line trench, 20 Jan 1918

Mobilized Dead Wounded Missing/PoW Russia 12,000,000 1,700,000 4,950,000 2,500,000 Germany 11,000,000 1,773,700 4,216,058 1,152,800 Great Britain 8,904,467 908,371 2,090,212 191,652 France 8,410,000 1,375,800 3,266,000 537,000 Austria-Hungary 7,800,000 1,200,000 3,620,000 2,200,000 Italy 5,615,000 650,000 947,000 600,000 US 4,355,000 126,000 234,300 4,526 Turkey 2,850,000 325,000 400,000 250,000 Bulgaria 1,200,000 87,500 152,390 27,029 Japan 800,000 300 907 3 Romania 750,000 335,706 120,000 80,000 Serbia 707,343 45,000 133,148 152,958 Belgium 267,000 13,716 44,686 34,659 Greece 230,000 5,000 21,000 1,000 Portugal 100,000 7,222 13,751 12,318 Montenegro 50,000 3,000 10,000 7,000

WWI By The Numbers

The Illusion of a quick war fades a. Schlieffen Plan b. Western Front (mostly in France)

- Stalemate leads to trench warfare c. Eastern Front (along German/Austria-Hungary and Russian

boarders)- Central Powers drive Russia from the War- 1917

when the true nature of this war d. New weapons e. Trench warfare f. Total war (everyone contributes to the war effort)

reveals a prolonged global struggle g. Tries to break the stalemate- ie… Gallipoli h. 1917- US enters on the allies side

a. German sink Lusitania b. Zimmermann Note- German note to Mexico

The Great War = Total War

Don’t wake a sleeping giant…• ‘The Lusitania’

Consider…• What is propaganda? And – how can a nation

use it during wartime?

How do you convince an entire country that every citizen’s actions has an impact on the war effort?

Propaganda- To influence one’s opinions or beliefs through the use of media (posters, speeches, videos, newspapers, etc.) “advertising for a cause”

Propaganda

Which poster provoked the strongest response? Why? How were illustrations, colors, symbols and words used to communicate the intended message? Were the posters effective? Why or why not?

Increased Government power leads to – Huge demand for war materials- guns, bullets, etc…

• Planned economy – Huge demand for men

• Conscription- DRAFT

manipulation of public opinion and – Propaganda – Efforts to eliminate dissent

Changing roles for women.– filled factory jobs (temporary) – Many countries granted women’s suffrage

Total War: Fighting on the homefront

The Zimmermann Note • Telegram sent from German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmermann

asking Mexico to engage in war with U.S.• "We intend to begin on the first of February unrestricted submarine

warfare. We shall endeavor in spite of this to keep the United States of America neutral. In the event of this not succeeding, we make Mexico a proposal of alliance on the following basis: make war together, make peace together, generous financial support and an understanding on our part that Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. The settlement in detail is left to you. You will inform the President of the above most secretly as soon as the outbreak of war with the United States of America is certain and add the suggestion that he should, on his own initiative, invite Japan to immediate adherence and at the same time mediate between Japan and ourselves. Please call the President's attention to the fact that the ruthless employment of our submarines now offers the prospect of compelling England in a few months to make peace." Signed, ZIMMERMANN

Increased Government power leads to – Huge demand for war materials- guns, bullets, etc…

• Planned economy – Huge demand for men

• Conscription- DRAFT

manipulation of public opinion and – Propaganda – Efforts to eliminate dissent

Changing roles for women.– filled factory jobs (temporary) – Many countries granted women’s suffrage

Total War: Fighting on the homefront

• Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points were first outlined in a speech Wilson gave to the American Congress in January 1918. Wilson's Fourteen Points became the basis for a peace program and it was on the back of the Fourteen Points that Germany and her allies agreed to an armistice in November 1918.

• 1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").• 2. Free navigation of all seas.• 3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.• 4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.• 5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial• 6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be left to develop

her own political set-up.• 7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.• 8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover Alsace-Lorraine• 9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to "along

    clearly recognizable lines of nationality."• 10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in Austria-Hungary.• 11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be allowed for

       the Balkan states.• 12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish government. Non-Turks in

the old Turkish Empire should govern themselves.• 13. An independent Poland should be created which should have access to the sea.• 14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political and territorial

       independence of all states.

Wilson’s 14 Points

Wilson’s Points/Treaty of Versailles

• What of Wilson’s ideas were actually put into the Treaty of Versailles?

• What shows up in the Treaty that was NOT part of Wilson’s plan?

Woodrow Wilson's speech in Congress, January 8, 1918

Entry of the US…– Initially the US is neutral– “Lusitania” Going to England filled with passengers (+100

Americans)– Zimmerman Note= Germany to Mexico

ends the War – Final German Offensive (2nd Battle of the Marne)– Armistice (cease fire- “eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the

eleventh month”)

And leads to “peace” at Versailles.– Woodrow Wilson’s 14 points proposed– The reality is reparations- Germany must pay– The Treaty of Versailles

• The Big Four

The End of the War