african revolution

8/8/2019 African Revolution

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TWO CONTINENTS OF CONTEMPORARYAFRICAN REVOLUTION

(Course Cut l ine)

Prepared By:Harun Kofi Wangara(formerly Harold Lawrence)

Abd-AI Hakimu lbn Alkalimat(formerly Gerald A. McWorter)

Spellman CollegeAtlanta University CenterSpr ing Semester , 1968-59


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Two Continents- of Contemporary African RevolutionThis course is being offered by the Department of Historyand Sociology at Spelman College, It is open to Juniors andSeniors of the entire Atlanta University Center for coursecredi t in ei ther History or Sociology.The major purposes of the course are:

1. To probe the nature of revolution as waged or anticipatedby African peoples on the Continents of African andNorth America.2. To faci l i tate the seminar par t ic ipants having an intel -lectual-emotional confronLation with struggle as ex-perience by Africans oppressed by systems of Racism,Colonial ism and Capi tal ist ic Imper ial ism.3. To raise the Black Revolutionary Consciousness in theAtlanta University Center and the Black Community byreason and emotion.

The requirements for the course are as follows:Each student wil l be expected to spend three hoursweekly in seminar and prepare by reading (a) requiredtext (s) . The s tudent wiI I be expected to par t ic ipateactively in the discussion. Forms wil l be provided tomake notes on and to use in the students weeklytu tor ia l sess ion.Each student wil l be expected to spend one hour eachweek in consultat ion with a faculty rnember of herchoice ( inc luding the poss ib i l i ty of th is being someonenot in the department or on the Spelman faculty) for(a) a rev iew of the weekly seminar d iscuss ion (us ing theforms mentioned above), and (b) consultat ion on theindiv idual research projects .Each student wil l be expected to prepare a researchpaper on a topic relevant to the content of the course,and have an abstrach of this paper duplicated forseminar sess ion.Each student wil l be encouraged to attend a series ofpublie Sunday forums organized by members of the seminararound topics relevant to the content of the seminar.These forums wil l involved the entire Atlanta UniversityCenter and t,he Black community of Atlanta.Grad,es: Each student wil l get a final evaluation based

50t on research paper50t on seminar par t ic ipat ion

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-2 -t,he Seminar leaders (Wangara and lbn Alkacimat) and the tutorwil l evaluate the students work.GUIDELINES FOR RESEARCH OPICS1. The major quest ions for the research papers wi l i . focuson B lack people in s t ruggle:

a" WHOARE WE?b. WHYARE WE THE WAY WE ARE. IN THE F'IX WEIRE IN?C. WHEREARE WE GOING?d. HOTJARE i{E GOING TO GET THERE?2. Deal ing wl th one of the above quest ions, the s tudentwi l l se lect one of the fo l lowing k inds of approachesto her research paper:

a. educat ional g. mi l i taryb. personal i ty (psychologi .cal ) h. cul tura lc . soc ia l s t ructure- inst i tut ions i . technologicald . i deo logy j . l ega le . economic k . mora ls , e th i cs ,f . po l i t i ca l va lues3. Each paper wi l l contain the fo l lowing sect ions:

ln conceptual c lar i f icat ionb, h is tor ical development of revolut ionary a l ternat ivesc. evaluat ive analys is of present and future revolut ion-ary a l ternat ives

4. Resource People in the AU Center & At lanta (par t ia l l is t )a" A B Spel lman (Morehouse) cul ture and the ar tsb" Stephen Henderson (Morehouse) cuLture and the artsc" Counci l Tay lor (Morehouse) west Af r ican soc ia l s t ruc-ture, inst i tut ions, cul tura l systemsd" Richard Long (AU) ar t l i terature, phi losophy westAfr icae. Horace Mann Bond (AU) pan-Af r icanism, DuBois , Nkrumah,Afri.can students in the USf. Gladstone Nlabat i , I iberat ion st ruggle in southernAfrica and the role of rel igion and theologyg. 'Ju l ian Bond, s tudents on the st ruggle (his tor ical )h. John Lewis, s tudents in the st ruggle (his tor ical )i . Harambee Sist,ers - women in the -strugglej. ARMEDSTRUGGLE: SNCC, Liberators Black Panther Partyk, Minis ter Shabazz, nat ional ism in Nor i ; i Amer ica

SUNDAYSERIES OF PUBLIC FORUMS:REVOLUTIONARYPAN-AFRICAN NATIONALISM


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-3 -The planning of a series of public forums has several purposes:

a. to get, the most out of the available resources ofthe A.U. Center in pursuing our topics;b. to involve people throughout the Center and thecommunity;c. to add to the course a context more appropriatq thanthe classroom for the immediacy and relevance of thetopics for our s tudents ;d. to f i l t the void of no- footbal l -game-watchin-nuthin-to-do-but-sleep-not-looked-forward-to Sunday af ter-noons for B1ack people concerned with the Liberations t rugg le .

FoTum I: WORLDCRISIS IN BLACK UNITYFOTum 2: WORLDCRISIS OF BI,ACK CULTUREFOTum 3: FRANZ FANON AND THE WORI,DBLACK LIBERATION STRUGGLEFoTum 4: ROLE OF WOMEN N OUR STRUGGLEFOTUm 5: ROLE OF STUDENTS N OUR STRUGGLEFOTUM 6: ARMEDSTRUGGLEFOR BLACK LIBERATIONSEMINAR: REQUIRFD READINGSSession 1: The Enemy: Racism and Colonia l ism

a. Kwame M. Nkrumah, Neo-Colonia l ism: The LastStaqe of Imperial ism (London: Neff inl-T9-6Slb. Stokely Carmichael and Charles Hamilton,B lack Power: The Pol i t ics of L iberat ionlMw vffiviifaqm F'eTffi-chapters ent i t led "Whi te Power: TheColonia l S i tuat ion" and "B1ack Power:I t s Need and Subs tance" pp . 2 -57 .

Session 2: Pan-African Nationalisma. George Shapperson, "Notes on Negro Amerj-canInfluences on the Emergence of AfricanNat ional ismr " in Wi l l iam John Hannam d. ,Indepgndent Black Africa (Chicago: RandMffiaTry-dr ' eo. , 164l .


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-4 -b . Wi l l i am H" F r i ed land and Car I G . Rosberg, d . ,Af r ican Socia l ism: A General Survev ofAffi SAaTiffi wiErr-EEEIITed-ffi-ie s@ffiiT,T."*"I ."d-=_-Tanganyika (Standford: Standford UniversityP ress , L962) .c . E .U. Ess ien-Udom, "The Nat i ona l i s t T rad i t i on r "in B1ack Nat ional ism (Chicago: Univers i tyof ffieo.@62',.d. Larry Neal , "Black Power" in the fnternat ionalContext , in F loyd Barbour , ed. , The B lackPower Revolt (Boston: Porter Sa@n-FffiITsEffi1e68).

Session 3: Contemporary Comparative B1ack Cultural Philosphya. A lber t H. Berr ian and Richard Long, Negr i tude:Essays and Studies, (Hampton: Hampton ,.I ns t i t u t e P ress , L9671b. Stephen Henderson, "E9gIt Black RevolutionaryCul ture Gi t t in ' Down" Unpubl ished Essay,1968 .c. Leroi Jones and Larry Neal ' Black Fire:An Antholosy of Airo-emerlEA-wl!!-lqlfr'effi vlrriffi -r,{ffi-w=;id-6m-pany,I nc . , 1968) Read a l l o f t he E ssays

(pp . 3 -188) se lec t j -ve ly read the poe t r y ,Fict ion, and Drama, then blow your mindon the afterword by Larry Nea1, "AndShine Swam On'tSession 4: Kwame Nkrumah

a. Some Essent ia l Features of Nkrumaism, (New-=TofrffiaEonamu6fiffi s, -Tt6 5 ., "Af r ican Liberat ion and Uni tyr "@ vor . 2 , no . 2 , Fa l l L962,pp .409-435 .

c . _t Voice From Conakry (London:-=-ffi .F; pfficaffis-ilrb,fg 67 .d. _ ' Dark Days in Ghana, (New York:--GG;ffinallF[uffieF, -T6-6-) .e. W. E . B" Dutso is , "Ghana and Pan-A f r i can ism"in The World and Africa (New York:rntffiaffit-FtluTffis, 1965) pp 292-304.

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Sess ion

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Sess ion 7 :

S ess ion 8 :

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E l -Ha j j i Ma l i k ShabazzThe Autobiography of MalcolmFRANZ FANONThe Wretched of the EarthROLE OF WOMEN N THE REVOLUTIONARYSTRUGGLEa. Franz Fanon, A Dying Colonia l ism, chaptersent i t led "A lger ia Unvei led" and TheAlger ian Fanr i ly . "b . Jean Smi th , " I l ea rned to Eeel B lack" i nBarbour , The Black Power Revol t .-ROLE OF STUDENTS IN THE RgVOLUTIONARY STRUGGLEa. James Forman, SammyYounge, Jr . : The Fi rs tBlack c,ol_]S,re.tudent to Die lgEg.@ffiFraffi-Erub. Jack C. Walker , S i t - Ins in At lanta (Eagletonrnstitute of FoTiEicsl-uffity ofRutgers I 19641 .

Sess ion 9: ROLEd , .

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PERIODICALS1. Freed.omways (Quarterly)2. Integrated Educat ion (B i -Monthly)3 . Je t (week ly )4" Journal of Negro Educat ion (Quarter ly l5. Journal of Negro His tory (Quarter ly )6. B lack Wor ld (Monthly)7 . Negro History Bullet in (Ftonthly)B. Phylon (Quarter ly )9. Cr is is (Mont l r1y)10" Journal of Black Poetry ( )1I. MuhammadSpeaks (Weekly)L2. Liberator (Monthly)

OF ARMEDSTRUGGLEFOR BLACK LIBERATIONRobert Wi l l iams, Negroes With Guns.Kwame, Nkrumah, Handbook of Revolutionarlwarfare for Fffi-TiFrffiTfrlda.Ot to K erner r t .d l . , Repor t o f t he Na t i ona lAdv sory C r.ri:ii s .c-fra-TiiTrrs6ffi(

O f f i c e , 1 9 6 8 ) .


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-6 -13. Africa Report, ( i ' , ionthly)L4" A f r i can Ar ts I a r t s D 'A f r ique (Quar ter ly )15. Af r ican Forum (Quarter ly )16 " Journal of Af r ican His tory (Quarter ly )17. Journal of Modern Af r ican Studies (Quarter ly )18. P resence Af r i ca i re(Quar ter ly )19 . Race (Ouar ter ly )2A" Soulbook (Quarter ly )2L. B1ack Panther (newspaper of B lack Panther Par ty for SeIfDefense)22" Black Dia logue (Monthly)23. B lack Theat re24" Umbra25. Zimbabwe News (weekLy newslet,ter of ZANU' Zimbabwe African- - - -uE Fona l ) un ion l t r i t e t o : z .A .N.u . , p .o . Box2331 , Lusaka , Zambia26. The Afr icanl_sq (monthly newslet ter of Pan Afr ican-.6ff iss) Write to: The Af ricanist, P . o " Box202t l laseru, Lesotho, Southern Afr ica.27. Afr ica ana The Wor ld wr i te to: Pan Af r ican Publ icat ionsLTD. , 89 F lee t S t " London E .C . 4 , E ng land .

S ess ion 1 :1 . P ie r re

RACISM AI{D COLONIALISML. Van den Berghe, Race and Racism: A Comparat ivePerspective (New York: John Wiley &-SbGF;T;c.-L967 )

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S . F rank l in Fraz ier , RaceModern World 6ew and Culture Contacts in theIGr:---ffipilT957)-Thomas F" Gossett , Race: The History of an Idea inAmerica (Dallas : soutEffi-ld6tE5al3t-ffi-ivdsityF ress . 1963) .Char les G" Johnson, Pat terns of Negro Segregat ion (NewYork: Harper a;E-EoTIeIil9Z3l;-

5. Louis L. Snydero The Ideal of Rac ia l ism: I ts l ' leaq!3gand HistorJ (Princeton: Van NostrEiTr.@6" Wi l l iam St r ingfe l low, My People is the Enemy (New YOrk:Ho I t , 1964) .7. Kenneth Clark , Dark Ghet to, ( l t rewYork:

TheHarper 1965) .V i k i ng P ress , L967 t ."

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Ronald Segal ,W"E .B . DuB o is ,

Race War, (New York:Wor ld and A f r i ca , (pp . 16 -80 ) "he

, An ABC of Color .


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-7 -11. Margaret Walker , Jubi l lee (novel )L2. Sekou Toure, "What Colonal ism Did to Af r icar" NegroD iges t vo l . x I , no . 2 December 1961 p p" 8 -14 .13. Ky le Ons ta t t , Mandingo. (Nove l ) .14. Melv i l le Herskov i ts , Myth of the Negro Past (New York:Harper , L94L, now a Beacon Press paperback 1958) .15 . R. G insberg , 100 Y ears of Lynch ings .16. Mark l}uain (Sam Clemens) Kug Fleopolds- Soli loguy on theCongo .L7. E rnes t Co le , House of Bondage.18. Immanuel Wal lers te in, Af r ica: The Pol i t ics of f lggpgnde, lge.19. Ashley Montagu, Statement on Race.20. Ash1ey lrrontagu, Race: l. lanrs Most Danger_ous Myth,2L. i lohn O. Ki l lens, B lack Iu lans Burden.22. Nathan Hare, The Black Algrlo-Saxons (New York; Maryaniand, ltili-sefD-Tg6il--23. Carter G. Woodson, The Mis-Educat ion of the l iegro.24" Kenneth C1ark, Prejudice and Your Chi ld.25. Er ic Wi l l iams, Capi ta l ism and S la,very .26. Peter Abrams, "The Blacksr" in Langston Hughes, AnAfr ican Treasury (New York: Pyramid BooF, 1961)27. Richard Wright , Whit ,e Man Lis ten (Garden Ci ty , New York:Doub leday 1957) .28. Richard Wright , Color Curta in.29. B lake l lodisane, B lame M. cp His tory .30. Pr ice Cobbs and Wi l l iams Br ier , B lack Rage.31. Wi l l iam Jenkens, Pro-S lavery Thought in the OId South.32. Gunnar Myrdal, An American Dilemma (New York: i;arper,L944 , New ed i t i on , L963) "

Session 2z PAN AFRICANISI,I1" Howard Broty , The B1ack Jews of Har lem (New York: FreePress of G lenco, 1964)


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-8 -Edmund David Cronon, Black Moses: The Story of i:arcusGarvey ana thdTil-iverGf NedFd ffiEFovffienrAssoctat , ion (Madison: Univers i ty of Wiscons inF'reffi)Hol l is R. Lynch, Edward Wi lmot Blyden: pan-Neqro pat r iotI I 32 r e12JGTdo t--6x f o:Fffin'iv eiEi3fEs fri3'67)-:-James R. Hoopero Black Revolut ionary: George padmore'sPath fromEffiuffiriGffi TNewYork: Freder ick Praeger, L967')Amy Jacques Garvey, Garvey and Garveyism (KingstonJamaica , 1963) .E. V. Ess ien-Udom, Black Nat ional ism:Iggntity lg@'Chicago P ress , L962) .

A Search for AnUnffitv "r-7 " C. Er ic Linco1n, Ti reBeacon, 19-6T)Black Musl ims in Amer ica (Boston:

8" St . Cla i r Drake, "Hide D{y Face? An essay on Pan-Afr ican-ism and Negr i tude" in Herber t Hi I l , Soon One . ' .ivlorning (New york: Atfred A. Knopf , I933)l-9. St . Cla i r Drake, "Negro Amer icans and the Af r ican Interest "in John P. Davis, The Americgn Negro Ref grenceBooE (Englewood CllEsT-ffir36fle6-tice-mlm, rni. , L9G6)"

10. Colin Legum, Pan-Africanism (l. lcw Y;rit , Prac:E -r tles6) .11" George Padmore, Pan-Af r icanism or Communism? (London:Dobson , L956) "12. Amy Jaques Garvey, ed.Ercug Garveyffi;ffi

L7 " Mart in Delavey, The Condi t ions,Destiny of the Col_ofed

and Opinions ofufrFFefFlffiFtFrrins13. Ayi K ivei Armaf , "Af r ican Socia l ism: Utopian orSc ient i f i c?" Presence A f r i ca ine No. 64(4 rr qqsrterly)-ffi-p1p;-ffiL4" Marcus Garvey, Phi losophy and Opinions.15. Edward W. B1yden, Chr is t iani ty , Is lam and the Negro.16 . E l lo i t M" Rudwick , W.E .B . DuBois : A S tudy of a M ino r i t yGr oup. (Ph i lAGlpffi--f iveFs fii-o f -e efrn 5ym, 1960)"

Elevat ion; Emi and

, Phi loso(l.iew-Tork:

rat ionUffiEedeoples of the Sffies "


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. 4 -9 -Elyah ft luhammad, Iulessage to the Black{nan (Chicago:Muhammad'sMosque No. 2 , 1965)18 . ,

19"20"2L .

Leophold Senghor, Tow_qrdeAfrican Socialism.W.B"B" DuBois , The Wor ld and Af r i ca .PauI Robeson, Here I Stand.

Session 3: CONTEMPORARYOMPARATIVELACKCULTURAL HILOSOPHYt. Harold Cruse, The Cr is is of the Negro Intel leclg?J.(New Yffi:--mTfiam ltorrow-and Comp. 1967) .2" Harold Cruse, Rebel l ion or Revolut ion (NewYork:wilriafr'-MffiaiE e6@1lfT9'6'a3" LeRoi Jones, B lues People: Negro Music in l r lh i te Amer ica(New York: wil l iam ff iwEdTcofr'p," ' oT- -4. LeRoi Jones, B lack Music (New York: Wi l l iam lv iorrow anclCo . , 1967) "5 . LeRoi Jones , Home: Soc ia l Essays (New Y ork : Wi l l i ammorroffid coTT9E-eJ--esspecially "Myth at aNegro Li teratur, " "B lack Wri t ing, "Express iveLanguager" and "The Revolut ionary Theat re. "6. James Baldwin, Notes of a Nat ive Son (Boston: BeaconP ress , 1955) .7. James Baldwin' Nobody Knows $g Name (New York: Dia lP ress , 1961) .

Ra1ph EI I ison, Shadow19 64) . and (New York: Random House,

9. Janheing Jahn, Muntu: Ti re New Afr ican Cul ture (NewYork:Grove P6 r96f-n$-ecfffiy chE$t.Effil, 2, 45 , 7 , 8"Ezekie l Mphahlele ' T he A fr ic an Image (New York: Praeger,L962) .

11 . A la in Locke d. , The New Negro (New York : A theneum, f968) "L2. Daryll Forde, African Worlds: Studies in the Cosmglog]gg!Jde"i a" afffiueq@" .13, Abraham Arapman, B}ack Voices (New York: New AmericanL ib ra ry Mentor Book , 1968) . See

a. B lyden Jackson, "The Negrors Image of theUniverse as Ref lected in l i is F ic t ion"

Act.

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-1 0 -b. John Henry C1arke, "The Origin and Growtir ofAfro*Ameri,can Li.terature "c. Darvim Turner, "The Negro Dranatists Imageo f the Universe, L920-L960"

Melv i l le L, Herskov j - ts , The Myth of the Negro Past(Bos ton: Beacon Press , 1958) . See espec ia l l ychapter I "The Signi f icance of Af r icanisms 'chapter 2 "The Contemporary Science: Africansin Secuitar Lifb, chapt,er I "The ContemporarySc -ence: Language and the Arts. "Eldridge Cleaver, SouI on Ice (New York; McGraw-Hil lB ook Co. , f 968 ) .A lber t B . C leage, J r . The B lack Mess iah (New York :S heed and Ward , L968) .Char les Kei l , Urban Blues (Chicago; Univers i ty ofchicasilffisElT9-e e .St . C la i r Drake, " fhe Negro 's S take in A f r i ca : the mean-ing o f Negr i t uder " Negro Diges t , , June 1964r PP.33-4 I .Leopold S. Senghor, "What is Negr i tuder" in PauI E.S ignmund, d. , Ideologies- of t ,he DevelopingNat ons i uew voffieil Tq6Tfii-Erc--Z4T=2LE. N. Obiechina, "Trans i t ion f rom oral to Li terary

Trad i t ionr " P resence Af r i ca ine No. 63 (3s tQuar ter ly L967) pp . 140-161 .r *Alnos Tutuola and the OraI Tradit ion" Presence---Et r icaine No. 65 (Ist Quarter ly 1968) pp. -T 'FIT i l

Clyde Ha1isi and James lltume, Ttlg alglgble Karenga- (published by uS, 82L t-si@-t6E-Elif-e1es,Ca l i f o rn ia 90003) 1967 .A.B. Spellman, Fou! Lives 1n the BeBop Elf-g1ngse- (NewYork: F'EffirrffiTooTsfTg66JTMarv in X and Faruk, " Is lam and Black Art : An Interv ieww i t h LeRo i Jones r " Negro Diges t VoI . XVI I I 'No. 3, January rbagTF. affat-8o.Ron Karehg&r n'B lack Art : A Rhythmic Real i ty of Revolut ion. "Negro Diges t Vo l . XVI I , No . 3 , January 1968 ,pp . 5 -9 .James Cunningham, "Ron Karenga and Black CulturalNat ional ism" Negrg Digest Vol. XVII , No- 3 'January 1968r pP. 4 , 76 -80 .

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-11 -Session 4: KWAI{E NKRTI!{AHl. K&sameNkrumah' I Speak of Freedom (New York: Praeger'1961) .2.3 .4 .5 .6"

, "The Recovery of Af r ican His tory" NegroG Vol" xr r ; No. 6 Apr i l 1963 Fp.Fq '2 .

, Towards Colonial Freedom., What I lrlean by Posit-i-ve Action., Consc ienc ism.

, A f r i ca Must Un i t e (New York : P raeger 1963) .7 " Sophia Ripley Ames, Nkrumah of Ghana (Chicago: RandMcNal ly , I96 f8. Timothy Bankole, Kwame NkrumaL, j is Rise to power (iondon:Allen and9. D.E. Apter , "Nkrumah, Char isma, and the Coupr" qaqdqluspp . 757-92 (Sununer 958) .

10. George Padmore, The Gold Goast Revolut ion.11. Richard Wright , L lgql Power.

Session 5: EL-HAJJI MALIK SHABAZZA. Works By Malcolm:

1. "The Black Struggle in the Uni ted States" PresenceAf r i ca ine Engl ish Edi t ion , No. 2 t 1965 .2. }talcolm X Spserks: Sslucteci Sr'r ' -ches ancl Statcments3. I"la1colm Ta1ks to Young People, (NY: Young SocialistP amph le t , 1965) .4" Malcolm on Afro-Amer ican His tory .5. Two Speecbes by Malcolm X (NY: Pioneer Publ ishers ,r96s) .6. "We are A11 Blood Brothers , " L iberator JuIy L964.7. The Speeches of Malcolm X at, Harvard, edited by Archiesl .8. At least 4 record.s , and several tapes if we can getcop ies .


13/17

-L2-B" Secondary Analys is :

1. George Brei tman, The Last Year of Malcolm X: Thegv


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-13 -MohamedA. Cher i f , "Frantz Fanon and The Af r icanRevo lu t ionr " Presence Af r i ca ine No. 58 , Vo l 30(seconcl euartffiAmady Aly Drena, "Les damnJs cie Ia terre et les problbmesd 'A f r ique No i re , " P resence A f r i ca ine, No. 62.

(Second Quarterly W8" A . R. Za lbe rg , "Frantz Fanon : A Gospe1 for the Damndr "E ncoun te r 272 56-63 N '66"

Session 7: ROLE OF WOIUEN1. Gwendolyn Cherry , Ruby Thornasn and Paul ine Wi1l is ,Por t ra i ts in Color : the L ives of Color fu l

ryggro_-Ug4en(Pat terson, N.J. : Pageant , L96212. Rackham Holt, ivlary lrrcleod Bethune, A Biography (Garden

C i t y , N .Y . : Doub leday , 1964) .3" E' u'""ntlilt::;::Tit4. Daisy Bates, The Long Shadcw of L i t t le Rock (New York:McK ay , 1962) .5. B i l ly Hol iday, Lady Sings the Blues. (New York: Doubleday,19s6) .6. Sojourner Truth, Narrat ive of Sojourner Truth (Boston,

pub l i shed by Author , 1875) .7 " See Women Today (formerly entit led African Women, Semi-ann[El-publ ication f rom lond6iF-B" Jeanne L" Noble, "The Amer ican Negro Womanr" in John D.Davisr Thg American Negro Reference Book (Engle-wood C l i f f s : P rent ice-Hal l , Inc . , L966) "Preston Valon and Carroll Horton, "Some DemographicCharacterist ics of Outstand.ing Negro Women"J " o f Negro Educat ion , XXI I I (Fa l1 1954)pp . 406-20"

10. Ar thur Huf f Fanset , Sojourner Truth: God's Fai thfu lP:_Iglirn (chaff ir f f ia Press, 1938).11" Ear l Cor rad, Har r ie t Tubman (Washington, D"C. : Assoc i -a ted P ub l i she rs , 1943) "L2. Calv in Hornton, "The Negro Womanr"America (New York: Grove in Sex and Racism in-P ress , 1965) r P P . 121-168"


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Ke} ly Mi1ler , "Surplus Negro Womenr" n Radicals and

Johnson McDongal, "The Task ofin A la ine Locke, d. , The NewNegro Womanhood, "(New York:Atheneum, 1968 pp. 359-:3Efl

15. Ruby Dee, "The Tattered eueensr, , Neqrg Diqes! Vol . XV,No. 6 Apr i l , L966 pp. 32-76.16. Sara D. Gi lber t , "The Black Woman'sFate ln Aff luentff;1"il: +E$s3isgst ol' xvrr' No'e' rurYL7" Nikki Giovanni , "Fi rst steps Toward A True Revo1ut ion,"Negro Diges t Vo l . XVI , No. 2 . December1955,

pF-6,6=68.-18. Abbey Lincoln, "Who Will Revere The B1ack Womanil NegroDiges t Vo l . XV No. 1I , Sept . 1966 , pp. ISTT:]9. Ethel Waters, My Ey_e s on the Sfarroy.20. Eartha Kit t ,2L. Marian Anderson, My Lord, What A MoTning. (New york:Viking, lml22. Enma G. Sterve, l4ary Mcleod Bethune.23. Shi r ley Grahm, The Story of phi l l is - l {hpat ley.Session 8: ROLB OF STUDENTS1. Howard Zinn, 9NCC: The New Abot i t ionis ts (Boston:Beaco2. char les V. Hami l ton, "The place of the Brac)


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, - 15 -Vernon Dixon, "The Black Student and the Brother in theS t ree t s , " Negro D iges t V o l . XVI I I , No . 1 ,November , 1968 , pp" 28-35"

Vo Nguyen G iap, Peop lers War , Peop lers A rm VietInsurrect ion Manual for eve.LoCountries A E I O N ,Douglas Pike, Viet Cong: The Organizat ion anr f Technigesof the

1966) .War uhiv Kote, (Genera1 China) , Man l4an General , (Nai ro l i ,Kenya: East Afr j .can pub@I967).

Session 9z ROLE OF ARMEDSTRUGGLE1" Herber t Aptheker , Amer ican Negro S1ave Revol ts . (New York:1943) :2 . Rober t F . Wi l l i ams , "For 'E f fec t i ve Sel f Defense, " ' inFranc is Broder ick and August Merer , d" NegroProtest Thouqht in t ire Twentieth Centurv -- 96s)

Regis Debray, Revolution in the Revolution: ArmedStruoo f,aEffi-t ruggle and Pol i t ica l St ruggle in Lat inAmer ica (New York: Monthly Review Press, 19671 "3"

4"

6 .

7 . Mao Tsi -Tung, O n P ro tr ac te d War, (Pek i -ng, China: ForeignLanguages Press , I 966) .B" Ernesto Che Guevara, Reminisgnces of_ lhe CuPan Eevol_u-tionary ll lar (New York: Monthly Review Press,I e68) "9" Oginda Odinga, No! Yet Uhurn: An Ortobiography ( t {ewYork : H i l l and Warg, 19671

10" Ernesto Che Guevara, On Guerr i l la Warfare (New York:F reder i ck A . P aeger , L961) .11" Henry Bienen, V io lence and Socia l Change: A Review ofCurrent L i terature (Chicago: Univers i ty [email protected]" KarI von Clausewi ty , War, Pol i t ics and Power (Chicago:Henry [email protected]. Robert Conot , Rivers of_Blood, Years of Darkness (NewYork : Bantam Books , L967) .


17/17

7 . , f . *

-16 -L4" Truman l, Ielson, People with Strength: The Story of ivlonroe,North Carol ina (New York: Marzani and Munsel l ,ffi15. Herber t Aptheker , Amer ican Negro S1gve RevoLts (NewY orks : fn ) .

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