african hawk 2 part 1
TRANSCRIPT
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African Hawk II Automated Version
Graduation Project
Done By:
Mamdouh Sadek Al- Moatasem BelaaH
Samy Samir Khattab
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Introduction
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Introduction
• Mini UAVs
• Pheonix 607 (2006/2007)
• Mantis (2007/2009)
• Buraq (2008/2009)
• African Hawk (2009/2010)
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Introduction
• It’s a Vision
• UAS
• Autopilot
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Introduction
Objectives
• Modeling and Manufacturing of the aircraft.
• Design and installation of autopilot chip onboard of the aircraft.
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Introduction
What’s New?!
• Internal Arrangement
• Landing Gear
• Vacuum Bagging
• MicroPilot Autopilot
• Emergency Recovery System
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Propulsion Model
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Objective
• Set Mathematical to relate parameters
• Thrust
• RPM
• Velocity
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Experimental Test
• Relation between throttle position, Thrust and RPM
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Measuring Thrust
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Measuring RPM
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Results
1- Thrust Vs. Throttle Position
y = 0.209x2 + 18.981x
R² = 0.9939
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
thru
st(g
m)
throttle position (%)
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2- RPM Vs. Throttle Position
y = -0.3269x2 + 121.4x
R² = 0.9887
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
RP
M
Throttle Position (%)
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3-Thrust Vs. RPM
y = 2.5148x R² = 0.8367
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
rpm
THRUST(gm)
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4-Endurance Vs. Throttle Position
y = 103681x-2.112 R² = 0.9964
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
End
ura
nce
- m
in
Throttle position (%)
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5Thrust Vs. airplane Velocity
• BEM Theory
• CL and CD
• No geometry for blades
• 3D Scanning
• 2D Sections
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Geometric Model
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What’s New ?!
• Nothing Changed in the external geometry
• Some internal parts were edited
• Some new internal parts were added
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Wing
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Wing Ribs
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Servo Motors Flap Servo
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Servos Slim Servo
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Fuselage
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Fuselage
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Fuselage Frame
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Fuselage Battery Lower Holder
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Fuselage Battery Upper Holder
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Landing Gear Housing
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Landing Gear Housing
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Landing Gear Housing
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Mass Model
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Mass Model
• Objective:
Center of Gravity of the aircraft is related to the stability condition of the aircraft.
Moment of inertias will be needed for the calculation of the stability derivatives.
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Mass Model
• Two methods of calculations:
The first method (using CAD software)
The second technique (Manual calculations)
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Mass Model
• Firstly we will define the Axis system we used:
We took the center of the general Axis at the leading edge of the airfoil cross section of the wing’s root.
The +ve Z direction is upward,
the +ve Y direction is in the right wing direction from the front view,
the +ve X direction is in the direction of the fuselage rear.
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Mass Model
• The aircraft is divided into 3 main sections of components:
Structural Components.
Propulsion Components.
Control Components.
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Mass Model
Results
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Aerodynamic model
•Cl-alfa curve
-2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4cl-alfa
alfa
cl
wing only
airplane
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Aerodynamic Model
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Drag polar
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4 cl-cd , drag polar
cd
cl
wing only
airplane
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Cm-alfa
-2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16-0.14
-0.12
-0.1
-0.08
-0.06
-0.04
-0.02
0
0.02
0.04
0.06cm-alfa
alfa
cm
wing only
airplane
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Manufacturing
Master Mold
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Manufacturing Steps
• Laser cutting and structure assembly
• Balsa Surface fabrication
• Composite Surface fabrication
• Surface finish
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Ribs Fabricating & arrangement
• Plywood, 27 ribs.
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Balsa Surface fabrication
•1.5 mm Balsa wood sheet covering
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Balsa Surface fabrication
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Composite Surface fabrication
• First layer: fiber glass 200 gm/m2
• Other layers fiber glass 400 gm/m3
• Lower Surface
• Painting
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Master Mold
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Female Mold
• Foam Jigs
• Wood Lips
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Female Mold
• Gaps are sealed with clay
• Surface is waxed at least two times
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Female Mold
• Applying Epoxy Resin
• Start from root
• Brush in one direction
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Female Mold
• Six layers
• Around 30 min between each layer
• Most reusable part
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Manufacturing
Vacuum Bagging
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Manufacturing Skin Using Vacuum Bagging Technique
• What is vacuum Bagging ?!
a new technique used in composite manufacturing that used the
pressure as a clamping force to press the fiber laminates together with the mold until the resin is cured.
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Vacuum Bagging
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Vacuum Bagging
• Light weight Product
vacuum bagging results in absorbing of excessive resin in the breather
material and can reduce Epoxy resin weight by 30% and total weight by 15%
•Better uniformity of lay up (No thick / thin cross sections)
• exact shaping
vacuum Bagging lay up results in perfect shape that exactly like the
female mold shape due to clamping force between mold and laminate.
•Strong bonding between layers
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Vacuum Bagging Layers
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• Carbon fiber
• Release Fabric
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• Perforated film
• Breather /bleeder
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• Bag
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Vacuum Bagging Equipment
1-Vacuum Pump
2-Gauge
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3-hose & Regulator
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Vacuum Bagging
Easy lock
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Vacuum Bagging
Tubing Clamps
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Vacuum Bagging
Vacuum Port
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Final Shape
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Manufacturing procedures •1-Cutting carbon fiber cloth
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•2-Cutting vacuum bagging layers
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• 3. Preparation of bag and vacuum bagging equipment
• 4. Female mold preparation
• 5-Mixing Epoxy resin
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• 6. Applying epoxy on the laminate
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• 7. Applying vacuum bagging layers
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•8. Mold Entrance in the bag & sealing the open side
•9. Opening vacuum pump
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• 10. Removing skin from the mold
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• fuselage
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Internal structure
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Control surfaces cutting control surfaces
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Control Surfaces
Balsa Leading Edges
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Control Surfaces
Covering
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TO BE CONTINUED………….