aerosols: biomass burning, dust, and climate · aerosols: biomass burning, dust, and climate...

Aerosols: Biomass Burning, Dust, and Climate

Christine WiedinmyerAtmospheric Chemistry DivisionNCAR Earth Systems Laboratory

ISP Summer Colloquium on African Weather and Climate August 02, 2011

Aerosols in the atmosphere: Case study in Colorado

On June 7, 2011, the Advanced Land Imager (ALI) on NASA’s Earth Observing‐1 (EO‐1) satellite observed the Fourmile Canyon burn scar. http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/view.php?id=51510&src=nha

http://eo1.gsfc.nasa.gov/technology/alihome1.htmhttp://eo1.gsfc.nasa.gov/

Four Mile Canyon Fire, Boulder (Sept. 2010)

Denver

Boulder PM2.5 Concentrations Sept. 6 – 8, 2010

PM2.5, ug/m

3

Source: CDPHE

EPA 24‐hour Standard for PM2.5

September 06, 2010 September 07, 2010 September 08, 2010

Hayman Fire, Summer 2002

An aerosol is a suspension of fine solid particles or liquid droplets in a gas

AKA: Particulate Matter (PM)

Aerosol: Definitions

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerosol Size (microns)

∗Health

Aerosols: Why are they important

∗ Visibility and Air Quality


Pictures from State of Washington Dept. of Ecology, http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/air/globalwarm_RegHaze/regional_haze.html

∗ Climate∗ Direct and indirect effects


2010 ASP Colloquim, August 05 2010

Aerosol

Radiation

Secondary OrganicAerosol

INCCN

Radiation

Precipitation

Aerosol

CHEMISTRY

Trace Gases

Aerosols: Where do they come from?

Andreae and Rosenfeld, Earth Science Reviews, 2008

Total Global Emissions of Particulate Matter (2000)

Primary Organic Matter Black Carbon


Carbon‐containing Particulate Emissions to the atmosphere

Aerosols: Where are they?

Images from MODIS aboard NASA’s Terra Satellite: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/GlobalMaps/view.php?d1=MODAL2_M_AER_OD


Aerosols: Where are they?

∗Biomass Burning∗Open burning∗ Cooking

∗Dust

∗Climate Interactions

Aerosols in Africa

Fires in the Earth System Today

Courtesy of Brian Magi, NOAA GFDL/Princeton

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

Total P

articu

late Emission

s (G

g/ye

ar)

Annual Total Particulate Matter Emissions from Open Burning (not cooking)

Wiedinmyer et al., Geosc. Mod. Dev., 2011

FEB. APR

JUN OCT

Temporal Variation in Open Burning in Africa

Sahel: February – April

Central and southern Africa: June ‐ October

http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=5800

Fire Detections in Africa 2005 from MODIS Terra and Aqua Satellites

Fire clearing out Miombo understory, ZambiaPrescribed fire at Madikwe Game Reserve on 18 August, 2000.

Pictures courtesy of Bob Yokelson, Univ. of MontanaFrom the SAFARI2000 Field Campaign

Aerosols from Open Biomass Burning: Cooking

Cooking with open fires emits significant amounts of aerosols (and other gases) to the atmosphere.

Bond et al., J. Geophy. Res., 2004

Carbon particle emissions from Residential Biofuel is significant in Africa

~10‐20% of total Carbon particulate emissions from Africa‐ including Open Burning

Western AfricaTotal CO Emissions: 113 Tg14% Residential Burning

81% Savanna + Forest Burning

Southern AfricaTotal CO Emissions: 82 Tg8% Residential Burning

85% Savanna + Forest+ Grassland Burning

Eastern AfricaTotal CO Emissions: 53 Tg26% Residential Burning

68% Savanna + Forest + Ag Waste Burning

Northern AfricaTotal CO Emissions: 5 Tg37% Residential Burning1% Ag Waste Burning

Carbon Monoxide Emissions in Africa: Contribution from Burning Sources

Carbon Monoxide emissions from the EDGAR v4.1 Database for 2005http://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/datasets_list.php

Total U.S. CO Emissions: 62 Tg

Health Impacts from Cooking and Solid Fuel Use

“Globally, indoor air pollution from solid fuel use is responsible for 1.6 million deaths due to pneumonia, chronic respiratory disease and lung cancer.

In high‐mortality developing countries, indoor smoke is responsible for an estimated 3.7% of the overall disease burden, making it the most lethal killer after malnutrition, unsafe sex and lack of safe water and sanitation.”

http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs292/en/

More efficient cooking?


∗Dust

∗CLIMATE Interactions

Aerosols in Africa

∗ Mineral dust defined as suspension of soil particles in a gaseous medium (atmosphere) [Pye, 1978]

∗ Moving velocity of dust storm over the Atlantic 5‐7 days [Carlson & Prospero 1972]

∗ Large dust events 1,000 t dust within 1 km³ of air

∗ Decrease of surface temperature during strong dust storms of about 5 K [Cavazos et al., 2009, Tulet et al., 2008]

Dust in the Atmosphere

Slide from Kerstin Schepanski, University of Leeds, UK, [email protected]

Sahara is supposed to be the largest dust source on Earth with an emission of 600‐1000 Mt/year (40‐70% of global annual dust emission) [Engelstaedter 2006]

June 22, 2009; Image from The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Terra satellite

http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=39014

Dust transport layer over Atlantic: Saharan Air Layer

∗ Dust emission can be determined by the balance of gravitational, cohesive, and aerodynamic forces

∗ 3 different emission modes depending on particle size∗ Suspension∗ Saltation∗ Creeping

Dust Emissions


3 Emission Modes for Dust


Macrophysics of dust emission: Saltation

• Dust aerosols (~0.1‐20 μm) are emitted by saltation, the wind‐driven hopping motion of sand grains (~200 μm)– Dust aerosols experience large cohesive forces that generally prevent direct lifting

by wind

Slide from Jasper Kok, Cornell University

http://www.geo.cornell.edu/eas/PeoplePlaces/Faculty/mahowald/dust.htm


∗Dust

∗Climate Interactions

Aerosols in Africa

Emissions Climate

Climate Emissions

Fire‐Climate Interactions: Fire Climate

SMOKE

INCREASE CCN

INCREASE CLOUD DROPS

DECREASE IN DROP SIZE

INHIBIT PRECIPITATION

(e.g., Andreae et al., 2004; Rosenfeld 1999)

Observational evidence that desert dust can modulate the amplitude of easterly waves in the Atlantic Ocean

Jones, C., N. Mahowald, and C. Luo (2004), Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L17208, doi:10.1029/2004GL020107.

Aerosol impacts on climate

Climate Fire: Future Fire

Krawchuk et al. PLoSONE, (2009)

Climate Fire: Change in Atmospheric Composition

OC (1996‐2000) BC (1996‐2000)

Delta OC Delta BC

Present Day

Change in 50 years

Courtesy of Jennifer Logan Spracklen et al., JGR, 2009

Climate Dust Emissions

Online Dust simulations with NCAR CAM3

Changing vegetation stronger than changes in winds

Mahowald et al., J. Geophys. Res., 2005

Climate Dust

Mahowald et al., J. Geophys. Res., 2005

Doubling CO2

∗ The emissions of aerosols are important to understand for health, air quality, chemistry, and climate

∗ Emissions of aerosols from burning and dust in Africa are significant

∗ Emissions inventories are HIGHLY uncertain∗ Climate‐Aerosol interactions are complicated

Christine [email protected]

Some Final Thoughts…

Acknowledgements

Jasper Kok (Cornell University)Arlene Laing (NCAR)Bob Yokelson (Univ. of Montana)Kerstin Schepanski (University of Leeds)

http://www.ncar.ucar.edu/

Andreae, M. O. and Rosenfeld, D.: Aerosol‐cloud‐ precipitation interactions. Part 1, The nature and sources of cloud‐active aerosols, Earth Sci. Rev., 89, 13–41. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2008.03.001, 2008.

Bond, T. C., D. G. Streets, K. F. Yarber, S. M. Nelson, J.‐H. Woo, and Z. Klimont (2004), A technology‐based global inventory of black and organic carbon emissions from combustion, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D14203, doi:10.1029/2003JD003697.

Carlson, T. N., and J. M. Prospero (1972), The Large‐Scale Movement of Saharan Air Outbreaks over the Northern Equatorial Atlantic, J. Appl. Meteor., 11, 283–297.

Cavazos, C., M. C. Todd, and K. Schepansi (2008), Numerical model simulation of the Saharan dust event of 6–11 March 2006 using the Regional Climate Model version 3 (RegCM3), J. Geophys. Res., 114, D12109, doi:10.1029/2008JD011078.

Engelstaedter, S., I. Tegen, and R. Washington (2006), North African dust emission and transport, Earth‐Science Reviews, 79, 73–100, doi:10.1016/j.erscirev.2006.06.004.

Jain, A. K., Z. Tao, X. Yang, and C. Gillespie (2006), Estimates of global biomass burning emissions for reactive greenhouse gases (CO, NMHCs, and NOx) and CO2, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D06304, doi:10.1029/2005JD006237.

Jones, C., N. Mahowald, and C. Luo (2004), Observational evidence of African desert dust intensification of easterly waves, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L17208, doi:10.1029/2004GL020107

Kok, J. F., and N. O. Renno (2009), A comprehensive numerical model of steady‐state saltation (COMSALT), J. Geophys. Res., 114, D17204.

Kok, J. F. (2011), A scaling theory for the size distribution of emitted dust aerosols suggest climate models underestimate the size of the global dust cycle, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 108, 1016‐1021.

Kok, J. F. (2011), Does the size distribution of dust aerosols depend on the wind speed at emission?, Atmos. Chem. Phys., in review.

References

Mahowald, N. M., D. R. Muhs, S. Levis, P. J. Rasch, M. Yoshioka, C. S. Zender, and C. Luo (2006), Change in atmospheric mineral aerosols in response to climate: Last glacial period, preindustrial, modern, and doubled carbon dioxide climates, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D10202, doi:10.1029/2005JD006653.

Mahowald, N. M., and C. Luo, A less dusty future?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(17), 1903, doi:10.1029/2003GL017880, 2003.

Pye, K. (1987), Aeolian Dust and Dust Deposits, Academic Press London.

Spracklen, D.V., L. J. Mickley, J. A. Logan, R. C. Hudman, R. Yevich, M. D. Flannigan, and A. L. Westerling(2009), Impacts of climate change from 2000 to 2050 on wildfire activity and carbonaceous aerosol concentrations in the western United States, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D20301, doi:10.1029/2008JD010966.

Tulet, P., M. Mallet, V. Pont, J. Pelon, and A. Boone (2008), The 7‐13 March 2006 dust strom over West Africa: Generation, transport, and vertical stratification, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D00C08, doi:10.1029/2008JD009871.

Tummon, F., F. Solmon, C. Liousse, and M. Tadross (2010), Simulation of the direct and semidirect aerosol effects on the southern Africa regional climate during the biomass burning season, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D19206, doi:10.1029/2009JD013738.

Wiedinmyer, C., Akagi, S. K., Yokelson, R. J., Emmons, L. K., Al‐Saadi, J. A., Orlando, J. J., and Soja, A. J.: The Fire INventory from NCAR (FINN): a high resolution global model to estimate the emissions from open burning, Geosci. Model Dev., 4, 625‐641, doi:10.5194/gmd‐4‐625‐2011, 2011.

Yokelson, R. J., I. T. Bertschi, T. J. Christian, P. V. Hobbs, D. E. Ward, and W. M. Hao, Trace gas measurements in nascent, aged, and cloud‐processed smoke from African savanna fires by airborne Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (AFTIR), J. Geophys. Res., 108(D13), 8478, 108, doi:10.1029/2002JD002322, 2003.

References

AMMA‐AC:African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis ‐ Atmospheric Chemistry

http://igac.jisao.washington.edu/AMMA_AC.php

Compounds emitted from Biomass Burning

Urbanski et al., Wildland Fires and Air Pollution, 2009

Not just one thing emitted

Many different compounds

Some hazardous air pollutants

Precursors to smog/ozone

image from March 3, 2004,

http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/view.php?id=48556January 09,2011

http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/view.php?id=48556

Aerosols: �Biomass Burning, �Dust, �and ClimateSlide Number 2Four Mile Canyon Fire, Boulder (Sept. 2010)Slide Number 4Boulder PM2.5 Concentrations �Sept. 6 – 8, 2010Hayman Fire, Summer 2002Aerosol: DefinitionsSlide Number 8Aerosols: Why are they importantAerosols: Why are they importantAerosols: Why are they importantSlide Number 12Aerosols: Where do they come from? Slide Number 14Slide Number 15Slide Number 16Aerosols in AfricaSlide Number 18Slide Number 19Slide Number 20Fire Detections in Africa 2005 from MODIS Terra and Aqua SatellitesSlide Number 22Slide Number 23Slide Number 24Slide Number 25Slide Number 26Slide Number 27Slide Number 28More efficient cooking? Aerosols in AfricaDust in the AtmosphereSlide Number 32June 22, 2009; Image from The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Terra satellite Dust Emissions3 Emission Modes for DustSlide Number 36Slide Number 37Aerosols in AfricaSlide Number 39Aerosol impacts on climateSlide Number 41Slide Number 42Climate Dust EmissionsClimate DustSlide Number 45Slide Number 46ReferencesReferencesSlide Number 49Slide Number 50Slide Number 51Slide Number 52image from March 3, 2004,Slide Number 54

aerosols: biomass burning, dust, and climate · aerosols: biomass burning, dust, and climate...

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