aerobic and anaerobic...
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Aerobic and Anaerobic
Respiration
Intermediate 2 Biology
Unit 1: Living Cells
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Learning Objectives
• Name the type of energy stored in food.
• Describe the energy change when food is burned.
• State the units used in measuring energy content of food.
• Define the term respiration.
• Name the food molecule that is the main source of energy in cells.
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Energy Facts
• Energy facts
– Cannot be created or destroyed
– Can be converted from one form to
another
– Takes a variety of forms
– Measured in kilojoules
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Energy
• Food is a store of chemical energy.
• When food is burned, chemical energy
is converted into heat and light
energy.
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Energy in Living Organisms
• “Work”
– Synthesis of complex substances
– Active transport e.g. sodium-potassium pump
– Movement
– Bioluminescence
– Maintenance of body temperature
– Production of electricity
– Maintenance, repair and division
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Respiration
• The chemical process by which energy
is released from cells is called
respiration.
• The main source of energy for
respiration in cells is glucose.
• This process is controlled by a series of
enzymes.
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Progress questions
• Fireflies can produce light in a process
called bioluminescence. Outline the
energy transformations that occur in
fireflies as they use energy from their
food to produce luminescence.
• Comment on the statement below.
– Respiration produces energy to form ATP.
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Learning Objectives
• Give the full name of ATP and draw a simplified diagram of its structure.
• Name the molecule from which ATP is formed in cells and draw a simplified version of its structure.
• Explain where the energy for the formation of ATP in cells comes from.
• Explain what the energy from the breakdown of ATP is used for.
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Structure of ATP
• Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
– Adenosine
– Three phosphate groups
• Diagram of ATP
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ATP
• a high energy molecule
• continually being hydrolysed and
resynthesised.
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Formation and breakdown of
ATP
• The combining of ADP + Pi to make ATP is an energy requiring process.
• The breakdown of ATP to ADP + Pi is an energy releasing process.
• The energy required for the formation of ATP from ADP + Pi comes from the respiration of glucose.
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Transfer of chemical energy by ATP
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Role of ATP
• ATP is the energy source for: – Muscle contraction
– Cell division
– Building up (synthesis) of proteins
– Transmission of nerve impulses
• If ATP is added to muscle tissue, it causes the muscle fibres to contract. The overall effect is that the muscle tissue shortens in length.
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Think!!
• Explain why ATP is known as the
universal energy currency.
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Learning Objectives
• Describe aerobic respiration (using the
words glucose, pyruvic acid, glycolysis,
carbon dioxide and water).
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Chemistry of Respiration
• Respiration is the process by which
chemical energy is released during the
breakdown of glucose
• It occurs in every living cell
• Involves the regeneration of ATP
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Regeneration of ATP
A Pi Pi
Pi
Adenosine DiPhosphate (ADP)
+ Inorganic Phosphate (Pi)
A Pi Pi Pi
Adenosine TriPhosphate (ATP)
High
energy
bond
Takes in energy
Gives out energy
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Glycolysis
• Splitting of
glucose into
two molecules
of pyruvic acid
• Results in the
production of
2ATP molecules
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Glycolysis
C C C
C C C
1 Glucose
C C C
C C C
2 Pyruvic Acid
2 ADP + 2Pi 2 ATP
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Aerobic breakdown of pyruvic
acid
• Pyruvic acid is broken down in a series of enzyme controlled steps.
• Each pathway leads to formation of – Water
– Carbon dioxide
– 18 molecules of ATP
• As this takes place twice for each molecule of glucose the total gain of ATP is 36
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Aerobic breakdown of pyruvic
acid
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Investigating the activity of
enzymes in aerobic respiration
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Investigating the activity of
enzymes in aerobic respiration • During respiration, glucose is broken down,
hydrogen is released at various stages
• This removal of hydrogen is controlled by an enzyme
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• Yeast contains stored food which can be used as a respiratory substrate
• Resazurin dye changes colour when it gains hydrogen)
blue pink colourless
(no hydrogen) (lots of hydrogen)
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Investigating the activity of enzymes in
aerobic respiration
• Set up the three test tubes as shown
below. – 10ml glucose
– 10ml yeast
– 5 ml dye
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Investigating the activity of enzymes in
aerobic respiration
• Shake tubes vigorously for 20 seconds, and place in a water bath set at 37oC.
• Leave for a few minutes
• Draw a diagram of your results
• Can you explain your results.
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Investigating the activity of
dehydrogenase enzyme in yeast
• Tube A
– Colour change from blue via pink to
colourless.
– Hydrogen has been rapidly released and
has reduced the dye.
– For this to happen – enzymes present in
yeast cells must have acted on the
glucose, the respiratory substrate, and
oxidised it.
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Investigating the activity of
dehydrogenase enzyme in yeast
• Tube B – Change from blue – pink – colourless
– Reaction is slower since no glucose was added.
– enzymes could only act on any small amount of respiratory substrate already present in the yeast cells.
• Tube C – Boiling has killed the yeast and denatured the
enzymes.
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AEROBIC RESPIRATION
EXPERIMENTS
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Energy content of food
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Release of heat energy during
respiration
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Respirometer do living things produce carbon dioxide?
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Respirometer
Measuring the rate of respiration
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Respirometer
• A respirometer measures the rate of
respiration
• Sodium hydroxide is a chemical that
absorbs carbon dioxide
• Oxygen taken in by the animal causes
a decrease in volume in the enclosed
gas, the coloured liquid rises up the
tube.
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Learning Objectives
• Describe anaerobic respiration as the breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid by glycolysis.
• State that anaerobic respiration in animals is reversible and results in the production of lactic acid.
• Describe the effect of lactic acid on muscle cells and subsequent repayment of the oxygen debt.
• State that anaerobic respiration in plants is irreversible and results in the production of ethanol and carbon dioxide
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Anaerobic Respiration
• Partial breakdown of glucose in the
absence of oxygen
• Glycolysis occurs as normal
• 2ATP are produced
• Pyruvic acid then gets converted into
– Lactic acid in animals
– Carbon dioxide and ethanol in plants and
yeast (this is irreversible)
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Anaerobic Respiration in
Animals
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Anaerobic Respiration in animals
• In muscles cells, lactic acid is formed during anaerobic respiration
• A build up of lactic acid reduces the efficiency of muscles leading to muscle fatigue
• Oxygen debt – is the oxygen that needs to be repaid during
a rest period
– Lactic acid is converted to pyruvic acid and respired aerobically
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Anaerobic respiration in plants
and yeast
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Anaerobic Respiration in plants
and yeast
• When oxygen is absent plants and
yeast respire anaerobically
– Carbon dioxide is lost from each molecule
of pyruvic acid
– Ethanol is formed
– This is irreversible
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Learning Objectives
• Describe an experiment, including a
labelled diagram of the apparatus, to
investigate anaerobic respiration in
yeast and say what happens.
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Comparing aerobic and
anaerobic respiration
Aerobic
respiration
Anaerobic
respiration
Need for
oxygen
Energy yield
Degree of
breakdown of
glucose
End products
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Comparing aerobic and
anaerobic respiration
Aerobic
respiration
Anaerobic
respiration
Need for
oxygen
Oxygen
required
Oxygen
absent
Energy yield 38 ATP 2 ATP
Degree of
breakdown of
glucose
complete partial
End products Carbon dioxide and
water
Animals – lactic acid
Plants – ethanol and
CO2