aero 426 -500 fall 2014 lunar base design · • hub units to centralize movement, isolation...

AERO – 426 -500

FALL 2014

LUNAR BASE DESIGN

Program Manager: Chase Lookofsky

Assistant Program Manager: Akshay Shankar

Overview• Mission Statement

• Team Organization

• Base Siting and Location

• Consumables

• Return on Investment

• Biohazard

• Transportation

• Fail Safe Environment

Chase Lookofsky2

Mission Statement

“The mission is to design permanent, self-sufficient, manned settlement on the moon that will provide a critical stepping stone for mankind’s ultimate destiny of

interplanetary colonization.”

Chase Lookofsky 3

Team Organization

Chase Lookofsky

Project Manager

Chase Lookofsky

Base Siting and Layout

Renner Mead

Return On Investment

Alexander Ward

Biohazard Protection

Garrett Perez

Consumables

Matthew Henley

Transportation

Zack Zukowski

Fail Safe Environment

Hannah Fontenot

Assistant Project Manager

Akshay Shankar

4

Base Siting

Layout

& Construction

Technical Group Leader: Renner Mead

Scott McQuien

Erik Hoffman

Steven Post

Luis Hernandez

Connor Cooper

Dominic Kelley

Mauricio Coen

Overview• Logistics

– Location on moon

– Overall base layout

• Structural approach– General modular design

• Base elements– Living quarters

– Kitchen

– Medical

– Recreational

– Laboratories

– Storage

William Mead 6

LOGISTICS

LOCATION ON MOON

OVERALL BASE LAYOUT

William Mead

Logistics: Location On Moon

• North/South Pole

– Bottom of some craters never see sunlight

– High Possibility of solid H2O due to prolonged and

constant low temperatures

– North pole likely home to more water than South

pole

• Equator

– Few to no areas in constant shadow

– Low possibility of H2O due to fluctuating

temperatures throughout lunar day.

http://lunar.arc.nasa.gov/results/neures.htm

8Mauricio Coen

http://lunar.arc.nasa.gov/results/neures.htm

Logistics: Location On Moon (2)

• North Pole

– Crater Basins

• Constant Shadow

– Crater Rims

• Constant Sunlight

– Max. surface variations 100K (300K for equator)

– Below surface temperatures 40-45K warmer and imperceptible fluctuation

– Gentle thermal stress fatigue cycle.

– Beneficial to long-term hardware

http://wattsupwiththat.com/2012/01/22/unified-theory-of-climate-

reply-to-comments/

9

http://diviner.ucla.edu/science.shtml

Mauricio Coen

Logistics: Location On Moon (3)• Peary Crater

• North Pole

• 88.5°N, 33°E,

• Crater Diameter: 75 km.

• Leveled Basin

• Between 2 to 4 km deep

• Gradients <20%

7Mauricio Coen

http://lroc.sese.asu.edu/images

Logistics: Location On Moon (4)

http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v434/n7035/fig_tab/434842a_F1.html

10Mauricio Coen

http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v434/n7035/fig_tab/434842a_F1.html

Base Layout

Scott McQuien 12

Base Layout: Rationale

• Four person living modules

• Generalized labs

• Hub units to centralize movement, isolation outfitted (failsafe)

• Connection type: Enclosed pathways, safety airlocks at each end

– Each unit has at-least two entrance/exits

• Expansion capability streamlined

Scott McQuien 13

Structural Approach

MODULE DESIGN

Module Design: Characteristics

Standard Module Design

• All Structural Elements Based on Same General Platform

– Regolith Submerged, Inflatable Structures

– Inflatable Element Attached to Rigid Airlock and Systems Housing

– Standard Module Size: 50 m^

– Partitioned rooms

– Assisted Movement Airlock Corridors

Conner Cooper 15

Module Design: Construction• Inflatable Structures

– Landed and deployed on Lunar Surface

Conner Cooper

Inflatable

AirlockAirlockInflated

16

Module Design: Construction

• Autonomous Robots

– Deployed with Inflatables

– Contain Regolith Scoop and Regolith Sintering Device

Conner Cooper

Sintering Device

Regolith Scoop

17

Module Design: Construction

• Robots pile up regolith around base, sinter into place

• ESA has proposed idea that is very similar to this

Conner Cooper

Inflatable

Airlock

Regolith

InflatablePiling Up Regolith

Sintering in Place

18

Base Elements

HUB UNIT

LIVING QUARTERS

LABORATORIES

STORAGE

Hub Unit

• 50 m2

• Home to:

– Kitchen

– Recreation

– Medical

Dominic Kelley

KITCHEN

RECREATION

MEDICAL

20

Kitchen

• 15 m2

• General cooking area

• Pantry

• Eating area

Dominic Kelley 21

Medical• 15m2

• Exercise Equipment

– Combat muscle atrophy

– Morale booster

• Stationary Bike

– Resistance Training

• COLBERT Treadmill

– Artificial gravity aerobic activity

• Bow flex

– Gravity independent system

Dominic Kelley 22

Recreation• 20 m2

• Large TV

– Movie nights

• Foldable Ping Pong Table

• Darts

• Shenanigans

• Internet Access

– Access to wide variety of entertainment

• Wii

– Sports Simulation

• Kindle/E-Books

– Lighter/Smaller than books

Dominic Kelley 23

Living Quarters: Characteristics

• 8 m2 per room

• 1 m hallways

• 4.5 inch interior wall thickness

• Based off standards from “home guides” http://homeguides.sfgate.com/instructions-building-interior-wall-24777.html

• 50cm exterior thickness

• Protection from radiation

Erik Hoffman 24

Living Quarters: Layout

Erik Hoffman 25

Laboratories: Characteristics

• LAB DESIGN

• 8 crew members = 100 square meters

• Combination of Open & Closed lab for usable open area and closed areas for special experiments needing a special environment.

• Almost all laboratory personnel require both laboratory & office space. Need to include both in design.

• Considering current technology needs, a good science area requires a minimum of 60 square ft per person. Due to the seriousness of experiments we will assume lab space for each person is 90 square ft.

• Source: http://www.flinnsci.com/teacher-resources/safety/general-laboratory-safety/overcrowding-in-the-science-laboratory/

Steven Post 26

Laboratories: Layout

Steven Post 27

12m2

12m2 12m2

12m2

Storage Characteristics

• Inflatable Structure

• 12 m2

– Based on Rising S Admiral Series - 20’X80’ “Doomsday” Bunker

• Airlock placement will allow grouping of storage area structures

Conner Cooper 28

Storage: LayoutThree isolated storage sectors

– (1) 4 m2

– (2) 1.5 m2

Modular racking system

– Drawers: Consumables,

Temp control

– Shelves: Spare parts

– Bins: Raw materials

Three possible entrance/exits

Scott McQuien 29

Consumables

Technical Group Leader: Matthew Henley

Sumit Pokhrel

Sean Brady

Benjamin Evart

Meredith Davis

Nathan Hughart

Kevin Lim

Required Consumables• Required resupply of no more than 10,000 kilograms per year

• Food, Oxygen, and Water requirements for a crew of 8 are derived from Fall 2012 AERO 426 requirements for a crew of

12.

– Oxygen: 2454 kg/yr.

– Water: 8767 kg/yr.

– Food: 6234 kg/yr.

• 17,500 kg/yr. required in total. Depending solely on resupply is not feasible.

• In-house farming and oxygen/water recycling and in-situ resource utilization are necessary to meet resupply

requirement.

Matthew Henley 31

Life Support: Water RecyclingBased on ISS Environmental Control and Life Support System (ECLSS):

• ISS Water Recovery System (WRS)

– Traditional water distillation requires gravity which is lacking in space. WRS uses

spinning drum to emulate gravity. Recycles urine, humidity, and greywater to

produce water that is potable by “the highest standards”

– Recovers about 70% of used water in practice

– Estimated to decrease necessary water resupply by 6,800 kg/yr. in water on ISS.

– Source: http://www.water-technology.net/projects/iss_water_recovery/

Matthew Henley 32

Life Support: Oxygen Generation• Humans require minimum 15% oxygen content to survive

• Lunar base will use 78/22 ratio for percentages of Nitrogen to Oxygen at 1 atm.

• Oxygen Generation Assembly (OGA) uses electrolysis produced by WRS to produce oxygen

– Produces 2.3 to 9 kg/day of oxygen (continuous operation)

– 5.4 kg/day of oxygen (cyclic operation)

– Will use plants to supplement and sustain oxygen indefinitely

Combined with in-situ resource utilization, water and oxygen are projected to be a non-factor for resupply.

• Onboard system to monitor and control atmospheric conditions

Matthew Henley 33

• Fire is very dangerous in space systems, as such, a fire

suppression system must be considered.

• Due to lower gravity on the moon, smoke detectors

should be placed within the ventilation system.

• Three Step Process used on the ISS can be applied to

the moon base:

– Turn off ventilation systems (air masks should be

worn for crew safety)

– Turn off power to the unit that has caught fire

– Use a Fire Extinguisher

• Fire Extinguishers and air masks should be placed in

every structure and be easily obtainable

Life Support: Fire Suppression

http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/57401main_040104_fir

e_prevention.jpg

Kevin lim 34

Food• Food will need to be grown on-site or shipped in.

– Assuming water and oxygen remain non-factor for resupply, shipping is feasible option, but not ideal

• Alternative, use a greenhouse to grow food on-site.

• Ideal candidate: the prototype lunar greenhouse currently under research at University of Arizona Controlled

Environment Agriculture Center (CEAC)

• Or…

Matthew Henley 35

Lunar Greenhouse• Grows plants hydroponically

• Carbon dioxide delivered from

astronauts

• Uses water from WRS and lunar ice

• Average consumption in testing:

• Power: 4.167 kW (100 kWh/day)

• CO2: 0.22 kg/day

• Water: 25.7 L/day

• Average production in testing:

• Water: 21.4 ± 1.9 L/day

• Biomass: 0.06 ± 0.01 kg/m2/day

• Measured labor demand:

• 35.9 min/day labor for operations

Meredith davis 36

Lunar Greenhouse (2)• Sunlight is delivered to the plants via fiber optic cables

with a Fresnel-based solar concentrator (Pictured right)

• Pictured right in Fig 2.A is the old asterisk design.

Below is the new design that will be used. Fresnel

collector will still be on top

Meredith davis 37

Lunar Greenhouse (3)• The greenhouse is all one part and is inflatable - can be easily deployed and

autonomously set up before astronauts arrive. Just cover with regolith!

• Source: http://ag.arizona.edu/lunargreenhouse/CEAC Project Phase Review presentation

• Use of plants leads to an issue, however….

Meredith davis 38

Lunar Base Carbon Cycle• Q: Will the carbon dioxide from astronauts be enough to maintain farm plants?

• Developed Carbon cycle to attempt to answer this.

• Discovered that attempting to quantitatively model the cycle was too complicated and best left for

future work when more values would be known

Sumit pokhrel 39

Supplemental & Backup Food: Soylent• To guarantee sufficient food supply for 2 years – using

Soylent as major staple food and backup.

• Approved by FDA as food, features high nutrition diet and

~550 g (w/ packaging) per day per person (2000 Cal)

• Shelf life of 2 years.

• Single shipment for 2 years for 8 astronauts is ~3200 kg.

• Just add water! (which we have in ample supply)

• Does not share digestive issues prevalent in freeze-dried

foods.

• Source: www.soylent.me

• (Soylent not a necessity)

Nathan hughart 40

http://www.soylent.me/

3D Printing• Printing process using regolith can

work in a vacuum due to capillary

forces in the soil.

• First 3D printer sent into space in

September of 2014 to test effects of

zero gravity as a proof-of-concept.

• Still too early in development to say

anything about feasibility for sure

• Allow astronauts to build tools and

spare parts

• Printing food is currently in

development with a prototype

released in October of 2014.

Made In Space’s Zero-G Printer

Benjamin evart 41

In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU)• Consumables feature heavy reliance on ISRU to

maximize self-sufficiency

• Water ice availability on Moon open many

broad life-support options

• Several metals and metallurgic processes

available.

• 3D Printing make use of metals from ISRU very

direct

• Regolith features useful ilmenite

• Regolith agglutinate glasses and np-Fe0 open up

efficient microwave heating methods for various

uses

Nathan hughart 42

ISRU – Water Ice• LCROSS mission estimated water ice content in polar

crater regolith of 5.6±2.9% water by mass (Colaprete et

al.)

• One percent water by mass is sufficient for a system as

outlined by SpaceWorks Engineering Inc.

• Mining with a system of excavating robots or a

conveyor/bucket-wheel system could conceivably

provide 2000 kg/hr of regolith

• Source: http://www.sei.aero/eng/papers/uploads/archive/IAC-07-A5.1.03_present.pdf

Nathan hughart 43

ISRU – Water Ice• A simple heating, filtering, and condensing process could provide

20 kg/hr of water

• Desired ratio of water can be stored on site for immediate use or

easily electrolyzed into O2/H2 for various uses

• Equates to 166 mT/yr H2O (95% day)

• After electrolysis – 148 mT/yr O2 and 18.5 mT/yr H2

• H2 and O2 saved to be sold as fuel, but also used for portable fuel

cell use. O2 also used to supplement life support.

• Requires 112 kW to operate continuously

• Source: electricity req’t for electrolysis: http://www.fch-ju.eu/sites/default/files/study%20electrolyser_0-

Logos_0_0.pdf

Nathan hughart 44

ISRU – Regolith Use

• Regolith contains many oxides and can be broken into constituents

• Can feasibly produce Ti, Fe, etc…and of course, O2

• Large quantities of ilmenite on Moon (FeTiO3) can be electrolyzed with H2 into Fe, TiO2 and H2O which can be reclaimed as H2 and O2

• Useful Fe is gained, but TiO2 is discarded

• Ti can be extracted if Cl is provided – Cl not lost through process

• Source: http://isru.msfc.nasa.gov/lib/Documents/PDF%20Files/NASA_TM_06_214600.pdf

Nathan hughart 45

ISRU – Regolith Use

• How to heat regolith? Microwaves.

• 2.45 GHz microwaves excite nanophase iron (np-Fe0) in soil

• Soil heats from inside out at 1000 K/min to 2300 K

• Agglutinates glass over producing solid brick of metallic

glass, or other shapes!

• Microwave Rover could make solid roads!

• Microwaved bricks and packed soil with microwave

application would make solid, air-tight structures

• Kitchen-grade microwaves (1000 W)

• Source:

http://www.isruinfo.com/docs/microwave_sintering_of_lunar_soil.pdf

Nathan hughart 46

Power BudgetEstimated Power Budget (Selected Values)

• Life Support: 14.5 kW

• ISRU

– Water: 112 kW

– Microwaves: 5 kW

• 3-D Printing: 42 kW

• Greenhouse: 4.167 kW

• Computers: 3.5 kW

• Research/Lab: 40 kW

• Kitchen: 7.5 kW

• Lighting: 2 kW

• Communications: 5 kW

For Recharging vehicles

• Lunar Rover: 2.18 kW

• Mining Rover 4.5 kW

• Lander: 4 kW

Subtotal: 246.35 kW

• Include a 5% buffer :

Total: 260 kW

• These are high estimates in an attempt

to account for currently unknown values

Sean brady 47

Power Supply• SAFE-400 100 kW heat-pipe power

system fission reactor

– Generates more power per kilogram than solar panels.

• Current proposal fields 2 SAFE-400 reactors providing 200 kW of power

• Reactors are supplemented by 75 kW of solar arrays in nearly perpetual light to supplement reactors and maintain life support and mission-critical operations in emergencies

– Panel area: 215 m2 @ 350 W/m2

-100

100

300

500

700

900

1100

0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000

MA

SS (

KG

)POWER (WATTS)

Power vs Weight of Solar and Nuclear

Solar Nuclear

SAFE-400

Sean brady 48

ROI Team

Technical Group Leader: Alexander Ward

Brandon Bordovsky

Chase Lookofsky

Justin Ruiz

Mathias Weeks

Taylor Dickens

ROI: Lagrange Point Fuel Depot Concept• Send fuel to L1

• Store Cryogenic Hydrogen & Oxygen

• Refueling Capabilities

• Satellites in GEO

• Interplanetary missions

• Proof of Concept done by NASA 2011

• Robotic Refueling Mission

• Successful transfer between two satellites

Taylor Dickens 50

ROI: Lagrange Point Fuel Depot Business• Current Earth launch is $30000 per pound of fuel at depot

– Includes profit using Atlas V

– Heavy Atmosphere of Earth

– Must bring Large amounts of fuel

• Not used in launch

• Our System is autonomous and robotic

– High startup cost, very low cost once started

– Earth based launches of fuel could not compete

• A low cost fuel depot will affect future satellites

– Satellites will be designed to utilize this low cost fuel

• Since Satellites do not currently utilize LOX & H2

– High profit after initial investment

Taylor Dickens 51

ROI: Lagrange Point Fuel Depot Business• Estimations for cheaper cost

– Not going through earth atmosphere or gravity

– Robotic production with minimal involvement from earth

– Smaller refueling tanker moves between L1 and GEO

• Similar to naval infrastructure

– High Initial Cost – Low continuing costs

• There is currently no market for our fuel– We will provide a solution so superior we will create a market

– Our low cost fuel will drive satellites to new designs

• Utilize chemical rockets for station keeping

• Satellites will launch with no fuel

– Refuel at station

• Satellites launching with no fuel will cost less to companies

• The creation of new satellites will create a stable and considerable profit

Taylor Dickens 52

ROI: Lagrange Point Fuel Depot Process

L1

GEO

Lunar Orbit

Tertiary Depot for commercial

refuel

Flies between

GEO and L1

Primary Depot

Stationary in L1

Lunar lander

Reusable and goes between surface and

lunar orbitCommand Module

Goes between Lunar

orbit and L1

Depot in L1 will use bleed gas for station keeping

Tertiary Depot will use phasing orbits to refuel

commercial satellites

Depots lose 20% Hydrogen and 7% oxygen to bleed off

per year

All components are reused and fueled by LOX & H2

Taylor Dickens 53

Mining Iron• Iron is widespread on the Lunar surface

– Samples from the Apollo missions were rich

in iron as well as titanium.

– Iron can be seen by analyzing reflectance

variations where these elements absorb

irradiation.

• While iron is not rare on Earth it may be

beneficial to mine.

– A ready source of raw materials for building

would be essential for a moon base

– Iron could be something that is used for

many structural needs.

Brandon Bordovsky 54

Mining Rare Earth Elements• China is pinching the export of rare earth elements

• Returned samples do not contain concentrations directly, but can be detected

• It boils down whether it is economically viable to search for them on the

moon as opposed to searching on Earth

• Mining on the moon brings up the question of who owns the resources on

the moon


Mining Methods• Fleet of excavating rovers could provide 2000 kg/hr of regolith

• Mining Rover

• Bucket-wheel

• Built using the LER Chariot Chassis

• Autonomous

• Battery Powered with fuel-cell capability


Fusion Reaction for Power Generation on Earth

• Successfully performed by the University of

Wisconsin – Madison Fusion Institution

• Input: Helium isotope (Helium 3) and an isotopes of

Hydrogen Deuterium

• Byproducts: Helium atom, a proton, and a lot of

energy

• 20 % more efficient than natural gas and coal (about

seventy percent efficiency)

• No pollution

Helium 3 Mining

Alex Ward

http://io9.com/5908499/could-helium-3-really-solve-earths-energy-problems

57

Helium 3 Mining Helium 3 on the Moon

• Comes from solar winds and is blocked by the Earths magnetic field

• The U.S. currently has 30 kg of Helium 3

• The Moon holds an estimated 1,100,000 metric tons

• 25 metric tonnes could power U.S. for a year. Worth about 75 billion dollars

• Can be extracted by heating lunar regolith to 600 degrees F at processing facility

• Huge potential for profit beyond Moon base program sustainment

• Current estimates of concentration within regolith: 50 parts per billion

• Extensive mining operation would be needed

Alex Ward 58

Helium 3 Transportation • Reusable/refuelable transportation system will

bring Helium 3 tanks back to Earth at low cost

• Reusable heat shielded Tanks manufactured on

Earth can be used to bring supplies to the Moon

as well as transport the Helium 3 back to Earth

Alex Ward 59

Low Frequency Radio Telescope (LFRT)Similar to ALMA radio telescopes located in Chile.

Objectives:

• Detection of extrasolar planets with similar magnetic field to Earths.

• Observe the formation of some of the earliest structure in the universe.

Advantages for lunar telescope:

• The far side of the moon is shielded from radio interference from Earth.

• Detection of larger ranges of frequency due to absence of Earth’s Ionosphere.

Possible Customers/Funders:

Harvard, the National Radio Astronomy Observatory, the University of California at Berkeley, University of Washington and NASA'sJet Propulsion Laboratory, Google, Naval Research Laboratory

Justin Ruiz

http://www.forbes.com/sites/brucedorminey/2013/08/30/nasa-sites-lunar-far-side-for-low-frequency-radio-telescope/

60

Hypogravity

• When the force of gravity is less than

that on the surface of the earth

• Typically between 0 and 1 g

Mathias Weeks 61

Gravitational Influences• Plants

– the pull of gravity affects the direction of growth

• Animals

– Size of single biological cell inversely proportional to the strength of gravity. I.e. more gravity, smaller cell

– Gravity influences musculoskeletal systems, fluid distribution, and hydrodynamics of the circulation

Mathias Weeks 62

Recent Studies• Studies have shown that metabolism, the immune system and cell functions are affected by hypogravity

• Human Immune Cells unable to mature

• Reproduction may be affected

Mathias Weeks 63

Potential Studies• Long term effects of a hypogravity as opposed

to microgravity on humans

• More opportunities for research and

development of space agriculture

• Finding solutions for current issues regarding

long term exposure to reduced gravity

• Potential development of moon sports

Mathias Weeks 64

Lunar Biohazards

& Prevention

Technical Group Leader: Garrett Perez

Karel Beetge

Brookelynn Russey

Patrick McEntire

Chris White

Trevor Owen

Andrew McNeil

Overview• Radiation

• Dust

• Hypogravity

• Pathogens and Microbes

• Training

Garrett Perez 66

Radiation Hazards• Radiation poisoning

• Cancer

• Genetic Mutations

• Death

Garrett Perez 67

Radiation Mitigation• Radiation protection system

• Base protection

• Astronaut Monitoring

• Plant protection

• Regolith layering

• Minimum 50cm thickness, 75 g/cm2

• Dose reduction and regolith layering

follows exponential curve

Garrett Perez

Simonsen, Lisa C. and John E. Nealy. “Radiation Protection for Human Missions to the Moon and Mars.” NASA (1991). n. pag. Web. 20 Nov. 2014.

68


• Base protection



• Exposure monitoring

• In base: radiation detectors to

corroborate charts

• EVAs: Time logs, suit radiation detectors

Garrett Perez

http://www.astrobio.net/topic/origins/extreme-life/biomex-exploring-mars-low-earth-orbit/

Simonsen, Lisa C. and John E. Nealy. “Radiation Protection for Human Missions to the Moon and Mars.” NASA (1991). n. pag. Web. 20 Nov. 2014.

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• Base protection



• Currently under experimentation

• BIOMEX experiment on ISS

• Plants thriving in high radiation

environment around Chernobyl

Garrett Perez

http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-11345935

70

Dust Hazards• Toxic to respiratory systems

• Abrasive to humans and equipment

• Obscures vision/camera lenses

• Chemically reactive

• Electrically conductive

Andrew McNeil

Gaier, James R. "The Effects of Lunar Dust on EVA Systems During the Apollo Missions." NASA Technical Memorandum (2005): n. pag. Web. 8 Dec. 2014.

Taylor, Lawrence A., Harrison H. Schmitt, W. D. Carrier, III, and Masami Nakagawa. "The Lunar Dust Problem: From Liability to Asset." American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (n.d.): n. pag. Web. 8 Dec. 2014.

71

Dust Mitigation• 4 Stage System:

• Stage 1: Dust Repellant Coverings

• Stage 2: Airlock

• Stage 3: Electrostatic Removal

• Stage 4: Mechanical Air Filtration

• Superhydrophobic coatings

• Tyvek suit covers

Andrew McNeil 72






• Vacuum dust removal in airlock

• Vacuum connected to HVAC filtration

• Tool storage lockers

Andrew McNeil

Cadogan, Dave, and Janet Ferl. "Dust Mitigation Solutions for Lunar and Mars Surface Systems." SAE International (2007): n. pag. Web. 8 Dec. 2014.

DiGiuseppe, Michael, Ronald Pirich, and Val Kraut. "Lunar Regolith Control and Resource Utilization." IEEE Journal (2009): n. pag. Web. 8 Dec. 2014.

Pirich, Ronald, John Weir, and Dennis Leyble. "Self-Cleaning and Anti-Contamination Coatings for Space Exploration: An Overview." The International Society for Optics and Photonics 7069 (2008): n. pag. Web.

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• Magnet filtration

• 70% dust removed

• Oscillating Electromagnetic Fields

• Removes 90% of dust

• 15% to 99% efficiency on solar panels

Andrew McNeil

Calle, C. I., J. L. McFall, C. R. Buhler, S. J. Snyder, E. E. Arens, A. Chen, M. L. Ritz, J. S. Clements, C. R. Fontier, and S. Trigwell. "Dust Particle Removal by Electrostatic and Dielectrophoretic Forces with Applications to NASA Exploration Missions." ESA Annual Meeting on Electrostatics O1 (2008): n. pag. Web. 8 Dec. 2014.

Eimer, B. C., and L. A. Taylor. "DUST MITIGATION: LUNAR AIR FILTRATION WITH A PERMANENT-MAGNET SYSTEM (LAF-PMS)." Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVIII (2007): n. pag. Web. 8 Dec. 2014.

Olive, Jordan. "UNDERSTANDING AND IMPROVING UPON ELECTRODYNAMIC DUST SHIELD TECHNOLOGY ON A LUNAR ROVER." Hawaii NASA Space Grant Consortium (2009): n. pag. Web. 8 Dec. 2014.

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• HEPA filter

• 99.97% of particles 0.3μm or larger removed

• Secondary system to electrostatic removal

• Activated carbon filter for chemical and biological

contaminants

Andrew McNeil

"Addenda to ASME AG-1–2003 Code on Nuclear Air and Gas Treatment." American Society of Mechanical Engineers AG.1a (2004): n. pag. Web. 8 Dec. 2014.

Cameron Carbon Incorporated. "Activated Carbon Manufacture, Structure & Properties." (2006): n. pag. Web. 8 Dec. 2014.

TSI Incorporated. "Mechanisms of Filtration for High Efficiency Fibrous Filters." Application Note ITI-041 (2008): n. pag. Web. 8 Dec. 2014.

75

HypogravityLunar Base Study Goals

• Observation of long-term effects from exposure to 1/6th g

• Medical bay/Health facility

• Integrated health monitoring system

Christopher White 76

Hypogravity• Negative Effects:

– Bone loss

– Muscle loss

– Decreased immune system response

• Pathogen control necessary

– Cardiovascular system decay


Hypogravity

• Why study the effects of hypogravity?

– Colonization of other planets, celestial bodies

• Moon

• Mars

– Interplanetary/Long – Duration Spaceflights

• Gravity simulation via spacecraft spin


HypogravityIntegrated Health Monitoring

• On-body sensor suite to monitor various health aspects

• Apollo 13 movie – astronauts ripping out sensor packs

• Sensor suite must be:

• Accurate

• Comfortable

• Low power

• Wireless data transmission


Hypogravity

Christopher White

Examples of Current ‘Wearables’

• Jawbone

• Step Tracking

• Sleep Motion

• Fitbit (pictured)

• Location Tracking

• Heart Rate

• Notification support

• Athoshttps://static1.fitbit.com/simple.b-cssdisabledjpg.h9bce7fcfed9187568cb88a34fd17d7f5.pack?items=%2Fcontent%2Fassets%2Fsurge%2Fimages%2Fgallery%2Fgallery-07.jpg

80

Hypogravity

Christopher White

Examples of Current ‘Wearables’

• Jawbone

• Fitbit

• Athos

• Full – Body Sensor Suit

• Comfortable

• Wireless Transmission of Data

• Limitations

• Short Range Transmission

• Power Supply

• Ideal: Self – powered equipment

• Residual Body Heat http://blog.sfgate.com/techchron/files/2014/08/Athos_Male-Top-2_20517_REV2_RGB_HR_r2.jpg

81

HypogravityWorkout Facility

• An extension of the medical bay, for close

proximity to health monitoring equipment

• Similar to ISS – Resistance

• Bicycle

• Treadmill

• Bowflex

• “Smart” equipment

• Tied into medical/base mainframe

Christopher White

http://blogs.nasa.gov/ISS_Science_Blog/wp-content/uploads/sites/207/2013/10/Top-Ten_Ten_A.jpg

82

Karel Beetge

Pathogens & MicrobesPathogen Detection:

Early Warning Inc. Pathogen Sensor

• Benefits:

• Automatically detects custom array of

pathogenic bacteria and viruses that are

searched for.

• 3 hour, self-sanitizing test cycle

• Disadvantages:

• Uses 10L liquid sample in order to increase

likelihood of pathogen detection

• Does not kill pathogens

• Biochips used in detection process are

single use

http://www.earlywarninginc.com/

83

Karel Beetge

Pathogens & MicrobesPathogen Detection Process

• Sample filtered, exposed to antibodies

• RNA extraction of matched microorganisms

• Reaction with DNA probes at a peak current

for each probe electrode signifies pathogen

• Custom array of pathogen detection

RNA pic: http://utcinnovationlabs.blogspot.com/2014/05/junes-molecule-of-month-rna-polymerase.html

84

Ceramic Water Filter• Water treatment system

• Relies on pore size to filter debris, dirt, and

bacteria from water.

• Activated carbon core cartridge that removes

organic material and other contaminants

• Silver treatment that won’t leach away kills

viruses and bacteria

http://www.britishberkefeld.com/ceramic.html

Karel Beetge 85

Pathogens & MicrobesAir Sanitizer

Airocide

• Benefits:

• Eliminates volatile organic compounds

• Kills viruses, bacteria, and airborne

microbes

• Destroys mycotoxins

• FDA Approved Class II Medical Device

• Disadvantages:

• Annual replacement of reaction chamber

• Consumes small amount of power

• Cycles small amount of air at a time per

unit size

Karel Beetge

http://www.airocide.com/filterless-technology/

86

Medical Bay - Monitoring• Medical Closet

– Vitals monitoring

– Immune system monitoring

• On Person

– Seismocardiography (non-

invasive)

Brookelynn Russey

http://science.nasa.gov/media/medialibrary/2005/02/16/16feb_ultrasound_resources/figure1_med.jpg

87

Medical Bay – Emergencies• Medical Kits

– Phychotropics

– Anti-inflammatory medications and

supplies

– Vitamins, prophylactic medications and

supplies

– First-aid kit

– Dressings and splints

– Antipyretics and anti-trauma medications

and supplies

– Gastroenteric and urologic medications

– Antiseptic medications

– Cardiac remedies and supplies

• Robot Assisted Surgery

Brookelynn Russey

http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/gif/f.gif

88

Training• Subjects of interest

• Base Systems

• Mining

• Evacuation

• Psychology

• Other training

Trevor Owen

• Underwater Training Mockup

• Provide astronauts with hypogravity

environment

• 1:1 scale mockup of specific equipment

• Computer systems

• Training simulations will prepare astronauts

for any circumstances

• Emergency drills

http://www.drillingcontractor.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/nasa015lg.JPG

89


• Base Systems

• Mining

• Evacuation

• Psychology

• Other training

Trevor Owen

• Geology classes

• Identify mineral and rock for missions

• Collection of rock samples in North American

Deserts

• Training in equipment purpose and use

• Training in handling of samples

• Hands-on experience in a moon-like

environment

• Trainees will wear EVA equipment

http://www.australianscience.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/mars_arizona.jpg

90


• Base Systems

• Mining

• Evacuation

• Psychology

• Other training

Trevor Owen

• Classroom Training

• Astronauts will be tested and quizzed on all

emergency drills

• Courses will cover topics from CPR to

emergency EVAs due to decompression

• Underwater Training Mockup

• Will provide astronauts with a physical

environment to apply textbook knowledge

91


• Base Systems

• Mining

• Evacuation

• Psychology

• Other training

Hayden McEntire

• Isolation Unit

• Astronauts will be required to spend 2 months

in crew isolation

• Tests astronauts’ ability to continue working as

a member of a team

• Emergency Drills

• Lunar teams will be required to complete drills

under hardship

• Inside Isolation Unit

• After physical exertion

• After long periods with no sleep

92


• Base Systems

• Mining

• Evacuation

• Psychology

• Other training

Hayden McEntire

• NASA training for all other procedures

• Experience in emergency procedure, daily

operation, etc. in space environment

• Training conducted for ISS living applicable to

lunar base

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/STS-107_Classroom_Training_-_GPN-2003-00072.jpg

93


• Base Systems

• Mining

• Evacuation

• Psychology

• Other training

• On site training

• Run drills on location

• Decompression

• Environment monitoring

system failure

• Nitrogen leak/excess

• Solar flare

Hayden McEntire 94

Transportation

Technical Group Leader: Zack Zukowski

Nick Ortiz

Allison Fuss

Alejandro Azocar

Walker Hunt

Jack Theawatt

Transportation Overview• Surface Transportation

• Off Surface Transportation

• Inter-base Transport

• Mining Rover

• Road Construction

Zach Zukowski1

96

Lunar Transport Concepts

Pressurized CarUnpressurized

StandingUnpressurized

Car

http://www.nasa.gov/externalflash/moseslake/index_noaccess.html

Alejandro Azocar

No Image Available

NASA-GM Partnership

(Proprietary)

297

http://www.nasa.gov/externalflash/moseslake/index_noaccess.html

NASA Space Exploration Vehicle (SEV)• Pressurized rover

– Shirt-sleeve environment

• Highly maneuverable

– “Crab-style” movement

– Tilting cockpit

• IVA to EVA: 15 minutes

• Carry cargo

• Docking hatch

• Modular design

http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/464826main_SEV_FactSheet_508.pdf

Alejandro Azocar 98


SEV Specifications• Weight: 6,600 lbs.

• Payload: 2,200 lbs.

• Dim: 14.7 ft. x 13 ft. x 10 ft.

• Range: 125 miles

– Apollo: 6 miles

• 14 day life support capacity

• 72 hour solar event protection

Alejandro Azocar


99


Altair Lander• We have chosen to use the Altair as our

lander, which has already been planned and

designed by NASA

• We feel it will meet the needs that we have

chosen for the moon base

Nick Ortiz 100

Altair Specifications• Fits four crew members

• Height: 9.7 m (32 ft.)

• Landing Gear Span: 14.8 m (49 ft.)

• Diameter: 7.5m (25 ft.)

• Volume: 31.8 m3 (1,120 ft3)

• Max payload: 10,809 kg (23,830 lbs.)

Nick Ortiz 101

Moon Base Specifications• We will need 4 platforms to have at all times in the lunar basin. Two

will be in use for ascension and descending missions, the remaining

two will be needed for only escape missions only

• The landing sites were calculated by estimating what is used at Cape

Canaveral. The final size will be 650 m2.

• The sites will be completely glassed to avoid dust complications and

pollution

Nick Ortiz 102

Lunar Lander loaded with

refueling supplies

Lunar Lander makes full trip to L1 Primary Depot

Lunar Lander docks with

Command Module

Command Module brings fuel to L1 Primary Depot

Primary Depot transfer fuel to Tertiary Depot

Satellites fueled with liquid H2 and

liquid O2

Tertiary Depot brings fuel to

satellites in GEO

Satellites fueled with compressed

O2 gases

Lagrange Point Fuel Depot Trade Tree

Walker Hunt 103

L1

GEO

Lunar Orbit

Tertiary Depot Primary Depot

Lunar lander

Command Module

Lagrange Point Fuel Depot Concept

As shown previously by ROI

Walker Hunt 104

Lunar Lander

• Different Lunar Lander just for

non-human pay loads

• Stocked with fuel and other needed

supplies for depots

• Automated and reusable

• Will not detach from legs during

ascent

Walker Hunt 105

Moon to L1 Lagrange Point

L1

Lunar OrbitPrimary Depot

Lunar Lander

Command Module

• Lunar Lander takes off from Moon’s surface,

and docks with Command Module in Lunar

Orbit

• Lunar Lander unloads supplies, descends

back to surface

• Command Module uses a Hohmann Transfer

to change trajectory towards L1

• Docks with Primary Depot at L1, and

unloads fuel and supplies

• Command Module uses another Hohmann

transfer to return to Lunar Orbit for the next

docking with the Lunar Lander

Walker Hunt 106

L1 Lagrange Point to GEO

L1

GEO

Tertiary Depot

Primary Depot

• Tertiary Depot docks with Primary Depot to be

restocked with fuel

• Tertiary Depot uses instability of L1 to be put on

low energy trajectory towards GEO

• Upon reaching GEO, Tertiary Depot uses phasing

orbital maneuvers to meet with target satellite

• Tertiary Depot refuels satellite

• Tertiary Depot uses a Hohmann Transfer to return

to L1 and re-dock with Primary Depot

Walker Hunt 107

Fuel and Vehicle Details• Liquid hydrogen fuel and liquid oxygen

oxidizer, that has been mined from the moon,

will be used by all spacecraft in process

• GEO satellites will be resupplied with the

liquid hydrogen and oxygen

• Fuel and oxidizer must be kept cryogenically

cooled to maintain liquid state

• Cheaper for satellites to be launched from

Earth with minimum needed fuel, then

immediately meet up with Tertiary Depot

upon reaching orbit

• All engine ignitions to be performed by

hypergolic cartridges, they may have to be

replaced during refueling process

Walker Hunt 108

Inter-base Transportation• Main inter-base transport system will be

hallways between modules

• Each hallway will have safety

features in case of emergency

• At least two hallways per base

module for redundancy

• Maximum length of 8 meters

• If significantly less than 8 meters,

most safety features will not be

necessary

Inter-base Transport

HallwaysPressure difference rail

systemNone

Railing Powered walkways

Pulley systemCompressed gas

Safety Cabinet Multiple airlocks

Zach Zukowski 109

Basic Design

Zach Zukowski 110

Hallway Dimensions

Zach Zukowski 111

Emergency Rail• Wire that runs from one end of the hallway to the other

• Two compressed gas powered rings to move along it quickly

• Used mostly for emergencies

Zach Zukowski 112

Safety Cabinet• Located halfway through the hallway

• Contains two space suits and various other equipment

• Meant to be accessed in case of emergency

Zach Zukowski 113

Powered Walkways• Based off the Model 1200 walkway from Mitsubishi

• Meant to assist transportation from one end to the other

• Moves 40 meters per minute

• Can be removed or turned off if it proves problematic

Zach Zukowski 114

Mining Rover• Continuous excavation techniques are preferable to more classic

excavators for lightweight lunar excavation. This is because the

continuous excavators do not feel the effects of soil accumulation

which degrades productivity, and they produce lower resistance

forces which enable lighter weight operation.

Jack Thweatt 115

Scaling Excavation Properties• By scaling the capacity of the compact bucket wheel excavator,

SRs(H), built by Takraf, it is possible to estimate the capabilities

that a lunar version would have.

Bucket Wheel Diameter 3 m

Bucket Wheel Drive Power 120 kW

Belt Width .6 m

Number of buckets 12

Theoretical Capacity 480 m³/h

Jack Thweatt 116

Glass Roads• Np-Fe aids in the formation process at the grain level

• 2.45 GHz microwave system attached to Chassis

• Regolith road is formed in a matter of seconds

Allison Fuss

Photo courtesy of Taylor and Meek

117

Fail Safe

Environment

Technical Group Leader: Hannah Fontenot

Akshay Shankar

Sachin Subramaniam

Jake Stanley

Gerald Fisher

Kevin Hainline

ConsumablesWater

• Plumbing fails

– Limit number of joints and connections

between pipes to and from water source

• Recovery system fails

– Use H2O from fuel cells as water source

– Store backup water in crater to reclaim in

future

Food

• Resupply fails or spoils

– Three month backup of vitamin pills or

Soylent

Sachin Subramaniam 119

Consumables (2)Oxygen

• Electrolyzing system failure

– Module O2 reserve tanks

– O2 plant regeneration

• Miscalculated O2 and CO2 cycles

– O2 and CO2 management systems

Sachin Subraminiam 120

Transportation• Rover stranded during mission

– Send “rescue” rover from base

– Backup energy source on rover• Nuclear battery

• Small H2O2 rocket

– Meanwhile, limit expeditions to a certain radius,

determined by the distance base personnel can walk

on a tank of O2

Hannah Fontenot 121

Transportation (3)• Loss of pressurized transport cartridge inside connecting hallway

– Personnel can pull themselves to airlock using overhead railway

– Moving walkways on either side of hallway

Hannah Fontenot 122

Biohazard• Radiation exposure

• Quarantine feasible base structure

• Geiger Counters for prevention

• Easily accessible decontamination stations

• Suit rips• Self healing fabric application (requires trigger)

• Insta-patch system

• Emergency notification

• Dust entry • Multistage cleaning

• Regular scanning of air for moon dust density

Akshay Shankar 123

Biohazard (2)• Experimental decontamination

• Identical requirements as radiation poisoning

• Pathogen Exposure• Regular testing of air and water for harmful organisms

• Regular medical check ups for crew

• Easily accessible medical facilities and support

Akshay Shankar 124

Research and Operations• Resupplying Lander damage

• Back up lander prepared for all missions

• Hydrazine leakage (explosive, carcinogenic)• Instant 10 (H2O):1(N2H4) dilution w.r.t water for aqueous hydrazine

• Neutralization using 6(NaClO):1(N2H4) concentration w.r.t sodium hypochlorite

• Experimental decontamination protocol followed

• Cryogenic bleeding• Use for attitude control

• Mining bucket wheel damage• Self return to base for repair

• Site marking for restarting operation

Akshay Shankar 125

Base Siting and Layout

Wall break and depressurization

• Evacuation plans for all buildings

• Living space buildings

– Extra space in others to accommodate displaced crew

• Farming buildings

– More farm area than minimum required

– Consider separate farm areas

– Some repair robots stored in farming areas

• Laboratory areas

– Single airtight doors to partially isolate rooms.

Inflatable burst

• Inflatable is capable of collapsing (Meteor Strike)

– Evacuation plan as per depressurization

– Inflatable cut and contents removed

– Inflatable repaired or replaced

– Contents returned or replaced

• Inflatable cannot collapse

– Burst contained by surrounding structure

– Evacuation plan following depressurization

– Inflatable patch or replacement

Gerald Fisher 126

Base Siting and Layout (2)Hub unit failure

• Building connections circumventing hub

unit

• Supplemental living space

– Will not need replacement if hub is

repaired quickly

• Base computer systems

– Backup base mainframe at a different

location

SMA Structural Deployment Power Loss

• Secondary, robot assisted, deployment

method

Lack of building materials

• Always have some extra

• Plan to be capable of reducing usage

Micrometeorites and other punctures

• Self-healing materials

Airlock failure

• Between buildings

– Redundant pathways

• To exterior

– Connections to other buildings allow

egress from other locations

Gerald Fisher 127

In Conclusion

Crew:8 Base size: 180 m2

275 Kw of power He3 Mining

L1 Fuel Depot Earth simulation atmosphere

Chase Lookofsky

• The technology exists

• The manpower exists

• The finances are out

• DO we have the Ambition?

128

References and SourcesTaylor, Lawrence A., and Thomas T. Meek. "Microwave Sintering of Lunar Soil:

Properties, Theory, and Practice." Journal of Aerospace Engineering 18.3

(2005): 188. Web.

Vollmer, Michael. "Physics of the Microwave Oven." Institute of Physics (2004): n.

pag. Simon Fraser University. Web.

http://www.thespacereview.com/article/502/1

http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/systems/lsam.htm

http://spaceflightsystems.grc.nasa.gov/EFDPO/STO/

129

http://www.thespacereview.com/article/502/1

http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/systems/lsam.htm

http://spaceflightsystems.grc.nasa.gov/EFDPO/STO/

References and Sources (2)https://howthingsfly.si.edu/sites/default/files/image-large/A19800081000cp01_lg.jpg

http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/289914main_fs_altair_lunar_lander.pdf

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypergolic_propellant

http://ccar.colorado.edu/asen5050/projects/projects_2012/wolma/img/earth_moon_l_pts.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hohmann_transfer_orbit

https://www.ri.cmu.edu/pub_files/2011/9/Skonieczny2011.pdf

130

https://howthingsfly.si.edu/sites/default/files/image-large/A19800081000cp01_lg.jpg

http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/289914main_fs_altair_lunar_lander.pdf

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypergolic_propellant

http://ccar.colorado.edu/asen5050/projects/projects_2012/wolma/img/earth_moon_l_pts.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hohmann_transfer_orbit

https://www.ri.cmu.edu/pub_files/2011/9/Skonieczny2011.pdf

References and Sources (3)http://www.takraf.com/MediaLibrary/Catalog/TAKRAF/Products/References/Reference-Sheet_SRs-1050_CBWE_Brod-

Gneotino.pdf

http://astrobotic.net/2010/07/30/robotic-excavation-on-the-moon/

http://www.mitsubishielectric.com/elevator/products/basic/moving_walks/a_moving_walks/pdf/catalog_hi.pdf

http://space.io9.com/future-astronauts-might-walk-not-hop-on-the-moon-1641324551

http://www.clavius.org/gravleap.html

131

http://astrobotic.net/2010/07/30/robotic-excavation-on-the-moon/

http://www.mitsubishielectric.com/elevator/products/basic/moving_walks/a_moving_walks/pdf/catalog_hi.pdf

http://space.io9.com/future-astronauts-might-walk-not-hop-on-the-moon-1641324551

http://www.clavius.org/gravleap.html