aephraim steinberg (and the web!) bec cover ultracold atoms and bose-einstein condensation…
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Aephraim Steinberg(and the web!)
Ultracold atoms andBose-Einstein
condensation…
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How scientists brag...
(Does this mean much? If so, what? And who picked the key words?)
Play your own games at the Web of Science or INSPEC(http://isi6.isiknowledge.com/portal.cgi/WOS et al via www.library.utoronto.ca/resources/)
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HISTORYPrehistory: Fermions vs Bosons (Bose & Einstein, 1924-5)
periodic table versus laserparticle versus wave?
1930s: London… superfluidity due to BEC?…superconductivity too?
1976: Stwalley/Noganow: spin-polarized H?1980s: Silvera/Walraven, Hess, Kleppner,…
Evaporative coolingParallel: Development of laser cooling1988: Anomalously low temperatures!
The race is on…1995: BEC in Rb, Na, almost Li (a<0!)…1996: Nobel prize -- for Helium 3!1997: Nobel prize -- for laser cooling!2001: Nobel prize -- for BEC, at long last.now: the interesting stuff!
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See: http://www.nobel.se (Nobel homepage)and http://physicsweb.org/articles/world/10/3/3and http://www.colorado.edu/physics/2000/bec/and http://cua.mit.edu/ketterle_group/ and so on...
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Phase diagram of just about anything…
"If it were really impossible, why would they bother to forbid it?"(Eric Cornell paraphrasing Joseph Heller)
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HOW COLD MUST YOU GET?
Need 1 atom per cubic wavelength… wavelength = 1 / momentum… water would needto be near 3 degrees K, but solidifies first (cf He!)
Alkalis solidify too; need densities millions of times lowerthan air: need temperatures less than 1 uK!
In particular: get atoms within 1 optical wavelength ofeach other, and keep their momentum < photon's.
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Laser cooling alone can't do it (understood by mid 90s);steal "evaporative cooling" idea from Hydrogen crowd.
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RF cooling, a la Ketterle (MIT)
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Number of atoms in ground state, vs temperature:A quantum phase transition.
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The third group to get there?
What would you do?
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Thirty-five new reports of laboratory observations of BEC in atomic gases have come in since May, 1997:
July 11, 2002: Hold the phone! July 3, 2002: First in China June 28, 2002: Home of the whopper April 8, 2002: Formula One in Oxford December 21, 2001: Japan 4 December 12, 2001: BEC am Bodensee! November 21, 2001: Rubidium at NIST Gaithersburg October 31, 2001: Special K June 19, 2001: German Micro BEC at Tübingen May 18, 2001: Vive la difference! May 17, 2001: Strine debut May 11, 2001: Optical route through Georgia March 12, 2001: Grail in sight in Holy Land! February 23, 2001: Helium work is really hopping in France! February 16, 2001: He has arrived! January 31, 2001: It's freezing in Paris-Nord July 21, 2000: Third Japanese condensate November 21, 1999: A Pisa the action July, 1999: Dutch Treat June 23, 1999: New Rubidium Gelato Taste Treat March 29, 1999: The Game's Afoot in Oxford December 30, 1998: Now Kyoto December 16, 1998: Sweet Sixteen in the Land of the Rising Sun September 22, 1998: Cool Brittania August 25, 1998: A First in the Southern Hemisphere August 5, 1998: Lucky Number in Hannover July 8, 1998: BEC in 87Rb - a new Aspect June 24, 1998: H at Last ! May 11, 1998: Report from École Normale Supérieure February 26, 1998: BEC at NIST Gaithersburg January 23, 1998: Bavarian Breakthrough ! September 30, 1997: Now playing in Europe July 10, 1997: Stanford group weighs in July 2, 1997: BEC observed at the Rowland Institute May 20, 1997: BEC observed at the University of Texas
Close to 100 BEC's by 2005.
2 in 19950 in 19964 in 199710 in 1998...12 in 2001 .....
(How many do we need?)
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Competing to build the "atom laser"…
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Interference with Atoms!
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Games with vortices in BEC
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Nonlinear atom optics…
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Best gravimeters/accelerometers?
Quantum computers (can getwell-controlled atoms to interactwith each other)?
Model system to understandsolid-state problems (high-Tcsuperconductivity etc)?
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The next-generation atomic clock
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(Actually, this generation!)