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AED 101: Introduction to Advanced Electric Drive VehiclesTransitioning Americans to widespread use of advanced electric drive vehicles for personal transportation needsTo advance to the next slide please use the fast forward (FF) and rewind (RW) buttons on your controller

ObjectivesHistory of electric vehiclesTypes of advanced electric drive vehiclesWhy you should consider purchasing an advanced electric drive vehicle

History of Electric Vehicles (EVs)Some of the first automobiles were battery poweredAs early as 1832, there were many experiments with electric carriages using rudimentary batteries

History of Electric VehiclesThe first gasoline-electric hybrid was created by Ferdinand Porsche in 1899Early EVs did not require a starter motor and thus did not have to be started with a hand crankThey were quiet and relatively trouble-freeTheir primary limitation was range because the batteries of the day could not hold enough energy to go more than about 25 miles

Ferdinand PorscheHistory of Electric VehiclesElectric cars were the dominant form of motorized transportation up until 1908 when they began to be outpaced by gasoline cars produced by Henry FordDue to the invention of the electric starter and abundant supply of cheap fuel (gasoline), electric drive cars (including hybrids) disappeared by the late 1930s

Henry FordCurrent Electric VehiclesVehicles using gasoline internal combustion engines (ICEs) won out over the more expensive or less convenient alternativesToday, and in the coming years, due to increasing environmental concerns, electric drive technologies will likely replace the ICE and gasoline for vehicle propulsionCurrent Electric VehiclesThere are four types of advanced electric drive vehicles:Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs)Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs)Battery electric vehicles (BEVs)Fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs)Extended range electric vehicles (EREVs)

Hybrid Electric VehiclesUse an onboard power source, typically a small gasoline engine, to provide power directly to the drive wheels and to a generator that recharges the vehicles onboard battery packsCapture energy through regenerative braking to help charge the batteries

Hybrid Electric VehiclesThe battery pack sends power to an electric motor that can drive the vehicle at low speeds or assist the engine on demand for accelerating, passing, or climbing hills

Most HEVs currently use nickel metal hydride (NiMH) battery packsHybrid Electric VehiclesHEVs have been commercially available in the U.S. since 1999 when Honda introduced the Insight, a small two-passenger coupe that achieved 60 miles per gallon on the highway

Hybrid Electric VehiclesToday, there are dozens of production hybrid models to choose from and more are on the way. Theyre available in all body styles from family cars, SUVs, and pickups to sports cars and even racing machines.

Hybrid Electric VehiclesOne of the most successful HEVs on the market today is the Toyota Prius

Double click on image to start video.12Plug-in Hybrid Electric VehiclesCan be charged from the electric grid when the vehicle is parkedHave a larger energy storage battery pack than standard hybridsRun at normal speeds on battery power alone until the charge is depleted when this happens, the gasoline engine kicks in, and the car operates like a conventional hybrid

Plug-in Hybrid Electric VehiclesA plug-in battery pack is usually a lithium-ion formulation, which carries more energy at a much lighter weightElectric-only operation can last up to 40 miles, boosting fuel economy

Plug-in Hybrid Electric VehiclesAn example includes the Toyota Prius Plug-in

Double click on image to start video.15Battery Electric VehiclesRun on 100 percent electricityUse an electric motor powered by lithium-ion batteries

Battery Electric VehiclesBattery pack stores energy obtained from the utility gridRange varies depending on the vehicle but averages about 100 miles per chargeCharging can take place at home or at public charging stationsBattery Electric Vehicles

Battery Electric VehiclesAn example is the Nissan LEAF

Double click on image to start video.19Fuel Cell Electric VehiclesUse fuel cells, which directly convert the chemical energy in hydrogen to electricity, with pure water and heat as the only by-products

Fuel Cell Electric VehiclesHydrogen fuels are not only pollution-free at the tail pipe but also highly efficient and capable of high fuel economy

Fuel Cell Electric VehiclesHydrogen fuel is compressed and stored on board the vehicle in tanksHydrogen fueling stations are concentrated in California and select areas for the time being, but more are planned

Fuel Cell Electric VehiclesAn example is the Honda FCX Clarity

Double click on image to start video.23Extended Range Electric VehiclesOperate in two ways in EV mode and extended range modeMotor/generators (MGs) in the transmission use the stored energy from the high-voltage battery in EV mode

Double click on image to start video.24Extended Range Electric VehiclesWhen the battery is depleted, the vehicle switches to extended range modeThe ICE operates the generator to supply energy to the batteryThe battery may be charged daily to enjoy the full benefits of a fully electric vehicleDouble click on image to start video.25Extended Range Electric VehiclesAn example is the Chevy Volt, the first production vehicle to use the EREV technology

Double click on image to start video.26Why Advanced Electric Drive Vehicles are ImportantOil ConsumptionIn 2008, the U.S. consumed 19.5 million barrels of oil per dayThe U.S. is the largest consumer of oilThe U.S. has only 5 percent of the worlds populationLess than half of U.S. petroleum is produced domestically

Why Advanced Electric Drive Vehicles are ImportantPollutionInternal combustion engines produce harmful emissionsPetroleum is a nonrenewable resource; once its gone, its gone foreverElectricity is a good replacement for petroleum products

Why Advanced Electric Drive Vehicles are ImportantThe U.S. faces two critical challenges:reducing our dependence on petroleumdecreasing greenhouse gas emissionsThese priorities are most challenging in the transportation sector, which accounts for two-thirds of our petroleum consumption and a third of our greenhouse gas emissions29Why Advanced Electric Drive Vehicles are ImportantAdvanced electric drive vehicles play a key role in conquering these challenges and make our world cleaner for future generationsThe driving public needs to be aware that cleaner transportation options do exist, and they must be willing to consider them in their purchasing decisionsWhy Advanced Electric Drive Vehicles are ImportantCarmakers are becoming more committed to pursuing clean alternatives to petroleum, to developing advanced energy saving technologies, and to making them affordable for the average driver

Why Advanced Electric Drive Vehicles are ImportantAuto manufacturers efforts to develop cleaner transportation options and to deliver advanced technology vehicles to dealer showrooms are beginning to pay off

Whats NextGovernment mandates require that by 2025, U.S. automakers develop cars and trucks that achieve a fuel economy of 54.5 miles per gallonThis program will:Save consumers $1.7 trillion at the pumpSave 12 billion barrels of oilEliminate 6 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide pollutionWhats NextAs advanced electric drive vehicles grow in acceptance among consumers, jobs will be createdThe U.S. will achieve real-world carbon dioxide reductions and fuel economy improvements

Contact InformationNational Alternative Fuels Training ConsortiumRidgeview Business Park1100 Frederick LaneMorgantown, WV 26508(304) 293-7882naftc.wvu.edu