Volume 6

Acoustic EmissionTesting

American Society for Nondestructive Te s t i n g

Technical EditorsRonnie K. MillerEric v.K. Hill

EditorPatrick O. Moore

Third Edition

CD-ROM v. 1.01

Copyright 2005AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING, INC.All rights reserved.

No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher.Nothing contained in this book is to be construed as a grant of any right of manufacture, sale or use in connection withany method, process, apparatus, product or composition, whether or not covered by letters patent or registeredtrademark, nor as a defense against liability for the infringement of letters patent or registered trademark.

The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, its employees, and the contributors to this volume assume noresponsibility for the safety of persons using the information in this book.

ASNT is not responsible for the authenticity or accuracy of information herein. Published opinions and statementsdo not necessarily reflect the opinion of ASNT. Products or services that are advertised or mentioned do not carry theendorsement or recommendation of ASNT.

IRRSP, Level III Study Guide, Materials Evaluation, NDT Handbook, Nondestructive Testing Handbook, The NDT Technicianand www.asnt.org are trademarks of The American Society for Nondestructive Testing. ACCP, ASNT, Research inNondestructive Evaluation and RNDE are registered trademarks of The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.

ASNT exists to create a safer world by promoting the profession and technologies of nondestructive testing.

American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Incorporated1711 Arlingate LanePO Box 28518Columbus, OH 43228-0518(614) 274-6003; fax (614) 274-6899www.asnt.org

ErrataErrata if available for this printing may be obtained from ASNTs Web site, , or as hard copy by mail, free onrequest from ASNT at the address above.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataAcoustic Emission Testing / technical editors, Ronnie K. Miller, Eric v. K. Hill;

editor, Patrick O. Moore.p. cm. (Nondestructive testing handbook (3rd ed.); v. 6.

Includes bibliographic references and index.ISBN 1-57117-106-1 (alk. paper)1. Acoustic emission testing. I. Miller, Ronnie K. II. Hill, Eric v. K.

III. Moore, Patrick O. IV. American Society for Nondestructive Testing.V. Series: Nondestructive testing handbook (3rd ed.) ; v. 6.TA418.84.A264 2005620.1'127--dc22

2005018712

ISBN-13: 978-1-57117-137-5ISBN-10: 1-57117-137-1

Published by the American Society for Nondestructive TestingPRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Technology is rapidly changing. Some ofthe most important advances since 1990have been in the ability to collect andvisualize test data, the move from analogto digital data being only the mostdramatic example. The move to digitalsystems as well as the application oftechnologies such as neural networks isvery exciting. Of course, advances inrelated fields, such as computertechnology and medical diagnostics,continue to facilitate the collection,display and evaluation of nondestructivetest data. Change provides opportunitiesfor ASNT to further serve our professionand our members by embracing thesedevelopments and providing informationand services to facilitate their application.

Our profession provides theopportunity for great self-satisfaction aswe strive for our shared mission tomake the world safer. Nondestructivetesting is also in demand. Recent surveyshave shown that the number ofnondestructive testing professionalsneeded to support industry continues toincrease. And they need authoritativebooks for reference and training.

The NDT Handbook greatly contributesto these efforts by systematicallypresenting our technology. It records thetechnological advances and facilitatestheir application so that the fruits of theseefforts can be harvested. Our futuredepends on the development andimplementation of new methods,techniques and applications to make theworld safer.

ASNT provides a forum for us to shareour knowledge and experience,contributing to our shared mission. Thevolunteers who actively participate in ourcouncils contribute many hours to fulfillthe ASNT mission. ASNT is composed ofmembers with diverse interests andintense passion in those interests. Thisdiversity and passion provide us theopportunity and strength to accomplishour collective mission. ASNT, through thewisdom and work of gifted individuals,established a series of books, the NDTHandbook, which has served ourprofession and received worldwiderecognition since 1959.

The operation and success of a projectlike the NDT Handbook depends on thededication and support of the volunteerswho devote the time and energy to create

it. To the contributors, editors andreviewers who created the presentvolume, thank you for your efforts.

I encourage those who are not activelyengaged in our council and committeeactivities to become involved. You canmake a difference and the rewards will befulfilling.

I hope that you find the updatedinformation in this edition of AcousticEmission Testing meets your needs. I wishto personally thank the technical editorsand all the contributors and reviewers fortheir time and efforts in making thisedition possible.

Henry M. StephensASNT President 2004-2005

iiiAcoustic Emission Testing

Presidents Foreword

Aims of a HandbookThe volume you are holding in your handis the fifth in the third edition of theNondestructive Testing Handbook. In thebeginning of each volume, it has beenuseful to state the purposes and nature ofthe NDT Handbook series.

Handbooks exist in many disciplines ofscience and technology, and certainfeatures set them apart from otherreference works. A handbook shouldideally give the basic knowledge necessaryfor an understanding of the technology,including both scientific principles andmeans of application.

The typical reader may be assumed tohave completed three years of collegetoward a degree in mechanicalengineering or materials science andhence has the background of anelementary physics or mechanics course.Additionally, this volume provides apositive reinforcement for the use ofcomputer based media that enhances itseducational value and enlightens all levelsof education and training.

Standards, specifications,recommended practices and inspectionprocedures may be discussed in ahandbook for instructional purposes, butat a level of generalization that isillustrative rather than comprehensive.Standards writing bodies take great painsto ensure that their documents aredefinitive in wording and technicalaccuracy. People writing contracts orprocedures should consult the actualstandards when appropriate.

Those who design qualifyingexaminations or study for them draw onhandbooks as a quick and convenient wayof approximating the body of knowledge.Committees and individuals who write oranticipate questions are selective in whatthey draw from any source. The parts of ahandbook that give scientific background,for instance, may have little bearing on apractical examination except to providethe physical foundation to assist handlingof more challenging tasks. Other parts ofa handbook are specific to a certainindustry. This handbook provides acollection of perspectives on its subject tobroaden its value and convenience to thenondestructive testing community.

The present volume is a worthyaddition to the third edition. The editors,

technical editors, ASNT staff, manycontributors and reviewers workedtogether to bring the project tocompletion. For their scholarship anddedication, I thank them all.

Gary L. WorkmanHandbook Development Director

iv Acoustic Emission Testing

Foreword

Acoustic emission testing comprises arange of powerful techniques forexploiting the natural acoustic emissionprocess and for gaining practical valuefrom the available information. Thesetechniques include means forcharacterizing the acoustic emission fromparticular materials and processes; foreliminating noise; for checking wavepropagation properties of engineeringstructures and applying the results to testdesign; for loading that will optimize theacoustic emission data from a structurewithout causing appreciable damage; forlocating acoustic emission sources, eitherroughly or precisely; methods of dataanalysis and presentation; and foracceptance, rejection or further inspectionof the test structure.

This volume in the third edition of theNDT Handbook is the successor toVolume 5 in the second edition. Some ofthe original material is reprinted becauseof the significance of the topics and toestablish this volume as a stand alonetext. The new material is exciting becauseit brings theory into focus anddemonstrates the potential for usingacoustic emission testing as a quantitativenondestructive testing tool.

One of the few criticisms received afterthe publication of Volume 5 in the secondedition was the absence of authors fromoutside the United States. In this volume,we take pride in presenting material fromacoustic emission experts in Europe andAsia. It is hoped that future editions willinclude even more contributions tappingthe resources of countries like Russia andcontinents like South America whereacoustic emission has been developed andis used on a continuing basis.

The material in this volume rangesfrom fundamentals to the state of the artand introduces new applications. It ismeant to serve the field technician,researcher and application engineer. If atopic is not included, then it is more thanlikely referenced in one of the chapters.Certain topics still in the research stagewere not considered ready for publicationin a handbook.

The field of acoustic emission testingcontinues to grow as more and moreapplications are realized. With theevolution in electronics and digital signalprocessing, systems are beingmanufactured that emphasize waveform

capturing and processing to supplementconventional feature based signalprocessing. Posttest data analysis nowopens the door for new techniques thatuse neural networks to recognize signalpatterns. A better understanding of wavepropagation can help the user understandthe information found in the capturedwaveforms and lead to unique sourcelocation and characterization schemes.

Volume 5 in the second edition tooksix years to complete. This volume tooktwo years, which is remarkable incomparison. Using two technical editorshelped with this accomplishment: wewere able to balance each other's periodsof activity and inactivity over the periodof time when text was being generatedand edited.

Although this volume can legitimatelybe seen to represent many things todifferent people, it serves first and best asa handbook whose purpose is toexplain and encourage the use of acousticemission. Fulfilling that purpose is thebest recognition that the makers of thisbook could receive.

Ronnie K. MillerEric v.K. HillTechnical Editors

vAcoustic Emission Testing

Preface

The first edition of the NondestructiveTesting Handbook, published in 1959, didnot mention acoustic emission testing.The method was still in its infancy.

Planning for the third edition began in2000. Gerard Hacker and James Walkersurveyed the second edition to identifyopportunities for revision. They werejoined by Ronnie Miller and Eric Hill,who shouldered the work of generatingthe third edition volume.

Technology has changed in the18 years since the last edition. Data canbe handled more easily and in greatervolume. Because computer memory is soabundant, preprocessed waveformsthemselves can be stored, giving theinspector more options in processing,evaluation and display. These optionshave caused hundreds of changes in thebook. Acoustic theory is unchanged butthe applications chapters, about 40percent of the book, are almost entirelynew.

In this edition, an attempt is made tostandardize the ways that technology isreferred to. As in other volumes of thethird edition, measurements are providedin the International System of Units. Also,wherever practical, alloys are referred toby their numerical designations in theUnified Numbering System. It is hopedthat these protocols will help toharmonize nondestructive testing withsister disciplines and make the volumemore useful to posterity.

I would personally like to thankmembers of ASNT staff who helped tomake this book better. Hollis Humphriesand Joy Grimm produced many excellentgraphics and laid out the chapters.

Senior Manager of Publications PaulMcIntire believed strongly in the value ofthis book. He provided many valuablesuggestions, read every chapter in galleybefore publication. McIntires personalattention prevented more than a fewerrors and has helped readabilitythroughout the volume. He supported theproject at every stage of development andproduction.

People listed as contributors in theacknowledgments below were alsoreviewers but are listed once, ascontributors.

Patrick O. MooreNDT Handbook Editor

AcknowledgmentsThe work described in the chapter on themodeling of acoustic emission in plateswas funded by joint industry projectPERF 95-11: Advanced Acoustic Emission forOn-Stream Inspection, sponsored by Shell,BP, Chevron, ExxonMobil, Saudi Aramco,Petrobras, Physical Acoustics Corporationand Matrix. The contributor is grateful toNicholas Wolff for the detailed coding ofthe inverse problem.

In the chapter on signal processing, thedata analysis for prediction of test bottleburst pressure was jointly funded byEmbry-Riddle Aeronautical Universityand the National Aeronautics and SpaceAdministration.

For information on tank floorapplications, the contributors would liketo acknowledge the maintenance andinspection people from refinery andchemical plants operated by Shell, Dow,Exxon, ICI, DSM, Q8 and Total. Specialacknowledgment is extended to PAL forsharing their expertise in datamanagement.

For reinforced concrete, the corrosiondetection technique was part of an effortjointly managed by Balvac Limited inconjunction with LoughboroughUniversity, Physical Acoustics Limited andW.S. Atkins Limited.

Thanks are extended to the JapaneseSociety for Nondestructive Inspection fortheir cooperation in the publication ofinformation on steam turbines.

In the discussion of aircraft testing,work on the F-111 and the VC-10 aircraftwas performed by John Carlyle when hewas with Physical Acoustics Corporation.Work on the Cessna Crusader and thePiper Cherokee, including neural networkanalysis and classification, was performedunder National Science Foundation Grant9503017, awarded to Martingale ResearchCorporation. The airframe work and datacollection described in the discussion offatigue crack monitoring of an aircraftengine cowling was funded by MartingaleResearch Corporation as a subcontract toEmbry-Riddle Aeronautical University.Opinions are those of the contributorsalone and not necessarily those of thesponsors.

Some sources of illustrations areacknowledged in a section at the end ofthis book.

vi Acoustic Emission Testing

Editors Preface

Handbook DevelopmentCommitteeGary L. Workman, University of Alabama,

HuntsvilleMichael W. Allgaier, Allgaier Consulting

and TrainingAlbert S. Birks, Naval Surface Warfare

CenterRichard H. Bossi, The Boeing CompanyWilliam C. Chedister, Circle SystemsJames E. Cox, Zetec, IncorporatedDavid L. Culbertson, El Paso CorporationJames L. Doyle, Jr., NorthWest Research

AssociatesNat Y. Faransso, KBRFranois Gagnon, Vibra-K ConsultantsRobert E. Green, Jr.Gerard K. Hacker, Teledyne Brown

EngineeringHarb S. Hayre, Ceie SpecsEric v.K. HillFrank A. IddingsCharles N. Jackson, Jr.Morteza K. Jafari, Fugro SouthJohn K. Keve, DynCorp Tri-Cities ServicesDoron Kishoni, Business Solutions USAXavier P.V. Maldague, University LavalGeorge A. Matzkanin, Nondestructive

Testing Information and AnalysisCenter

Paul McIntire, American Society forNondestructive Testing

Ronnie K. MillerScott D. Miller, Saudi Aramco, Saudi

ArabiaMani Mina, Technology Resource GroupDavid G. Moore, Sandia National

LaboratoriesPatrick O. Moore, American Society for

Nondestructive TestingStanley NessLouis G. Pagliaro, Engineered Sintered

Components CompanyEmmanuel E. Papadakis, Quality Systems

Concepts Stanislav I. Rokhlin, Ohio State UniversityFrank J. SattlerFred Seppi, Williams InternationalKermit A. SkeieRoderic K. Stanley, NDE Information

ConsultantsHolger H. Streckert, General AtomicsStuart A. Tison, Millipore CorporationNoel A. Tracy, Universal Technology

CorporationSatish S. Udpa, Michigan State UniversityJames L. Walker, National Aeronautics and

Space Administration, Marshall SpaceFlight Center

Mark F.A. Warchol, Alcoa, IncorporatedGlenn A. Washer, University of Missouri

ColumbiaGeorge C. Wheeler

ContributorsDag A. Aldal, ClampOn, NorwayClaudio AllevatoAthanasios A. Anastasopoulos,

Envirocoustics, GreeceM. Nabil Bassim, University of Manitoba,

CanadaHarvey L. Bodine, NeuralyticsFranklin R. Breckenridge, National

Institute of Standards and TechnologyR. Keith Brown, Applied Inspection

SystemsMark F. Carlos, Physical Acoustics

CorporationJohn M. Carlyle, Carlyle ConsultingRobert J. Demeski, The Boeing CompanyJason W. Dong, Physical Acoustics

CorporationDavid A. Dornfeld, University of

California, BerkeleyThomas F. DrouillardJohn C. Duke, Jr., Virginia Polytechnic

InstituteDavis M. EgleDonald G. Eitzen, National Institute of

Standards and TechnologyRichard D. Finlayson, Physical Acoustics

CorporationValery Godinez-Azcuaga, Physical

Acoustics CorporationMark Goodman, UE SystemsRichard S. Gostautas, Physical Acoustics

CorporationD. Robert Hay, TISEC Incorporated,

CanadaEric v.K. HillTrevor Holroyd, Holroyd Instruments

Limited, United KingdomYukio Imaizumi, Kyushu Electric Power

Company, JapanGeir Instanes, ClampOn, NorwayJean-Claude G. Lenain, Euro Physical

Acoustics, FranceTheodore J. Lewis, ATK/Thiokol

PropulsionMorihiko Maeda, Non-Destructive

Inspection Company, JapanRonnie K. MillerVasile Mustafa, TISEC Incorporated,

CanadaArturo Nez, QSL-PlusMartin J. Peacock, MB Inspection, United

KingdomAdrian A. Pollock, Physical Acoustics

CorporationAlain Proust, Euro Physical Acoustics,

FranceHolger H. Streckert, General AtomicsMatthew R. Rhodes, Physical Acoustics

CorporationDan L. RobinsonChristopher W. Rowland, Pancom, United

KingdomTomoki Shiotani, Research Institute of

Technology, JapanFong Shu, Physical Acoustics CorporationJack C. Spanner, Sr.

viiAcoustic Emission Testing

Samuel J. Ternowchek, Quality ServicesLaboratories Plus

Marvin W. Trimm, Savannah RiverNational Laboratory

Sotirios J. Vahaviolos, Physical AcousticsCorporation

Hartmut Vallen, Vallen-Systeme GmbH,Germany

Peter van de Loo, NetherlandsSamuel G. Vaughn III, Orbital Sciences

CorporationHaydn N.G. Wadley, University of

VirginiaJames L. Walker, National Aeronautics and

Space Administration, Marshall SpaceFlight Center

W. David Wang, Shell Deer Park RefiningCompany

Richard L. Weaver, University of IllinoisShigenori Yuyama, Nippon Physical

Acoustics, Japan

ReviewersWilliam C. Boyce, Sikorsky AircraftAlfred L. Broz, Federal Aviation

AdministrationRobert H. BushnellMauricio V. Calva, QSL-PlusPhil T. ColeChristopher E. Coleman, Atomic Energy

of Canada, CanadaDavid L. Culbertson, El Paso CorporationTimothy J. FowlerAllen T. Green, Acoustic Technology

GroupGerard K. Hacker, Teledyne Brown

EngineeringMarvin A. Hamstad, University of DenverGeorge Harman, National Institute of

Standards and TechnologyTheodore Hopwood, University of

KentuckyPaul McIntire, American Society for

Nondestructive TestingJames R. Mitchell, Mitchell EngineeringKazuhiro Mukai, Non-Destructive

Inspection Company, JapanShigeto Nishimoto, Nippon Physical

Acoustics Limited, JapanKanji Ono, University of California, Los

AngelesEmmanuel P. Papadakis, Quality Systems

Concepts, IncorporatedJ. Philip Perschbacher, Sikorsky Aircraft,

United KingdomDavid W. Prine, Infrastructure Technology

InstituteGuillermo Ramirez, University of Texas at

ArlingtonJohn H. Rodgers, Acoustic Emission

ConsultantsChristopher L. Rovik, Visteon CorporationAkihiro Satou, Kyushu Electric Power

Company, JapanFrank J. Sattler, Sattler Consultants,

Incorporated

Richard C. Stiffler, R.C. Stiffler andAssociates

Michael Suits, National Aeronautics andSpace Administration, Marshall SpaceFlight Center

Mark F.A. Warchol, Aluminum Companyof America

Glenn A. Washer, University of Missouri Columbia

Gary L. Workman, University of Alabamain Huntsville

viii Acoustic Emission Testing

Chapter 1. Introduction to AcousticEmission Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Part 1. Nondestructive Testing . . . . 2Part 2. Management of Acoustic

Emission Testing . . . . . . . . 13Part 3. History of Acoustic Emission

Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Part 4. Measurement Units for

Acoustic EmissionTesting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Chapter 2. Fundamentals of AcousticEmission Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Part 1. Introduction to AcousticEmission Technology . . . . 32

Part 2. Acoustic Emission Noise . . 41Part 3. Acoustic Emission Signal

Characterization . . . . . . . . 45Part 4. Acoustic Emission

Transducers and TheirCalibration . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

Part 5. Macroscopic Origins ofAcoustic Emission . . . . . . 61

Part 6. Microscopic Origins ofAcoustic Emission . . . . . . 69

Part 7. Wave Propagation . . . . . . . 79

Chapter 3. Modeling of AcousticEmission in Plates . . . . . . . . . . . 109

Part 1. Wave Propagation inPlates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

Part 2. Formal AnalyticSolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

Chapter 4. Acoustic Emission SourceLocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

Part 1. Fundamentals of AcousticEmission SourceLocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

Part 2. Overdetermined SourceLocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

Part 3. Waveform Based SourceLocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

Chapter 5. Acoustic Emission SignalProcessing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

Part 1. Digital SignalProcessing . . . . . . . . . . . . 148

Part 2. Pattern Recognition andSignal Classification . . . . 157

Part 3. Classification of FailureMechanism Data fromFiberglass Epoxy TensileSpecimens . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

Part 4. Neural Network Predictionof Burst Pressure inGraphite Epoxy PressureVessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

Chapter 6. Acoustic Leak Testing . . . 181Part 1. Principles of Sonic and

Ultrasonic LeakTesting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182

Part 2. Instrumentation forUltrasound LeakTesting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

Part 3. Ultrasound Leak Testingof Pressurized Industrialand TransportationSystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198

Part 4. Ultrasound Leak Testingof Evacuated Systems . . . 211

Part 5. Ultrasound Leak Testingof Engines, HydraulicSystems, Machinery andVehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213

Part 6. Electrical Inspection . . . . 215Part 7. Ultrasound Leak Testing

of Pressurized TelephoneCables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218

Part 8. Acoustic EmissionMonitoring of Leakagefrom Vessels, Tanks andPipelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220

Acoustic Emission Testing

C O N T E N T S

Chapter 7. Acoustic Emission Testingfor Process and ConditionMonitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227

Part 1. Acoustic Emission Testingin Milling . . . . . . . . . . . . 228

Part 2. Acoustic Emission Testingof Resistance SpotWelding . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232

Part 3. Acoustic Emission WeldMonitoring of AluminumLithium Alloy . . . . . . . . . 235

Part 4. Acoustic Emission Testingfor Machinery ConditionMonitoring . . . . . . . . . . . 243

Part 5. Acoustic Emission Testingduring Grinding . . . . . . . 251

Part 6. Crack Detection duringStraightening of Axlesand Shafts . . . . . . . . . . . . 263

Chapter 8. Acoustic Emission Testingof Pressure Vessels, Pipes andTanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271

Part 1. Acoustic Emission Testingof Spheres and OtherPressure Vessels . . . . . . . . 272

Part 2. Acoustic EmissionTesting of CompositeOverwrapped PressureVessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281

Part 3. Acoustic Emission Testingof Pipelines . . . . . . . . . . . 284

Part 4. Acoustic Emission Testingof Delayed CokeDrums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290

Part 5. Acoustic Emission Testingof Tank Floors . . . . . . . . . 296

Chapter 9. Acoustic Emission Testingof Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . 305

Part 1. Acoustic Emission Testingof Bridges . . . . . . . . . . . . 306

Part 2. Acoustic EmissionMonitoring of CrackGrowth in Steel BridgeComponents . . . . . . . . . . 310

Part 3. Evaluation of SlopeStability by AcousticEmission Testing . . . . . . . 315

Chapter 10. Electric PowerApplications of AcousticEmission Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . 331

Part 1. Acoustic Emission Locationof Incipient Faults inPower Transformers . . . . 332

Part 2. Acoustic Emission Testingof High Energy SeamWelded Piping . . . . . . . . 342

Part 3. Acoustic EmissionMonitoring of LooseParts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347

Part 4. Acoustic Emission Testingof Steam Turbines . . . . . . 354

Chapter 11. Aerospace Applicationsof Acoustic Emission Testing . . 359

Part 1. Acoustic Emission Testingof Aircraft . . . . . . . . . . . . 360

Part 2. Fatigue Crack Monitoringof Aircraft EngineCowling in Flight . . . . . . 367

Part 3. Acoustic EmissionMonitoring of RocketMotor Case duringHydrostatic Testing . . . . 377

Part 4. Acoustic EmissionPrediction of Burst Pressurein Fiberglass EpoxyPressure Vessels . . . . . . . 383

Chapter 12. Special Applications ofAcoustic Emission Testing . . . . 391

Part 1. Acoustic Emission TestingUsing Moment TensorAnalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392

Part 2. Acoustic Emission Testingfor Structural Design ofGrand Prix Cars . . . . . . . 401

Part 3. Acoustic EmissionMonitoring of Sand inPetroleum Wells . . . . . . . 408

Part 4. Active CorrosionDetection Using AcousticEmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415

Chapter 13. Acoustic EmissionTesting Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . 427

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435

Figure Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446

Movie Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447

Acoustic Emission Testing

Chapter 1. Introduction to AcousticEmission Testing

Movie. Discontinuities in steel . . . . 6Movie. Plastic deformation causes

cry of tin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Chapter 2. Fundamentals of AcousticEmission Testing

Movie. Acoustic emission differsfrom other methods . . . . . 32

Movie. Pencil break source . . . . . . 36Movie. Guard transducers control

noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Chapter 5. Acoustic Emission SignalProcessing

Movie. System with onechannel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

Chapter 6. Acoustic Leak TestingMovie. Vibration at ultrasonic

frequencies of gas moleculesescaping from orifice . . . 183

Sound. Audible analog ofultrasonic signal . . . . . . . 194

Movie. Steam system leak test . . 202Movie. Amplitude rise heard

through ultrasounddetector as rough andraspy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214

Chapter 7. Acoustic Emission Testingfor Process and ConditionMonitoring

Movie. Discontinuities fromwelds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232

Chapter 13. Acoustic EmissionTesting Glossary

Movie. Pencil break source . . . . . 431

Acoustic Emission Testing

M U L T I M E D I A C O N T E N T S

Chapter 5. Acoustic EmissionSignal ProcessingFigure 1 Vallen-Systeme GmbH, Munich, Germany.

Chapter 7. Acoustic EmissionTesting for Process and ConditionMonitoringFigures 19-26 Holroyd Instruments, Bonsall Near

Matlock, Derbyshire, United Kingdom

Chapter 11. AerospaceApplications for Acoustic EmissionTestingFigures 1-11 ASTM International, West

Conshohocken, PA.

Acoustic Emission Testing

Figure Sources

Chapter 1. Introduction toAcoustic Emission TestingMovie. Discontinuities in steel Physical Acoustics

Corporation, Princeton, NJ; for the Federal HighwayAdministration, United States Department ofTransportation, Washington, DC.

Movie. Plastic deformation causes cry of tin PhysicalAcoustics Corporation, Princeton, NJ; for theFederal Highway Administration, United StatesDepartment of Transportation, Washington, DC.

Chapter 2. Fundamentals ofAcoustic Emission TestingMovie. Acoustic emission differs from other methods

Physical Acoustics Corporation, Princeton, NJ; forthe Federal Highway Administration, United StatesDepartment of Transportation, Washington, DC.

Movie. Pencil break source Physical AcousticsCorporation, Princeton, NJ.

Movie. Guard transducers control noise PhysicalAcoustics Corporation, Princeton, NJ; for theFederal Highway Administration, United StatesDepartment of Transportation, Washington, DC.

Chapter 5. Acoustic EmissionSignal Processing

Movie. System with one channel Physical AcousticsCorporation, Princeton, NJ; for the Federal HighwayAdministration, United States Department ofTransportation, Washington, DC.

Chapter 6. Acoustic Leak TestingMovie. Ultrasonic vibration of gas molecules escaping

orifice UE Systems, Elmsford, NY.Sound. Audible analog of ultrasonic signal UE Systems,

Elmsford, NY.Movie. Steam system leak test UE Systems, Elmsford,

NY.Movie. Amplitude rise heard through ultrasound detector

as rough and raspy UE Systems, Elmsford, NY.

Chapter 7. Acoustic EmissionTesting for Process andCondition Monitoring

Movie. Discontinuities from welds Physical AcousticsCorporation, Princeton, NJ; for the Federal HighwayAdministration, United States Department ofTransportation, Washington, DC.

Chapter 13. Acoustic EmissionTesting Glossary

Movie. Pencil break source Physical AcousticsCorporation, Princeton, NJ; for the Federal HighwayAdministration, United States Department ofTransportation, Washington, DC.

447Index

Movie Sources

Table of Contents with Chapter LinksMultimedia Contents with Chapter LinksFront Matter for The NDT Handbook, third edition: Vol. 6, Acoustic Emission TestingCopyright, Cataloging-in-Publication dataPresident's Foreword - Henry M. Stephens, ASNT President 2004-2005Foreword - Gary L. Workman, Handbook Development DirectorPreface - Ronnie K. Miller and Eric v.K. Hill, Technical EditorsEditor's Preface - Patrick O. Moore, NDT Handbook EditorHandbook Development Commmittee, Contributors and Reviewers