Comparison of Rumen Amino Acid Protection Technologies

Advances in Protein and Amino Acid Nutrition: Implications on Transition Cow Performance Chuck Schwab Schwab Consulting, LLC, Boscobel, WIProfessor Emeritus, Animal SciencesUniversity of New Hampshire

Protein Metabolism in RuminantsCrude proteinSalivaTrue proteinPeptidesAminoacidsAmmoniaNPNMicrobial proteinUreaLiverMicrobial protein RUMEN SMALL INTRUPEndogenous protein Metabolizable protein (absorbed AA)RUPMammaryglandMILKAminoacids

Amino acid supply and use in dairy cows

Amino Acids: The Required Nutrients FOR THE COW Essential ArginineHistidineIsoleucineLeucineLysineMethioninePhenylalanineThreonineTryptophanValineNon-essentialAlanineAspartic acidAsparagineCysteineGlutamic acidGlutamineGlycineProlineSerineTyrosine

4Functions of Amino Acids Required building blocks for the synthesis of tissue, regulatory, protective and secretory proteins100s are synthesized every dayThe AA composition of each protein is differentProtein synthesis is a genetically determined event; i.e., AA composition of a protein is the same every time it is synthesizedAA are key regulators of various pathological and physiological processes, including immune responsesAA are also used to synthesize all of the other N-containing compounds in the body [e.g., dozens of compounds such as hormones, neurotransmitters, nucleotides (RNA and DNA), histamine, polyamines (e.g., spermine and spermidine), etc.]

What is the Ideal Balance of Absorbed Amino Acids?Amino acidRulquin (2001)Doepel et al. (2004) Segmented Logistic linear model modelArginine3.14.84.6Histidine*3.02.42.4Isoleucine4.55.35.3Leucine8.99.48.9Lysine*7.37.27.2Methionine*2.52.52.5Phenylalanine4.65.25.5Threonine4.05.15.0Tryptophan1.75.15.0Valine5.36.16.5

LysMetHisLysMetHisTissue6.31.82.4Brewers grains4.11.72.0Milk7.72.72.7Canola meal5.61.92.8Bacteria7.92.62.0Corn DDGS 2.21.82.5Corn gluten feed2.71.62.9Ideal7.22.52.5Corn gluten meal1.72.42.1Cotton seed4.31.72.8Alfalfa silage4.41.41.7Linseed meal3.71.82.0Corn silage2.51.51.8Soybean meal6.31.42.8Grass silage3.31.21.7Blood meal9.01.26.4Barley3.61.72.3Feather meal2.60.81.2Corn2.82.13.1Fish meal7.72.82.8Wheat2.81.62.4Meat meal5.41.42.1Lys and Met in lean tissue, milk, rumen bacteria and feedstuffs (% of protein), relative to predicted optimum concentrations in MP 7

Limiting AA Theory

First limiting AA = the essential AA supplied in the smallest amount relative to requirements

Second limiting AA = the essential AA supplied in the second smallest amount relative to requirements

Optimum content of Lys in MP

Optimum content of Met in MP

Current knowledge regarding optimum AA concentrations in MP

Whitehouse et al. (2013)ModelLysineMethionineOptimal Lys/Met ratioNRC (2001), revised6.832.283.00CPM-Dairy 7.462.572.90AMTS v.3.3.46.972.532.75Goal : To meet RDP and RUP requirements for optimum performance with minimum amounts of each1) RDP purpose is to meet the ammonia and AA requirements of rumen microbes for maximum carbohydrate digestion and synthesis of microbial protein

2) RUP purpose is to provide the additional AA, in the correct balance, that the cow requires that are not provided by microbial protein

12Practical Protein and Amino Acid Balancing Guidelines6 steps1. Feed a blend of high quality fermentable feeds and physically effective fiber to maximize synthesis of VFA and microbial protein

Right blend of carbohydrates?

PLANT CARBOHYDRATESCell contentsCell wallsOrganic acidsSugars(glucose,fructose,sucrose,lactose)StarchesFructansPectic substances and B-glucan HemicelluloseCelluloseNDSFADFNDFNDSC (NFC)Hall, 199914Practical Amino Acid balancing Guidelines6 steps1. Feed a blend of high quality fermentable feeds and physically effective fiber to maximize synthesis of VFA and microbial protein2. Feed adequate but not excessive levels of RDP to meet rumen bacterial requirements for AA and ammonia to allow for maximum CHO digestion and synthesis of microbial protein

Factors affecting RDP requirements 1) Intake and mixture of fermentable carbohydrates

2) Quality of RDP (relative supplies of protein, free AA and ammonia and rate of degradation)

Fermentable carbohydratesRDPMicrobial proteinVFAsPractical Amino Acid balancing Guidelines6 steps1. Feed a blend of high quality fermentable feeds and physically effective fiber to maximize synthesis of VFA and microbial protein2. Feed adequate but not excessive levels of RDP to meet rumen bacterial requirements for AA and ammonia to allow for maximum CHO digestion and synthesis of microbial protein 3. Feed high-Lys protein supplements or a combination of high-Lys protein supplements and a RPLYS supplement to achieve a level of Lys in MP that comes close to meeting the optimal concentration

Current knowledge regarding optimum AA concentrations in MP

Whitehouse et al. (2013)ModelLysineMethionineOptimal Lys/Met ratioNRC (2001), revised6.832.283.00CPM-Dairy 7.462.572.90AMTS v.3.3.46.972.532.75

LysMetHisLysMetHisTissue6.3Brewers grains4.1Milk7.7Canola meal5.6Bacteria7.9Corn DDGS 2.2Corn gluten feed2.7Ideal7.2Corn gluten meal1.7Cotton seed4.3Alfalfa silage4.4Linseed meal3.7Corn silage2.5Soybean meal6.3Grass silage3.3Blood meal9.0Barley3.6Feather meal2.6Corn2.8Fish meal7.7Wheat2.8Meat meal5.4Lys and Met in lean tissue, milk, rumen bacteria and feedstuffs (% of protein), relative to predicted optimum concentrations in MP 19Commercially available RP-Lys supplements in the United States Lys supplementsAjiPro-LAminoShure-LLysiPEARL Lysine 35 Megamine-L MetaboLys USA Lysine

Practical Amino Acid balancing Guidelines6 steps1. Feed a blend of high quality fermentable feeds and physically effective fiber to maximize synthesis of VFA and microbial protein2. Feed adequate but not excessive levels of RDP to meet rumen bacterial requirements for AA and ammonia to allow for maximum CHO digestion and synthesis of microbial protein 3. Feed high-Lys protein supplements or a combination of high-Lys protein supplements and a RPLYS supplement to achieve a level of Lys in MP that comes close to meeting the optimal concentration4. Feed a rumen-protected Met supplement in amounts needed to achieve optimum Lys/Met ratio in MPthen fine tune for maximal milk protein concentrations

Current knowledge regarding optimum AA concentrations in MP

Whitehouse et al. (2013)ModelLysineMethionineOptimal Lys/Met ratioNRC (2001), revised6.832.283.00CPM-Dairy 7.462.572.90AMTS v.3.3.46.972.532.75

LysMetHisLysMetHisTissue6.31.8Brewers grains4.11.7Milk7.72.7Canola meal5.61.9Bacteria7.92.6Corn DDGS 2.21.8Corn gluten feed2.71.6Ideal7.22.5Corn gluten meal1.72.4Cotton seed4.31.7Alfalfa silage4.41.4Linseed meal3.71.8Corn silage2.51.5Soybean meal6.31.4Grass silage3.31.2Blood meal9.01.2Barley3.61.7Feather meal2.60.8Corn2.82.1Fish meal7.72.8Wheat2.81.6Meat meal5.41.4Lys and Met in lean tissue, milk, rumen bacteria and feedstuffs (% of protein), relative to predicted optimum concentrations in MP 23Commercially available ruminant AA supplements in the United States Lys supplementsMet supplementsAjiPro-LLysiPEARL Lysine 35 Megamine-L MetaboLys USA Lysine

Smartamine MMepron M85AminoShure-MMetiPEARL

MetaSmart (HMBi)

AlimetRhodimet AT 88MFP (CaMHA)

Practical Amino Acid balancing Guidelines6 steps1. Feed a blend of high quality fermentable feeds and physically effective fiber to maximize synthesis of VFA and microbial protein2. Feed adequate but not excessive levels of RDP to meet rumen bacterial requirements for AA and ammonia to allow for maximum CHO digestion and synthesis of microbial protein 3. Feed high-Lys protein supplements or a combination of high-Lys protein supplements and a RPLYS supplement to achieve a level of Lys in MP that comes close to meeting the optimal concentration4. Feed a rumen-protected Met supplement in amounts needed to achieve optimum Lys/Met ratio in MPthen fine tune for maximal milk protein concentrations 5. Limit RUP supplementation to what the cows say is neededreductions of 1 to 2 percentage units of DM are common

How much supplemental RUP do you feed? Factors affecting RUP requirements (all of which we never quite know):Intestinal supply of microbial proteinRUP digestibilityRUP-Lys digestibility*Concentrations of Lys and Met in MP*

26Effect of Lys and Met in MP on amounts of MP and RUP required to provide 180 g MP-Lys and 60 g MP-Met Lys in MP1(%)MP required1(g/d)Microbial MP1(g/d)Endog.MP1(g/d)Required MP from RUP(g/d)RequiredRUP2(g/d)Required RUP3(% DM)5.7/1.931571390121164620588.16.0/3.030001390121148918617.36.3/2.128571390121134616836.66.6/2.227271390121121615206.06.9/2.326091390121109813725.41 NRC (2001) was used as model of choice. Ration was balanced for 40.9 kg of 3.2% protein milk. MP required = 2857 g 2 Assumed an average RUP digestibility of 80%3 DM intake assumed to be 25.5 kgPractical Amino Acid balancing Guidelines6 steps1. Feed a blend of high quality fermentable feeds and physically effective fiber to maximize synthesis of VFA and microbial protein2. Feed adequate but not excessive levels of RDP to meet rumen bacterial requirements for AA and ammonia to allow for maximum CHO digestion and synthesis of microbial protein 3. Feed high-Lys protein supplements or a combination of high-Lys protein supplements and a RPLYS supplement to achieve a level of Lys in MP that comes close to meeting the optimal concentration4. Feed a rumen-protected Met supplement in amounts needed to achieve optimum Lys/Met ratio in MPthen fine tune for maximal milk protein concentrations 5. Limit RUP supplementation to what the cows say is neededreductions of 1 to 2 percentage units of DM are common 6. Monitor His levels in MP closely

LysMetHisLysMetHisTissue6.31.82.4Brewers grains4.11.72.0Milk7.72.72.7Canola meal5.61.92.8Bacteria7.92.62.0Corn DDGS 2.21.82.5Corn gluten feed2.71.62.9Ideal7.22.52.4Corn gluten meal1.72.42.1Cotton seed4.31.72.8Alfalfa silage4.41.41.7Linseed meal3.71.82.0Corn silage2.51.51.8Soybean meal6.31.42.8Grass silage3.31.21.7Blood meal9.01.26.4Barley3.61.72.3Feather meal2.60.81.2Corn2.82.13.1Fish meal7.72.82.8Wheat2.81.62.4Meat meal5.41.42.1Lys and Met in lean tissue, milk, rumen bacteria and feedstuffs (% of protein), relative to predicted optimum concentrations in MP 29Is His limiting after Lys and Met?

IngredientsAdequate MPDeficient MPCorn silage40.240.2Alfalfa haylage16.716.6Grass hay5.85.8Cottonseed hulls1.11.1Corn grain, ground5.711.7Bakery by-product meal7.47.4Roasted whole soybeans5.56.6Canola meal, mechanically extracted5.03.0Soy Plus5.50.5Molasses4.24.2AMPDMP% of DMRDP9.89.1RUP5.94.5CP15.713.6Lee et al. (2012)Is His limiting after Lys and Met?

Lee et al. (2012)AMPDMPDMPLMDMPLMHP valueDM intake, kg/d24.523.023.724.30.06Milk, kg/d38.8a35.2b36.9ab38.5a