POLYMER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Volume 5A

ADVANCES IN POLYMER FRICTION AND WEAR

POLYMER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Editorial Board:

William J. Bailey University of Maryland College Park. Maryland

J. P. Berry Rubber and Plastics Research Association of Great Britain Shawbury Shrewsbury. England

A. T. DiBenedetto The University of Connecticut Storrs. Connecticut

C. A. J. Hoeve Texas A&M University College Station, Texas

Yoichll.hlda Osaka University Toyonaka. Osaka. Japan

Frank E. Karan University of Massachusetts Amherst. Massachusetts

O.ia. Solomon Polytechnical Institute of Bucharest Bucharest, Romania

Volume 1 - STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF POLYMER FILMS Edited by Robert W. Lenz and Richard S. Stein - 1972

Volume 2 - WATER-SOLUBLE POLYMERS Edited by N. M. Bikales - 1973

Volume 3 - POLYMERS AND ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS Edited by James Guillet _ 1973

Volume4. RECENT ADVANCES IN POLYMER BLENDS, GRAFTS, AND BLOCKS Edited by l. H. Sperling. 1974

Volume 5 - ADVANCES IN POLYMER FRICTION AND WEAR (Parts A and B) Edited by lieng-Huang Lee - 1974

A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of each new volume Immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual shipment. For further Information please contact the publisher.

POLYMER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Volume SA

ADVANCES IN POLYMER FRICTION AND WEAR

Edited by

Lieng-Huang Lee Xerox Corporation Rochester, New York

PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK AND LONDON

library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

American Chemical Society Intemational Symposium on Advances in Polymer Friction and Wear, los Angeles, 1974. Advances in polymer friction and wear.

(Polymer science and technology, v. 5) Includes bibliographical references. 1. Polymers and polymerization-Congresses. I. lee, lieng-Huang, 1924- ed.

II. Title. QD380.A43 1974 547'.84 74-17059

ISBN 978-1-4613-9944-5 ISBN 978-1-4613-9942-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4613-9942-1

First half of the Proceedings of the American Chemical Society International Symposium on Advances in Polymer Friction and Wear, held in los Angeles, California, April, 1974

© 1974 Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1974

A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 227 West 17th Street, New York, N.Y. 10011

United Kingdom edition published.by Plenum Press, london A Division of Plenum Publishing Company, ltd. 4a lower John Street, london W1R 3PD, England

All rights reserved

No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher

Preface

Polymers and polymer composites have been increasinqly used in place of metals for various industries; namely, aerospace, automotive, bio-medical, computer, electrophotography, fiber, and rubber tire. Thus, an understanding of the interactions between polymers and between a polymer and a rigid counterface can enhance the applications of polymers under various environments. In meet­ing this need, polymer tribology has evolved to deal with friction, lubrication and wear of polymeric materials and to answer some of the problems related to polymer-polymer interactions or oolymer­rigid body interactions.

The purpose of this first International Symposium was to introduce advances in studies of polymer friction and wear, especially in Britain and the U.S.S.R. Most earlier studies of the Fifties were stimulated by the growth of rubber tire industries. Continuous research through the Sixties has broadened the base to include other polymers such as nylon, polyolefins, and poly tetra­fluoroethylene, or PTFE. However, much of this work was published in engineering or physics journals and rarely in chemistry journals; presumably, the latter have always considered the work to be too applied or too irrelevant. Not until recent years have chemists started to discover words such as tribo-chemistry or mechano­chemistry and gradually become aware of an indispensable role in this field of polymer tribology. Thus, we were hoping to bring the technology up to date during this SympOSium, especially to the majority of participants, polymer chemists by training.

This Symposium was sponsored by the Division of Organic Coatings and Plastics Chemistry and co-sponsored by the Division of Cellulose, t%od and Fiber Chemistry and of Colloid and Surface Chemistry of the American Chemical Society. Many scientists from Japan, the Nether­lands, the United Kingdom, and the U.S.S.R. kindly agreed to partici­pate in the Symposium. The Conference later took place at the los Angeles Convention Center between April I and 4, 1974.

Most of the original manuscripts appeared in the Coatings and Plastics Preprints (Vol. 34, No. I, 1974). This Proceedings contains all revised or expanded papers, together with discussions, the Introductory Remarks by Session Chairmen, the Symposium Address, and a communication to the Editor. Following the sequence of sessions, this book consists of eight parts:

v

vi PREFACE

1. Mechanisms of Polymer Friction and \-Iear 2. Polymer Properties and \-Iear 3. Characterization and Modification of Polymer Surfaces 4. Polymer Surface Lubrication and Solid Lubricants 5. Polymer Properties and Wear 6. Friction and Wear of Polymer Composites 7. Polymer Tribology Research in the U.S.S.R. 8. Trends in Polymer Tribology Research

The first three parts are in Volume 1; the last five in Volume 2.

For the benefit of polymer chemists, in nearly every part there is one review paper to cover the state of the art. Most papers present recent research results in science or technology pertaining to the subject matter. At the end of this book, a general discussion was devoted to the future of polymer tribology research. Thus, in this book, we attempt to cover the past, the present, and the future of this important branch of interdiscipl inary science.

1 am grateful to Professor David Tabor, Dr. J. J. Bikerman and Dr. David Clark for the Plenary Lectures and Professor John D. Ferry for the Symposium Address. 1 would like to thank Professors D. DctNson, G. J. L. Griffin, K. C. Ludema, D. V. Keller, Drs. D. H. Buckley and T. L. Thourson for chairinq various sessions. 1 am indebted to all authors for their fine contributions.

AcknctNledgement is made to the donors of The Petroleum Research Fund, administered by the American Chemical Society, for partial support of this Symposium. The kind response by the U.S,S.R. Academy of Sciences in sending Dr. A. I. Sviridyonok to present two papers is accepted with gratitude. 1 sincerely appreciate the assistance of the Xerox Corporation in inviting several speakers to visit its research laboratories prior to the Symposium. Finally, 1 would 1 ike to thank Ms, Judy Lewis for typing finished manuscripts for this book.

Li eng~Huang Lee

Augus t, 1974

Webster, New York, U.S.A.

Contents of Volume 5A

PART ONE Mechanisms of Polymer Friction and Wear

Introductory Remarks L. H. LEE

Friction, Adhesion and Boundary Lubrication of Polymers D. TABOR (Plenary Lecture) 5

Effect of Surface Energetics on Polymer Friction and Wear L. H. LEE 31

Adhesion and Deformation Friction of Polymer on Hard Sol ids A. R. SAVKOOR. 69

Interactions of a Model Compound n-CSF12 (to Partially Represent P.T.F.E.) With Clean Iron Film M. O. W. RICHARDSON and M. W. PASCOE . 123

Fracture Mechanics Applied to Rubber Abrasion D. H. CHAMP, E. SOUTHERN, and A. G. THOMAS. . 133

PART n% Polymer Properties and Friction

Introductory Remarks T. L. THOURSON • 147

The Nature of Polymer Friction J. J. BIKERMAN (Plenary Lecture) . 149

Polymer Friction Under Conditions of Deformation Processing M. A. SALEEM and S. BAHADUR . . 165

Shear Strength and Polymer Friction L. C. TOWLE . 179

vi i

vi i i CONTENTS OF VOLUME 5A

Friction and Transfer of Some Polymers in Unlubricated Sl i ding B. J. BRISCOE, (MRS.) C. M. POOLEY, and D. TABOR

Frictional Heating of a Uniform Finite Thickness Material Rubbing Against An Elastomer G. HARPAVAT

A Laboratory Study of the Friction of Rubber on Ice E. SOUTHERN and R. W. WALKER

PART THREE Characterization and Modification of Polymer Surfaces

Introductory Remarks

• 191

· 205

· 223

D. V. KELLER . 239

The Appl ication of ESCA to Studies of Structure and Bonding in Polymers D. T. CLARK (Plenary Lecture) . 241

The Atomic Nature of Polymer-Metal Interactions in Adhesion, Friction, and Wear D. H. BUCKLEY and W. A. BRAINARD . 315

Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Electrical Potential on Adhesive Friction of Elastomers A. R. SAVKOOR and T. J. RUYTER . . 333

The Direct Fluorination of Polymers and the Synthesis of Poly(carbon monofluoride) in Fluorine Plasma R. J. LAGOW, J. L. MARGRAVE, L. SHIMP, D. K. LAM and R. F. BADDOUR. . 355

Structure, Bonding and Dynamics of Surface and Subsurface Polymer Films Produced by Direct Fluorination, as Revealed by ESCA D. T. CLARK, W. J. FEAST, W. K. R. MUSGRAVE and I. RITCHIE .. 373

Author Index • xi i i

Subject Index. • xxi i i

Contents of Volume 58

PART FOUR Polymer Surface Lubrication and Sol id Lubricants

Introductory Remarks D. DOWSON . . 411

Viscoelastohydrodynamics: Lubricated Elastomeric Contacts B. D. GUJRATI and K. C. LUDEMA . . 413

Dry Lubrication: Self-Lubricating Composites Versus Bonded Thin Film Lubricants M. E. CAMPBELL . 429

Polymeric Composite Materials for the Lubrication of Rol ling Beari ng D. SCOTT and G. H. MILLS. . 441

Fluoropolymer Solid Lubricants B. C. ARKLES and W. R. PETERSON . 453

Migration Phenomena in Si licone Modified Polystyrene M. P. L. HILL, P. L. MILLARD, and M. J. OWEN .469

Wear Characteristics of Si licone Modified Thermoplastics F. W. G. FEARON and R. F. SMITH . 481

PART FIVE Polymer Properties and Wear

Introductory Remarks G. J. L. GRIFFIN

Friction, Wear and Surface Melting of Crystalline Polymers K. TANAKA and Y. UCHIYAMA

ix

. 493

. 499

x CONTENTS OF VOLUME 58

The Wear of High Molecular Weight Polyethylene with Particular Reference to its Use in Artificial Human Joints D. DOWSON, J. R. ATKINSON, and K. BROWN. 533

Variables Affecting Polymer Wear in Artificial Human Joints P. S. WALKER and M. J. ERKMAN 553

Structure, Properties, and Wear Resistance of Polyethylene R. D. DEANIN and L. B. PATEL 569

Mechanochemistry and Wear of Polyvinyl Chloride M. O. W. RICHARDSON and M. W. PASCOE.

PART SIX Friction and Wear of Polymeric Composites

Introductory Remarks D. H. BUCKLEY

Thermally Anisotropic Plastics Bearing Materials G. J. L. GRIFFIN

Wear of Phenolic Resin-Asbestos Friction Materials M. H. WEINTRAUB, A. E. ANDERSON, and R. L. GAELER.

Wear Mechanisms of Polymers at Cryogenic Temperatures W. A. GLAESER, J. W. KISSEL, and D. K. SNEDIKER

Wear Characteristics of Fluoropolymer Composites B. C. ARKLES, S. GERAKARIS, and R. GOODHUE

Wear by Paper on Nylon Matrix Composites G. F. COLE and R. TRAVIESO

Evaluation of Wear Resistance of Dental Restoratives H. L. LEE, J. A. ORLOWSKI, W. R. GLACE, P. D. KIDD and E. ENABE

PART SEVEN Polymer Tribology Research in the U.S.S.R.

Introductory Remarks K. D. LUDEMA

Pecularities of Real Contact Formation of Polymers During Frictional Interaction I. V. KRAGELSKY, V. A. BELY and A. I. SVIRIDYONOK

· 585

· 601

· 605

623

651

663

· 689

· 705

· 727

· 729

CONTENTS OF VOLUME 58

The Role of Structure in the Friction Mechanism of Polymer Materials V. A. BELY and A. I. SVIRIDYONOK

Theory of Friction of Elastomers V. V. LAVRENTEV .

Friction and Adhesion of Polymers V. V. LAVRENTEV and V. L. VAKULA

The Role of Adhesion in the Rolling and SI iding Friction of Polymers B. V. DERJAGUIN and Y. P. TOPOROV .

PART EIGHT Trends in Polymer Tribology Research

Symposium Address -Probing the Effects of Entanglements in Rubber Networks J. D. FERRY

Communication to the Editor -Chemical and Physical Effects Associated with Polymer Tribology M. O. W. RICHARDSON

Overview of the Conference and the Closing Remarks K. C. LUDEMA .

General Discussion

About Contributors

Author Index.

Subject Index

xi

· 745

759

· 765

· 771

· 783

787

807

811

817

823

833

ADVANCES IN POLYMER FRICTION AND WEAR Part A