advances in paper recycling

7/30/2019 Advances in Paper Recycling

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Contents

Chapter Title Page

1. Introduction 2-51.1 Why Recycle Paper 5-62. Advances in Paper Recycling 72.1 Recycling 72.2 Paper recycling 8

2.2.1 Paper recycling process 82.3 The Development of the utilization of Recovered waste paper in

Germany and in the International Contact

8-9

2.4 Electricity generation and treatment of paper recycling wastewaterusing a microbial fuel cell

9-11

2.5 Facilitating Paper Recycling 11-12

2.6 Wastepaper recovery and reuse- global picture 12-132.7 Minimizing Paper Consumption 13-14

2.8 Maximizing Recycled Paper Content 14-152.9 Cleaner Production of Paper 15-173. Reducing Paper Consumption 18-20

4. Maximizing Recycled Paper Content 21-265. Responsible Virgin Fiber Sourcing 275.1 Marketplace-driven achievements towards conservation of

Endangered Forests

27-29

5.2 Marketplace Leadership by Large Paper Purchasers 30-366. Cleaner Production 37-396.1 Emissions 40

6.2 Influence of recycling and temperature on the swelling ability of

paper

41

7. Conclusion 42-458. References 46-49

9. Appendix


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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Paper has a long history of use with its invention credited to TsaiLun in China in 105. Since

then it has been produced from a wide variety of raw materials, including cotton, linen, bark,

hemp, jute, straw and wood. For many countries, the most important raw materials were rags

so that there is a long tradition of Paper production from secondary materials, such as rags

and old Paper. Many publications which today would be considered priceless have been lost

because of recycling. The use of virgin resources, based on wood in this historical context, is

thus relatively new, with no more than a century since its widespread adoption .Its use came

about due to the explosion in demand for, as education became widespread in Europe and

North America, with the resultant expansion in demand for printed products, which was also

made possible by developing printing industry. As literacy increased, so did the demand for

printed products.

Secondary raw material could not supply sufficient fibers to meet this demand for printed

products such as newspaper, books, journals etc. The introduction of wood as a raw material

for paper allowed these demands to be met in the industrial. This was following by the use of

paper in packaging since its use had many advantages over more traditional packaging

materials, including wood.

Based upon wood, a natural renewable resource, paper is both biodegradable and recyclable.

It is made up of many fibers that are interlaced and compacted in a web-like fashion.

Millions of tons of paper are produced each year. This is used for a wide variety of products

and applications such as office paper, newspapers, envelopes, agricultural sacks, plasterboardand the packaging of all types of consumer, commercial and industrial goods.

During the first and second world war paper was a strategic products the transmittal of

information was essential and most useful medium was paper. In many countries waste paper

was collected and reused, following the historical tradition of recycling. However, paper

quality was poor. After the Second World War ended, the pulp industry developed, in order

to improve pulping and to meet the continuing expansion in demand.

The superior quality which resultant virgin based products meant that the high recycling rates


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achieved during the war years fell sharply. However, in countries with limited wood

resources, the only way a domestic industry could develop was to import basic virgin raw

material and to recycle the products produced from these after they had been used. Hence,

waste paper became an important raw material in Western Europe and Japan and recovery

and collection system developed to meet this demand.

As the paper industry was developing, fundamental changes were taking place in society.

Life style changed especially as the woman`s traditional role in the home altered to reflect

increased employment opportunities outside the home, which limited time available for food

preparation, cooking etc. Semi processed foods became important fuelling the retail

revolution, thus leading to increased demands for protective packaging during transport.

As the Urban sprawl developed, waste disposal became an urgent issue, which was satisfied

by the sprawl, such as clay, sand and gravel pits, quarries etc. as the consumer society

matured dissatisfaction with materialistic lifestyle grew and in inevitably attention centered

on resource consumption, with paper products being the groups that were specifically

criticized.

Although recycling was practiced for some boards grades, a highest recycling rate was

promoted as a desirable environment policy in the 1970`s[1] criticism of consumerism

increased through the 1970`s and 1980`s , with the strong condemnation of the paper industry

from environment pressure groups gaining widespread media coverage from the mid 1980`s

onwards. As information became available on the quantity of the paper in solid waste more

emphasis was given to recycling to help reduce these volumes there are many examples of

resource conservation attempted through legislation in the late 1980`s and early 1990`s[2-4],

and so the motivating force for the use of waste paper ceased to be a economic , but instead

has become an illustration (some would say illusion) of a socially progressive society.

Increased demand for waste paper had profound effects on many parts of paper cycle

including methods of waste paper collection, the structure of waste paper industry and waste

paper used by paper and board industries-especially in countries which were and virgin fiber

rich. In the USA for example waste paper recovery was less than 27% of consumption in

1985, but had increased to more than 38% in 1992 an increases of almost 12 million tones.

For the past two decades, there have been great technology developments in the U.S. paper

industry, which have accelerated in recent years. The mills have been continuously

modernized, and sophisticated new technology has been applied to reduce environmentalpollution and improve product quality. But with the recent solid waste issue, the greatest


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challenge facing industry towards the end of century will be to increase recycling of all

papers products.

The solid waste disposal in the united state is a relatively new but very important issue. An

estimated 180 million metric tons of municipal solid waste (MSW) is generated each year

well over one-half metric ton capitaand the number is steadily rising. In 1988, only about

13% of all MSW in the U.S. was recycled and 14% was incinerated, while about 73% was

sent to the landfills (EPA [12]). Paper recycling is crucial in solving the landfills crisis, as

paper and paper board and the largest component and account for up to 38% of all MSW (by

weight) in 1990 (table 1).As estimated by the U.S. EPA (EPA [11]), one thirds will no

longer exist by the year 2000.In addition to the landfill problem, It is believed that paper

recycling

Paper & Paperboard 38%

Yard Wastes 18%

Metals 8%

Wood 6%

Plastics 8%

Food Wastes 7%

Glass 7%

Other 8%

Total Weight = 178 million metric tons

Table1. Estimated proportions of materials generated in MSW, U.S. EPA [12].

Can save trees and result in a larger forest inventory. Motivated largely by these concerns,

government agencies and environmental groups have strongly supported paper recycling

programs. Government has shown their willingness to work with private industry to increase

collection of waste paper, to break down barriers to recycling and to promote development of

markets for recovered paper. By the end of 1992, five states had passed laws to prohibit paper

from being disposed in landfills. Eighteen states now offer tax incentives, usually in the form

of tax credits, to firms and industries that invest in some aspect of recycling. As of December

1993, thirteen states had passed mandatory news print recycling legislation, while fifteen

state have launched voluntary paper recycling programs (Alig[7]). However, the biggest

boost for recycling in 1993 came from president Clinton`s Executive Order establishing


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recycled content levels for Federal purchases of printing and writing paper.

Within the industry, there has been much improvement in the economics of using recycled

fiber. Young [10] points out that for some paper & paperboard grades, it is now cheaper or at

least competitive to produce with recycled fiber rather than with virgin fiber, which has not

been the case historically.

In response to these developments, more and more recycled fiber has been used in recent

years, and this trend will continue over the next decade. The U.S. paper industry has set the

goals of 40% recovery for recycling by the year 1995 and 50% by the year 2000 (American

Paper Institute [9] and American Forest & Paper Association [8]). To achieve these goals and

to meet the increasing demand for recycled paper products, the industry will have to expand

considerably the capacity of recycling processes technologies to maintain quality standards

and machine run ability with recycled fiber in the furnish, and to constantly improve the

profitability with recycling.

To address these economic and social issues along with others, the USDA Forest Services,

the University of Wisconsin-Madison and Forestry Canada have jointly developed and are

still improving the North America Pulp and Paper (NAPAP) model. This paper explains the

methodology employed in the NAPAP model and investigates the likely impacts of

accelerated use of recovered paper on the U.S. pulp and paper sector, towards the year 2012.

The next section consists of an overview of the North American pulp and paper sector to help

better understand the industry structure. A mathematical formulation is the theme of the third

section. The fourth section describes the model structure, including the regions, commodities

and manufacturing processes. The data used n the model is also briefly explained in this

section. The projection results of the NAPAP model are discussed in the fifth section. The

final section presents the summary and conclusions.

1.1Why recycle paper?Paper and packaging make up huge proportions of most municipal and commercial waste

streams and therefore the paper industry is the UK's largest recycler.

However, almost 5 million tons of waste paper is still sent to landfill or incineration each

year. This means that the industry has to import fiber to meet its needs, which does not make

environmental or economic sense.

According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, approximately 33 percent of the

municipal solid waste stream (MSW) is made up of paper and paperboard products. Paper


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makes up the largest portion of the municipal waste stream and is also one of the most

recovered materials. Recycling produces numerous direct and indirect benefits:

Conserves resources

Prevents emissions of many greenhouse gases and water pollutants

Saves energy

Supplies valuable raw materials to industry

Creates jobs

Stimulates the growth of greener technologies

Reduces the need for new landfills and incinerators

According to a 2007 AF&PA Community Survey, 268 million people (87 percent of the

U.S.) have access to some form of community paper/paperboard recycling, either through

curbside collection or drop-off programs.

If measured by weight, more paper is recovered for recycling than all glass, plastic and

aluminum combined. Not yet satisfied, the American Forest & Paper Association has set a

goal of 60 percent recovery by the year 2012. It will take your help to get there.[14]


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CHAPTER 2

ADVANCES IN PAPER RECYCLINGTo remain a sustainability leader, the industry has set a goal to further increase recovery for

recycling to exceed 70 percent by 2020.

Industry-led efforts to increase paper recovery for recycling are among the best examples of

how we are protecting our environment and meeting our economic and social commitments.

The paper industry has led the way by setting and achieving incremental paper

recovery goals since 1990. In the 20 years since, the recovery rate has nearly doubled.

In 2011, 66.8 percent of the U.S. paper consumed was recovered.

In 2010, 87 percent of the population had access to curbside and/or drop-off paper

recycling

To help educate students and their families about the importance of paper recycling,

AF&PA carried out programs in conjunction with Kaleidoscope and Keep America Beautiful

to deliver curricula straight to the classroom. Further, the annual AF&PA Recycling Awards

recognize outstanding business, community and school paper recycling programs.[15]

2.1 Recycling

Recycling is processing used materials (waste) into new products to prevent waste of

potentially useful materials, reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials, reduce energy

usage, reduce air pollution (from incineration) and water pollution (from landfilling) by

reducing the need for "conventional" waste disposal, and lower greenhouse gas emissions as

compared to virgin production.[1][2] Recycling is a key component of modern waste

reduction and is the third component of the "Reduce, Reuse, Recycle" waste hierarchy.

There are some ISO standards relating to recycling such as ISO 15270:2008 for plastics waste

and ISO 14001:2004 for environmental management control of recycling practice.

Recyclable materials include many kinds of glass, paper, metal, plastic, textiles, and

electronics. Although similar in effect, the composting or other reuse of biodegradable waste

such as food or garden waste is not typically considered recycling.[2] Materials to be

recycled are either brought to a collection center or picked up from the curbside, then sorted,

cleaned, and reprocessed into new materials bound for manufacturing.


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2.2 Paper recycling

Paper recycling is the process of turning waste paper into new paper products. There are three

categories of paper that can be used as feed stocks for making recycled paper: mill broke,

pre-consumer waste, and post-consumer waste.[1] Mill broke is paper trimmings and other

paper scrap from the manufacture of paper, and is recycled internally in a paper mill. Pre-

consumer waste is material which left the paper mill but was discarded before it was ready

for consumer use. Post-consumer waste is material discarded after consumer use, such as old

corrugated containers (OCC), old magazines, old newspapers (ONP), office paper, old

telephone directories, and residential mixed paper (RMP).[2] Paper suitable for recycling is

called "scrap paper", often used to produce molded pulp packaging. The industrial process of

removing printing ink from paperfibers of recycled paper to make deinked pulp is called

deinking, an invention of the German jurist Justus Claproth.[17]

2.2.1 Paper recycling process

The process of paper recycling involves mixing used paper with water and chemicals to break

it down. It is then chopped up and heated, which breaks it down further into strands of

cellulose, a type of organic plant material; this resulting mixture is called pulp, or slurry. It is

strained through screens, which remove any glue or plastic that may still be in the mixture

then cleaned, de-inked, bleached, and mixed with water. Then it can be made into new

paper.[3] The same fibers can be recycled about seven times, but they get shorter every time

and eventually are strained out.[4]

2.3 The Development of the utilization of Recovered waste paper inGermany and in the International Contact

The utilization of used, post consumption material for the production of paper looks back on

a long tradition. In a historical perspective the production of paper was based on rags and

other used textile materials before fiber generated from wood first mechanically then by

thermo chemical processes- became the dominant source for paper production. Since then the

re-use of paper and board as a source for secondary is an old practice with paper industry. To

produce certain grades of paper and board from secondary fiber is economically attractive asit avoids first of all the high energy costs for the production of certain primary fiber types.


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The big consumers play a pre-eminent role in the production of secondary fiber not least

because of the high potential supply of used paper material.

The re-use of fiber is especially advantages in those consumer countries which either have

high energy prices and/or have small supply of primary fiber.

A long term comparison of the relation between the supplies of waste paper and the

production of new paper and board shows that Germany and Japan had a higher ratio than the

US and average of fall countries. This was already true in the 1960`s and in the early 1970`s

when no environmental regulation existed yet so that the use of secondary fiber in waste

paper at that time was predominantly ruled by its cost advantages.

At the beginning of the 1960`s Japan had the high ratio between the supply of domestic

waste paper and the production of paper and board, followed by a period in which both

Germany and Japan were the leading countries. Since the mid 1980`s Germany lone is in the

lead, showing a doubling in the ratio from 30% to 60% over a period of 40 years (1961-2001)

while in Japan the increase amounts to 20% points from 40% to 60%, over the same period.

A comparable increase starting from a lower level can be observed in the US (which did pick

up considerably in the last years), and in the rest of the world.

The increase in the relation between the supply of waste paper and the production of paper

and board can therefore be characterized as a worldwide phenomenon. The countries Japan

and foremost Germany could sustain their leading position in this development, while the US

picked up in recent years without closing the gap completely.

A different indicator which measures the relation between supplies and usage of waste paper

on the other hand are used depending on the special interest question. For an evaluation of the

effectiveness of (national) collection systems it makes sense to define the recovery rate,

which measures the relation between the amount of recovered waste paper and the total

consumption of paper. The utilization rate is defined as the relation between utilization of

waste paper and the production of new paper and board. It indicates to what extent secondary

fiber is used for the paper production in country.

2.4 Electricity generation and treatment of paper recycling wastewater

using a microbial fuel cell

With the continued increased consumption of paper products and other natural fiber

products, the recycling and use of recovered paper is growing worldwide. The average


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0

amount of recycling content in paper production was increased by 22% from 1990 to 1998. In

2005, 78% of paper and paperboard mills in America used some recovered paper, and 149

mills used only recovered paper. By 2012, it is projected that the paper industry will

recover55% of all the paper Americans consume (Lens et al. 2002).The strength of

wastewater in a paper recycling plant generally increases with the percent of recycled

content. Thus, an increase in the relative proportion of recovered paper and an increase in the

amount of paper produced will lead to increased energy demands for wastewater treatment

using conventional treatment processes. In addition, this wastewater contains soluble organics

and particulate matter such as cellulose which are not effectively degraded by traditional

wastewater treatment technologies (Lens et al.2002). Many paper recycling industries

therefore have an interest in reducing water use, finding more effective methods to treat their

wastewater as well as decreasing costs for wastewater treatment. One new promising method

for wastewater treatment is the use of microbial fuel cells (MFCs). Bacteria in an MFC grow

under anoxic conditions, which can benefit cellulose fermentation and degradation, with the

added benefits of electricity generation rather than power consumption (Huang et al. 2008;

Logan and Regan 2006). Several types of wastewaters have been successfully treated with

simultaneous electricity generation, including municipal, food processing, brewery, and

animal wastewaters which havebeen found to be biocatalysts for directly power generation

and waste treatment in MFCs (Feng et al. 2008; Liu et al. 2004; Min et al. 2005; Min and

Logan 2004; Oh and Logan 2005).

Cellulose and chitin have been shown to be suitable substrates for electricity generation in

laboratory MFCs under ideal conditions (Niessen et al. 2005; Ren et al. 2007; Rezaei et al.

2007; Rismani-Yazdi et al. 2007), but so far, actual cellulosic wastewaters from pulp or

paper-processing plants have not been previously investigated. Of particular concern is the

efficiency of an MFC to remove cellulose in the presence of other organic matter in the

wastewater and the potential adverse effect of low conductivity of the wastewater. While the

effect of solution conductivity on electricity generation is now well known in laboratory

MFCs, it was recently demonstrated that low conductivity can have a detrimental effect on

power production using a brewery wastewaters (Feng et al. 2008). We therefore wanted to

determine to what extent it might be possible to treat a paper recycling wastewater (PRW)

under more optimal conditions compared to those for the actual (un amended) wastewater.

In this study, we examined electricity generation using an unamended PRW and the samesystem with solution conductivity increased with a phosphate buffer solution (PBS). Power


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output was also examined as a function of wastewater strength, with treatment efficiency

expressed in terms of removal of total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD), soluble chemical

oxygen demand (SCOD), and cellulose.[16]

2.5 Facilitating Paper Recycling

Ecological imbalance from the accumulation of waste materials has grown slowly and

undesirable consequences remain remote for most people (Pirages, 1973). Even simple

programs for handling environmental problems rarely get widespread support. For example,

voluntary recycling programs have been set up in many communities, but even the most

effective projects reduce solid waste by less than 1% (Hall and Ackoff, 1972). In 1973, 130

million tons of refuse were collected in the United States ("U. S.Finds A Rich Resource: The

Nation's Trash Pile", 1974). Although much of this materialcould have been reused, recycling

requires a "reverse-distribution process", whereby the consumer becomes the first rather than

the last link in the distribution process (Margulies, 1970). The present study was designed to

study applications of behavior technology to initiate a paper recycling process. Since paper

makes up about 50% of environmental litter (Finnie, 1973), paper-recycling programs both

reuse waste paper and reduce litter.

In an earlier application of reinforcement contingencies to promote paper recycling, residents

of university dormitories were given a lottery coupon for delivering at least one sheet of

paper to a collection room during a raffle contingency (Geller, Chaffee, and Ingram, 1975).

For a contest condition, two dormitories were paired and the dormitory residents who

collected the most paper in a week won $15 for their treasury. The amount of paper collected

during the raffle and contest contingencies was equivalent and markedly greater than that

collected during baseline conditions.

Given apparent widespread concern for ecology among college students, prompting alone

might significantly increase paper recycling. Geller et al. (1975) announced each contingency

by means of posters displayed on the bulletin boards of each dorm floor. Thus, results of low

participation in that study may have been due to ineffective prompting; perhaps few residents

attended to bulletin-board announcements and, therefore, most were not aware of the

recycling program. Hence, the low participation was possibly due to a lack of contingency

awareness, rather than a lack of contingency effectiveness.

A more comprehensive prompting procedure was implemented in the present study by


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delivering written announcements of the recycling program to every dormitory room.

In addition to comparing paper-recycling behaviors following prompting with those due to a

procedure combining both prompting and reinforcement techniques, the present research also

compared the behavior effects of two reinforcement methods: an individual contingency that

provided a raffle coupon for each pound of paper delivered and a group contingency that

provided $15 for the treasury of one of two dorms whose residents collected the most paper

in a week. In the raffle condition of the Geller et al. study, a raffle ticket was given for each

paper delivery, regardless of the amount of paper delivered.

This resulted in individuals making numerous, repeated deliveries each day with small

amounts of paper. The raffle contingency of the present study emphasized the quantity of

paper delivered by offering the dorm resident one raffle coupon per pound of paper delivered.

Thus, greater amounts of delivered paper but fewer deliveries were expected in the present

study than were observed in the prior program. The present research examined proximity

effects by recording the room numbers of residents making paper deliveries and comparing

distances to the collection site.

2.6 Wastepaper recovery and reuse- global picture

In 1992, The total world apparent consumption of paper and board was 245.6 million tons,

although pulp production was only 164 million tons, or 67% of the total production[6]. Much

of the other third of the raw material was provided by waste paper; in 1992, the total world

consumption was about 96 million tons. Pulp and waste paper inputs do not add up to total

paper and board production, due to losses during production, from both pulp and waste paper,

although the losses from waste paper are much highe. Table 1.1 illustrate how waste paper

use has increased over the period from 1986 to 1992.


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Table 1.1 Global waste paper use [6]

Year Pulp and paper

production(m tons)

Wastepaper

consumption (mtons)

Apparent utilization

rate (%)

1986 202 63 31

1990 237 85 36

1991 239 91 38

1992 246 96 39

2000 307 138 45

2.7 Minimizing Paper Consumption

The first pillar of the Common Vision advocates for the responsible use of paper products

and the elimination of excessive and wasteful consumption to reduce the many environmental

and social impacts associated with paper production and disposal.

Consumption of paper and paperboard products has experienced significant decline in North

America since 2007. This is attributable primarily to the aftermath of the financial crisis in

the United States at the end of the decade. The poor economy motivated many companies to

perform a close analysis of their paper use and inspired the adoption of innovative and more

efficient systems. These new systems will remain in place into the economic recovery and

likely have a lasting impact on printing and writing paper consumption. In addition, the shift

in the patterns of consumption of news and other media from print to digital formats is also

apparently having an irreversible effect in some paper sectors such as newsprint.


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Total global consumption of paper is still rising, reaching 371 million tonnes in 2009.

However, total paper consumption in North America has declined 24% between 2006 and

2009. Per capita consumption of paper in North America dropped from more than 652

lbs/year in 2005 to 504 lbs/year in 2009.1 North Americans still, however, consume almost

30 times more paper per capita than the average person in Africa and 6 times more than the

average person in Asia. In 2009, total paper consumption in China eclipsed total North

American consumption for the first time.[1]

2.8 Maximizing Recycled Paper Content

According to industry figures, recovery of paper for recycling continues to grow in North

America, diverting it from the high environmental cost of its disposal in landfills. The United

States paper recovery rate rose from 46% in 2000 to a record high 63.4% in 2009.[2] In

Canada the reported paper recovery rate in 2009 was 66%.[3]

Paper is the most commonly recycled product, and yet is still one of the largest single

components of landfills in the United States, comprising over 16% of landfill deposits

equaling 26 million tons annually.[4]This is down from 42 million tons in 2005 which

represented 25% of the waste stream after recycling that year.[5]

Indicator 2

The percentage of total pulp produced in the United States from recycled paper fiber has

stayed nearly flat over the decade, at about 36-37% of total pulp production. According toindependent research for this report, the operating rates and mill capacity to turn recovered


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paper into deinked pulp for printing and writing grade papers were stressed by the economic

downturn. However, these mills report they have recovered more quickly than virgin mills

from the economic crisis; in 2010 they were operating at more than 90% of their capacity and

producing about 1.7 million tons of deinked recycled pulp available for printing and writing

paper (roughly equivalent to capacity and production in 2006). It is estimated that 35% of that

output, or about 370,000 tons, goes to tissue and other sources.[6]

Exports of recovered fiber from the United States to Asia have grown rapidly representing a

nearly three-fold increase since 2002. These exports are primarily destined for China. In

2009, approximately 36% of fiber recovered in the United States was exported to Asia.7

If current trends hold, paper consumption will continue to decline in North America, demand

for recycled paper will grow, and global competition for recovered fiber will intensify.

If paper recovery rates do not increase, these dynamics will result in a stress on the supply of

recovered fiber available in North America.

2.9 Cleaner Production of Paper

According to industry data, fossil fuel greenhouse gas emissions for the manufacture of pulp

and paper in the United States and Canada decreased approximately 33% from 2000 to

2008.12 The paper industry attributes this apparent reduction to a rising proportion of energy

from wood fuel and black liquor. Black liquor is a sludge of chemicals and lignin that is a

byproduct of the pulping process. Emissions from these sources are currently excluded from

measurements of greenhouse gases. However, this practice is extremely controversial and is

currently being reviewed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and others.

The American Forest & Paper Association (AF&PA) reports that from 2002 to 2008 wood

fuel and black liquor rose from 56% to 63% of the total energy consumed for manufacturing

pulp and paper. 12, 13 The industry claims that all biomass fuel sources are

100%renewable and carbon-neutral.


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6

Indicator 3

However, a growing volume of recent scientific studies demonstrates that this assumption is

incorrect, and is in fact a dangerous oversimplification. Ignoring the serious air pollution

impacts from the combustion of these fuels hinders comprehensive progress towards

sustainability.

An important environmental indicator for gauging progress in energy efficiency in the

industry is Total Energy Use Per Ton ofProduct. According to aggregated data reported by

AF&PA member companies, there was no improvement on this measure over the last decade.In 2008, producing a ton of paper required on average approximately 24.[5] Million BTUs

per Ton.[14] Not all pulp and paper mills are equal, however. Manufacturing recycled paper

uses significantly less total energy per ton. Virgin fiber mills which use enhanced bleaching

technologies that are totally chlorine free (TCF) or that substitute ozone or hydrogen peroxide

for chlorine or chlorine dioxide as a brightening agent in the initial stages of the bleaching

process (EECF), use comparatively less energy as well.

There has been essentially no improvement in average paper industry water pollution

between 2000 and 2008. Indicator 21 shows that for three critical indicators of water

pollutiontotal suspended solids (TSS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and wastewater

discharge per ton of product producedthe discharge levels were virtually unchanged in this

time period.[12]

Air emissions in the form of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide have been reduced

significantly since the mid 1970s. During the scope of this reports monitoring, AF&PA

member companies report that since 2000, average sulfur dioxide emissions per ton of

product have continued to decline but at a much slower pace.


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Average emissions of nitrogen dioxide per ton of product have also been reduced slightly

over this period.12

Despite some significant challenges, there are encouraging signs of transformation and

opportunities for further progress in the paper industry in the immediate future, including:

Many more environmentally responsible printing and writing papers are available than there

were even a few years ago;

A significant and growing number of large end users are committed to responsible paper

procurement;

Marketplace driven campaign efforts have led to government action to secure legal

protections for millions of acres in Canadas Great Bear Rainforest, Inland Temperate

Rainforest and Canadas Northern Boreal Forest;

Several major, unprecedented agreements have recently been reached between NGOs and

the paper industry for working together on increased protection for forests in North America;

Rapid growth in the market demand for Forest Stewardship Council certified products

continues and millions of additional acres have been certified under this standard;

There is increasing innovation and investment in agricultural residue papers; and,

There is strong demand for recycled content paper and continuing growth in waste paper

recovery.

However, further progress is essential, including:

Reducing paper consumption in North America by ending wasteful practices and

inefficiency;

Increasing the utilization of recycled fiber in printing and writing papers, where the greatest

demand on the environment occurs;

Halting the conversion and loss of natural forests to monoculture plantations;

Preventing illegal and controversial fiber from controversial sources outside North America

from entering the supply chain;

Accurately measuring and reducing the greenhouse gas emissions from using forests for

bio-energy;

Accurately measuring and reducing the greenhouse gas emissions from loss of above

ground and soil based carbon stocks entailed in harvesting natural forests and converting

natural forests to plantations;

Eliminating all discharges of dioxin from the paper industry to the environment.


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CHAPTER 3

Reducing Paper Consumption

The first pillar of the Common Vision advocates for the responsible use of paper products

and the elimination of excessive and wasteful paper consumption to reduce the many

environmental impacts associated with paper production and disposal. The information

presented in this section of the report provides some insight into paper consumption trends

within North America in comparison to other regions of the world.

From 2006 to 2009, total North American consumption of paper and paperboard declined by

24%. In 2009, total paper consumption in China eclipsed total North American consumption

for the first time.[17]


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In 2009 the average North American consumed almost 5 times as much paper as the world

average, 30 times as much paper as a person living in Africa, and almost 6 times as much as a

person living in Asia. [17,19,20,21] Annual Paper Consumption Per Capita And in 2009, the

United States and Canada together comprised about 5% of the global population and

consumed 17% of the worlds paper.[ 17,19,20,21]

In 2009 newsprint consumption in the United States and Canada was approximately half the

amount that was consumed in 2004, yet newsprint remains one of the largest paper grades by

volume in North America.


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In 2009, containerboard comprised the largest share of all paper grades consumed in North

America, followed by uncoated free sheet, followed by tissue.[21]

In the printing and writing sector, commercial printing applications consumed the most paper

by volume, followed by office copy/ reprographic paper and paper for mailers and

inserts.[21]


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CHAPTER 4

Maximizing Recycled Paper Content

The second pillar of the Common Vision is to maximize recycled content in pulp and paper

products. The information presented in this section of the report reveals that despite a

challenging economic environment, recycled paper production has performed strongly and

demand is projected to increase for recycled content.

According to industry figures, recovery of paper continues to grow in North America, helping

to reduce the high environmental costs of disposing of paper in landfills. The U.S. paper

recovery rate rose from 46% in 2000 to a record high 63.4% in 2009.7 In Canada, thereported paper recovery rate in 2009 was 66%.[24] In 2009, Europe recovered 72.2% of its

paper.[30]


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Paper is the most commonly recycled product, and yet is still one of the largest single

components of landfills in the US, comprising over 16% of landfill deposits equaling 26

million tons in 2009.[25] This is down from 42 million tons in 2005 which represented 25%

of the waste stream after recycling in that year.


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The percentage of total pulp produced in the United States from recycled paper fiber has

stayed nearly flat over the decade, at about 36-37% of total pulp production.

Indicator 8

Percent of Pulp Produced from Recovered Fiber United States


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In 2010, Conservatries completed an update to its periodic review of deinked pulp capacity in

North America by surveying suppliers to determine the volume of available deinked pulp to

producers of printing and writing paper grades. Their findings are summarized below.


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Indicator 9

North American Recovered Fiber Deinking Capacity Suitable for Printing and Writing Papers

Deinked pulp for production of recycled content printing and writing papers is currentlyrunning at nearly full capacity in North America at approximately the same level that was

established in 2006. While the overall paper market has suffered during the recent economic

downturn, there has been consistent demand for deinked pulp. Overall North American

production of fine paper has dropped however there is a continued steady production of

deinked pulp in North America. Consequently, there is a rising trend in the percentage of

recycled pulp incorporated in printing and writing paper production.[23] 2010 production of

deinked pulp suitable for fine paper production in North America was about 1.7 million short

tons per year with most deinked pulp mills reported to be running at better than 90%

capacity. This is the same level of output as reported in a capacity survey in 2006.11 It is

estimated that 35% of that output, or about 370,000 tons, goes to tissue and other sources.

However, as with the all sectors of the North American pulp and paper industry, with the

exception of the tissue sector, no new construction of deinking capacity is expected. Although the market for deinked pulp continues to be robust, without new investment in

deinking infrastructure it appears the capacity to produce deinked pulp for fine paper in North

America is near its limit.

Exports of recovered fiber from the United States to Asia, primarily destined for China, have

grown nearly three-fold since 2002. In 2009, approximately 36% of fiber recovered in the


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United States was exported to Asia.[28]

Indicator 10

Destination of Paper Recovered in the United States

[Fact]

Using 100% recycled copy paper in lieu of copy paper made from virgin tree fiber, onaverage, reduces net energy consumption by 31.3%, reduces net greenhouse gas emissions by

43.6%, reduces wastewater by 53.3%, reduces solid waste by 39.1% and reduces wood use

by 100%.[29]


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CHAPTER 5

Responsible Virgin Fiber Sourcing

The third pillar of the Common Vision is the responsible sourcing of all virgin fiber. The

paper industry supply chain has impacts on forests in every corner of the world, including

some of the most threatened and endangered. In North America, the paper industry has

maintained a major presence and influence on the health of forests; the U.S. South produces

more paper than any other region in the world. However, significant change has occurred in

the industry in the patterns of ownership of large tracts of forests in the United States.

Vertically integrated paper companies have shed their vast forest landholdings, primarily to

large timber investment management organizations.

5.1 Marketplace-driven achievements towards conservation of Endangered

Forests

Transformation in the marketplace has been a driving force behind meaningful progress

towards forest conservation goals in North America. In British Columbias Great Bear

Rainforest, 5 million acres have been protected and transition to FSC certification in the

region has begun. Several new collaboration agreements between the forest and paper

industry and environmentalNGOs, including the worlds largest conservation initiative the

Canadian Boreal Forest Agreement, are laying the foundation for unprecedented conservation

achievements across North America.

Even with the progress that has been achieved, today the conversion of diverse, natural

forests to plantations, the logging of old-growth temperate rainforests and the harvesting of

intact carbon rich Boreal Forest remain immediate threats to forests and their biodiversity and

carbon-storage capacity.

There are high-stakes for North Americas forests and the paperindustry in the coming years.

These historic agreements must be implemented successfully to achieve their full potential.

Meanwhile, ongoing challenges remain from major companies that continue to practice

business-as-usual and have not matched leadership commitments.

This report focuses primarily on the forests and the paper product marketplace of the United

States and Canada, referred to in the report collectively as North America. However,

industrial-scale paper production in the 21st century is multinational, and the supply chain is


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interconnected around the globe. Areas such as Indonesia, South America, southern Africa,

and the Russian Far East are experiencing adverse social and environmental impacts from

paper industry fiber sourcing expansion, and fiber sourcing in these areas directly influences

the stability of the earths climate. In China, production and consumption are expanding,

leading to sourcing of controversial fiber from controversial sources from the aforementioned

regions. In addition, pulp and paper from these controversial sources is still coming directly

into North American markets as well as being imported from China and other third party

producers. This demand is helping drive deforestation and biodiversity loss, social conflict

and climate pollution as well as undermining efforts to establish parallel environmental and

social standards and a level playing field that enables industry improvement and reform.


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5.2 Marketplace Leadership by Large Paper Purchasers

According to a January 2011 survey of members of the Environmental Paper Network there

were at least 645 large paper purchasers, including 24 Fortune 500 companies based in North

America, with paper procurement policies or other environmental paper commitments that

include one or more of the following important elements: protecting High Conservation

Value Forests or Endangered Forests, maximizing high percentage postconsumer recycled

content, giving preference to FSC-certified wood fiber, incorporating agricultural residues, or

eliminating controversial sources or fiber from natural forest conversion in their supply chain.

Many other large end users are also moving to more responsible paper, taking recognized

steps without formal policies. For example, EPN member organization the Natural Resources

Defense Council reports that it has been successful in helping to increase procurement of

post-consumer recycled content paper products for organizations and events such as the

Academy Awards, the GRAMMY Awards, the U.S Open (United States Tennis Association),

Major League Baseball and its All-Star game, the National Basketball Association, and

numerous franchises within each sport.

In addition, leadership companies have begun to support specific on the ground conservation

efforts in collaboration with environmental NGOs and their wood fiber suppliers that leads

directly to improved sourcing in their supply chains. For example, Staples is a co-founder of

a conservation project called Carbon Canopy along with EPN member organizations

Dogwood Alliance and Green Press Initiative. The project is working with landowners and

forest products companies to develop high quality forest carbon offsets based on conservation

and improved forest management with FSC certification in the heart of their fiber basket in

the Southern Appalachian region of the United States. Likewise, Office Depot is working

with NGOs to improve forest management and increase FSC certification of private

landowners supplying a mill in Tennessee which produces Office Depots high-volume FSC-

certified office paper.

Companies working with EPN member organization Canopy have helped drive an increase of

53.7 million acres (21.7 million hectares) in Canadian FSC tenures, a 127% increase, from

2007 to 2011. Notably, Transcontinental, North Americas 4th largest printer and the largest

printer in Canada used their purchasing power to encourage 21 forest companies to sign on to

the Canadian Boreal Forest Agreement.


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There has been rapid growth in the area of land certified by the Forest Stewardship Council

(FSC). The number of acres certified by FSC in North America has grown by 66 million

(26.7 million hectares) between January 2007 and January 2011. This represents a doubling

of forests certified as well-managed by

FSC for a total of 131 million acres (53 million hectares) certified in North America.

Globally, FSC has certified almost 328 million acres (132.7 million hectares) as of

January 1, 2011. [32]

Indicator 12

Total Area under FSC Certification

The number of paper-related FSC Chain of Custody certificates has grown rapidly as well,

reaching 3,369 certificates in January, 2011.16 An FSC Chain of Custody certificate is an

important indicator of marketplace trends and a critical first step for mills to be able to sell

FSC-certified products.[40]


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As of early 2011, there were more than 770 FSC-certified papers available in North America.

[34] For a complete list see: http://www.fsccanada.org/docs/fscpaperlist.pdf.

Indicator 13

Total FSC Paper Related Chain of Custody Certificates in the United States caution

[Caution]

Purchasers can become confused that this chain of custody certificate means they will be

assured to receive FSC certified products. A chain-of-custody certificate only means a facility

has a third-party verified ability to track the origin of all fiber in any FSC certified products.

By itself, it does not mean that all fiber in all products, or any fiber in any particular products,

is certified FSC fiber. Purchasers must ask their vendor for FSC-certified paper and ask that

products bear the FSC label in order to ensure the products are FSC-certified.

The EPN/Canopy Eco-Paper Database shows that as of January 2011 there were 121 papers

available in North America rated Environmentally Superior by the Paper Steps, a rating

system that designates leading environmental papers across multiple features.
http://www.fsccanada.org/docs/fscpaperlist.pdfhttp://www.fsccanada.org/docs/fscpaperlist.pdf


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This represents approximately twice the number of similar products in 2007.[33]

Indicator 14

Printing & Writing and Newsprint Papers Available in North America and Designated

Superiorby the EPNs hierarchy of environmental papers, The Paper Steps, or equivalent.


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[Note]: [To be designated Superior, 100% of a papers fiber must have environmental

attributes, which include pre-consumer recycled content post consumer recycled content,

FSC-certified pure virgin fiber free of controversy, and/or agricultural residues.

A minimum of 50% of that fiber must be postconsumer recycled content, and the paper must

be bleached Processed Chlorine Free or Totally Chlorine Free.]

The choice and quality in agricultural residue papers available in North America is trending

upward as well. Agricultural residues are non-wood fibers derived from waste left over after

harvest from an existing agricultural land use. When a crop is purposely grown for the

material otherwise defined as residue (e.g., if hemp is grown for the fiber), it is considered

an intentional or on-purpose crop and does not qualify as an agricultural residue.

Agricultural residues include: cereal straws like wheat straw, rice straw, seed flax straw, corn

stalks, sorghum stalks, sugar cane bagasse, and rye seed grass straw.

Indicator 15

Agricultural Residue Papers Available in North America*


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Since 2007, imports of illegally harvested wood products to the United States, including

paper, are estimated by Chatham House to have decreased by 24%.[35] This reversal of a

trend towards increasing imports or illegally harvested wood products is in part due to the

United States Lacey Act which was amended in 2008 and prohibits the importation of

illegally harvested forest products. While the trend is encouraging, the challenge globally to

curtail illegal logging and its devastating consequences for forests, communities and wildlife

remains enormous. In many regions with poor governance and weak rule of law, declarations

of legality and certifications are difficult to verify and subject to deep uncertainty.

Additionally, in many regions even pulp and papers that may be considered legal are highly

controversial and driving adverse environmental and social impacts. They constitute a

significant reputational risk for investors, manufacturers and customers. [41]

Indicator 16

Estimated Illegally Harvested Timber Entering the United States


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Genetically engineered trees are a fast growing threat to native forests and biodiversity. The

United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) has approved test plots at 28 secret sites

across seven southern U.S states for 260,000 eucalyptus trees that have been genetically

engineered to be more tolerant of cold temperatures in order to survive the local winters.[36]

this experiment is currently delayed by legal challenges from conservation organizations.

Indicator 17

Number of North American field trials allowing flowering of genetically engineered trees for

forest products or bio energy

260,000 cold tolerant

Eucalyptus trees at

28secret sites across sevensouthern U.S. states have beenapproved by USDA but facelegal challenges.


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CHAPTER 6

Cleaner Production

The fourth pillar of the Common Vision is cleaner production in the paper industry. Pulp and

paper manufacturing is chemically intensive and the paper industry is one of the largest

industrial consumers of energy and freshwater in North America.

According to industry data,

Fossil fuel greenhouse gas emissions for the manufacture of pulp and paper in the United

States and Canada decreased approximately 33% from 2000 to 2008.The paper industry attributes this apparent reduction to a rising proportion of energy from

wood fuel and black liquor, a sludge of chemicals and lignin that is a byproduct of the

pulping process. Emissions from the combustion of wood fuel and black liquor are excluded

in these figures.

This is not because there are no emissions, but rather because the industry calculates these

emissions as carbon neutral. This assumption is misleading and inaccurate. However because

a scientifically accurate methodology for accounting for these emissions has yet to be agreed,

the industry has been able to maintain its assertions.[36]

Indicator 18

North American Pulp and Paper Industry Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Use of Fossil

Fuels


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The American Forest & Paper Association reports that from 2002 to 2008, wood fuel and

black liquor rose from 56% to 63% of the total energy consumed for manufacturing pulp and

paper.

The industry claims that all biomass fuel sources are 100% renewable and carbon-

neutral. [41]

Indicator 19

U.S. Pulp and Paper Mill Energy Sources


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However, a growing volume of recent scientific studies demonstrates that this assumption is

incorrect, and is in fact a dangerous oversimplification. Ignoring the serious air pollution

impacts from the combustion of these fuels hinders comprehensive progress towards

sustainability by stakeholders. A landmark study published in the journal Science warns that

failing to correct this false assumption in national carbon accounting systems would likely

lead to massive deforestation and accelerated climate change.[37] This accounting error is

similarly replicated in the industries failure to include loss of carbon stocks from soil and

above ground carbon resulting from timber harvesting in their emissions calculations.

Until this accounting error is rectified, a good environmental indicator for gauging progress

in energy efficiency in the industry is Total Energy Use Per Ton of Product.

According to aggregated data reported by AF&PA member companies, there was no

improvement on this measure over the last decade. In 2008, producing a ton of paper required

on average approximately 24.5 million BTUs per Ton.[41] The data shown combines virgin

tree fiber and recycled production data, and does not reflect that recycled paper production

utilizes significantly less total energy than virgin fiber production per ton of product. [29]

The paper industry is the third largest industrial consumer of energy in the United States

according to the U.S. Department of Energy.

Indicator 21

United States Pulp and Paper Mill Wastewater, BOD, and TSS Discharges


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6.1 Emissions

Emissions of sulfur dioxide & nitrogen oxide to the air have been reduced significantly since

the mid 1970s. Aggregated data reported by AF&PA member companies shows that since

2000, sulfur dioxide emissions per ton of product have continued to decline but more slowly.

Between 2006 and 2008, these releases decreased by 14.6%. [39] Emissions of nitrogen oxide

per ton of product have also been reduced slightly over this period. [36]

In the course of writing this section, it became clear that it is very difficult to assess pollution

trends in the paper industry. AF&PA combines data in ways that make it difficult to interpret,

such as combining pollution discharge statistics from mechanical pulp mills, Kraft pulp mills,

and deinking mills. These types of facilities produce very different quantities of waste per ton

of product, so combining statistics for them makes it difficult to determine what

improvements have or have not occurred. When asked to provide data on individual mills or

by mill type, or how many mills had adopted new clean production technology, such as

oxygen delignification, AF&PA refuses. Greater transparency from the industry in North

America is critical to advancing cleaner production technologies and reducing climate, air

and water pollution.

Indicator 22

Pulp and Paper Mill Air Emissions


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6.2 Influence of recycling and temperature on the swelling ability of paper

The effect of recycling on the pulp properties depends on the unit operations in each cycle.

Recycled fibers have inferior papermaking properties in relation to the corresponding virgin

fibers. With increasing number of cycles, the fibers are damaged and change their properties.

One of the declared changes in chemical pulps after recycling is the loss in fiber swelling

(Jayme, 1944; Seth, 2001). Swelling is one of the mechanisms occurring during waterfiber

interaction.

Swelling mechanism for the delignified cell wall is based on the idea of cellulose lamellae

displacement (Stone & Scallan, 1968). It has been found that most of the inaccessible water

(gel water) is located in pores of the diameter between ten and a few hundred. Whenimmersed in water, fibers become wet and subsequently water penetrates into the inter fiber

space, lumens, cell wall capillaries, and the free spaces of amorphous regions of cell walls.

Simultaneously, hydrogen bonds between cellulose surfaces are broken (Blaej & Krkoka,

1989). This allows an increase in the inter-molecular distance of the cellulose chains causing

swelling. Fibers do not swell in their width but swelling causes an increase in the fiber wall

thickness in the direction towards the fiber lumen (Lindstrom, 1980). The term

hornification is a technical term used in wood pulp and paper research literature. It is usedto describe all physical and chemical changes that reduce swelling and thus the ability of

fibers to hold water and also the strength of papers made from these fibers (upon drying or

water removal). Hornification has been recognized with fiber shrinkage and formation of

internal hydrogen bonds. A significant portion of these effects is irreversible (Smook, 2001).

Temperature plays an important role in hornification. A change from elastic to plastic

deformation in the cellulose pore structure is encouraged by higher temperatures (Stone &

Scallan, 1965). The rate and temperature of drying can influence the overall extent of

hornification (Iyer et al., 1991; Young, 1986). Characteristic temperatures involving

hornification range from 80C to 120C (Matsuda et al., 1994); however, it was observed also

at lower temperatures. The intensity of drying influences the extent of the water retention

value (WRV) loss (DeRuvo & Htun, 1983;Bawden & Kibblewhite, 1995). It was

demonstrated that rapid drying results in a higher degree of hornification than slow drying in

moderate environment (Iyer et al., 1991; Stone & Scallan, 1965).


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CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSIONS

The primary objective of this study has been to investigate the impacts of increased paper

recycling on the U.S. pulp and paper sector. For this purpose, a dynamic linear programming

model of the North American pulp and paper sector, NAPAP, was developed and used in

forecasting the developments of the U.S. pulp and paper sector under alternative policy

scenarios. The results from 1986 to 2012 indicated that


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(1) The minimum recycled content standards that is under consideration by EPA would have

limited impacts on the U.S. pulp and paper sector; (2) a waste reduction policy leading to a

reduction of the U.S. domestic paper and board consumption by 1% per year would have

moderate impacts on the sector, although it would stabilize its consumption of pulpwood and

reduce the tonnage of wastepaper disposed to landfills; and (3) the U.S. paper industry's goal

of reusing and recycling 50% of all paper consumed by the year 2000 would likely be

achieved even without government regulations.

The results also suggest that it is critical to assess carefully the international trade equations

employed in the model. The U.S. paper industry faces a worldwide, very competitive market.

To represent the rest of the world in the same detail as North America is impractical and

perhaps not necessary, but better econometric estimates of Pacific and Atlantic import

demand and export supply should be sought. Still, the structure of the NAPAP model is

already well suited to predict the impacts of international trade agreements, including the

North American Free Trade Agreement and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade.

The results of the NAPAP model depend on the assumptions made regarding to GNP growth

in the United States, Canada, and rest of the world, and the technical coefficients and costs of

various manufacturing processes. GNP is the basic economic parameter used to forecast

paper and board demand. Greater growth in GNP in Asian and Pacific countries will likely

result in greater U.S. exports, which, in turn, will result in more production and stimulate

capacity expansion in the U.S. In addition, higher manufacturing costs or lower output-input

ratio for an old process relative to those of new processes would cause more capacity addition

in new processes and faster depreciation of old processes. Therefore, the forecasts in this

study must be viewed just as an example of possible market developments under different

recycling policies.

The usefulness of the NAPAP model lies in part in its capability to simulate in some detail

technological developments in the pulp and paper industry, and to provide forecasts for a

wide range of assumptions. In this paper, the model was used to study the impacts of paper

recycling, but, it can also be used to investigate other important environmental issues in the

pulp and paper sector, such as process-specific water effluents and air emissions.

The Environmental Paper Networks 2011 State of the Industry Report has highlighted

noteworthy progress that has been achieved and the significant remaining challenges in the

mission to advance more sustainable and ethical patterns of production and consumption inthe North American pulp and paper industry.


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The organizations of the Environmental Paper Network are continuing to work in a

coordinated manner to advance the goals of the Common Vision, drive leadership in the

marketplace and seek further progress in these indicators of transformation. Their hard-

earned individual achievements have led collectively to a remarkable wave of change for one

of the worlds largest industries.


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CHAPTER 8

References

[1]. Thomas, C. (1997) the Paper Chain, Earth Resources Research Ltd, London.

[2]. Clinton, W. (1993) Executive Order on Federal Acquisition, Recycling and Waste

Prevention, Federal Registrar, 20th October 1993.

[3]. Anon (1990) Verordnung uber die Verordnung der Bundesregierung. Bundesrat,

Drucksache 817/90 vom 14.11.1990, verlag Hans Heger, Bonn.

[4]. Japanese Resources Recovery and Recycling Act, 1992.

[5]. Anon (1992) Recovered Paper Statistical Highlights, 1992. American Forest and PaperAssociation, Washinngton.

[6]. Anon (1993) Pulp and Paper international-Annual Review, July 1993.

[7] J.T. Alig, 1993 Overview of the States: State legislators focus on market development,

Recycled Paper News 1(1994)1-6.

[8] American Forest & Paper Association (AF&PA), News Release, American Forest &

Paper Association, New York, Dec. 8, 1993.

[9] American Paper Institute, News Release, American Paper Institute, New York, Feb. 13,1990.

[10] American Paper Institute, Paper, Paperboard & Wood Pulp Capacity, American Paper

Institute, New York, 1990.

[11] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, The solid waste dilemma: An agenda for action,

Office of Solid Waste, Washington, DC, 1988

[12] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Characterization of municipal solid waste in the

United States: 1990 update, EPA/530-SW-90-042, Washington, DC, 1990.

[13] "PM's advisor hails recycling as climate change action.". Letsrecycle.com. 2006-11-08

Retrieved 2010_06-19.

[14] http://earth911.com/recycling/paper/why-is-it-important-to-recycle-paper/.

[15] http://www.paperrecycles.org/paper_environment/index.html.

[16] Liping Huang & Bruce E. Logan Published online: 10 June 2008

[Indicator 11] Marketplace-driven achievements towards conservation of Endangered

Forests [Indicator 1] - Global Consumption by Region 2000-2009

[17] www.wikipedia.org/paperrecycling/


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[18]. RISI. Annual Historical Data - World Pulp. 2010.

[Indicator 2] - 2009 Per Capita Paper and Paperboard Consumption

RISI. Annual Historical Data - World Pulp. (2010)

[19]. United Nations. United Nations Population Information Network. Retrieved

December 2010. http://www.un.org/popin/

[20]. U.S. Census Bureau. State and Country Quickfacts. Retrieved December 2010

http://quickfacts.census.gov/

[21]. Statistics Canada. Canada Yearbook Historical Collection. Retrieved

December 2010. http://www65.statcan.gc.ca/acyb_r000-eng.htm

[Indicator 3] - North American Paper Consumption By Grade 2000-2009

[22]. RISI. Annual Historical Data - North American Graphic Paper. 2010.

[Indicator 4]North American Paper Consumption By Grade, 2009

RISI. Annual Historical Data - North American Graphic Paper. 2010.

[Indicator 5]United States Printing and Writing Paper Consumption, by End Use (2009)

[23]. American Forest & Paper Association. 2009 Statistics. June 2010.

[Indicator 6] - Canadian and U.S. Paper Recovery Rates

[24]. American Forest & Paper Association. 2010. http://www.paperrecycles.org

[25]. Paper Recycling Association. Overview of the Recycling Industry. Retrieved

December 2010. http://www.pppc.org/en/2_0/2_4.html The State of the Paper Industry: 2011

[Indicator 7]Paper Recovery and the Landfill

[26]. Environmental Protection Agency. Municipal Solid Waste in the United States Facts

and Figures 2009. http://www.epa.gov/osw/nonhaz/municipal/ pubs/msw2009rpt.pdf

[27]. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Municipal solid waste in the United

States: 2005 facts and figures. 2005. http://www.epa.gov/msw/msw99.htm

[Indicator 8] Percent of Pulp Produced from Recovered Fiber - United States American

Forest & Paper Association. 2009 Statistics. June 2010. [Indicator 9] North American High

Grade Recovered Fiber Deinking Capacity Suitable for Fine Papers

[28]. Conservatree. Deinking Capacity Study, 2001, 2006, 2010.

[29]. RISI. Annual Historical Data - World Recovered Paper. 2010. RISI. Annual Historical

Data - World Recovered Paper. 2010. [Indicator 10] Destination of Paper Recovered in the

United States RISI. Annual Historical Data - World Recovered Paper. 2010.

[30]. Environmental Defense Fund et al. PaperCalculator.org. Accessed October 30, 2012.[31]. Confederation of European Paper Industries. Key Statistics 2009 European Pulp and


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PaperIndustry.Rep.2009.(http://www.cepi.org/docshare/docs/2/EBAKDHEBDIAKDBBGDL

CKAPFHPDBG4CHB4AV9V66OQL6C/CEPI/docs/DLS/2009_Key_Statistics_FINAL2010

0624-00015-01-E.pdf)

[31]. Environmental Paper Network. Survey of EPN Members. Completed

January 2011. [Indicator 12] - Total Area under FSC Certification

[32]. Forest Stewardship Council - United States. 2010.

[Indicator 13] - Total FSC CoC Certificates in the U.S. Forest Stewardship Council - United

States. 2010. [Indicator 14] - Number of Environmentally Superior Papers Available in

North America

[33]. Canopy. 2010. http://www.canopyplanet.org/EPD/index.php

[34]. Forest Stewardship CouncilCanada. Accessed January23, 2011.

http://www.fscus.org/images/documents/FSC%20certified%20papers.pdf

[Indicator 15] - Number of Agricultural Residue Papers Available in North

America [excluding cotton] Canopy. 2010. http://www.canopyplanet.org/EPD/index.php

[Indicator 16] - U.S. Imports of Illegal Wood Products

[35]. Chatham House, Illegal Logging and Related Trade: Indicators of the Global Response.

July 2010. http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/ publications/x/view/-/id/911/

[Indicator 17] - Use of Genetically Engineered Trees in North America

[36]. Center for Biological Diversity. Press Release: Lawsuit Filed to Halt

Release of Genetically Engineered Eucalyptus Trees across the American South. July 1, 2010

http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/news/press_releases/2010/ eucalyptus-07-01-2010.html

[37]. Searchinger, Timother D. et al. Fixing a Critical Climate Accounting Error.

Science 23 October 2009: 326 (5952), 527-528. [DOI:10.1126/science.1178797]

[Indicator 18] - Pulp and Paper Industry Fossil Fuel GHG Emissions North

America

[38]. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Annex I Greenhouse Gas

Inventories. 2010.http://unfccc.int/national_reports/annex_i_ghg_inventories/items/2715.php

[39]. American Forest & Paper Association. 2010 AF&PA Sustainability Report.

http://www.afandpa.org/WorkArea/linkit.aspx?LinkIdentifier=id&ItemID=1402

[Exact figures were requested but not made available, charts in this report are reproduced

based on charts in AF&PA report and presentations] [Indicator 19] - U.S. Pulp and Paper

Mill Energy Sources, 2002, 2008 American Forest & Paper Association. 2010 AF&PAsustainabilityReport.


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[40]. American Forest & Paper Association. 2002 Statistics, Estimated Fuel and Energy

Used, year 2000r, page 55 via http://www1.eere.energy.gov/industry/

forest/pdfs/doe_bandwidth.pdf [Indicator 20] - Total Energy Use Per Ton of Product

[41]. American Forest & Paper Association. Presentation. Washington, D.C. December 8,

2010. [Indicator 21] - United States Pulp and Paper Mill Wastewater Discharge and BOD

Intensity American Forest & Paper Association.2010 AF&PA Sustainability Report.



50/50

advances in paper recycling

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