Advanced renewable energy technology

Dr. Igor Tyukhov

University of Mechanical Engineering & VIESHUNESCO Chairs

Green technology, nanotechnology in action!

Workshop on India-ICSTI Cooperation in Science and InnovationIndia, New-Delhi, February 28 - March 1, 2013

Topics for discussion

Si concentrating technology – new prospectus

New technology of PV modules - PV modules without plastics

Going to smart grids

Solar education

Non-concentrating and concentrating approaches PV

Concentrating Photovoltaics 7. International Conference on Concentrating Photovoltaic Systems

4-6 April, 2011, Las Vegas, USA With some 500 attendees from 26 countries, CPV-7 again had an incredible

25% increase in participation!

Solar cells evolution & where we are going?

New VMJ(PV)

Our PV+Tsystem

VMJwith Al

FirstVMJ

с-Si

Organic PV Not Ready for Primetime

Three generations of SCs

Production volume, %

$/Wpeak

Cost $/m2

Efficie

ncy,

%

c-Si Solar Cells TypesPlanar solar cell Vertical multi-junction

(VMJ) solar cell

Large serial resistance under concentrating light

Inherently low serial resistance under concentrating light

Classic structure

VMJ technology

Sample of VMJ solar cell and array for two side illumination

VMJ SC advantages• low series resistance leads to the absence of mutual contradictions

between sheet resistance of emitter, spectral sensitivity, surface of electrical contact grid and so on;

• high tolerance to damage radiation (it is easier to optimize the radiation resistance in space solar cells);

• lower equilibrium temperature (no need of metallization on the front and back surfaces, that is why VMJ SC are transparent to IR behind the main absorption band);

• in comparison to planar bifacial SC, VMJ SC have ideal symmetrical frontal and back sensitive surfaces, that allows to use a both side illumination;

• low silicon consumption in concentrator system• can be used as component part of tandem SC (because they are

transparent behind the main absorption band; • high output voltage (series connection of cells) and small current under

the same power lead to more efficient battery (because of decreasing losses, which are arising at the high current cells).

Experimental parameters planar and multi-junction SC

Experimental parameters

Planar SC Multi-junction SC

Voltage density, V/cm2

0.1 - 1 10 - 100

Illumination intensity range for effective operation, W/cm2

0.1- 1 for traditional design

1 – 100 for special design

 10 -1 - 104

Maximum electric output in the laboratory, W/cm2

 30

 3600

Maximum efficiency in the laboratory, %

28 (solar radiation) 36 (laser radiation)

Our main goal

Developing new generation design and

technology of VMJ SCs, providing efficiency of

converting solar radiation up to 25% and able to

work in PVT systems with total efficiency up to

70-80 %

Our tasks and technological partners

Optimization and making structures with p-n junctions (MISIS, Micron)

Finding new materials and wafer bonding technology parameters (Cambridge)

Optimization of cutting processes and surface treatment of PV structures after cutting (Micron, Pulsar)

Developing and realization methods of forming additional horizontal p-n junctions (MISIS)

Finding better cover materials and possible methods of creating efficient UV radiation into photoactive light (Cambridge)

Developing processes of bonding separate VMJ SC (MISIS , Micron, Cambridge)

Developing recommendations on PVT systems concentrator PVT (VEI)

For beginning we have intellectual property & …

I.Tyukhov et al., 2008 (jointly with VEI, MISIS

Preparing new Russian patent devoted to development solar cell with new structures and materials

Federal Agency on Science and Innovation of Russian Federation supported of this research project (2007-2009), Ministry of Science and Education is partly

supporting of this research project (2009-2011)

…and experience of developing CPVT system

CPVT system HCPV(at the roof of VEI)

USA, GreenField Solar,

Electrical efficiency 19%

Additional heat using and high total effectiveness 70%

Two side illumination

Suitable for mass production

Know-how

• Gettering and radiation methods of charge carriers lifetime improvements and creating additional p-n junctions

• New bonding materials (Ti/Ni/In, SiGe, metal glasses instead of Al, silumin)

• Protective diamond-like carbon coatings • Searching for new suitable multifunctional

antireflection coatings

Discussion of progress in development systems based on VMJSC

Igor Tyukhov (MSUEE, VEI) , Bernard Sater and Mico Peralis (GreenField Solar) 11 August 2011, Oberling, Ohio, USA

One more reason for supporting our technology

C.S. Tao et al. / Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 95 (2011) 3176 –3180

Increasing numbers of patents

John S. Liu, Chung-Huei Kuan, Shi-Cho Cha, Wen-Ling Chuang, George J. Gau, Jeng-Ywan Jeng Photovoltaic technology development: A perspective from patent growth analysis Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, v. 95, № 11, November 2011, р. 3130-3136.

John S. Liu, Chung-Huei Kuan, Shi-Cho Cha, Wen-Ling Chuang, George J. Gau, Jeng-Ywan Jeng Photovoltaic technology development: A perspective from patent growth analysis Solar Energy

Materials and Solar Cells, v. 95, № 11, November 2011, р. 3130-3136.

VMJ SC potential applications & customers

•Oil and gas companies (autonomous electrical and heat supply, energy supply systems for SCADA)• Autonomous electrical and heat supply of solar villages, cities (Dagestan, Buryatiya, Baikal area and others), resorts and natural reserve areas• Space applications•Thermo-photovoltaic technology (TPV) – different from PVT!A basic TPV system consists of a thermal emitter and a photovoltaic cells

• Special applications (transfer energy with laser beam, high intensity metrology and etc. )

Block-scheme of autonomous REN systemsBlock-scheme of autonomous REN systems

Accumulating unit

Solar modules

Micro-hydro

Wind turbine

Conversion and distributing unit

Automatic control unit Electric

receiver

Local or centralized grid

External interface

Smart grids

Principal Characteristics: Enable active participation by Consumers, Accommodate all generation and storage options, Enable new products, services, and markets, Provide power quality for the digital economy Optimize asset utilization and operate efficiently, Anticipate & respond to system disturbances (self-heal), Operate resiliently against attack and natural disaster [Mark Thiele (Fig.) and DOE/NETL-2010/1401]

Traditional PV modules produced by a thermal-vacuum lamination Traditional PV modules produced by a thermal-vacuum lamination method with application gluing films on the basis of copolymers method with application gluing films on the basis of copolymers EVA, have durability does not exceed 25 years in a temperate EVA, have durability does not exceed 25 years in a temperate climate, 20 - in conditions of a dry tropical climate and is essentially climate, 20 - in conditions of a dry tropical climate and is essentially reduced in conditions of damp tropics. reduced in conditions of damp tropics.

• Processes like browning and delaminating result in corrosion and Processes like browning and delaminating result in corrosion and formation of leakage currents due to presence and activation formation of leakage currents due to presence and activation ionogenic groups in damp environment, decrease of optical ionogenic groups in damp environment, decrease of optical transmission factor in the spectral sensitivity field of PV modules. transmission factor in the spectral sensitivity field of PV modules. The second group of the processes, resulting in reduction of electric The second group of the processes, resulting in reduction of electric parameters of modules, is processes of contact system elements parameters of modules, is processes of contact system elements

• Thus, quality of encapsulant materials is a determinative factor of Thus, quality of encapsulant materials is a determinative factor of long service ability of PV modules.long service ability of PV modules.

• In this connection there is essential interest on development of In this connection there is essential interest on development of materials with increased optical transmission and thermal stability materials with increased optical transmission and thermal stability for their use in modern designs of PV modules, including in systems for their use in modern designs of PV modules, including in systems with the concentrated sunlight.with the concentrated sunlight.

PV modules without PV modules without plasticsplastics

The problem of achievement of solar energy competitiveness in comparison with traditional energy technologies can be solved by

reduction cost of modules, increasing of solar energy conversion efficiency, and also, appreciably, by increasing of service life of

operation at least twice.

A new technology of PV modules with life A new technology of PV modules with life time up to 40-50 years without traditional time up to 40-50 years without traditional

plastic materials like EVA, tedlar, mylar etc. plastic materials like EVA, tedlar, mylar etc.

• Modern achievements in the field of organic-silicon Modern achievements in the field of organic-silicon compounds synthesis allow to produce the materials compounds synthesis allow to produce the materials combining high operational properties of polysiloxanes combining high operational properties of polysiloxanes with an opportunity of their usual processing methods with an opportunity of their usual processing methods for thermoplastic materials, in particular, by extrusion. for thermoplastic materials, in particular, by extrusion.

• Preliminary laboratory tests were carried out on Preliminary laboratory tests were carried out on separate constructive elements of modules with separate constructive elements of modules with amorphous and monocrystal silicon of different amorphous and monocrystal silicon of different manufacturers in the conditions appropriate to manufacturers in the conditions appropriate to requirements of domestic and international standards.requirements of domestic and international standards.

• The results of laboratory experiments have shown that The results of laboratory experiments have shown that the filler on basis TSE does not concede, and on a the filler on basis TSE does not concede, and on a number of parameters (for example, stability of adhesive number of parameters (for example, stability of adhesive characteristics) surpasses materials on basis EVA. The characteristics) surpasses materials on basis EVA. The received results were checked and confirmed in the received results were checked and confirmed in the expanded laboratory and natural - climatic tests.expanded laboratory and natural - climatic tests.

• PV modules with new encapsulant are testing now in PV modules with new encapsulant are testing now in Spain.Spain.

• New modules are very New modules are very suitable for such long suitable for such long term applications as for term applications as for facades or for teaching facades or for teaching activity for schoolsactivity for schools

Towards 50 years lifetime of PV panels laminated with silicone gel technologySolar Energy, Volume 86, Issue 10, October 2012, p. 3103-3108V. Poulek, D.S. Strebkov, I.S. Persic, M. Libra

Educational activity Global-local monitoring system

Seminar for teachers at UNESCO Chair VIESH

Irina Persits shows production facility to teachers

School №444

Schoolboy at UNESCO chair

Thinking, what they are doing here?

Excursion in VIESH of school - Center of education № 1498

American schools in Oregon takes into account our experience (F. Vignola’ project)

Energizing the Next Generation with Photovoltaics by F. Vignola, I. Tyukhov etc. published at ASES 2010

Possible cooperation

UMECH is new big ambitious university with good connections to research institutions (VIESH, IVT RAN, VEI and many others)

We would like to develop international cooperation (EURONETRES UNESCO (why not IRNETRES?), International INTERNET FORUM of Young Researchers, Post-Graduate Students and Students “Engineering and Technological Research for Sustainable Development” September 2013 – March 2014)

Concentrator Si PV and free plastic technologies Smart grids Solar electric transport, cheap air collector Solar education, Internet Forum

Thanks!

ityukhov@yahoo.com