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Practising Law Institute1177 Avenue of the Americas

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Advanced Licensing Agreements 2017

Volume One

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTYCourse Handbook Series

Number G-1307

Co-ChairsMarcelo Halpern

Ira Jay LevyJoseph Yang


24

Open Source Issues and Opportunities (PowerPoint slides)

David G. Rickerby

Boston Technology Law, PLLC

If you find this article helpful, you can learn more about the subject by going to www.pli.edu to view the on demand program or segment for which it was written.

2-315


2-316


Ope

n So

urce

Issu

es a

nd

Opp

ortu

niti

es

Prac

ticin

gLa

wIn

stitu

teA

dvan

ced

Lice

nsin

g A

gree

men

ts 2

017

May

12th

2017

10

:45

AM

-12

:15

PMD

avid

G. R

icke

rby

2-317


Ove

rvie

w

Intr

oduc

tion

to O

pen

Sour

ce

Enfo

rced

Sha

ring

Man

agin

g O

pen

Sour

ce

2-318


Wha

t is

Ope

n So

urce

?

“Ope

n” “

Sour

ce”

–A

ny s

oftw

are

licen

sing

m

odel

that

mak

es th

e so

urce

ava

ilabl

e to

co

py, d

istr

ibut

e, m

odify

, etc

.

2-319


Wha

t is

Sour

ce C

ode?

The

hum

an re

adab

le v

ersi

on o

f the

cod

e.

Expo

ses

trad

e se

cret

s, in

terf

aces

, and

logi

c.

2-320


As

oppo

sed

to O

bjec

t Cod

e…

2-321


Ope

n So

urce

is B

ig B

usin

ess

AN

DR

OID

-D

ecla

red

licen

se: A

pach

e 2.

0~1

85 c

ompo

nent

s~1

9 di

ffere

nt O

SS

lice

nses

-m

ost r

ecip

roca

l

2-322


Man

y O

rgan

izat

ions

2-323


FFina

ncia

l Ser

vice

s

Aut

omot

ive

Mob

ile

Ever

ythi

ng

Hea

lthca

re

Solv

ing

Prob

lem

s in

Man

y In

dust

ries

2-324


So, w

hat’

s th

e bi

g de

al?

Why

isn’

t thi

s ju

st li

ke a

co

mm

erci

al li

cens

e?

In m

any

way

s th

ey a

re th

e sa

me:

Both

com

mer

cial

and

ope

n so

urce

lice

nses

are

bas

ed

on o

wne

rshi

p of

inte

llect

ual p

rope

rty.

Both

gra

nt c

erta

in r

ight

s an

d re

tain

oth

ers.

Both

are

gov

erne

d by

the

sam

e la

ws.

Both

may

incl

ude

prov

isio

ns w

hich

may

be

inco

mpa

tible

with

the

othe

r ty

pe o

f lic

ense

, and

, in

deed

with

oth

er li

cens

es o

f the

sam

e ty

pe.

2-325


But…

Ope

n So

urce

Lic

ense

s:

Tend

to h

ave

diff

eren

t goa

ls

Are

usu

ally

wri

tten

by

and

for

deve

lope

rs n

ot la

wye

rs

Enco

urag

e un

cont

rolle

d co

mbi

natio

n an

d re

use

of th

e IP

Form

a c

ontr

act i

n a

diff

eren

t way

than

mos

t com

mer

cial

lic

ense

s (in

fact

som

e ar

gue

they

don

’t fo

rm a

con

trac

t at a

ll –

mer

ely

act a

s a

perm

issi

on)

AN

D Som

eop

en s

ourc

e lic

ense

s im

pose

sha

ring

obl

igat

ions

on

use

rs

2-326


Two

Bas

ic S

choo

ls o

f Ope

n S

ourc

eFO

SS (F

ree

and

Ope

n So

urce

Sof

twar

e)

–Re

quir

es li

cens

or t

o m

ake

impr

ovem

ents

or

enha

ncem

ents

av

aila

ble

unde

r si

mila

r te

rms

–Pr

imar

y ex

ampl

e is

the

GPL

: Lic

ense

e m

ust d

istr

ibut

e “w

ork

base

d on

the

prog

ram

” an

d ca

use

such

wor

ks to

be

licen

sed

… u

nder

the

term

s of

the

GPL

Aca

dem

ic/P

erm

issi

ve

–M

odifi

catio

ns/e

nhan

cem

ents

may

rem

ain

prop

riet

ary

–D

istr

ibut

ion

in s

ourc

e co

de o

r ob

ject

cod

e pe

rmitt

ed

prov

ided

cop

yrig

ht n

otic

e &

liab

ility

dis

clai

mer

are

incl

uded

an

d co

ntri

buto

rs’ n

ames

are

not

use

d to

end

orse

pro

duct

s–

Prim

ary

exam

ples

: Ber

kele

y So

ftw

are

Dis

trib

utio

n (B

SD),

Apa

che

Soft

war

e Li

cens

e

2-327


Free

Sof

twar

e D

efin

ition

fro

m th

e Fr

ee S

oftw

are

Foun

datio

n

“Fre

e so

ftw

are”

is a

mat

ter

of li

bert

y, n

ot p

rice

. To

unde

rsta

nd th

e co

ncep

t, y

ou s

houl

d th

ink

of “

free

” as

in “

free

spe

ech,

” no

t as

in “

free

be

er.”

Free

sof

twar

e is

a m

atte

r of

the

user

s' fr

eedo

m to

run

, cop

y, d

istr

ibut

e,

stud

y, c

hang

e an

d im

prov

e th

e so

ftw

are.

Mor

e pr

ecis

ely,

it m

eans

that

th

e pr

ogra

m's

use

rs h

ave

the

four

ess

entia

l fre

edom

s:

The

free

dom

to r

un th

e pr

ogra

m, f

or a

ny p

urpo

se (f

reed

om 0

).

The

free

dom

to s

tudy

how

the

prog

ram

wor

ks, a

nd c

hang

e it

to m

ake

it do

wha

t you

wis

h (f

reed

om 1

). A

cces

s to

the

sour

ce c

ode

is a

pre

cond

ition

fo

r th

is.

The

free

dom

to r

edis

trib

ute

copi

es s

o yo

u ca

n he

lp y

our

neig

hbor

(f

reed

om 2

).

The

free

dom

to d

istr

ibut

e co

pies

of y

our

mod

ified

ver

sion

s to

oth

ers

(fre

edom

3).

By d

oing

this

you

can

giv

e th

e w

hole

com

mun

ity a

cha

nce

to

bene

fit fr

om y

our

chan

ges.

Acc

ess

to th

e so

urce

cod

e is

a p

reco

nditi

on fo

r th

is.

from

http

://w

ww

.gnu

.org

/phi

loso

phy/

free-

sw.h

tml

2-328


Prin

cipl

es o

f Ope

n So

urce

Lic

ensi

ng

from

the

Ope

n So

urce

Initi

ativ

e

1.Fr

ee[U

nres

tric

ted]

Redi

stri

butio

n

2.

Prog

ram

mus

t inc

lude

Sou

rce

Code

and

mus

t allo

w

dist

ribu

tion

in s

ourc

e co

de a

s w

ell a

s co

mpi

led

form

.

3.

Mus

t Allo

w M

odifi

catio

ns a

nd D

eriv

ed W

orks

4.

Inte

grity

of t

he A

utho

r's S

ourc

e Co

de

5.

No

Dis

crim

inat

ion

Aga

inst

Per

sons

or

Gro

ups

6.

No

Dis

crim

inat

ion

Aga

inst

Fie

lds

of E

ndea

vor

7.

Dis

trib

utio

n of

Lic

ense

–no

add

ition

al li

cens

e ca

n be

req

uire

d of

oth

ers

who

redi

stri

bute

the

pro

gram

8.

Lice

nse

Mus

t Not

Be

Spec

ific

to a

Pro

duct

9.

Lice

nse

Mus

t Not

Res

tric

t O

ther

Sof

twar

e

10.

Lice

nse

Mus

t Be

Tech

nolo

gy-N

eutr

al –

not p

redi

cate

d on

any

in

divi

dual

tech

nolo

gy from

http

://w

ww

.ope

nsou

rce.

org/

docs

/osd

2-329


78 C

urre

nt O

SI A

ppro

ved

Lice

nses

(ww

w.o

pens

ourc

e.or

g)

1.A

cade

mic

Fre

e Li

cens

e 3.

0 (A

FL-

3.0)

2.A

ffer

oG

ener

al P

ublic

Lic

ense

3.0

(A

GPL

-3.0

)3.

Ada

ptiv

e Pu

blic

Lic

ense

(APL

-1.0

)4.

Apa

che

Lice

nse

2.0

5.A

pple

Pub

lic S

ourc

e Li

cens

e 6.

Art

istic

lice

nse

2.0

7.A

ttri

butio

n A

ssur

ance

Lic

ense

s (A

AL)

8.BS

D 3

-Cla

use

"New

" or

"Re

vise

d"

Lice

nse

(BSD

-3-C

laus

e)9.

BSD

2-C

laus

e "S

impl

ified

" or

"F

reeB

SD"

Lice

nse

(BSD

-2-C

laus

e)10

.Bo

ost S

oftw

are

Lice

nse

(BSL

-1.0

)11

.Ce

CILL

Lice

nse

2.1

(CEC

ILL-

2.1)

12.

Com

pute

r A

ssoc

iate

s Tr

uste

d O

pen

Sour

ce L

icen

se 1

.1 (C

ATO

SL-

1.1)

13.

Com

mon

Dev

elop

men

t and

D

istr

ibut

ion

Lice

nse

1.0

(CD

DL-

1.0)

14.

Com

mon

Pub

lic A

ttri

butio

n Li

cens

e 1.

0 (C

PAL-

1.0)

15.

CUA

Off

ice

Publ

ic L

icen

se V

ersi

on

1.0

16.

EU D

ataG

rid

Soft

war

e Li

cens

e 17

.Ec

lipse

Pub

lic L

icen

se 1

.0 (E

PL-1

.0)

18.

eCos

Lice

nse

vers

ion

2.0

19.

Educ

atio

nal C

omm

unity

Lic

ense

, Ve

rsio

n 2.

0 (E

CL-2

.0)

20.

Eiff

el F

orum

Lic

ense

V2.

0 (E

FL-2

.0)

21.

Ente

ssa

Publ

ic L

icen

se (E

ntes

sa)

22.

Euro

pean

Uni

on P

ublic

Lic

ense

, Ve

rsio

n 1.

1 (E

UPL

-1.1

) 23

.Fa

ir L

icen

se (F

air)

24.

Fram

ewor

xLi

cens

e (F

ram

ewor

x-1.

0)

25.

Free

Pub

lic L

icen

se 1

.0.0

26.

GN

U A

ffer

oG

ener

al P

ublic

Lic

ense

v3

(AG

PL-3

.0)

27.

GN

U G

ener

al P

ublic

Lic

ense

ve

rsio

n 2.

0 (G

PL-2

.0)

28.

GN

U G

ener

al P

ublic

Lic

ense

ve

rsio

n 3.

0 (G

PL-3

.0)

29.

GN

U L

ibra

ry o

r "L

esse

r" G

ener

al

Publ

ic L

icen

se v

ersi

on 2

.1 (L

GPL

-2.

1)30

.G

NU

Lib

rary

or

"Les

ser"

Gen

eral

Pu

blic

Lic

ense

ver

sion

3.0

(LG

PL-

3.0)

31.

His

tori

cal P

erm

issi

on N

otic

e an

d D

iscl

aim

er (H

PND

)32

.IB

M P

ublic

Lic

ense

1.0

(IPL

-1.0

)33

.IP

A F

ont L

icen

se (I

PA)

34.

ISC

Lice

nse

(ISC)

35.

LaTe

XPr

ojec

t Pub

lic L

icen

se 1

.3c

36.

Lice

nce

Libr

edu

Que

bec

–Pe

rmis

sive

v.1

.1

37.

Lice

nse

Libr

edu

Que

bec

–Re

cipr

ocite

38.

Lice

nse

Libr

ede

Que

bec-

Reci

prio

teFo

rte

39.

Luce

nt P

ublic

Lic

ense

Ver

sion

1.0

2 40

.M

irO

SLi

cenc

e(M

irO

S)41

.M

icro

soft

Pub

lic L

icen

se (M

S-PL

)42

.M

icro

soft

Rec

ipro

cal L

icen

se (M

S-RL

)43

.M

IT li

cens

e (M

IT)

44.

Mot

osot

oLi

cens

e (M

otos

oto)

45.

Moz

illa

Publ

ic L

icen

se 2

.0 (M

PL-

2.0)

46.

Mul

tics

Lice

nse

(Mul

tics)

47.

NA

SA O

pen

Sour

ce A

gree

men

t 1.3

48

.N

TP L

icen

se (N

TP)

49.

Nau

men

Publ

ic L

icen

se (N

aum

en)

50.

Net

hack

Gen

eral

Pub

lic L

icen

se

51.

Nok

ia O

pen

Sour

ce L

icen

se (N

okia

)52

.N

on-P

rofit

Ope

n So

ftw

are

Lice

nse

3.0

53.

OCL

C Re

sear

ch P

ublic

Lic

ense

2.0

54

.O

pen

Gro

up T

est S

uite

Lic

ense

55

.O

pen

Soft

war

e Li

cens

e 3.

0 (O

SL-

3.0)

56.

OSE

T Pu

blic

Lic

ense

ver

sion

2.1

57

.PH

P Li

cens

e 3.

0 (P

HP-

3.0)

58.

The

Post

greS

QL

Lice

nse

(Pos

tgre

SQL)

59.

Pyth

on L

icen

se (P

ytho

n-2.

0)

60.

CNRI

Pyt

hon

licen

se (C

NRI

-Pyt

hon)

(C

NRI

por

tion

of P

ytho

n Li

cens

e)61

.Q

Pub

lic L

icen

se (Q

PL-1

.0)

62.

Real

Net

wor

ksPu

blic

Sou

rce

Lice

nse

V1.0

(RPS

L-1.

0)63

.Re

cipr

ocal

Pub

lic L

icen

se 1

.5

64.

Rico

h So

urce

Cod

e Pu

blic

Lic

ense

65

.Si

mpl

e Pu

blic

Lic

ense

2.0

(Sim

PL-

2.0)

66.

Slee

pyca

tLic

ense

(Sle

epyc

at)

67.

Sun

Publ

ic L

icen

se 1

.0 (S

PL-1

.0)

68.

Syba

se O

pen

Wat

com

Publ

ic

Lice

nse

1.0

(Wat

com

-1.0

)69

.U

nive

rsity

of I

llino

is/N

CSA

Ope

n So

urce

Lic

ense

(NCS

A)

70.

Uni

vers

al P

erm

issi

ve L

icen

se (U

PL)

71.

Vovi

daSo

ftw

are

Lice

nse

v. 1

.0

72.

W3C

Lic

ense

(W3C

)73

.w

xWin

dow

sLi

brar

y Li

cens

e (W

Xwin

dow

s)74

.X.

Net

Lice

nse

(Xne

t)75

.Ze

ro C

laus

e BS

D L

icen

se76

.Zo

pePu

blic

Lic

ense

2.0

(ZPL

-2.0

)77

.zl

ib/l

ibpn

glic

ense

(Zlib

)

2-330


10 M

ost

Com

mon

Ope

n So

urce

Lic

ense

s

Note

: The

table

above

lis

ts t

he

top lic

ense

s th

at a

re u

sed in o

pen

sourc

e pro

ject

s ra

nke

d b

y num

ber

of

pro

ject

s usi

ng t

he

licen

se,

acco

rdin

g t

o t

he

Bla

ck D

uck

Soft

war

e Know

ledgeB

ase.

This

dat

a w

as p

ulle

d o

n

Oct

ob

er

20

, 2

01

6.

1.M

IT L

icen

se28

%

2.G

NU

Gen

eral

Pub

lic L

icen

se (G

PL)

2.0

20

%3.

Apa

che

Lice

nse

2.0

16%

4.G

NU

Gen

eral

Pub

lic L

icen

se (G

PL)

3.0

8%

5.B

SD

Lic

ense

2.0

(3-c

laus

e, N

ew o

r Rev

ised

) Lic

ense

6%

6.A

rtist

ic L

icen

se (P

erl)

4%

7.G

NU

Les

ser G

ener

al P

ublic

Lic

ense

(LG

PL)

2.1

4%

8.IS

C L

icen

se4%

9.G

NU

Les

ser G

ener

al P

ublic

Lic

ense

(LG

PL)

3.0

2%

10.

Mic

roso

ft P

ublic

Lic

ense

2%

2-331


An

over

sim

plifi

ed s

umm

ary:

FOSS

Lic

ense

s (G

PL2,

GPL

3, A

ffer

oG

PL, L

GPL

) are

goi

ng

to r

equi

re y

ou to

mak

e th

e so

urce

cod

e av

aila

ble

unde

r th

e sa

me

licen

sefo

r the

ope

n so

urce

pro

gram

and

for

any

wor

k yo

u di

stri

bute

whi

ch is

bas

ed o

n th

e pr

ogra

m.

Man

y ot

her O

pen

Sour

ce li

cens

es (M

ozill

a, C

PL) a

re

goin

g to

requ

ire

you

to m

ake

avai

labl

e m

odifi

catio

ns y

ou

mak

e to

the

open

sou

rce

prog

ram

, but

not

wor

ks w

hich

in

terf

ace

with

it.

A fe

w o

pen

sour

ce li

cens

es (A

pach

e, B

SD) a

re g

oing

to

let y

ou d

o pr

etty

muc

h w

hate

ver y

ou w

ant w

ith th

e co

de

as lo

ng a

s yo

u gi

ve a

ppro

pria

te c

redi

t and

dis

clai

m a

ll w

arra

ntie

s an

d lia

bilit

y (t

here

is n

o su

ch th

ing

as a

free

lu

nch)

.

2-332


Enfo

rced

Sha

ring

: GPL

v2

“[T]

he in

tent

is to

exe

rcis

e th

e ri

ght t

o co

ntro

l the

di

stri

butio

n of

der

ivat

ive

or c

olle

ctiv

ew

orks

bas

ed o

n th

e Pr

ogra

m.”

“You

mus

t cau

se a

ny w

ork

that

you

dis

trib

ute

or

publ

ish,

that

in w

hole

or i

n pa

rt c

onta

ins

or is

de

rive

dfr

om th

e Pr

ogra

m o

r an

y pa

rt th

ereo

f, to

be

licen

sed

as a

who

le a

t no

cha

rge

to a

ll th

ird

part

ies

unde

r th

e te

rms

of th

is L

icen

se.”

http

://w

ww.

gnu.

org/

licen

ses/

gpl.h

tml

2-333


Enf

orce

d S

harin

g: L

GP

L

5.A

pro

gram

that

con

tain

s no

der

ivat

ive

of a

ny p

ortio

n of

the

Libr

ary,

but

is d

esig

ned

to w

ork

with

the

Libr

ary

by b

eing

co

mpi

led

or li

nked

with

it, i

s ca

lled

a "w

ork

that

use

s th

e Li

brar

y". S

uch

a w

ork,

in is

olat

ion,

is n

ot a

der

ivat

ive

wor

k of

th

e Li

brar

y, a

nd th

eref

ore

falls

out

side

the

scop

e of

this

Lic

ense

.

How

ever

, lin

king

a "

wor

k th

at u

ses

the

Libr

ary"

wit

h th

e Li

brar

y cr

eate

s an

exe

cuta

ble

that

is a

der

ivat

ive

of th

e Li

brar

y (b

ecau

se it

con

tain

s po

rtio

ns o

f the

Lib

rary

), ra

ther

than

a

"wor

k th

at u

ses

the

libra

ry".

The

exe

cuta

ble

is th

eref

ore

cove

red

by th

is L

icen

se. S

ecti

on 6

sta

tes

term

s fo

r di

stri

buti

on

of s

uch

exec

utab

les.

http

://w

ww

.gnu

.org

/lice

nses

/lgpl

.htm

l

2-334


Enfo

rced

Sha

ring

: LG

PL

http

://w

ww

.gnu

.org

/lice

nses

/lgpl

.htm

l

6.A

s an

exc

eptio

n to

the

Sect

ions

abo

ve, y

ou m

ay a

lso

com

bine

or l

ink

a "w

ork

that

us

es th

e Li

brar

y" w

ith th

e Li

brar

y to

pro

duce

a w

ork

cont

aini

ng p

ortio

ns o

f the

Li

brar

y, a

nd d

istr

ibut

e th

at w

ork

unde

r ter

ms

of y

our c

hoic

e, p

rovi

ded

that

the

te

rms

perm

it m

odifi

cati

on o

f the

wor

k fo

r th

e cu

stom

er's

ow

n us

e an

d re

vers

e en

gine

erin

g fo

r de

bugg

ing

such

mod

ifica

tion

s.

You

mus

t giv

e pr

omin

ent n

otic

e w

ith e

ach

copy

of t

he w

ork

that

the

Libr

ary

is u

sed

in it

and

that

the

Libr

ary

and

its u

se a

re c

over

ed b

y th

is L

icen

se. Y

ou m

ust s

uppl

y a

copy

of t

his

Lice

nse.

If th

e w

ork

durin

g ex

ecut

ion

disp

lays

cop

yrig

ht n

otic

es, y

ou

mus

t inc

lude

the

copy

right

not

ice

for t

he L

ibra

ry a

mon

g th

em, a

s w

ell a

s a

refe

renc

e di

rect

ing

the

user

to th

e co

py o

f thi

s Li

cens

e. A

lso,

you

mus

t do

one

of

thes

e th

ings

:

a)A

ccom

pany

the

wor

k w

ith th

e co

mpl

ete

corr

espo

ndin

g m

achi

ne-r

eada

ble

sour

ce

code

for t

he L

ibra

ry in

clud

ing

wha

teve

r cha

nges

wer

e us

ed in

the

wor

k …

b)U

se a

sui

tabl

e sh

ared

libr

ary

mec

hani

sm fo

r lin

king

with

the

Libr

ary.

…

c)A

ccom

pany

the

wor

k w

ith a

writ

ten

offe

r, va

lid fo

r at l

east

thre

e ye

ars,

to g

ive

the

sam

e us

er th

e m

ater

ials

spe

cifie

d in

Sub

sect

ion

6a, a

bove

, for

a c

harg

e no

mor

e th

an th

e co

st o

f per

form

ing

this

dis

trib

utio

n. …

2-335


Enfo

rced

Sha

ring

: GPL

v3

You

may

con

vey

a co

vere

d w

ork

in o

bjec

t cod

e fo

rm u

nder

the

term

s of

se

ctio

ns 4

and

5, p

rovi

ded

that

you

als

o co

nvey

the

mac

hine

-rea

dabl

e Co

rres

pond

ing

Sour

ce u

nder

the

term

s of

this

Lic

ense

…

A “

cove

red

wor

k” m

eans

eith

er th

e un

mod

ified

Pro

gram

or a

wor

k ba

sed

on th

e Pr

ogra

m.

To “

prop

agat

e” a

wor

k m

eans

to d

o an

ythi

ng w

ith it

that

, with

out

perm

issi

on, w

ould

mak

e yo

u di

rect

ly o

r sec

onda

rily

liabl

e fo

r inf

ringe

men

t un

der a

pplic

able

cop

yrig

ht la

w, e

xcep

t exe

cutin

g it

on a

com

pute

r or

mod

ifyin

g a

priv

ate

copy

. Pro

paga

tion

incl

udes

cop

ying

, dis

trib

utio

n (w

ith

or w

ithou

t mod

ifica

tion)

, mak

ing

avai

labl

e to

the

publ

ic, a

nd in

som

e co

untr

ies

othe

r act

iviti

es a

s w

ell.

To “

conv

ey”

a w

ork

mea

ns a

ny k

ind

of p

ropa

gatio

n th

at e

nabl

es o

ther

pa

rtie

s to

mak

e or

rece

ive

copi

es. M

ere

inte

ract

ion

with

a u

ser t

hrou

gh a

co

mpu

ter n

etw

ork,

with

no

tran

sfer

of a

cop

y, is

not

con

veyi

ng.

2-336


Enfo

rced

Sha

ring

: Wha

t is

a D

eriv

ativ

e W

ork?

The

Copy

righ

t Act

doe

sn’t

rea

lly h

elp

for

Soft

war

e:

§10

1,

A “

deri

vativ

e w

ork”

is a

wor

k ba

sed

upon

one

or

mor

e pr

eexi

stin

g w

orks

, suc

h as

a tr

ansl

atio

n, m

usic

al a

rran

gem

ent,

dr

amat

izat

ion,

fict

iona

lizat

ion,

mot

ion

pict

ure

vers

ion,

sou

nd

reco

rdin

g, a

rt r

epro

duct

ion,

abr

idgm

ent,

con

dens

atio

n, o

r an

y ot

her

form

in w

hich

a w

ork

may

be

reca

st, t

rans

form

ed, o

r ad

apte

d.

A w

ork

cons

istin

g of

edi

tori

al r

evis

ions

, ann

otat

ions

, ela

bora

tions

, or

oth

er m

odifi

catio

ns w

hich

, as

a w

hole

, rep

rese

nt a

n or

igin

al w

ork

of a

utho

rshi

p, is

a “

deri

vativ

e w

ork.

”

§10

2(b)

, In

no

case

doe

s co

pyri

ght p

rote

ctio

n fo

r an

ori

gina

l wor

k of

aut

hors

hip

exte

nd to

any

idea

, pro

cedu

re, p

roce

ss, s

yste

m,

met

hod

of o

pera

tion,

con

cept

, pri

ncip

le, o

r di

scov

ery,

reg

ardl

ess

of

the

form

in w

hich

it is

des

crib

ed, e

xpla

ined

, illu

stra

ted,

or

embo

died

in s

uch

wor

k.

2-337


Abs

trac

tion,

Filt

ratio

n, C

ompa

riso

n Te

st

–2nd

, 5th

, 10th

and

11th

Circ

uit,

Com

pute

r A

ssoc

iate

s In

tl., I

nc.

v. A

ltai,

Inc.

, 982

F.2

d 69

3 (2

nd C

ir. 1

992)

;

Abs

trac

t fr

om th

e or

igin

al p

rogr

am it

s co

nstit

uent

st

ruct

ural

par

ts.

Filte

r un

prot

ecte

d po

rtio

ns (i

ncor

pora

ted

idea

s,

expr

essi

on n

eces

sary

to th

ose

idea

s, a

nd p

ublic

dom

ain

elem

ents

).

Com

pare

any

and

all

rem

aini

ng c

reat

ive

expr

essi

on w

ith

stru

ctur

e of

2nd

prog

ram

to d

eter

min

e w

heth

er

deri

vativ

e.

–1st

Circ

uit h

as a

mod

ified

ver

sion

that

app

lies

the

test

onl

y af

ter

filte

ring

out

§10

2(b)

unp

rote

cted

ele

men

ts –

part

icul

arly

met

hods

of o

pera

tion

or c

ontr

ol.

(Lot

us

Dev

elop

men

t Cor

p. v

. Bor

land

Int’

l., In

c., 4

9 F.

3d 8

07 (1

st C

ir.

1995

)).

Enfo

rced

Sha

ring

: Wha

t is

a D

eriv

ativ

e W

ork?

2-338


Ana

lytic

Dis

sect

ion

Test

9th

Circ

uit h

as a

dopt

ed th

e an

alyt

ic d

isse

ctio

n te

st (A

pple

Co

mpu

ter,

Inc.

v. M

icro

soft

Cor

p., 3

5 F.

3d 1

435

(9th

Cir

. 199

4))

Are

ther

e su

bsta

ntia

l sim

ilari

ties

in b

oth

the

idea

s an

d ex

pres

sion

s of

the

wor

ks?

Are

the

sim

ilar

feat

ures

(if a

ny) p

rote

cted

by

copy

righ

t?

“Thi

n” p

rote

ctio

n is

giv

en to

non

-cop

yrig

htab

le fa

cts

or id

eas

that

ar

e pr

otec

tabl

e be

caus

e of

how

they

are

com

bine

d/pr

esen

ted.

“B

road

” pr

otec

tion

is g

iven

to c

opyr

ight

able

exp

ress

ion.

Dep

endi

ng o

n th

e de

gree

of p

rote

ctio

n, c

ourt

set

s st

anda

rd fo

r co

mpa

riso

n of

wor

ks a

s a

who

le to

det

erm

ine

if de

riva

tive.

“Th

in”

prot

ectio

n re

quir

es v

irtu

ally

iden

tical

; “br

oad”

pro

tect

ion

requ

ires

on

ly a

“su

bsta

ntia

l sim

ilari

ty.”

Enfo

rced

Sha

ring

: Wha

t is

a D

eriv

ativ

e W

ork?

2-339


Ora

cle

v. G

oogl

e –

prot

ectio

n of

API

s

In 2

012,

Dis

tric

t Co

urt d

ecid

ed th

at th

e co

mm

and

stru

ctur

e an

d ta

xono

my

of th

e A

PIs

wer

e no

t pro

tect

able

und

er c

opyr

ight

law

.

On

May

9, 2

014,

the

Fede

ral C

ircu

it pa

rtia

lly r

ever

sed

the

dist

rict

co

urt r

ulin

g, r

ulin

g in

Ora

cle'

s fa

vor

on th

e co

pyri

ghta

bilit

yis

sue,

an

d re

man

ded

the

issu

e of

fair

use

to th

e di

stri

ct c

ourt

.

A p

etiti

on fo

r ce

rtio

rari

was

den

ied

by th

e U

nite

d St

ates

Su

prem

e Co

urt o

n Ju

ne 2

9, 2

015.

A s

econ

d tr

ial b

egan

on

May

9, 2

016

–O

racl

e re

ques

ted

8.8B

in

dam

ages

.

The

tria

l jur

y si

ded

in fa

vor

of G

oogl

e, r

ulin

g th

e ac

tion

to b

e fa

ir

use.

(May

29,

201

6).

Enfo

rced

Sha

ring

: Wha

t is

a D

eriv

ativ

e W

ork?

2-340


> A

N O

VER

SIM

IPLI

FACT

ION

OF

A C

OM

PLEX

CA

SE

Goo

gle

wro

te it

s ow

n ve

rsio

n of

Java

for

And

roid

usi

ng th

e sa

me

“tax

onom

y of

all

the

nam

es o

f met

hods

, cla

sses

, int

erfa

ces,

and

pa

ckag

es”

as O

racl

e’s

Java

.

Que

stio

n as

to c

opyr

ight

abili

tyof

a ta

xono

my/

API

. Arg

umen

t tha

t thi

s el

emen

t of s

oftw

are

is p

urel

y fu

nctio

nal a

nd n

eces

sary

for

tech

nolo

gy

syst

ems

to s

peak

to o

ne a

noth

er.

Fede

ral C

ircu

it ov

erru

led

Dis

tric

t Cou

rt fi

ndin

g en

ough

cre

ativ

ity fo

r co

pyri

ght p

urpo

ses,

but

sen

t cas

e ba

ck fo

r re

tria

l on

the

ques

tion

of F

air

Use

.

Goo

gle

won

the

retr

ial r

ulin

g th

e ac

tion

to b

e fa

ir u

se.

Broa

d im

plic

atio

ns fo

r us

e op

en s

ourc

e. D

oes

inte

rope

rabi

lity

mak

e ev

eryt

hing

der

ivat

ive?

Enfo

rced

Sha

ring

: Wha

t is

a D

eriv

ativ

e W

ork?

2-341


Keys

to

Ope

n So

urce

The

key

to a

ny o

pen

sour

ce a

naly

sis

is th

e sa

me:

–Kn

ow a

nd u

nder

stan

d th

e fa

cts

–Re

ad th

e lic

ense

–Kn

ow th

e no

rms

of th

e co

mm

unity

from

whi

ch y

ou

are

taki

ng th

e so

urce

–Pl

ay n

ice

2-342


GPL

v3,

LG

PL v

3, A

GPL

Oth

er c

omm

erci

al c

once

rns:

–A

nti-D

RM

“No

cove

red

wor

k sh

all b

e de

emed

par

t of a

n ef

fect

ive

tech

nolo

gica

l mea

sure

und

er a

ny a

pplic

able

law

fulfi

lling

ob

ligat

ions

und

er a

rtic

le 1

1 of

the

WIP

O c

opyr

ight

trea

ty

adop

ted

on 2

0 D

ecem

ber

1996

, or

sim

ilar l

aws

proh

ibiti

ng o

r re

stri

ctin

g ci

rcum

vent

ion

of s

uch

mea

sure

s. “

–A

nti-t

ivoi

zatio

nIf

you

conv

ey a

n ob

ject

cod

e w

ork

... in

, or

with

, or

spec

ifica

lly

for

use

in, a

Use

r Pr

oduc

t, a

nd th

e co

nvey

ing

occu

rs a

s pa

rt o

f a

tran

sact

ion

in w

hich

the

righ

t of p

osse

ssio

n an

d us

e of

the

Use

r Pr

oduc

t is

tran

sfer

red

to th

e re

cipi

ent i

n pe

rpet

uity

or

for

a fix

ed te

rm (r

egar

dles

s of

how

the

tran

sact

ion

is c

hara

cter

ized

), th

e Co

rres

pond

ing

Sour

ce ..

. mus

t be

acco

mpa

nied

by

the

Inst

alla

tion

Info

rmat

ion.

–Pa

tent

Lic

ense

Gra

nt /

Pate

nt N

on-A

sser

tion

as L

icen

se C

ondi

tion

–A

GPL

Com

patib

ility

2-343


Focu

s is

Com

plia

nce

Com

pani

es a

re a

dopt

ing

open

sou

rce

polic

ies

and

proc

esse

s:–

To a

llevi

ate

litig

atio

n co

ncer

ns–

As

an im

port

ant M

&A

Issu

e–

To c

ompl

y w

ith C

usto

mer

dili

genc

e–

Mor

e pa

rtic

ipat

ion

in o

pen

sour

ce

com

mun

ities

: wha

t are

you

r em

ploy

ees

cont

ribu

ting?

2-344


Elem

ents

for a

n O

pen

Sour

ce P

rogr

am?

Publ

ishe

d Po

licy

Ope

n So

urce

Pro

cess

Ow

ner

App

rova

l Pro

cess

esM

onito

ring

& T

rack

ing

Proc

ess

Obl

igat

ion

Veri

ficat

ion

Proc

ess

And

…

As

muc

h as

I’d

like

to s

ell y

ou m

y se

rvic

es, t

his

is

OPE

N S

OU

RCE,

so

chec

k ou

t ht

tp:/

/ww

w.li

nuxf

ound

atio

n.or

g/pr

ogra

ms/

lega

l/c

ompl

ianc

efo

r sa

mpl

e po

licie

s.

2-345


Be R

eady

to C

ompl

y w

ith th

e Le

tter

of

the

Requ

irem

ents

Free

Sof

twar

e Fo

unda

tion’

s co

mpl

ianc

e gu

ide

-ht

tp:/

/cop

ylef

t.or

g/gu

ide/

com

preh

ensi

ve-g

pl-

guid

epa2

.htm

l

–M

onito

r Sof

twar

e A

cqui

sitio

ns –

igno

ranc

e is

not

an

exc

use.

–Tr

ack

you

chan

ges

and

rele

ases

–yo

u ne

ed to

be

able

to p

rovi

de th

e ex

act c

ode

that

is s

hipp

ing.

–D

on’t

hav

e a

“Bui

ld G

uru”

–us

ers

need

to b

e ab

le

to s

ucce

ssfu

lly b

uild

you

r co

de. Y

ou n

eed

to

prov

ide

the

scri

pts

and

othe

r m

ater

ials

that

are

ne

cess

ary

to b

uild

and

inst

all.

2-346


Com

mon

Mis

take

s

Lega

lese

: mak

e it

unde

rsta

ndab

le

Spec

ific

polic

y th

at ig

nore

s ot

her

issu

es

Polic

y to

o st

rict

so

VOA

: Vio

late

d on

A

rriv

al

Doe

s no

t allo

w fo

r ed

ge c

ases

Doe

s no

t pro

vide

for

mod

ifica

tion

to

mee

t cha

nges

in b

usin

ess

mod

el/p

rodu

cts

2-347


Sum

mar

y

Trea

t the

man

agem

ent o

f ope

n so

urce

so

ftw

are

as a

n in

tegr

ated

, cro

ss-f

unct

iona

l bu

sine

sspr

oces

s

Esta

blis

h po

licie

s, d

efin

e th

e pr

oces

s an

d pr

oces

s ow

ners

Phas

e th

e de

ploy

men

t to

yiel

d ne

ar-t

erm

re

sults

Tech

nolo

gy p

latf

orm

s ca

n au

tom

ate

the

proc

ess,

enh

ance

cro

ss-f

unct

iona

l co

llabo

ratio

n an

d en

sure

val

idat

ion

2-348


Que

stio

ns?

2-349


NOTES

2-350

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