advanced identification of gemstones and diamond · 甚麼是天然鑽石？ diamonds are formed...
TRANSCRIPT
Advanced Identification of Gemstones and Diamond
彩寶及鑽石高科技鑑定
Mr. Dominic Mok, M.Sc., F.G.A., F.G.A.A., D.G.A.
Principal of AGIL 莫偉基 院長
March 17, 2015 Hong Kong
What is Gemstone 甚麼是天然寶石？
Natural Gemstone 天然寶石
Natural Diamond 天然鑽石
Natural Coloured Gemstone 天然彩寶 (有色寶石)
What is Natural Diamond? 甚麼是天然鑽石？
Diamonds are formed from carbon at between about 900ºC -1300ºC, at pressures of over 45 kilobar and at depths in excess of 120 km below the earth’s surface. 鑽石由碳在約900℃-1300℃之間，壓力在45 Kbar以上，且深度在地表以下超過120km的地方形成。
What is Coloured Gemstones? 甚麼是彩寶 (彩色寶石)？
• All gemstones apart from diamond are generally referred to as ‘coloured gemstones’, even though it include colourless gemstone such as rock crystal (colourless crystalline quartz ).
• 除了鑽石之外，其他的所有寶石都可以被稱為『彩寶』，就算是水
晶…等無色的寶石，也可涵蓋在『彩寶』其中。
The Purpose of Gem Testing 寶石鑑定的用途
Gems Identification 寶石鑑定
Natural 天然的
Treated 處理的
Synthetic 合成的
Instrumentation of Gem Testing 寶石鑑定使用的儀器
Instrumentation 寶石鑑定的儀器
Conventional Gemmological Instruments
常規寶石鑑定儀器
Advanced Instruments 高科技寶石鑑定儀器
Advantages of Conventional Gemmological Instruments
常規寶石鑑定儀器的優點
Economically application (in comparison with advanced instruments) Can be applied by jewellers and gemmologists. 較為經濟實用 (與高科技儀器比較) 珠寶商及寶石鑑定師均可使用
Microscope Observation 顯微鏡觀察
Natural diamonds 天然鑽石
HPHT Synthetic diamonds
HPHT合成鑽石
Natural Ruby
天然紅寶石
VerneuilSynthetic Ruby
維爾維葉法合成紅寶石
Advanced Gem Testing Instruments 高科技寶石鑑定儀器
Advanced Instruments owned by AGIL 亞洲寶石學院的高科技儀器
高科技儀器 Advanced Instruments
1. 傅里葉轉換紅外光譜儀 Fourier Transform Infrared
Spectrometer (FTIR)
2. 能量色散X-光
螢光光譜儀
Energy Dispersive X-ray
Fluorescence Spectrometer(EDXRF)
3. 鑽石電腦比例儀 Sarin DiaMension Unit
4. 激光拉曼光譜儀 Laser Raman Spectrometer (LRS)
5. 紫外-可見光光譜儀 Ultraviolet-visible Spectrometer
(UV-VIS)
Advanced Instruments owned by AGIL 亞洲寶石學院的高科技儀器
高科技儀器 Advanced Instruments
6. 陰極發光儀 Cathodoluminescence Unit (CL)
7. DTC 鑽石光譜確定儀 DiamondSureTM
8. DTC 鑽石觀察儀 DiamondViewTM
9. DTC 鑽石高溫高壓處理鑑別儀 DiamondPLusTM
10. 激光誘發分解光譜儀 Laser-Induced Breakdown
Spectrometer (LIBS)
Diamond Testing 鑽石鑑定
Natural Diamond 天然鑽石
Composition 化學成分
Carbon 碳
Crystal System 晶系
Cubic System 立方晶系
Mohs’ Hardness 摩氏硬度
10
Specific Gravity 比重
3.52
Lustre
光澤
Admantine 金剛光澤
Refractive Index 折射率
Single refraction 單折射 2.417
The Types of Diamonds 鑽石類型 Classified by Diamond’s chemical impurities
以鑽石化學的雜質分類
Type 類型 Type Ia Type Ib Type IIa Type IIb
Impurity 雜質
(IaA, IaB, N3)
Nitrogen impurity is present as pairs or small group called
aggregates 氮原子雜質以
集合體形式存在
Nitrogen impurity is present as isolated atom
氮原子雜質以 孤立形式存在
T hese diamon ds have no trace elements and are colourless so long as no
other defects are present
幾乎是純淨的，
不含明顯雜質.
Boron impurity is present as isolated
atoms. 含有
硼原子雜質
Natural Abundance 天然的豐度
Majorly of all naturaldiamonds
佔天然鑽石 的絕大部份
Extremely rare (most synthetic)
極罕見 (大多數為合成品)
Very rare 很稀少
Extremely rare 極罕見
Advanced Diamond Testing Instruments 鑽石鑑定高科技儀器
DiamondSureTM
鑽石光譜確定儀 DiamondViewTM
鑽石觀察儀 DiamondPlusTM
鑽石高溫高壓處理鑑別儀
Diamond-SureTM 鑽石光譜確定儀
Pass 通過
Confirm Natural Type Ia Diamond
確認天然 Ia型鑽石
Refer 參考
Provides opinions on
Type IaB, Type II
提供IaB型、II型的分類意見
Refer 參考
Not diamond
不是鑽石
DiamondViewTM 鑽石觀察儀
Very short UV 超短紫外光
Fluorescence &
Phosphorescence 螢火及磷光
Growth patterns 生長圖案
DiamondViewTM 鑽石觀察儀
Very short UV: Natural Type Ia Diamond displays blue fluorescence and octahedral growth pattern
超短波紫外光——天然Ia型鑽石的藍色螢光及八面體生長圖
DiamondViewTM 鑽石觀察儀
Very short UV: Synthetic Type Ib Diamond displays greenish yellow fluorescence and cubo-octahedral growth pattern
超短波紫外光——合成Ib型鑽石的黃綠色螢光 及 立方-八面體生長圖
DiamondViewTM 鑽石觀察儀
Very short UV: CVD Synthetic Type IIa Diamond displays bluish green fluorescence and growth pattern
超短波紫外光—— CVD合成IIa型鑽石的綠藍色螢光 及 層狀生長圖
DiamondPlusTM
鑽石高溫高壓處理鑑別儀
DiamondPlusTM is a mini Raman Spectrometer with detection stage cooled by liquid nitrogen 這儀器是使用液體氮才可操作的小型激光拉曼光譜儀
Pass 通過
Confirm Natural Diamond
(IIa) 確認是天然 IIa型鑽石
Refer 參考
CVD Synthetic - 737 nm CVD 合成
May be HPHT treatment 或經高溫高壓 HPHT處理
FTIR Infrared Spectrometer 紅外線光譜儀
Portable FTIR
精巧型 紅外線光譜儀
Standard Infrared Spectrometer 標準型紅外線光譜儀 FTIR
Diamond Type Classification 鑽石類型的分類
UV-Vis Spectrometer with D-N-C Probe 紫外-可見光光譜儀及D-N-C探頭 (Gem-3000)
D – N – C –
D Diamond Testing for N Natural Type Ia diamond and C
CVD Type IIa Synthetic diamond
Gem 3000 UV-visible spectrometer 紫外-可見光光譜儀 can be adopted with DNC Probe, which can help to test mounted diamonds as little as 0.01 carats.
可以配置D-N-C Probe探頭，能夠檢測已鑲嵌小至0.01克拉的小鑽。
UV-Vis Spectrometer with D-N-C Probe 紫外-可見光光譜儀及D-N-C探頭 (Gem-3000)
Test results 檢測結果
Natural Type Ia Diamond
天然Ia型鑽石
415nm, 452nm, 478nm,
Natural Type IIa Diamond
天然IIa型鑽石 230nm
CVD Synthetic Diamond
CVD合成鑽石
230nm, 270nm, 737nm
Coloured Gemstone 彩寶
Coloured Gemtones 彩寶
Species 寶石
Optical nature 光學性質
Specific Gravity 比重
Refractive Index
折射率
Inclusions 包裹體
(內含物)
Ruby 紅寶石
Anisotropic 各向異性
3.99 1.76-1.77, 0.008
Crystals 結晶體
Blue Sapphire 藍寶石
Anisotropic 各向異性
4.00 1.76-1.77, 0.008
Needles 針狀紋
Emerald 祖母綠
Anisotropic 各向異性
2.70 1.57-1.58, 0.006
3-phase inclusions 三相包體
Aquamarine 海藍寶石
Anisotropic 各向異性
2.70 1.57-1.58, 0.006
Rain inclusions 雨絲紋
Advanced Instruments for Coloured Gemstones 彩寶的鑑定高科技儀器
( a ) Natural Ruby
天然紅寶石
( b ) Glass-filled Ruby
玻璃充填紅寶石
X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer (EDXRF) X光螢光光譜儀
Natural Ruby 天然紅寶石
Glass-filled Ruby 玻璃充填紅寶石
( II ) Blue Sapphire 藍寶石
Non-heated Natural Blue Sapphire
天然藍寶石 (沒有加熱)
Heated Na tural Blue Sapphire
天然藍寶石 (加熱)
Advanced Instruments for Coloured Gemstones 彩寶的鑑定高科技儀器
FTIR Infrared Spectrometer 紅外線光譜儀
Heated 加熱的
( III ) The Inclustions of Natural and Synthetic Emerald 天然及合成祖母綠的包裹體(內含物)
Na tur al Emerald 天然祖母綠
Synthetic Hydrothermal Emerald 水熱法合成祖母綠
Synthetic Flux-melt Emerald 助熔劑法合成祖母綠
( III ) The IR spectra of Natural and Synthetic Emerald 天然及合成祖母綠的紅外譜圖
Natural Emerald 天然祖母綠
Synthetic Hydrothermal Emerald
水熱法合成祖母綠
Synthetic Flu x- me lt Emerald 助熔劑法合成祖母綠
Advanced Instruments for Pearl 珍珠的鑑定高科技儀器
Pearl 珍珠
Natural Pearl 天然珍珠
Cultured Pearl 養殖珍珠
Salt-water cultured Pearl 海水養殖珍珠
Fresh-water Cultural pearl 淡水養殖珍珠
Salt-water Pearl VS Fresh-water Pearl Testing 海水珍珠及淡水珍珠的鑑定
Cathodoluminescence (CL) 陰極發光儀
• Fresh-water pearl yellowish green luminescence
• 淡水珍珠：發綠黃色螢光
• Salt-water pearl Inert (No reaction) 海水珍珠：沒有反應
Jadeite / Fei Cui 翡翠
Jadeite /Fei Cui Testing 翡翠鑑定
Natural Type A天然A玉
Treated處理玉
B玉 Type B B+C玉
Type B+C
C玉 Type C
Infrared spectra of Natural Jadeite / Fei Cui
vs resin impregnated Jadeite / Fei Cui
天然翡翠及樹脂充填翡翠的紅外譜圖
Infrared spectra of Natural Jadeite / Fei Cui
vs resin impregnated Jadeite / Fei Cui
天然翡翠及樹脂充填翡翠的紅外譜圖
Natural Jadeite / Fei Cui Type A - No resin
天然翡翠 A玉 - 沒有樹脂
Treated Jadeite / Fei Cui Type B – Contain resin
處理翡翠 B玉 - 有樹脂
Infrared spectra of Natural vs Synthetic Jadeite
天然及合成硬玉的紅外譜圖
Natural Green Jadeite / Fei Cui 天然 綠色 翡翠硬玉
GE synthetic Jadeite 合成綠色硬玉
3373, 3470, 3614 cm-1
UV-Vis Spectrophotometer 紫外-可見光光譜儀
(II) Natural VS Dyed Jadeite/Fei Cui 天然翡翠及染色翡翠
UV-Vis Spectrophotometer Analyzing Jadeite / Fei Cui
Spectrum 紫外-可見光光譜儀
分析翡翠的吸收光譜
UV-Vis Spectrophotometer 紫外-可見光光譜儀
天然綠色翡翠 染色 + 樹脂充填翡翠
Portable Raman Spectrometer 便攜式激光拉曼光譜計
Portable Raman Spectrometer 便攜式激光拉曼光譜計
Portable Raman Spectrometer 便攜式激光拉曼光譜計
鑑定黑色翡翠硬玉 (北京人雕刻)
Other Coloured Gemstone其他彩寶
Natural Neon Blue Paraiba Tourmaline Localities: Brazil, Mozambique, Nigeria
天然霓虹藍色 帕拉伊巴碧璽 產地：巴西, 莫桑比克, 尼日利亞
X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer (EDXRF) X-光螢光光譜儀
Chemical Composition & Trace Elements 化學成份與及 微量元素
Natural Paraiba Tourmaline contain Cu & Mn
天然帕拉伊巴碧璽，含有銅及錳
Natural Rock Crystal (Quartz), Flawless, 20cm in Diameter, Probably World Third Biggest in 1997.
天然石英水晶球，無瑕，直徑20cm， 可能是世界第三大的天然石英，水晶球 (攝於1997年)。
The IR Spectrum of natural Rock Crystal, Crystalline Quartz
天然結晶質水晶的紅外譜圖
Natural 天然︰3480cm-1, 3379cm-1
VS
Synthetic 合成︰3585cm-1
Summary 1 總結 (一)
In 1900, first generation synthetic stone were produced in France, known as Verneuil synthetic ruby, at that time, the jewellers was extremely worried about it. Now-a-day, this type of synthetic rubies can be identified by its typical inclusions.
第一代的合寶石是生產1900年代的法國，稱為維爾納葉合成紅寶石，當時的珠寶商極為擔憂。 現時，這類合成紅寶石可以通過典型的包裹體(內含物)被鑑定得出。
Summary 2 總結 (二)
In some cases, separating treated or synthetic gemstones from natural stones can be accomplished using conventional gemmological instruments, such as a 10X Loupe, microscope and or a spectroscope.
在某些情況下，區分天然，處理和人工合成寶石可以使用常規寶石鑑定儀器，例如十倍放大鏡、 寶石顯微鏡或分光鏡。
Summary 3 總結 (三)
Advanced testing instruments such as DiamondViewTM, Infrared Spectrometer, UV-Visible Spectrometer, X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer… etc, is/are necessary for testing conclusions, including CVD synthetic diamonds, Paraiba tourmaline, Resin-impregnated jadeite / Fei Cui and Synthetic jadeite, etc.
有一些其他的寶石，包括 CVD 合成鑽石、 帕拉伊巴碧璽、 樹脂充填翡翠及合成翡翠…等，必須使用高科技儀器，例如鑽石觀察儀、紅外光譜儀、 紫外可見光光譜儀、X-光螢光分析，或者更多，才可以得出鑑定結論。
Thank you for your attention! 謝謝您的觀 賞！
Acknowledgement: Gem-A: Gemmology Diploma Notes Version 2009 Gem-A: Gem Diamond Diploma Notes Version 2005