ads-b: a pilot's guide to understanding the system and avionics

ADS-B: A Pilots Guide Understanding the system and the avionics

John Zimmerman Sportys Pilot Shop

John Zimmerman

Active GA Pilot

Comm/Multi/Inst/Heli

Vice President Sportys Pilot Shop

Publisher iPad Pilot News

ADS-B: A Pilots Guide

iPadPilotNews.com

Additional resourcesSit back, relax and learn!

How-to articles

ADS-B Reviews

iPad Tips & News

Biweekly Newsletter

What is ADS-B? Key terms How does it work? Panel-mount avionics Portable receivers Tips and advice

presentation overviewADS-B: A Pilots Guide

Poll #1 Do you use ADS-B today?

ADS-B System Overview

Big Picture Key ADS-B Takeaways

You are required to have an ADS-B out transponder to fly in airspace that currently requires Mode C transponder by 2020

The ADS-B network broadcasts free datalink weather and traffic

This ADS-B In equipment is optional.

123

Big Picture Key ADS-B Takeaways

The ground station network is complete (650 stations) 4

Quick History Where did ADS-B come from?

Capstone Program launched in Alaska in the late 1990s

Can we use new technology to improve safety? - Accurate position with GPS/WAAS - Transmit to ground and airplanes - Ground station network - New aircraft transponders - Datalink weather Answer: yes

Where are we now?Quick History

Current system built on success of Capstone program

Final ADS-B Out rules finalized in 2011 nothing is changing now

Ground station network is complete Lots of options for hardware

Pretty mature system now.

What does it all mean?Key Terms

NextGen ADS-B

- ADS-B Out and ADS-B In ADS-B transponder options

-1090ES and 978 (UAT) ADS-B datalink terms

- FIS-B and TIS-B

NextGen: Next Generation Air Transportation SystemKey Terms

Transforms Americas air traffic control system from an aging, ground-based system to a satellite-based system

The goals of NextGen are to: - Shorten routes - Save time and fuel - Reduce traffic delays - Increase capacity - Increase safety - World peace, free beer

NextGen: Next Generation Air Transportation SystemKey Terms

NextGen

ADS-B

NextGen has 5 major elements only one of them is ADS-B

ADS-BKey Terms Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast

- Automatic: it works in the background - Dependent: depends on other aircraft being equipped - Surveillance: its a technology to track aircraft - Broadcast: each aircraft broadcasts its position and velocity

ADS-B In and OutKey Terms

NextGen

ADS-B

ADS-B Out ADS-B In


ADS-B Out: a surveillance technology for tracking aircraft - Aircraft report position, velocity and altitude once per second - Aircraft will be required to equip with ADS-B Out by the start of

2020 if operating in class A, B, C airspace and above 10,000 ft.


ADS-B In: an aircrafts ability to receive transmissions from ground stations and other aircraft - Allows pilots to receive weather and traffic - ADS-B In equipage is optional

978 vs. 1090Key Terms

NextGen

ADS-B ADS-B Out ADS-B In 978 1090 978 1090

978 vs. 1090Key Terms

ADS-B in the US supports two different datalinks: - 1090 MHz Extended Squitter (ES) - 978 MHz Universal Access Transceiver (UAT)

Key Terms 1090ES ADS-B Out

- ES is based on 1090 MHz just like Mode A/Cs transponders - Mode S transponders can be upgraded to ES transponders by

adding a WAAS GPS and upgrading software (e.g. Garmin GTX330)

- ES is the only ADS-B transmitter accepted outside the US and above 18,000 ft.

Must be certified and installed

978 UATKey Terms

978 UAT ADS-B Out - Only allowed in the US, and only below 18,000 ft. - If you use 978 UAT you still need to have a Mode C transponder

Must be certified and installed

1090ESKey Terms

1090ES ADS-B In - Can detect other aircraft equipped with 1090ES transmitters - Receives other traffic from ground stations - Does NOT receive weather

Can be portable or installed

978 UATKey Terms

978 UAT ADS-B In - Can detect other aircraft with 978 MHz transmitters (air-to-air) - Receives information about other traffic from ground stations - 978 receivers are capable of receiving ADS-B weather

Can be installed or portable

NextGen, ADS-B, In/Out, 978/1090Key Terms

Confused yet?

NextGen, ADS-B, In/Out, 978/1090Key Terms

1090ES (Out) - Above 18,000 ft. US and Intl

- Transponder replacement

1090ES (In) - Traffic only

- No weather

978 (Out) - Below 18,000 ft. in US only

- Remote mount

978 (In) - Traffic

- Weather

FIS-BKey Terms

Flight Information Services Broadcast Text weather (METARs, TAFs, PIREPs) Graphical weather (radar) Airspace status (TFRs, NOTAMs) Constantly broadcast

TIS-BKey Terms

Traffic Information Services Broadcast - A custom traffic report sent only to aircraft equipped with ADS-B Out - Not the same as Mode S or TIS traffic

ADS-B Out

5 things to know before you upgradeADS-B Facts

1. ADS-B Out will be required in most airspace where a Mode C transponder is today.

2. A WAAS GPS must be included in your install.

3. ADS-B Out transponder must be permanently mounted.

4. ADS-B In equipage is optional. 5. You still need your Mode C transponder if you

use 978 ADS-B Out.

Where do you need it?ADS-B Facts

1. Class A airspace (above 18,000 ft) must be 1090

2. Class C and B airspace (and above them)

3. Inside the Class B Mode C veil (within 30 miles up to 10,000 ft.)

4. Above 10,000 ft. in the lower 48

What about experimental aircraft?ADS-B Facts 1. FAA: Non-TSO ADS-B Out avionics

may be installed on amateur-built and light sport aircraft with experimental airworthiness certificates.

2. S-LSA upgrades must be approved by the manufacturer. Harder to do.

3. Glass cockpits are in the same situation part of the TC so its not automatic.

Pay attention

What about portables for ADS-B Out?ADS-B Facts

Technically feasible, but dont count on it. Would be like an IFR approach-approved

portable GPS doesnt exist. FAA: Portable ADS-B Out systems, also known as suitcase

units, should not be operated (transmitting) aboard any aircraft. While marketing associated with these units may imply approval for use by way of an FCC license, the FAA prohibits their use.

http://1.usa.gov/1E0vadh

Questions to considerADS-B Facts

Lots of options: In, Out, In and Out; 1090 ES vs. 978 UAT

1090 vs. 978 Do you ever fly above 18,000 ft.

or outside US? Need 1090. Age of current transponder: 978

relies on your old transponder 978 usually more expensive to

install than 1090 (additional structure, control head, etc)

UAT or Extended Squitter (ES)?ADS-B Out Trends

1090 ES

978 UAT

FAA Equipage Statistics as of 3/1/2016Category Equipped Aircraft

1090 ES 14,504 72%978 UAT 5,055 25%Both 694 3%

US General Aviation 17,508US Air Carrier 499US Military and Special Use 72

International General Aviation 1,915International Air Carrier 261

Why are 1090 ES Installs Trending Almost 3X 978 UAT?ADS-B Out Trends

UAT leaves old tube-based transponder in the aircraft

1090 ES gives your instrument panel a visible upgrade Time required to install a panel avionic in a piston single can be

up to the time to install a remote box


Out vs. In and Out Do you already have ADS-B In

(portable)? Might only need to buy Out for the panel.

Do you have XM weather in the panel already?

Whats your budget (Out and In is more expensive)


Most important question: What is the total installed cost of my solution?

New installation policyADS-B Facts

Now easier to install ADS-B Out avionics on airplanes that are not listed on manufacturers STC

After initial approval, ADS-B OUT systems that have previously received FAA approval and meet all of the following conditions may be installed and returned to service on other aircraft without further data approval.


Lots of installation errors Look in ForeFlight with ownship Send email to FAA:

[email protected]

N536SPICAO: Last Flight Id:A6C855 (51544125) N536SPTail Number:Period:

ADS-B Aircraft Operation Compliance Report

Operation Analysis Overview

Surface UATAirborne UAT

Surface 1090Airborne 1090

Prepared By

Surveillance and Broadcast Services (SBS) ProgramADS-B Compliance Monitor

January 05, 2016

01-04-2016 19:24:12 to 01-04-2016 20:20:02

U.S. Department of TransportationFederal Aviation Administration

ADS-B Compliance Monitor

Analysis

Surface RWY/Taxi 1090

Surface RWY/Taxi UAT

Note: Items high-lighted in red within this report indicate the ADS-B Out system installed on this aircraft failed to meet the corresponding performance requirement as specified in 91.227. The owner/operator must take action to correct the ADS-B system deficiency identified.

For more information on this report, reference the User's Guide.

Garmin GTX 335/345ADS-B Facts

1090ES Out transponder Panel or remote-mounted WAAS GPS option for both models GTX 345 model adds ADS-B In and has an

integrated FlightStream to send weather to an iPad

Price range with built in WAAS GPS $3,795 to $5,795

Without GPS prices start at $2,995

Garmin GTX 345ADS-B Facts

Bluetooth

L-3 LynxADS-B Facts

Big family of ADS-B Out avionics: 1090 Out and In with GPS 1090 models include screen

Slightly taller than standard transponder

Price range from $5,490 to $8,615

Appareo Stratus ESGADS-B Facts

All-in-one box: 1090ES ADS-B Out and WAAS GPS built-in

Integrates with Stratus 2/2S for enhanced ADS-B In

$2,995 includes GPS antenna Certified and shipping now

Garmin GDL 88ADS-B Facts

978 (UAT) with lots of options: Out/In/Both With or without GPS With or without dual antennas

Works with GTN and GNS series Integration with new Connext system Remote mounted Ranges from $3,995 to $5,700

FreeFlight RANGR LiteADS-B Facts

Lots of options. Most popular are: FDL-978-TXL Out only, with GPS FDL-978-XVRL In/Out, with GPS

Remote mounted 978 UATs Requires separate control head $1,995 and $3,695

L-3 LynxADS-B Facts

Big family of ADS-B Out avionics: 978 Out with GPS 978 Out and In with GPS

Some require separate control head Range from around $2,189 to $3,389

The FAA is offering a $500 incentiveADS-B Out Rebate Install a certified (TSOd) ADS-B out

transponder in a single-engine piston airplane and receive a $500 rebate from the FAA

FINE PRINT: - Installation must occur starting in the fall - Rebates issued first-come/first-served - Not applicable to existing installations - Reserve the rebate in the fall, install the

transponder, fly with the system within 60 days of install, request Public Compliance Report from FAA, claim rebate.

ADS-B In

ADS-B TrafficADS-B In how does it work?

Weather is broadcast continuously AM radio Traffic is different. Ground stations only broadcast in response

to ADS-B Out aircraft text messaging - FAA sends a customized traffic product

to each Out aircraft - 30nm in diameter around the Out aircraft

and within +/-3500 ft. - If youre close to an ADS-B Out aircraft (in the hockey puck)

you could see traffic. But its for the other aircraft. - Since many airplanes do not have ADS-B Out yet, this is rare.


Except you will always receive air-to-air traffic - Doesnt depend on ground stations - Single band receives only 978 air-to-air; dual band receives both


Key takeaway: Unless you are squawking ADS-B Out and creating your own

customized hockey puck of information, you are not getting an accurate picture of surrounding traffic.

ADS-B weather productsADS-B In how does it work?

Factoid: Four types of ADS-B ground

stations, arranged in this pattern.

Station Type Weather Products and Range

Surface

(Only at select airports)

500 NM winds and temperature aloft, 100 NM METAR, TAF, SIGMET, NOTAM, 150 NM Regional NEXRAD

Low altitude

(67% of airborne stations)

500 NM winds and temperature aloft250 NM METARs, TAFs, AIRMET, SIGMET, PIREP, SUA150 NM regional NEXRAD100 NM NOTAM (no CONUS NEXRAD)

Medium altitude


Entire CONUS NEXRAD,750 NM winds and temperatures aloft,375 NM METARs, TAFs, AIRMET, SIGMET, PIREP, SUA, 200 NM regional NEXRAD100 NM NOTAM

High altitude


Entire CONUS NEXRAD,1000 NM winds and temperature aloft,all 158 CONUS Class B/C airport METAR/TAF500 NM AIRMET, SIGMET, PIREP, SUA250 NM regional NEXRAD100 NM NOTAM

ADS-B weather timingADS-B In how does it work?

Product Range * Transmission Interval

CONUS NEXRAD composite reflectivity (low resolution)

Contiguous US 15 minutes

Regional NEXRAD composite reflectivity (medium resolution)

150 to 250 nm 2.5 minutes (5 minute update)

AIRMETs / SIGMETs 100 to 500 nm 5 minutesMETARs 100 to 500 nm, all class B and C

airports5 minutes

NOTAM(D), FDC NOTAM, TFRs

100 nm 5 minutes

PIREPS 250 to 500 nm 10 minutesSpecial use airspace 500 nm 10 minutesTAFs 100 to 500 nm, all class B and C

airports10 minutes

Winds and Temps aloft 500 to 1000 nm 10 minutes

Sportys.com/Stratus

ADS-B vs. XM WeatherADS-B In how does it work?

Data ADS-B XM

METARS Small airports within 250 500 nm and all class B and C airports

Nationwide

TAFS Within 250-500 nm NationwideWinds / Temps Aloft Within 500-1,000 nm NationwidePIREPS Within 250-500 nm NationwideRadar Low-resolution CONUS (lower 48)

Medium-resolution regional within 250 nmHigh-resolution nationwide

AIRMETS / SIGMETS Within 250-500 nm NationwideCoverage US, Puerto Rico, and Guam US and CanadaCloud satellite image None YesNOTAMs Within 100 nm NoneTFRs Within 100 nm NationwideSpecial use airspace status

Within 250-500 nm None

Cost Free (your tax dollars at work) $35-$55 monthly subscription fee

ADS-B vs. XM WeatherADS-B In how does it work?

XM ADS-B National ADS-B Regional

ADS-B National vs. Regional RadarADS-B In how does it work?

ADS-B coverageADS-B In how does it work?

FAA estimate at 1,500 ft.

ADS-B coverageADS-B In how does it work?

FAA estimate at 5,000 ft.

Portable ADS-B Receivers

PortablesADS-B In Action

Many of the benefits of installed ADS-B, for less money iPad has been the game changer Great for renters, clubs Portable devices are ADS-B In only Lots of options to choose from

Poll #2 What iPad app are you flying with?

SkyRadar D and DX ADS-B weather and GPS Dual band traffic Optional AHRS WiFi connection Works with WingX, Avilution, iFly Requires external power $699 or $849 (with AHRS)

iLevil SW and AW

ADS-B weather and GPS Single-band traffic Built-in AHRS Works with WingX, FlyQ, Xavion Internal battery and solar panel (SW) $1195 for SW $1395 for AW (adds pitot/static)

Dual XGPS190

ADS-B weather and GPS Dual-band traffic AHRS for backup attitude Built-in battery Works with WingX Pro7, FlyQ, FltPlan $849.99

Garmin GDL 39 and GDL 39 3D ADS-B weather and GPS Dual band traffic Optional AHRS model Optional battery Works with Garmin Pilot app Also works with Garmin GPSs $549 to $899 (AHRS with battery)

Appareo Stratus 1S and 2S ADS-B weather and GPS Single or dual band traffic models Optional AHRS model Built-in 8-hour battery No wires or antennas (WiFi) Works with ForeFlight app $549 or $899 (dual band + AHRS)

Stratux Do it yourself kit ADS-B weather and GPS Single or dual band No AHRS No battery WiFi connection Works with most apps Roughly $150 cost

Choosing a Receiver

ForeFlight Mobile Stratus 1S or Stratus 2S Garmin Pilot Garmin GDL 39 or GDL 39 3D WingX Pro 7 SkyRadar, Dual XGPS190, iLevil FltPlan Go Dual XGPS190, iLevil

First choose an app

Choosing a Receiver

ADS-B reception is comparable among all (good enough). Consider battery life if you dont want to plug in, its nice to

have; if youre going to hardwire its not important. Decide if traffic is an important factor if its low priority or

youre ADS-B Out, single band is fine.

Buying tips

Choosing a Receiver

Do you fly IFR? If yes, the AHRS is a nice backup; if not you can save some money.

Consider the hardware/app integration how do features work, how do you complete firmware upgrades?

All receivers include a GPS, so you dont need a separate one.

Buying tips

ADS-B In Action

Turn on weather with map layersForeFlight and Stratus

Use different chart layersForeFlight and Stratus

METARs and TAFsForeFlight and Stratus

TFRsForeFlight and Stratus

AIRMETs and SIGMETsForeFlight and Stratus

Pilot ReportsForeFlight and Stratus

Winds AloftForeFlight and Stratus

NOTAMsForeFlight and Stratus

Traffic tap for more infoForeFlight and Stratus

Also includes GPSForeFlight and Stratus

AHRS split screen attitudeForeFlight and Stratus

AHRS synthetic visionForeFlight and Stratus

Tips for Flying with ADS-B

Tips and Tricks

Take some time to find the right spot in your airplane Line of sight for ADS-B (ground based) View of the sky for GPS (satellite based) Keep it steady for AHRS (if applicable) Direct sunlight?

Location, location, location!

Tips and Tricks

Use external antennas if needed Heated windshields can have an effect

experiment (DV window, suction cup) Dont worry about low vs. high towers

practically speaking, youll get lots

Reception issues

Tips and Tricks

Make it a habit to check ADS-B status Battery life Age of weather products GPS reception LED dimming

Checking status

Tips and Tricks Checking status with ADS-B Out

Tips and Tricks Show ADS-B ground stations

Tips and Tricks Connect to multiple devices

Tips and Tricks Measure tool

Tips and Tricks Rubber band flight planning

Tips and Tricks Remember the delay

Tips and Tricks Use your eyeballs!!!

ADS-B: A Pilots Guide

John Zimmerman Sportys Pilot Shop

ads-b: a pilot's guide to understanding the system and avionics

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